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Advanced Components

Presented by Dale T. Bradshaw, Modern Grid Initiative TeamSan Diego Smart Grid SummitOctober 25, 2006

1

Powering the 21st Century Economy

Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy

Reliability

Advanced Components: Examples

Composite conductors

Low Impedance Low EMF bundle configurations for HVAC

Next generation FACTS/PQ devices

Superconducting rotating machines

Fault current limiters

Superconducting transmission cable

Advanced distributed generation and energy storage

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Reliability

New Conductors will increase Thermal Capacity, but Drive up Need for Dynamic Reactive Power (as will Parallel Line Contingencies)

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000MW

MVA

R

Current

ACSR

Hi T low Sag

ACSS/TWFirst and Second Generation SuperVARtm

FACTs?

3M ACCC

Thanks to Dr. Arshad Mansoor, VP, EPRI



Reliability

Another Example of a Composite Conductor CTC’s Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced-ACSR



Reliability

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

MW Transferred

Vol

tage

pu

No CapsWith Caps

Without Capacitors Voltage Collapse is slower

With Capacitors

Voltage Collapse is sharper & faster

Growing Risk of Voltage Collapse

CA situation



Reliability

Growing Risk of Voltage CollapseLoss of Capacitor VAR Output as a Function of Line VoltageThus Shunt Capacitors are Only a Short Term Solution To Voltage Issues



Reliability

Power Transfer Enhancement of Overhead Power Lines Unique Bundle ConfigurationsTennessee Tech University - Dr. Prit Chowduri



Reliability

Examples of FACTS Power ElectronicsDevices: Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)AEP Inez Substation +/- 320 Mvar

AEP / EPRI / WestinghouseDemonstration - 640 MVA

Increase transmission line capacityDirect power flow along selected linesPowerful system oscillation dampingVoltage support and regulation

Line Load

Electronic generator to provide reactive power and extract real power

Electronic generator to provide reactive power and insert real power



Reliability

Another Example of a FACTS Devices: DG&E-Talega STATCOM Site



Reliability

SDG&E-Talega STATCOM Inverters



Reliability

Example of a Distributed STATCOM (DSTATCOM) for Control of Voltage and Transient StabilityTVA’s D-VAR at Inez substation in MS.

A VAr next to the customer or at the low voltage side of a T&D interface is 2 to 3 times more effective in supporting voltage than a VAr produced by Generators or on the Transmission system.



Reliability

Possible New Technology for Voltage & Stability ControlFuture Voltage Source Converter Using Gen 4 ETO ThyristorDr. Alex Huang at NCSU SPEC



Reliability

ETO Device Development Roadmap

Gen-3

Gen-6 ETO(SiC ETO)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

• Gen-5 ETO •(ETO Module)

Gen-4 ETO

20 kV

10 kV

4.5 kV

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/industrial_technologies/images/pro_jesica.jpg&imgrefurl=http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/industrial_technologies/index_en.html&h=186&w=200&sz=11&tbnid=iIyNNq_Jcv4J:&tbnh=92&tbnw=98&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsic%2Bwafer%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN



Reliability

ETO System Field Demonstration Roadmap

TVA Flicker Mitigation with TUCAP Energy Storage

ETO Converter

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

P (MVA)

30

10

4.5

BPA Wind farm STATCOM

STATCOM: Completed TUCAP: underway

Project Initiated

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.stasys.co.uk/images/common/windfarm.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.stasys.co.uk/common/windfarms.htm&h=319&w=400&sz=20&tbnid=5FaGVSG7MYEJ:&tbnh=95&tbnw=120&hl=en&start=10&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwindfarm%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D



Reliability

Solid-State Transformer (SiC based)

Size:10 m3

Conventional 2.7 MVA transformer

Estimated Size:3.4 m3

2.7 MVA Solid-state transformer

AC Harmonics

Filter

Front End

Load Converter

13.8kV AC

4160V AC Estimated Size: 3.4m3

A VAR producer rather than a VAR consumer3x size and significant weight reduction compared

to conventional transformer.



