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Page 1: Academic integrity: good practice in citing and referencing Maria Bell.

Academic integrity: good practice in citing and referencing

Maria Bell

Page 2: Academic integrity: good practice in citing and referencing Maria Bell.

Academic writing is about …• Posing a question, dilemma, debate that has not been

posed in quite the same way before …

• Answering that question, with an answer that has not been constructed in quite the same way before …

• Bringing together your ideas with those of others, making connections between things that have not been connected in quite that way before …

• Using the work/ideas of others is a crucial element, but must be appropriately acknowledged

Page 3: Academic integrity: good practice in citing and referencing Maria Bell.

Contradictions in academic writing

• Provide evidence of research, but …write something new and original.

• Appeal to experts and authorities, but … improve upon or disagree with experts and authorities.

• Improve your English by using the structures and vocabulary you hear and read, but … use your own words, create your own voice.

• Give credit/acknowledgement where necessary, but …make your own significant contribution.

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Is it plagiarism if you…

Copy a paragraph from a text and put it in your essay without putting it in quotation marks and referencing the source?

This is probably the most well known example of plagiarism. If you copy exact words, you must enclose them in quotation marks and acknowledge your source in your bibliography.

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Is it plagiarism if you…

Include some paragraphs from a previous essay you have written into the one you are currently submitting?

There is such a thing as self-plagiarism. Using your previous work in your current work is actually plagiarism and is not permitted.

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Is it plagiarism if you…

Incorporate text from another source, changing one or two words and providing a citation?

If you do not intend to quote directly from the source, you must write about it in your own words. Using too many words from the original source is plagiarism, even if you provide a reference.

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Is it plagiarism if you…

Copy a diagram or data table from a website, providing a reference for the source underneath?

This isn’t plagiarism. You can include tables, diagrams or images from another source as long as you provide a reference.

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Is it plagiarism if you…

Write about the ideas of another author, written in your own words and without referring to the original author?

Even if you haven’t directly copied their words, you must provide a reference when talking about their ideas.

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Plagiarism

LSE statement“All work for classes and seminars as well as scripts (which include, for example, essays, dissertations and any other work, including computer programs) must be the student's own work.  Quotations must be placed properly within quotation marks or indented and must be cited fully. All paraphrased material must be acknowledged. Infringing this requirement, whether deliberately or not, or passing off the work of others as the work of the student, whether deliberately or not, is plagiarism.”

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What is plagiarism?• Cutting and pasting from other documents.• Quoting without quotation marks or references.• Paraphrasing without referencing.• Summarising without referencing.• Using an image, source and/or diagram without

referencing.• Taking another student’s ideas and passing them off as

your own.• Re-cycling your own work which has been submitted

for assessment elsewhere.• Collaborating on what should be individual work.• Translating a document from another language.

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Why do we need to cite? To acknowledge the work of other writers

To demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you have based your work

To enable other researchers to trace your sources and lead them on to further information

A standard system of citing ensures an easier system of tracing knowledge more efficiently

If you cite correctly, you don’t need to worry about plagiarism

You are upholding and contributing to academic standards and integrity

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Common knowledgeA grey area…. facts/ideas that are generally recognised and not disputed in your discipline. If in any doubt, check with your supervisor. Material is probably common knowledge if:– You find the same information undocumented in at least

five other sources.– It is information that you are certain your readers already

know.– You think the information can easily be found with

general reference sources.

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Preventing/avoiding plagiarism

Follow good practice in referencing work….

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Referencing

• Two ways of doing this:– References in footnotes– Harvard or other approved method: citing

in the text

• Different departments have different conventions but most at LSE recommend citing in the text.

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Referencing• References in footnotes

Patton believes that “…evaluation is an essential part of qualitative research”

and this could be argued to form the basis of his work. (1)

Full reference at foot of the page in numerical order

• Harvard or other approved method: citing in text or author-date

Patton (2005, p.6) believes that “…evaluation is an essential part of qualitative research” and this could be argued to form the basis of his work.

Or :Evaluation has been regarded by some authors as important in qualitative research (Patton & Smith,1995).

Full reference in bibliography in alphabetical order

• Most LSE departments recommend citing in the text

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Quoting

• If you use a direct quotation from an author you should make this clear with quotation marks

• You should include the page number/s

• If a quote is more than two lines of text indent the quote

• Use three full stops to indicate any omitted text but be careful not to change the meaning

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Paraphrasing

• Look carefully at how things are referenced in the readings for your course

• Use the material to support your main argument, not lead it

• Try reading and then writing a summary without looking back at the text

• More practice (from University of Leicester): http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ssds/slc/resources/writing/plagiarism/plagiarism-tutorial

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Key advice for referencing• Pick a referencing system and stick with it

• A paraphrase (i.e.: put another author’s ideas/words into your own) must be cited

• If you quote text, indicate what is quoted and where it comes from

• If you use ideas or any other intellectual property belonging to someone else, acknowledge your source

• If the facts are common knowledge there is no need to provide a citation but if you are in any doubt it is better to be safe and cite our source

• Watch out for “second level” sources (writer A quoting writer B)

• Keep copies of internet sites, their URLs and the date an item is identified

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Reference management tools

• These will assist you in storing, organising, and importing consistent, accurate citations in to your work.

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Mendeley• You can set up a personal Mendeley account free:

http://www.mendeley.com/

• You can download Mendeley Desktop to your laptop / personal computer

• Search research papers saved by other Mendeley users and share references in groups

• Also stores PDFs or documents

• Accessible from anywhere online

• Can be used as personal tool or for group work

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Zotero

• Freely available

• Firefox extension or standalone version

• Use blue book icon to add book

• Use yellow folder to add list of books

• Add references using Word plugin

• Toolbar for referencing

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EndNote• Available on all LSE PCs

• Has very advanced functionality

• There is also a web version EndNote Online which means you can access your EndNote account on the move and synchronise with your desktop EndNote account

• Own version available for purchase at reduced cost while at LSE

• Automatically generate bibliographies

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Bibliographic styles• Bibliographic style is a personal choice and different to the

Harvard system

• It is about whether titles are italicized, authors full names or initials are included

• There are lots of these to choose from or you can create your own

• Look at other dissertations/theses from your Department and follow precedents

• Software can do a lot of the hard work for you if you use this

BE CONSISTENT!

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Bibliographic styles• There are many bibliographic styles supported

by software! • The most well known include:

– Chicago (known also as Turabian)

Commonly used in history and the natural sciences– American Psychological Association (APA)

Commonly used in psychology and the social sciences

– Modern Languages Association (MLA)

Commonly used in the humanities - especially the fields of literature and languages

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Example of book citations

APA (American Psychological Association) book citation:

(Bryson, 1995, p.12)

Bryson, B. (1995). Notes from a small island. London: Black Swan.

In text citation

Reference in bibliography

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Example of journal article citation

Chicago Style:

(Secker 1997, 53)

Secker, Jane. (1997). The digital library: a new perspective. Journal of Documentation 13 (2): 53-65.

In text citation

Reference in bibliography

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Round-up

• Check with department if there is a specific style

• If no specified style, choose a well known one such as APA or Chicago

• Further information about citing and styles in Library Companion for Students on Moodle

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Further support

• Remember – accusations of plagiarism are rare …

• Contact your Academic Support Librarian

• Contact TLC Student support - [email protected]

Don’t panic and ASK if you are unsure about what you are doing!