A Review of the Insects and Related Arthropods of Midway Atoll1
GORDON M. NISHIDA2 (Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA; email: [email protected]) AND
JOHN W. BEARDSLEY† (Research Associate, Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, 1525Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA)
IntroductionThis paper presents results of a recent (1997–1999) survey of terrestrial arthropods ofMidway Atoll and lists 546 species identified from 1891 to 1999. The last published com-pilation (Suehiro, 1960) listed 221 species, and the first complete listing from the 1923Tanager Expedition published 38 species (Bryan et al., 1926). The increasing number ofarthropod species reflected in these surveys is likely related to the increase in plant speciespresent, increased contact between Midway and the outside world by means of surfaceand air vessels, and increased effort on the part of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service toinventory the arthropod fauna. The percentage of the fauna composed of native species(17%) is small and some of these species were not recollected during the present survey.Also, a large number (33%) of historically recorded alien species were not recollected.More recently introduced immigrants may have displaced some of them. The present listincludes 205 new island records from Midway including 29 new records for the Hawaiianarchipelago. Continued introductions resulting from frequent visits to Midway by unin-spected air and surface vessels will result in serious pest problems there. Some observa-tions are included on insects now present on Midway that may become serious pests ifintroduced to the main Hawaiian islands. Two species in particular, Protaetia pryeri(Janson) and Scudderia paronae Griffini should be monitored. Other concerns that shouldbe addressed include ants, vespid wasps, and soil arthropods. A full bibliography ofMidway terrestrial arthropod references is also included.
Midway is located approximately 1200 miles northwest of Honolulu and is the sec-ond oldest (28.7 ma) emergent atoll in the Hawaiian Archipelago.
In 1997, administration of Midway Atoll was transferred from the U.S. Navy to theU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS). The USFWS, as part of an initial biologicalassessment of the atoll, and the Hawaii Biological Survey (HBS) at Bishop Museum sup-ported 6 field trips to Midway to survey the terrestrial arthropod fauna. The trips weremade on the following dates: 12–19 February 1997, 11–18 May 1997, 27 August–2September 1997, 14–21 December 1997, 29 April–6 May 1998, and 20–23 October 1999.Additional material was collected with the assistance of USFWS personnel on Midway,who periodically serviced a Malaise trap in operation for an entire year. Specimens accu-mulated during this survey were returned to Bishop Museum in Honolulu for curatorialservices and identification.
Historical BackgroundRelatively few entomologists have ever visited Midway and collections from that atoll areuncommon. The survey reported here has amassed the largest amount of Midway arthro-pod material ever accumulated. The earliest documented record of insect collecting onMidway is that of Henry Palmer in 1890, where insects were collected incidental to a bird
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1. Contribution No. 2002-007 to the Hawaii Biological Survey.2. Present address: Essig Museum, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA†. Deceased 5 February 2001.
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survey. Several specimens from that collection were reported by Rothschild (1894). Thefirst comprehensive survey for Midway arthropods was conducted in 1923 by the TanagerExpedition (Bryan et al., 1926). The results of that survey listed 38 species of insects in12 orders. Suehiro (1960) published a list of 221 species of arthropods in 20 orders basedmainly on collections made by C.F. Clagg, E.J. Ford, Jr., and Y. Oshiro during the 1950s,but also including earlier records from the atoll. J.C. Downey et al., the Pacific BiologicalSurvey, and the Smithsonian Institution engaged in exhaustive surveys of seabird para-sites from 1959 to 1969. Those surveys resulted in an updated list of Pthiraptera (lice),increasing the number of Midway species from 4 (Suehiro, 1960) to 42 (Keler, 1958;Ward & Downey, 1973). We here report 546 species in 25 orders, a 147% increase inspecies representation as compared to the Suehiro list.
From 1936–1942, F.C. Hadden was stationed at Midway as a plant quarantineinspector for aircraft flights that used Midway as a refueling station (Hadden, 1941).Hadden concentrated on species intercepted on aircraft. For the most part, the speciesintercepted by Hadden did not become established on Midway, and they are not includedhere. Hadden’s Midway quarantine collection is maintained at the Bishop Museum.
A list of the known collectors of insects and related arthropods on Midway and thedates of their collections is given in Table 1. An annotated chronology of documentedinsect collecting is found in Appendix 3. Additional specimens may reside elsewhere, assome unidentified U.S. Navy personnel may have also collected on Midway.
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Table 1. Documented (and Probable) Insect Collectors on Midway (1890–1999).(BPBM = Bishop Museum; HSPA = Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association; UH = University of Hawaii; USDA =U.S. Department of Agriculture; USFWS = U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service; USN = U.S. Navy)
Year Dates Collector(s)
1890 July 13–17 Henry C. Palmer and George C. Munro1902 August 21 W.A. Bryan1905 ? G.P. Wilder1923 ? D.T. Fullaway (Tanager Expedition).1936–1942 F.C. Hadden (HSPA)1938–1940 (3 short visits) F.A. Bianchi (HSPA)1951 March 21–27 C.B. Keck (USN)1956–1959 (several visits) C.F. Clagg & Y. Oshiro (USN)1959–1961 J.C. Downey1960 June J.R. Einmo (USDA)1960 November E.J. Ford, Jr. (USDA)1960–1962 H.I. Fisher & E.D. Klimstra1963–1969 Pacific Ocean Biological Survey & Smithsonian
Institution1964 September 29–30 J.W. Beardsley (UH)1964?–1966 C.F. Clagg (USN)1970 December 13–17 J.L. Gressitt (BPBM)1973 March M.L. Goff & M.L. Cunningham (BPBM)1978 April 17–18 L. Pinter (USN)1983 July 16–19 W.C. Gagné (BPBM)1997–1998 See text G.M. Nishida (BPBM), A. Asquith (USFWS), G.A.
Samuelson (BPBM), et al.1999 October 20–23 J.W. Beardsley (BPBM)
Field Methods and EquipmentArthropods were collected on Midway using the following methods and equipment:Hand collecting. Plant foliage was scanned for both mobile and sessile specimens; loosebark, decomposing wood and leaf litter were searched; stones and debris of various sortswere moved for examination of the substrate beneath. This method was also employed atnight assisted by a headlamp.
Aerial netting. Flying individuals were netted in the air with a fine mesh insect net, or bysweeping with the net over plants or substrate, or by stalking individuals resting on perch-es. Disturbed individuals that fell or were knocked to the ground were picked up manual-ly.
Plant beating. Stout canvas beating net or a canvas collecting sheet and beating stick wereused to strike plant foliage to dislodge arthropod specimens. These were then aspiratedwith a hand-held aspirator, or hand picked, and placed in collecting vials. This methodwas also employed at night.
Malaise trapping. A Malaise trap, a fine mesh trap designed to intercept flying insects andcause them to crawl upward on the trap surface into collecting chambers, was set up atfavorable locations where it was serviced periodically to remove accumulated specimensand refresh the killing agent. The trap was operated at several localities on Midway overa one-year period. Excellent collections were obtained by this method; several speciestaken in the Malaise trap were not taken by any other method.
Trapping with attractive yellow surfaces. Yellow pan trapping was attempted. These trapsare yellow-colored containers partly filled with water plus a surfactant, which serves todrown flying insects that are attracted to and attempt to land on the yellow surface. Thesetraps were not effective on Midway when albatrosses were present. Virtually all the trapswere overturned or filled with debris by the bird’s activities; the technique subsequentlywas abandoned. The use of yellow sticky traps also was attempted. These traps are yellowcards covered with an adhesive substance and employ the same attractive principal as thepan traps. Because of concern that small birds might become stuck to these cards, thismethod also was abandoned. Eventually, a modified yellow window trap (a yellow clothsaturated with a pyrethroid insecticide in a partly closed container, with a collecting con-tainer beneath the cloth) was developed and proved serviceable.