Reliability

TIPS

EDGES

GATED

DiamondAnode

Diamond Cathode

SiO2

Possible Long Term Technology for Voltage & Stability ControlCVD diamond tips, edges and flat electronic configurations

Bas e Elec trode

Anode

Diamo nd TipCathode

Ga te-

-- -

-

-

-

--

-

-

-

--

- -

--- -



Reliability

Possible Long Term Technology for Voltage & Stability ControlDiamond Technology PackagingDr. Jim Davidson at Vanderbilt University



Reliability

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of PolycrystallineDiamond in a Vacuum on the Cathode of a Field Effect Diode, Triode, Transistor, etc.

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Diamond Diodes, Triodes, & Thyristors

Diamond devices potentially can:Carry 5 times more current (less complex & lower cost)Conduct heat 4 times better than copper (lower cost)Operate at >500 C versus 150 C for Silicon (lower cost & more reliable air cooling)Carry 5 to 10 times the DC voltage (lower cost without transformers)Operate at much higher frequencies (up to GHz) than conventional devices resulting in lower harmonics and improved power quality Can reduce costs by >50% and improve performance for FACTS, PCS for DC, DSI, HVDC, transfer switches



Reliability

“Back to the Future” with a High Temperature Superconducting Synchronous Condenser

New relatively low cost option Instant 2X output for transients and 4X output for peaks.Low operating and maintenance costs Inherently stableCommercially availablePrototype successfully tested in TVA service area, 2005ModularHigh ReliabilityRelocatable



Reliability

2nd generation YBCO HTS wire to reduce wire cost by a factor of 5x 2G wire will Increase magnetic field, critical current, and MVAR output from the same size High temperature Superconducting Synchronous Condenser by 4X to 5X2G wire will allow large high efficiency, high torque, cost effective superconducting motors for power plants (primarily nuclear and coal) and industries

Back to the Future Voltage and Transient Stability Control TechnologyHigh Temperature Superconducting Synchronous Condenser – a Better Source of Dynamic VARs per DOE ORNL

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

0 2 4 6 8

Bi2223PIT Tape

YBCO/RABiTS

H||c77 K

105

104

106

107

103

102

Crit

ical

Cur

rent

D

ensi

ty (A

/cm

2 )

Magnetic Field (Tesla)

2nd generation wire

1st generation wire

The high current is maintained to higher magnetic fields, allowing use in motors, transformers, generators



Reliability

“Smart Wires” Power Flow Control DeviceDr. Deepak Divan at GATECH Intelligent Power Infrastructure Consortia (IPIC)

POTENTIAL FOR:Deferring new linesControlling flow on contract pathProviding redundancyZero footprint solutionMass produced modulesEasy and rapid installationLowest Cost Option for Dynamic Power Flow ControlEnhanced Meshed Network utilization of 30% to 40%



Reliability

Smart Wires Power Flow Control DeviceDr. Deepak Divan at GATECH Intelligent Power Infrastructure Consortia (IPIC)

Phase II Smart Wires TargetsOperating current

100-1000 A

Fault current 40 kA / 5-cycles

Voltage injection -8 to + 8 Vrms

Weight 100 lb.Communication Wireless or PLC

Courtesy: Soft Switching Technologies



Reliability

Evolution of the Thyristor Protected Series Compensator (TPSC) into The Short Circuit Current Limiter (SCCL)

An Electronic dynamic Short Circuit Current Limiter (SCCL) is available at HV, has zero impedance at steady state, and during a fault electronically switches in milliseconds to a current limiting reactor



Reliability

Evolution of the Thyristor Protected Series Compensator (TPSC) into the Short Circuit Current Limiter (SCCL)

SCCL can achieve high speed current limitations like an HTS fault current limiter.Combining a TPSC with an external reactor provides a SCCL which can limit the current to pre-designed levels (drop 80 kA to 50 kA or less)



Reliability

CollectorCollector

Drive MotorDrive Motor

Rotary TransformerRotary Transformer

CollectorCollector

Drive MotorDrive Motor

Rotary TransformerRotary Transformer

Variable Frequency Transformer VFT Core Components



Reliability

Advantages of Rotary Transformer for an Inter Tie

Supplies reactive power during faults

Passive response to post-fault disturbance can produce a 200% real power injection