Pitfall trapping. Pitfall traps consist of a baited container placed in a hole in the groundwith the mouth of the container at ground level to collect crawling species. A dozen trapswere set out on Midway but did not prove to be very effective. Their effectiveness waslikely affected by the presence of high numbers of ants.
Tullgren funnel extraction. This device uses heat (usually provided by an incandescentlight bulb) to extract small arthropods from soil, leaf-litter or similar material. As the sub-strate sample slowly dries downward from the top near the heat source, arthropodsmigrate downward into a collecting device at the bottom of the funnel. On Midway,Tullgren extractions from litter and soil yielded numerous mites, Collembola, and the like.
UV light collecting. Many nocturnally active arthropods are attracted to ultraviolet light.At suitable times, a white sheet was set up as a reflector and a landing site, and a portableUV lamp was used to attract insects, which were then hand picked from the sheet.
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Laboratory ProceduresSpecimens collected on Midway were taken to Bishop Museum in Honolulu where select-ed samples were sorted and labeled for dispersal to both intramural and extramural spe-cialists. Some material was pin or point mounted, labeled, and presorted prior to disper-sal, other material was dispersed in fluid (usually 70% ethyl alcohol). Identified speci-mens returned by specialists were given an identifying number and the data were addedto a computerized database of Hawaiian terrestrial arthropod species maintained by theMuseum. Unprocessed residues from the Malaise trap collections are maintained in fluidfor long-term storage and future study. The voucher specimens for all species listed in thecurrent survey and the unprocessed remainder are deposited with the Hawaii BiologicalSurvey at Bishop Museum.
Results and DiscussionA full list of species identified from Midway, from 1891 to the present, is given inAppendix 1. The list, arranged alphabetically by order, family, and scientific name, pro-vides common names if these are available, indicates the residency status, and furnishesinformation regarding year of collection. Following this are four columns that give thecollection status of the species.
Tables 2 and 3 summarize the information detailed in Appendix 1, according to insectorder, or, for other arthropods, a larger group (e.g.: acari or mites). Table 2 shows thatabout 7.5% of the fauna (41 species) are endemic. Several of these, known only fromMidway and that have not been seen for decades, may be extinct (e.g.: Agrotis fasciata(Rothschild)). Only 9% (50 species, mostly migratory bird parasites) are indigenous.
Although 30 species are listed in Appendix 1 as having been purposely introducedinto the Hawaiian Archipelago, there are no published records of purposeful introductionsinto Midway for biological control of pests, or otherwise. These species are listed in theappendix as “p/adv”, although some of them may have been brought purposely to Midwayby entomologists or others without the introduction being recorded in the entomologicalliterature. In total, 455 species (83%) of the Midway arthropod fauna are considered to beadventive (accidentally introduced during historic times). This large proportion of alienspecies is not unexpected, as Midway has long been a center of human activity, includingfrequent visits by both surface vessels and aircraft, during its 142 years of recorded his-tory. Human activity at Midway is summarized in Appendix 2.
Table 3 summarizes all known records of terrestrial arthropods reported fromMidway. The first column is the total number of species reported for that particular group.The total includes literature and specimen records. The second column lists the number ofspecies within the group collected during this survey. The third column lists the numberof new island records for the group. Likewise, the fourth column lists the number of newstate (or archipelago) records. The fifth column is the number of species listed previous-ly that were recollected on this project. The sixth column lists those on the literature listthat were not recollected during the course of this project. The seventh column indicatesnumbers of species that have yet to be verified as to presence or absence or those that werenot sought for this project. For example, species parasitic on vertebrates, the lice and someof the parasitic mites, were not collected because earlier works including Keler (1958),Ward & Downey (1973), and others were considered quite thorough. Still requiring veri-fication are the springtails (Collembola), some of the flies (Diptera), some moths (Lepid-optera), the barklice (Psocoptera), and the thrips (Thysanoptera); their listed numbers areasterisked.
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The total number of species known from Midway (546) includes both historicalrecords and those obtained from the 1997–1999 survey. The number of these species nowactually present probably is considerably less than 546. The number of species obtainedfrom all literature sources prior to the initiation of the present survey was 332. Of those,only 121 have so far been identified from the 1997–1999 material, and 72 of the speciesdefinitely were not recollected.
The number of species so far identified from the 1997–1999 survey is 331. Another88 species recorded from Midway are members of ectoparasitic groups considered to bewell documented in relatively recent publications and were not sought in the present sur-vey. The sum of these 2 figures (419) gives an approximation of the number of identifiedspecies presently established on the atoll. Of the 331 species from the 1997–1999 surveyso far identified, 176 (53%) are new island records for Midway, and 29 (9%) are new staterecords based on this project, a total of 62% of the known established species. Sixty-twopercent is a remarkably high number of new records, and is probably a result of a rela-tively high rate of arthropod immigration to Midway in combination with a relativelyincomplete knowledge of the fauna.
The data of Appendix 1 show that the Midway fauna does not reflect normal repre-sentation of major arthropod groups found in continental assemblages. Many insect ordersare not represented on Midway, particularly those associated with fresh water habitats.The Hymenoptera, especially the parasitoid groups, are more strongly represented than
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Table 2. Arthropod groups listed by their residency status
PurposelyTotal Endemic Indigenous Introduced Adventive
Blattaria (Cockroaches) 8 0 0 0 8Coleoptera (Beetles) 78 4 3 13 57Collembola (Springtails)* 19* 8* 0* 0* 11*Dermaptera (Earwigs) 3 1 1 0 2Diptera (Flies)* 62 7* 4* 1* 49*Embiidina (Webspinners) 1 0 0 0 1Heteroptera (True Bugs) 15 4 0 0 11Homoptera (Scales et al.) 43 1 0 0 42Hymenoptera (Bees & Wasps) 112 2 0 13 94Isoptera (Termites) 3 0 0 0 3Lepidoptera (Butterflies & Moths)* 36 4* 0* 1* 29*Mantodea (Mantids) 1 0 0 0 1Neuroptera (Lacewings etc.) 2 0 0 1 1Odonata (Dragonflies) 1 0 1 0 0Orthoptera (Grasshoppers etc.) 9 0 0 0 9Phthiraptera (Lice) 42 0 38 0 4Psocoptera (Booklice, Barklice) 1 0 0 0 1Thysanoptera (Thrips) 6 0 0 0 6Thysanura (Silverfish) 1 0 0 0 1Araneae (Spiders) 26 2 0 0 24Acari (Mites) 63 7 3 0 53Chilopoda (Centipedes) 3 1 0 0 2Pseudoscorpionida (Pseudoscorpions) 1 0 0 0 1Scorpionida (Scorpions) 1 0 0 0 1Isopoda (Pillbugs, Sowbugs) 9 0 0 0 9
Totals: 546 41 50 30 425
expected, although this may represent more efficient collecting of these minute arthropodson Midway than is normally achieved in continental survey collections.
The identification of the collections made during the 1997-99 Midway survey is notcomplete, and perhaps a more accurate assessment of the faunal composition than onebased simply on available identifications would be one based on those groups that arepresently the most completely identified: the Coleoptera (beetles), the Homoptera (aphids,scales and relatives), the Hymenoptera (bees and wasps), and the Araneae (spiders). Ofthe 57 species of beetles collected in this survey, 34 (60%) are new to Midway. Of the 18spiders collected during this survey, a remarkable 72% (13) are new island records. Of the38 species of scales and their relatives, 28 (74%) are new island records. Of the 99 speciesof bees and wasps collected, 74 (75%) are new island records. These figures confirm avery high rate of introduction and establishment of terrestrial arthropods on Midway.
Forty-four of the 546 species listed from Midway do not occur in the main HawaiianIslands. Five of the 44 are endemic and about 20 are indigenous species reported onlyfrom Midway, leaving about 19 native species not represented in those more southernislands. Add that to about 16 new archipelago records (29 are listed, but 13 of those alsooccur in the southern islands) and that totals about 35 species that potentially could beintroduced into the southern part of the archipelago from Midway.
The recollection rate of native species was disappointing. Of the 4 endemic beetles
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Table 3. Summary of species included in Appendix 1
Total No. No. New No. New No. No. No.Species Collected Island State Species Not Others
Group Reported 1997-99 Records Records Recollected Recollected
Blattaria 8 6 2 0 4 2Coleoptera 78 57 29 5 23 21Collembola 19 ? ? ? ? ? 19Dermaptera 3 3 0 0 3 0Diptera 62 26+ 9 2 14 ? 36Embiidina 1 1 0 0 1 0Heteroptera 15 9 3 0 6 6Homoptera 43 38 28 0 10 5Hymenoptera 112 99 61 13 25 13Isoptera 3 3 1 0 2 0Lepidoptera 36 22+ 8 0 13 2 12Mantodea 1 0 0 0 0 1Neuroptera 2 1 0 0 1 1Odonata 1 1 0 0 1 0Orthoptera 9 5 2 0 3 4Phthiraptera 42 ? ? ? ? ? 42Psocoptera 1 ? ? ? ? ? ?Thysanoptera 6 ? ? ? ? ? 6Thysanura 1 0 0 0 0 1Araneae 26 18 11 2 5 8Acari 63 29+ 14 6 7 7 34Chilopoda 3 3 2 0 1 0Pseudoscorpionida 1 1 0 0 0 0Scorpionida 1 0 0 0 0 1Isopoda 9 9 6 1 2 0
Totals: 546 331 176 29 121 72 89
listed, 1 is a new record and potentially endemic, the other 3, previously recorded, werenot recollected. Though not completely studied, interim results from the bugs and mothsalso suggest an impact on the native fauna. Of the 4 previously listed native seed bugs,only 2 were recollected. Of the 3 native moths, only 1 has been identified as recollected.These native species may still exist and their absence may be a result of exceptionally lowpopulation numbers or may just be a factor of chance in collecting. However, the consis-tency of non-collection among all groups suggests at the very least, the reduction of thepresence of native species on Midway.
A disproportionate number of general predators and parasitic wasps occur on a rela-tively meager host base. For example, 13 ladybird beetles (coccinellids), were collectedon the atoll, all are purposely introduced to the southern islands. Seven of the 13 are newisland records for Midway. The total is 17% of the total number of beetles on Midway,and also 16% of all the coccinellids reported for all of Hawai‘i. Of 80 parasitic wasps, 11were purposely introduced to the southern islands, but perhaps more significantly, 62 arenew island records. This level of representation of predators and parasites was unexpect-ed and suggests that a program of introduction of species for biological control of pestspecies took place; however, the existence of such a program is not documented.
Ants are an unfortunate major, ubiquitous component of the Midway ecosystem. Insome places, particularly Eastern Island, ants dominate. They are undoubtedly a majordisruptive force on what remains of the native ecosystem there, and could become animpediment to the reestablishment of native plants. Ants have been observed tendingaphids, scales, and other sap-feeding species on Midway. In so doing, they probablyreduce the effectiveness of parasites and predators on these pests, allowing populations ofthe pests to increase significantly. Ants are sometimes so numerous on Midway that nest-ing birds may be covered with them, apparently causing aggravation, a situation weobserved several times during this survey. The effect of ants on nesting birds has not beenstudied on Midway, but is believed to be significantly detrimental.
Vespid wasps are another apparent problem on Midway. Many vespids are extreme-ly efficient predators of caterpillars. The moth fauna of Midway is not only representedby relatively few species, but also appeared to be at low population levels during this sur-vey. Night collecting using an ultraviolet light and a sheet was relatively unproductivecompared to other localities in Hawai‘i. Despite diligent attention to the sheet, a disap-pointing low number (21) of moth species were collected on Midway and, except for afew very common alien forms, most of the species were represented by only a few indi-viduals. Of 27 species listed prior to this survey, only 13 (48%) were recollected. Windyconditions may have limited nocturnal moth activity during periods when night surveycollections were made. However, the very visible presence of hunting vespid wasps dur-ing the day suggests that these exerted a significant amount of predation pressure on lar-val Lepidoptera on Midway.
Of the Midway insect fauna presently known, two alien species, Protaetia pryeri(Janson), and Scudderia paronae Griffini, potentially could cause problems if introducedinto the larger southeastern Hawaiian Islands. Protaetia pryeri (the emerald beetle) is alarge, brilliantly colored scarab that was described from the Ryukyu Islands (Janson,1888). Its habits there are unknown. On Midway, adults of the emerald beetle emergefrom the soil as early as late April and a few stragglers remain through December. Peakemergence is during the late spring and early summer. The grubs live in the soil, wherethey feed on organic debris and possibly roots. The adults have been reported to feed on
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plant foliage, fruits, and flowers in Midway gardens. Concentration of grubs seemedhighest in areas of ironwood (Casuarina) although they were also collected under naupa-ka (Scaevola) and other plants. Ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres), bristle-thighedcurlews (Numenius tahitiensis), and kolea or Pacific golden-plovers (Pluvialis fulva) wereobserved feeding on the grubs.
The katydid, Scudderia paronae, was observed feeding heavily on the growing tipsof naupaka (Scaevola), especially on Eastern Island, creating distorted leaves and proba-bly stunting growth of the plants. Naupaka may be an alternate host for this insect as itwas most often seen in association with Verbesina. When the observation of naupakafeeding was made, Verbesina had mostly died back on Eastern Island and new growth hadnot yet appeared. S. paronae was first reported in the Hawaiian Islands from Kure Atollin 1982 on Eragrostis (Conant 1985), suggesting that the species may be a generalizedherbivore. Midway is a new island record for this species, although it might have estab-lished itself on Midway first and been overlooked before it migrated to Kure. In any case,it appears the species can disperse readily, and potentially could move to the other islandsof Hawai‘i.
Twenty of the 63 mite species identified to date are new island records; 7 of these arenew state records. Most of the mites were found associated with soil. Hadden (1941) esti-mated that 9,000 tons of soil were brought to Midway from Honolulu during the time heresided on the atoll. Though the exact origin of the soil is unknown, a significant portionof the resident mites probably were transported to Midway by this means. However,results of this survey indicate that about 1/3 of the species reported from Midway do notoccur in the southern Hawaiian archipelago and could be accidentally transported there.