Controls to frequency set point providing governor response and black-start capability

Can control flow of power over interties

Provides complementary support to dynamic sources of reactive compensation like STATCOMS



Reliability

Superconducting Cables AEP’s Bixby Substation 3-phase Triax Design



Reliability

Energy Storage Technologies ExampleSodium Sulfur or NaS battery



Reliability

Energy Storage Technologies ExampleGen4 – 25 kWh / 100 kW FlywheelGen3 - 6 kWh flywheel being Demonstrated in CA

Rim: co-mingled carbon composite and glass

Housing



Reliability

Smart Energy Matrix 20 MW Plant Based on 25 kw-hr Modules

September 2006: DOE/Sandia awarded $752,500 contract to Beacon Power to design balance-of-plant

Preliminary design

External View

Interval View of SEM 25 kw-hr Modules

Sized for 100 kw inverter and 15 minutes storage



Reliability

Breakthrough in Energy Storage?EEStor’s EESU

It is a parallel plate capacitor with barium titanate as the dielectricIt claims that it can make a battery at half the cost per kilowatt-hour and one-tenth the weight of lead-acid batteriesAs of last year selling price would start at $3,200 and fall to $2,100 in high-volume production The product weighs 400 pounds and delivers 52 kilowatt-hoursThe batteries fully charge in minutes as opposed to hoursThe EEStor technology has been tested up to a million cycles with no material degradation compared to lead acid batteries that optimistically have 500 to 700 recharge cyclesBecause it's a solid state battery rather than a chemical battery, such being the case for lithium ion technology, there would be no overheating and thus safety concerns with using it in a vehicleWith volume manufacturing it's expected to be cost-competitive with lead-acid technologyAs of last year, EEStor planned to build its own assembly line to prove the battery can work and then license the technology to manufacturers for volume production



Reliability

Example of Key Distributed Generation ResourceCapstone’s 30 kw to 250 kw

Attribute Capstone Microturbine

CARB certified clean emissions

Yes

Low-maintenance air bearings

Yes

Digitally controlled power electronics

Yes

Integrated utility protection & synchronizing

Yes

Light weight Yes

Combustionchamber

Exhaust output

Recuperator

Fuel injector

Air bearings

Compressor

Generator

Air intake

Cooling fins

Turbine

Air bearings• No oil or greaseAir cooled• No anti-freeze or liquids



Reliability

CCHP @ Citibank, La Jolla

One C60 + water-driven chillerWinter heating, summer A/CCommissioned April 2003Simple interconnectionCARB DG: No air permit

Savings:$1,600-1,800per month

Savings:$1,600-1,800per month

Featured inDistributed

Energy MagazineSept/Oct ‘04



Reliability

Atrium Hotel: Irvine

Three C60-CHPsCommissioned Oct, 2003Simple interconnectionNo air permit needed

Capstone CHP heated water for: Pool, laundry, kitchen, guestrooms and

building heating

180 kW SCE reduced demand/usage

Atrium Hotel with 211 Rooms

Savings: $10,000/monthSavings: $10,000/month

“It just made sense. Our ROI will be within 1.5 years”

—GM Sheri Blackwood



Reliability

Wilson Turbopower’s Advanced 300 kw Microturbinesat 56.7% efficiency using multi-stage compressor and expander and high efficiency ceramic heat exchanger at 97.5% efficiency



Reliability

Conclusions

Dynamic voltage support technologies must be developed and quickly implemented along with high temperature low sag conductors to increase line capacity to enable the use of existing Transmission ROW.

Advanced power electronic technologies must be developed.

Superconductivity must continue to be developed for motors, cables, synchronous condensers, fault current limiters, etc.

Voltage support should be applied close to customers or on the low side of the T&D interface.

Improved lower cost technology for flow control equipment to reliably reduce transmission congestion is needed after system has been optimized.

Distributed energy storage and generation should be also considered as sources of VArs for voltage support, black start, etc.