Numbers of Arthropod Species Relative to the Number of Plant SpeciesAn atoll such as Midway would ordinarily have a paucity of available niches. This isreflected in the Tanager Expedition collections from 1921, which collected only 38species of arthropods. The number of species expanded to 221 by 1960. The number ofniches available was artificially expanded by the purposeful introduction of plants forwindbreaks, food, and aesthetic purposes. Other plants were accidentally introduced andbecame established. Availability of diverse plant species, combined with ease of migra-tion, permitted the establishment of herbivores and their associated predators and para-sites and probably fostered the presence of detritivores. The number of arthropod speciesparallels the increase in plant species (see Figure 1). For example, W.A. Bryan reported11 species of plants in 1902. The Tanager Expedition in 1923 reported 23 species of plantsand 38 species of arthropods. Prior to 1923, the cable station already had been introduc-ing plants to Midway. Hadden listed 54 cultivated plants in 1941, bringing the plant totalto 77 species. In 1960, Suehiro reported 221 arthropod species. In 1998, Bruegmann list-ed 265 species of plants of which 35 were not recollected, a total of 230 resident plants.This survey reports 546 species of arthropods, of which 72 were definitely not recollect-ed, a total of 474 species. Some of the uncollected arthropods may have been associatedwith the non-recollected plants. As many of the alien plant species are likely relativelyrecently introduced, they provide new opportunities for colonization. Howarth (1985) firstdescribed this phenomenon and used examples from the main Hawaiian Islands. Thus thenumber of potential new species of arthropods eventually becoming established onMidway is quite high.
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AcknowledgmentsOur deepest appreciation is extended to the resident staff of the Midway National WildlifeRefuge for their support and participation in this project. Special thanks to Nanette Seto,Rob Shallenberger and Ken Niethammer. Laura Patrick, and Adrian Gall among othershelped maintain the traps on Midway. Adam Asquith, Steve Miller, and Al Samuelsonhelped with the collecting. Thanks to Manfred Asche, Keith Arakaki, Joe Beatty, DanBickel, Neal Evenhuis, Frank Howarth, Bill Knight, Roy Norton, David Preston, AlSamuelson, Klaus Sattler, Rowland Shelley, Roy Snelling, Sabina Swift, and Stefano Taitifor species identifications. Thanks also to Chris Swenson in Honolulu for facilitating theproject.
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Hawaii For. Agric. 7(11): 330–31.———. 1912. Division of Entomology. Hawaii For. Agric. 8(5): 164–66.———. 1912. Division of Entomology. Hawaii For. Agric. 8(8): 236–37.Einmo, J.R. 1961. Notes and exhibitions: Spodoptera mauritia acronycotoides (Guenée).
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———. 1986. Spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Int. J. Acarol.12(1): 43–49.
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———. 1941. Midway Islands. Hawaii. Planters’ Rec. 45(3): 179–221.Hardwick, D.F. 1966. A description of a new subspecies of Helicoverpa pallida Hard-
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Canada and the continental United States. E.J. Brill, New York. 958 p.Howarth, F.G. 1985. Impacts of alien land arthropods and mollusks on native plants and
animals in Hawaii, p. 149–79. In: Stone, C.P. & J.M. Scott, eds., Hawaii’s terrestri-al ecosystems: preservation and management: proceedings of a symposium heldJune 5-6, 1984, at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.584 + xxviii p.
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Hu, S.M.K. 1951. Notes and exhibitions: Midway Island insects. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol.Soc. 14(3): 351.
Imada, C. 1998. Herbarium Pacificum database, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 11 January1998.
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BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200240
App
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x 1.
Cur
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vN
IR98
G
AS
Fam
ily A
nthr
ibid
aeFu
ngus
wee
vils
Ara
ecer
us f
asci
cula
tus
(DeG
eer,
1775
)C
offe
e be
an w
eevi
lad
vpi
r98
G
AS
Ara
ecer
us le
vipe
nnis
Jor
dan,
192
4K
oa h
aole
see
d w
eevi
lad
v60
XE
xillu
s le
pidu
s Jo
rdan
, 192
2ad
v60
98
GA
S
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 41
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200242
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98O
rder
Col
eopt
era
(con
tinue
d)Fa
mily
Bos
tric
hida
eB
ranc
h an
d tw
ig b
orer
sH
eter
obos
tryc
hus
aequ
alis
(W
ater
hous
e, 1
884)
adv
60X
Fam
ily B
ruch
idae
Seed
bee
tles
Aca
ntho
scel
ides
mac
roph
thal
mus
ad
vpi
r98
G
AS
(Sch
aeff
er, 1
907)
Mim
oses
tes
nubi
gens
(M
otsc
huls
ky, 1
874)
adv
60X
Stat
or p
ruin
inus
(H
orn,
187
3)Pr
uino
se b
ean
wee
vil
adv
60X
Fam
ily C
eram
byci
dae
Lon
ghor
ned
beet
les
Cer
esiu
m u
nico
lor
(Fab
rici
us, 1
787)
adv
6098
G
AS
Sybr
a al
tern
ans
(Wie
dem
ann,
182
5)ad
v60
98
GA
SFa
mily
Cer
ylon
idae
Cer
ylon
id b
eetle
sE
uxes
tus
erith
acus
(C
hevr
olat
, 186
4)ad
v60
XM
urm
idiu
s sp
.ad
v?ps
r98
G
AS
Fam
ily C
hrys
omel
idae
Lea
f be
etle
sD
iach
us a
urat
us (
Fabr
iciu
s, 1
801)
Bro
nze
leaf
bee
tlead
v60
XFa
mily
Ciid
aeM
inut
e tr
ee-f
ungu
s be
etle
sC
is s
p.en
d?N
IR98
G
AS
Fam
ily C
leri
dae
Che
cker
ed b
eetle
sN
ecro
bia
rufi
pes
(DeG
eer,
1775
)R
edle
gged
ham
bee
tlead
v60
98
GA
SFa
mily
Coc
cine
llida
eL
adyb
ird
beet
les
Coe
loph
ora
inae
qual
is (
Fabr
iciu
s, 1
775)
Com
mon
Aus
tral
ian
lady
bee
tlep/
adv
6098
G
AS
Cry
ptol
aem
us m
ontr
ouzi
eri M
ulsa
nt, 1
853
Mea
lybu
g de
stro
yer
p/ad
vpi
r98
G
AS
Cur
inus
coe
rule
us (
Mul
sant
, 185
0)D
ark
blue
lady
bee
tlep/
adv
pir
98
GA
SD
iom
us d
ebili
s (L
eCon
te, 1
852)
p/ad
vpi
r98
G
AS
Dio
mus
not
esce
ns (
Bla
ckbu
rn, 1
889)
p/ad
v60
98
GA
SN
ephu
s bi
luce
rnar
ius
(Mul
sant
, 185
0)p/
adv
pir
98
GA
SN
ephu
s ?b
ipun
ctat
us K
ugel
ann
p/ad
vpi
r98
G
AS
Olla
v-n
igru
m (
Mul
sant
, 186
6)p/
adv
6098
G
AS
Rhy
zobi
us f
ores
tieri
(M
ulsa
nt, 1
853)
p/ad
v60
98
GA
SR
hyzo
bius
loph
anth
ae (
Bla
isde
ll, 1
892)
p/ad
vN
IR98
G
AS
Rod
olia
car
dina
lis (
Mul
sant
, 185
0)V
edal
iap/
adv
6098
G
AS
Scym
node
s liv
idig
aste
r (M
ulsa
nt, 1
853)
Yel
low
shou
lder
ed la
dy b
eetle
p/ad
v60
98
GA
STe
lsim
ia n
itida
Cha
pin,
192
6p/
adv
NIR
98
GA
S
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 43
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98O
rder
Col
eopt
era
(con
tinue
d)Fa
mily
Cor
ylop
hida
eM
inut
e fu
ngus
bee
tles
Seri
code
rus
sp.
adv?
NIR
98
GA
SFa
mily
Cur
culio
nida
eW
eevi
lsA
syno
nych
us g
odm
ani C
rotc
h, 1
867
Fulle
r ro
se b
eetle
adv
6098
G
AS
Dry
opht
horu
s di
stin
guen
dus
Perk
ins,
190
0en
d60
XD
ryop
htho
rus
squa
lidus
Sha
rp, 1
878
end
1958
XD
ryot
ribu
s m
imet
icus
Hor
n, 1
873
adv
1906
XD
ryot
ribu
s w
ilder
i Per
kins
, 191
6in
d23
6098
G
AS
Ood
emas
lays
anen
sis
Fulla
way
, 191
4L
aysa
n oo
dem
as w
eevi
len
d23
60X
?Orc
hido
philu
s ?n
ot a
terr
ima
(Wat
erho
use)
adv?
NIR
98
GA
SO
xyde
ma
fusi
form
e W
olla
ston
, 187
3ad
v60
98
GA
SO
xyde
ma
long
ulum
(B
ohem
an, 1
859)
adv
60X
Pent
arth
rum
hal
odor
um P
erki
ns, 1
926
adv
2360
XPe
ntar
thru
m o
bscu
rum
Sha
rp, 1
878
Obs
cure
pen
tart
hrum
wee
vil
adv?
1906
XSp
heno
phor
us v
enat
us v
estit
us
Chi
ttend
en, 1
904
Hun
ting
billb
ugad
vN
IR98
G
AS
Fam
ily D
erm
estid
aeD
erm
estid
or
skin
bee
tles
Atta
genu
s fa
scia
tus
(Thu
nber
g, 1
795)
War
drob
e be
etle
adv
60X
Der
mes
tes
ater
DeG
eer,
1774
Bla
ck la
rder
bee
tlein
d?23
6098
G
AS
Der
mes
tes
mac
ulat
us D
eGee
r, 17
74H
ide
beet
lein
d60
98
GA
ST
rogo
derm
a an
thre
noid
es (
Shar
p, 1
902)
adv
60X
Fam
ily E
late
rida
eC
lick
beet
les
?Car
diop
horu
s sp
.ad
v?ps
r98
G
AS
Con
oder
us a
mpl
icol
lis (
Gyl
lenh
al, 1
817)
Gul
f w
irew
orm
adv
pir
98
GA
SC
onod
erus
exs
ul (
Shar
p, 1
877)
adv
2360
98
GA
SC
onod
erus
pal
lipes
(E
schs
chol
tz, 1
830)
adv
6098
G
AS
Prod
rast
eriu
s co
llari
s (C
ande
ze, 1
859)
adv
NIR
98
GA
SFa
mily
His
teri
dae
His
ter
beet
les
Sapr
inus
luge
ns E
rich
son,
183
4ad
v60
98
GA
SFa
mily
Lyc
tidae
Pow
derp
ost b
eetle
sLy
ctus
bru
nneu
s (S
teph
ens,
183
0)Po
wde
rpos
t bee
tlead
v60
XFa
mily
Myc
etop
hagi
dae
Hai
ry f
ungu
s be
etle
sTy
phae
a st
erco
rea
(Lin
naeu
s, 1
758)
Hai
ry f
ungu
s be
etle
adv
60X
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200244
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98O
rder
Col
eopt
era
(con
tinue
d)Fa
mily
Niti
dulid
aeSa
p be
etle
sC
arpo
philu
s di
mid
iatu
s (F
abri
cius
, 179
2)C
orn
sap
beet
lead
v60
XC
arpo
philu
s m
acul
atus
Mur
ray,
186
4ad
vN
IR98
G
AS
Con
otel
us m
exic
anus
Mur
ray,
186
4ad
vpi
r98
G
AS
Fam
ily O
edem
erid
aeFa
lse
blis
ter
beet
les
Ana
nca
bico
lor
(Fai
rmai
re, 1
849)
adv
60X
Fam
ily P
tiliid
aeFe
athe
r-w
inge
d B
eetle
sG
enus
? sp
ecie
s?ad
v?N
IR98
G
AS
Fam
ily S
cara
baei
dae
Scar
ab b
eetle
sA
dore
tus
sini
cus
Bur
mei
ster
185
5C
hine
se r
ose
beet
lead
v60
XA
nom
ala
sulc
atul
a B
urm
eist
er, 1
844
adv
6098
G
AS
Pleu
roph
orus
par
vulu
s (C
hevr
olat
, 186
4)ad
vpi
r98
G
AS
Prot
aetia
fus
ca (
Her
bst,
1790
)M
ango
flo
wer
bee
tlead
vpi
r98
G
AS
Prot
aetia
pry
eri (
Jans
on, 1
888)
E
mer
ald
beet
lead
vps
r98
G
AS
Fam
ily S
coly
tidae
Bar
k be
etle
sH
ypot
hene
mus
sp.
adv?
NIR
98
GA
SX
yleb
orus
per
fora
ns (
Wol
last
on, 1
857)
adv
NIR
98
GA
SFa
mily
Silv
anid
aeFl
at g
rain
bee
tles
Ory
zaep
hilu
s su
rina
men
sis
(Lin
naeu
s, 1
758)
Saw
toot
hed
grai
n be
etle
adv
NIR
98
GA
SFa
mily
Sta
phyl
inid
aeR
ove
beet
les
Ath
eta
cora
ria
(Kra
atz,
185
6)ad
vpi
r98
G
AS
Car
pelim
us f
ulvi
pes
(Eri
chso
n, 1
840)
adv
pir
98
GA
S?P
laty
stet
hus
sp.
adv
NIR
98
GA
SSc
opae
us s
p.ad
v?ps
r98
G
AS
Fam
ily T
eneb
rion
idae
Dar
klin
g be
etle
sA
lphi
tobi
us d
iape
rinu
s (P
anze
r, 17
96)
Les
ser
mea
lwor
mad
vN
IR98
G
AS
Alp
hito
bius
laev
igat
us (
Fabr
iciu
s, 1
781)
Bla
ck f
ungu
s be
etle
adv
1958
98
GA
SB
laps
tinus
dila
tatu
s L
eCon
te, 1
851
adv
6098
G
AS
Gon
ocep
halu
m a
dpre
ssif
orm
e K
asza
b, 1
951
adv
6098
G
AS
Plat
ydem
a su
bfas
cia
(Wal
ker,
1858
)ad
v60
XT
ribo
lium
cas
tane
um (
Her
bst,
1797
)R
ed f
lour
bee
tlead
v60
98
GA
S
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 45
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er C
olle
mbo
laSp
ring
tails
Fam
ily E
ntom
obry
idae
E
ntom
obry
a un
ostr
igat
a St
ach
1930
adv
1992
?L
epid
ocyr
tus
hake
a C
hris
tians
en &
Bel
linge
r, 19
92en
d19
92?
Lep
idoc
yrtu
s he
tero
phth
alm
us C
arpe
nter
190
4ad
v19
92?
Lep
idoc
yrtu
s hu
kulii
Chr
istia
nsen
& B
ellin
ger,
1992
end
1992
?L
epid
ocyr
tus
imm
acul
atus
Fol
som
, 193
2en
d19
92?
Lep
idoc
yrtu
s ku
akea
Chr
istia
nsen
& B
ellin
ger,
1992
end
1992
?L
epid
ocyr
tus
mel
e C
hris
tians
en &
Bel
linge
r, 19
92en
d19
92?
Lep
idoc
yrtu
s ol
ena
Chr
istia
nsen
& B
ellin
ger,
1992
end
1992
?L
epid
ocyr
tus
palli
dus
Reu
ter,
1890
adv
1992
?Se
ira
pihu
lu C
hris
tians
en &
Bel
linge
r, 19
92en
d?19
92?
Seir
a te
rres
tris
(Fo
lsom
, 193
2)ad
v19
92?
Fam
ily H
ypog
astr
urid
ae
Bra
chys
tom
ella
con
tort
a D
enis
193
1ad
v?19
92?
Fam
ily I
soto
mid
ae
Cry
ptop
ygus
ther
mop
hilu
s (A
xels
on, 1
902)
adv
1992
?Fo
lsom
ides
par
vulu
s St
ach
1922
adv
1992
?Pr
oiso
tom
a ce
ntra
lis D
enis
193
1ad
v19
92?
Proi
soto
ma
nigr
omac
ulos
a Fo
lsom
, 193
2ad
v19
92?
Fam
ily O
nych
iuri
dae
Ony
chiu
rus
fols
omi (
Scha
effe
r, 19
00)
adv
1992
?T
ullb
ergi
a yo
siii
(Rus
ek, 1
967)
adv
1992
?Fa
mily
Sm
inth
urid
ae
Smin
thur
ides
lole
lua
Chr
istia
nsen
& B
ellin
ger,
1992
end
1992
?
Ord
er D
erm
apte
raE
arw
igs
Fam
ily C
arci
noph
orid
aeA
niso
labi
s m
ariti
ma
(Bon
elli,
183
2)in
d60
98FG
HE
ubor
ellia
ann
ulip
es (
Luc
as, 1
847)
Rin
gleg
ged
earw
igad
v23
6098
G
MN
Fam
ily L
abid
urid
aeL
abid
ura
ripa
ria
(Pal
las,
177
3)St
ripe
d ea
rwig
adv
6098
G
MN
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200246
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er D
ipte
raFl
ies
(par
tly s
tudi
ed)
Fam
ily A
grom
yzid
aeL
eafm
iner
sA
mau
rom
yza
mac
ulos
a (M
allo
ch, 1
913)
Blo
tch
leaf
min
erad
v60
98
KA
Cal
ycom
yza
hum
eral
is (
Ros
er, 1
840)
Ast
er le
afm
iner
adv
1980
98
KA
Lir
iom
yza
sativ
aead
vN
IR98
NL
EM
elan
agro
myz
a sp
lend
ida
Fric
k, 1
953
adv
NIR
98K
APh
ytol
irio
myz
a sp
.ad
v60
?Ps
eudo
napo
myz
a sp
icat
a (M
allo
ch, 1
914)
adv
NIR
98K
AFa
mily
Ant
hom
yiid
aeA
ntho
myi
id f
lies
Fuce
llia
boni
nens
is S
nyde
r, 19
65ad
v19
60?
Fam
ily A
stei
idae
Ast
eiid
flie
sL
oew
imyi
a ?b
ifur
cata
Sab
rosk
yad
vN
SR?
98K
AFa
mily
Cal
lipho
rida
eB
low
flie
sC
hrys
omya
meg
acep
hala
(Fa
bric
ius,
179
4)O
rien
tal b
low
fly
adv
60?
Luc
ilia
grap
hita
Sha
nnon
192
6en
d23
60?
Luc
ilia
seri
cata
(M
eige
n, 1
826)
Gre
enbo
ttle
fly
adv
60?
Rhi
nia
apic
alis
(W
iede
man
n, 1
830)
adv
6098
K
AFa
mily
Can
acid
aeB
each
flie
sC
anac
eoid
es a
ngul
atus
Wir
th, 1
969
adv
1969
?N
octic
anac
e sp
.?
60?
Fam
ily C
ecid
omyi
idae
Gal
l mid
ges
Gia
rdom
yia
palli
dith
orax
Har
dy 1
960
end
60?
Para
llelo
dipl
osis
bim
acul
ata
Har
dy 1
960
end
60?
Fam
ily C
erat
opog
onid
aeB
iting
mid
ges
Das
yhel
ea c
alve
scen
s M
acfi
e, 1
938
ind
60?
Fam
ily C
hiro
nom
idae
Mid
ges
Clu
nio
litto
ralis
Sto
ne &
Wir
th, 1
947*
end
98N
LE
Poly
pedi
lum
nub
ifer
um (
Skus
e, 1
889)
adv
NIR
98
KA
Fam
ily C
hlor
opid
aeC
hlor
opid
flie
sC
adre
ma
palli
da (
Loe
w, 1
865)
adv
2360
98
KA
Siph
uncu
lina
stri
olat
a (W
iede
man
n, 1
830)
adv
60?
* C
onfi
rmed
isla
nd r
ecor
d; p
revi
ousl
y lis
ted
with
que
stio
n m
ark
by H
ardy
(19
60)
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 47
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er D
ipte
ra (
cont
inue
d)Fl
ies
(par
tly s
tudi
ed)
Fam
ily C
hyro
myi
dae
Chy
rom
yid
flie
sC
hiro
myi
a sp
.ad
v?60
?Fa
mily
Cul
icid
aeM
osqu
itoes
Aed
es a
lbop
ictu
s (S
kuse
, 189
4)A
sian
tige
r m
osqu
itoad
v60
98G
MN
Cul
ex q
uinq
uefa
scia
tus
Say,
182
3So
uthe
rn h
ouse
mos
quito
adv
6098
GM
NFa
mily
Dol
icho
podi
dae
Lon
g-le
gged
flie
sC
hrys
osom
a gl
obif
erum
(W
iede
man
n, 1
830)
adv
2360
98D
JBC
hrys
otus
long
ipal
pis
Ald
rich
, 189
6ad
v?60
98
DJB
Dac
tylo
myi
a vo
cker
othi
(B
icke
l, 19
98)
adv
psr
98
DJB
Kra
kata
uia
mic
rone
sian
a B
icke
l, 19
94in
d?pi
r98
D
JBM
edet
era
gris
esce
ns M
eije
re, 1
916
end
6098
D
JBSy
ntor
mon
fle
xibi
le B
ecke
r, 19
22ad
vpi
r98
D
JBFa
mily
Dro
soph
ilida
ePo
mac
e fl
ies
Dro
soph
ila s
imul
ans
Stur
teva
nt 1
919
adv
60?
Fam
ily E
phyd
rida
eSh
ore
flie
sC
lasi
opel
la u
ncin
ata
Hen
del,
1914
adv
1952
?H
ecam
ede
gran
ifer
a (T
hom
son,
186
9)ad
v60
?Pl
acop
side
lla g
rand
is (
Cre
sson
, 192
5)ad
v19
80?
Scat
ella
sta
gnal
is (
Falle
n, 1
813)
adv
NIR
98
KA
Fam
ily F
anni
idae
Fani
id f
lies
Fann
ia p
usio
(W
iede
man
n, 1
830)
Chi
cken
dun
g fl
yad
v60
?Fa
mily
Lau
xani
idae
Lau
xani
id f
lies
Hom
oneu
ra u
ngui
cula
ta (
Ker
tesz
, 191
3)ad
v60
98
KA
Fam
ily M
ilich
iidae
Mili
chiid
flie
sD
esm
omet
opa
tars
alis
Loe
w 1
865
adv
60?
Des
mom
etop
a sp
.ad
v60
?M
ilich
iella
lact
eipe
nnis
(L
oew
, 186
5)ad
v23
6098
K
AFa
mily
Mus
cida
eM
usci
d fl
ies
Hyd
rota
ea a
enes
cens
(W
iede
man
n, 1
830)
adv
60?
Hyd
rota
ea c
halc
ogas
ter
(Wie
dem
ann,
182
4)ad
v23
60?
Mus
ca d
omes
tica
Lin
naeu
s 17
58H
ouse
fly
adv
2360
?M
usci
na le
vida
(H
arri
s, 1
776)
adv
60?
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200248
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er D
ipte
ra (
cont
inue
d)Fl
ies
(par
tly s
tudi
ed)
Fam
ily P
sych
odid
aeSa
nd F
lies
Psyc
hoda
will
iam
si Q
uate
195
4en
d60
?Fa
mily
Sar
coph
agid
aeFl
esh
Flie
sG
onio
phyt
o br
yani
Lop
es 1
938
ind
60?
Hel
icob
ia m
orio
nella
(A
ldri
ch, 1
930)
adv
60?
Sarc
opha
ga a
rgyr
osto
ma
(Rob
inea
u-ad
v60
?D
esvo
idy,
183
0)Sa
rcop
haga
dux
Tho
mso
n 18
69ad
v60
?Fa
mily
Sci
arid
aeD
arkw
inge
d Fu
ngus
Gna
tsB
rady
sia
mol
okai
ensi
s (G
rim
shaw
, 190
1)en
d23
60?
Bra
dysi
a tr
itici
(C
oqui
llett,
189
5)ad
v60
?Fa
mily
Sph
aero
ceri
dae
Smal
l Dun
g Fl
ies
Cop
roic
a fe
rrug
inat
a (S
tenh
amm
ar, 1
855)
adv
2360
?C
opro
ica
hirt
ula
(Ron
dani
, 188
0)ad
v19
67?
Lep
toce
ra f
usci
penn
is (
Hal
iday
, 183
3)ad
v19
69?
Tho
raco
chae
ta b
rach
ysto
ma
adv
1969
?((
Sten
ham
mar
, 185
5)T
rach
yope
lla n
uda
Roh
acek
& M
arsh
all 1
986
adv
1969
?Fa
mily
Syr
phid
aeFl
ower
flie
sSi
mos
yrph
us g
rand
icor
nis
(Mac
quar
t, 18
42)
adv
6098
K
AFa
mily
Tep
hriti
dae
Frui
t flie
sA
cini
a pi
ctur
ata
(Sno
w, 1
894)
p/ad
vN
IR98
K
AB
actr
ocer
a do
rsal
is (
Hen
del,
1912
)O
rien
tal f
ruit
fly
adv
1981
?D
ioxy
na s
oror
cula
(W
iede
man
n, 1
830)
adv
NIR
98
KA
Fam
ily T
ethi
nida
eTe
thin
id f
lies
Das
yrhi
cnoe
ssa
insu
lari
s (A
ldri
ch, 1
931)
ind?
6098
K
ATe
thin
a va
rise
ta (
Mel
ande
r, 19
51)
adv
6098
K
A
Ord
er E
mbi
idin
aW
ebsp
inne
rsFa
mily
Olig
otom
idae
Olig
otom
a sa
unde
rsii
(Wes
twoo
d, 1
837)
Saun
ders
em
biid
adv
6098
G
MN
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 49
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er H
eter
opte
raT
rue
bugs
(par
tly s
tudi
ed)
Fam
ily A
ntho
cori
dae
Min
ute
pira
te b
ugs
Ori
us p
erse
quen
s (W
hite
, 187
7)ad
v23
6098
G
MN
Fam
ily C
ydni
dae
Neg
ro b
ugs
Geo
tom
us p
ygm
aeus
(D
alla
s, 1
851)
Oce
anic
bur
row
er b
ugad
v60
XR
hytid
opor
us in
dent
atus
Uhl
er, 1
877
adv
NIR
98JW
BFa
mily
Lyg
aeid
aeSe
ed b
ugs
Geo
cori
s pa
llens
Stå
l, 18
54W
este
rn b
igey
ed b
ugad
vN
IR98
DJP
Nys
ius
fulla
way
i ful
law
ayi U
sing
er, 1
942
Fulla
way
’s s
eed
bug
end
2360
98G
MN
Nys
ius
kinb
ergi
Usi
nger
195
9en
d60
XN
ysiu
s pa
lor A
shlo
ck 1
963
end?
6098
JWB
Nys
ius
terr
estr
is U
sing
er 1
942
end
60X
Fam
ily N
abid
aeD
amse
l bug
sN
abis
cap
sifo
rmis
Ger
mar
, 183
7Pa
le d
amse
l bug
adv
2360
98D
JPFa
mily
Pen
tato
mid
aeSt
ink
bugs
Bro
chym
ena
quad
ripu
stul
ata
(Fab
rici
us, 1
775)
Rou
ghst
ink
bug
adv
NIR
98G
MN
Fam
ily R
eduv
iidae
Ass
assi
n bu
gsE
mpi
cori
s ru
brom
acul
atus
(B
lack
burn
, 188
9)T
hrea
d bu
gad
v60
98D
JPE
mpi
cori
s w
hite
i (B
lack
burn
, 188
1)ad
v60
XZ
elus
ren
ardi
i Kol
enat
i 185
6L
eafh
oppe
r as
sass
in b
ugad
v60
98JW
BFa
mily
Rho
palid
aeSc
entle
ss p
lant
bug
sL
iorh
yssu
s hy
alin
us (
Fabr
iciu
s, 1
794)
Hya
line
gras
s bu
gad
v60
XFa
mily
Tin
gida
eL
ace
bugs
Cor
ythu
cha
mor
rilli
Osb
orn
& D
rake
191
7M
orri
ll la
cebu
gad
v19
88X
Ord
er H
omop
tera
Aph
ids,
sca
les,
and
rel
ativ
esFa
mily
Ale
yrod
idae
Whi
tefl
ies
Tria
leur
odes
vap
orar
ioru
m (
Wes
twoo
d, 1
856)
Gre
enho
use
whi
tefl
yad
vN
IR98
Fam
ily A
phid
idae
Aph
ids
Aph
is c
racc
ivor
a C
.L. K
och
1854
Cow
pea
aphi
dad
v60
XA
phis
gos
sypi
i Glo
ver,
1877
Cot
ton
aphi
d, m
elon
aph
idad
v60
98JW
BH
yper
omyz
us la
ctuc
ae (
Lin
naeu
s, 1
758)
Sow
this
tle a
phid
adv
NIR
98JW
BH
yste
rone
ura
seta
riae
(T
hom
as, 1
878)
Rus
ty p
lum
aph
idad
vN
IR98
JWB
Lip
aphi
s er
ysim
i (K
alte
nbac
h, 1
843)
Tur
nip
aphi
dad
vN
IR98
JWB
Rho
palo
siph
um m
aidi
s (F
itch,
185
5)C
orn
leaf
aph
idad
vN
IR98
JWB
Schi
zaph
is r
otun
dive
ntri
s (S
igno
ret,
1860
)ad
vN
IR98
JWB
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200250
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er H
omop
tera
(co
ntin
ued)
Fam
ily C
icad
ellid
aeL
eafh
oppe
rsB
alcl
utha
tim
berl
akei
(O
sbor
n, 1
935)
end
60X
Del
toce
phal
us s
onor
us B
all,
1900
adv
NIR
98W
JKE
mpo
asca
sol
ana
DeL
ong,
193
1So
uthe
rn g
arde
n le
afho
pper
adv
NIR
98W
JKFa
mily
Coc
cida
eSo
ft S
cale
sC
occu
s vi
ridi
s (G
reen
, 188
9)G
reen
sca
lead
v60
98JW
BK
ilifi
a ac
umin
ata
(Sig
nore
t, 18
73)
Acu
min
ate
scal
ead
v60
XPa
rasa
isse
tia n
igra
(N
ietn
er, 1
861)
Nig
ra s
cale
adv
6098
JWB
Sais
setia
mir
anda
(C
ocke
rell,
189
9)M
exic
an b
lack
sca
lead
vN
IR98
JWB
Fam
ily D
elph
acid
aeD
elph
acid
pla
ntho
pper
sO
pico
nsiv
a pa
ludu
m (
Kir
kald
y, 1
910)
adv
60X
Toya
dry
ope
(Kir
kald
y, 1
907)
adv
NIR
98M
AFa
mily
Dia
spid
idae
Arm
ored
sca
les
Aon
idie
lla in
orna
ta M
cKen
zie,
193
8In
orna
te s
cale
adv
NIR
98JW
BC
hrys
omph
alus
aon
idum
(L
inna
eus,
175
8)Fl
orid
a re
d sc
ale
adv
6098
JWB
Chr
ysom
phal
us d
icty
ospe
rmi (
Mor
gan,
188
9)D
icty
ospe
rmum
sca
lead
vN
IR98
JWB
Cla
vasp
is h
ercu
lean
a (D
oane
& H
adde
n, 1
909)
adv
NIR
98JW
BD
upla
spid
iotu
s cl
avig
er (
Coc
kere
ll, 1
901)
adv
NIR
98JW
BH
emib
erle
sia
lata
niae
(Si
gnor
et, 1
869)
Lat
ania
sca
lead
vN
IR98
JWB
Lep
idos
aphe
s ?l
ater
ochi
tinos
a G
reen
, 192
5ad
v?N
IR98
JWB
Lep
idos
aphe
s to
kion
is (
Kuw
ana,
190
2)C
roto
n m
usse
l sca
lead
vN
IR98
JWB
Odo
nasp
is r
utha
e K
otin
sky,
191
5R
uth
gras
s sc
ale
adv
NIR
98JW
BPi
nnas
pis
stra
chan
i (C
oole
y, 1
899)
Hib
iscu
s sn
ow s
cale
adv
6098
JWB
Pseu
daul
acas
pis
cock
erel
li (C
oole
y, 1
897)
Coc
kere
ll sc
ale
adv
NIR
98JW
BFa
mily
Eri
ococ
cida
eA
cant
hoco
ccus
ara
ucar
iae
(Mas
kell,
187
8)A
rauc
aria
mea
lybu
gad
vN
IR98
JWB
Fam
ily F
latid
aeFl
atid
pla
ntho
pper
sM
elor
men
is b
asal
is (
Wal
ker,
1851
)W
est I
ndia
n fl
atid
adv
NIR
98D
JPFa
mily
Mar
garo
dida
eG
iant
coc
cids
Icer
ya p
urch
asi M
aske
ll, 1
878
Cot
tony
cus
hion
sca
lead
v60
98D
JPFa
mily
Mem
brac
idae
Tre
ehop
pers
Spis
sist
ilus
fest
inus
(Sa
y, 1
830)
Thr
eeco
rner
ed a
lfal
fa h
oppe
rad
v60
98JW
BV
andu
zeea
seg
men
tata
(Fo
wle
r, 18
95)
Van
Duz
ee tr
eeho
pper
adv
6098
GM
N
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 51
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er H
omop
tera
(co
ntin
ued)
Fam
ily P
seud
ococ
cida
eM
ealy
bugs
Ant
onin
a gr
amin
is (
Mas
kell,
189
7)R
hode
sgra
ss m
ealy
bug
adv
NIR
98JW
BC
hori
zoco
ccus
ros
tellu
m (
Lob
dell,
193
0)ad
vN
IR98
JWB
Dys
mic
occu
s ne
obre
vipe
s B
eard
sley
, 195
9ad
vN
IR98
JWB
Ferr
isia
con
sobr
ina
Will
iam
s &
Wat
son,
198
8ad
vN
IR98
JWB
Lam
inic
occu
s pa
ndan
i (C
ocke
rell,
189
5)ad
vN
IR98
JWB
Palm
icul
tor
palm
arum
(E
hrho
rn, 1
916)
Palm
mea
lybu
gad
v60
XPh
enac
occu
s m
adei
rens
is G
reen
192
3M
adei
ra m
ealy
bug
adv
6098
JWB
Phen
acoc
cus
sola
ni F
erri
s, 1
918
adv
NIR
98JW
BPl
anoc
occu
s ci
tri (
Ris
so, 1
813)
Citr
us m
ealy
bug
adv
6098
JWB
Fam
ily P
sylli
dae
Jum
ping
pla
ntlic
eH
eter
opsy
lla s
p.ad
vN
IR98
GM
N
Ord
er H
ymen
opte
raB
ees,
was
ps, a
nts
Fam
ily A
gaon
idae
Fig
was
psPl
eist
odon
tes
frog
gatti
May
r, 19
06p/
adv
NIR
98JW
BFa
mily
Ant
hoph
orid
aeC
ucko
o be
es, c
arpe
nter
bee
sC
erat
ina
ariz
onen
sis
Coc
kere
ll, 1
898
adv
NIR
98
RR
SX
yloc
opa
sono
rina
F. S
mith
, 187
4So
nora
n ca
rpen
ter
bee
adv
6098
G
MN
Fam
ily A
phel
inid
aeA
phel
inid
sA
phyt
is s
p., ?
hisp
anic
us M
erce
tad
vps
r98
JW
BA
spid
iotip
hagu
s lo
unsb
uryi
(B
erle
se &
Pao
li, 1
916)
adv
pir
98
JWB
Azo
tus
sp.
adv
pir
98
JWB
Cen
trod
ora
xiph
idii
(Per
kins
, 190
6)ad
vpi
r98
JW
BC
occo
phag
us c
erop
last
ae (
How
ard,
189
5)ad
vpi
r98
JW
BE
ncar
sia
perg
andi
ella
How
ard,
190
7p/
adv
pir
98
JWB
Enc
arsi
a sp
.ad
vps
r98
JW
BE
retm
ocer
us s
p.ad
vps
r98
JW
BFa
mily
Bet
hylid
aeB
ethy
lids
Epy
ris
sp.
adv?
60X
Sier
ola
sp.
adv?
pir
98
JWB
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200252
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er H
ymen
opte
ra (
cont
inue
d)B
ees,
was
ps, a
nts
Fam
ily B
raco
nida
eB
raco
nids
Apa
ntel
es c
arpa
tus
(Say
, 183
6)ad
v60
98
JWB
Apa
ntel
es s
p.ad
vpi
r98
JW
BC
helo
nus
blac
kbur
ni C
amer
on, 1
887
adv
2360
98
JWB
Cot
esia
plu
tella
e (K
urdj
umov
, 191
2)p/
adv
pir
98
JWB
Cot
esia
mar
gini
vent
ris
(Cre
sson
, 186
5)p/
adv
6498
JW
BLy
siph
lebu
s te
stac
eipe
s (C
ress
on, 1
880)
p/ad
v19
4198
JW
BPa
rallo
rhog
as p
allid
icep
s (P
erki
ns, 1
910)
adv
pir
98JW
BPh
aner
otom
a ha
wai
iens
is A
shm
ead,
190
1ad
v60
98
JWB
Rha
cono
tus
vagr
ans
(Bri
dwel
l, 19
20)
adv
pir
98
JWB
Uro
siga
lphu
s br
uchi
Cra
wfo
rd 1
907
p/ad
v60
XFa
mily
Cer
aphr
onid
aeC
erap
hron
ids
Aph
anog
mus
sp.
adv
NIR
98JW
BC
erap
hron
ple
beiu
s Pe
rkin
s, 1
910
adv
pir
98
JWB
Cer
aphr
on s
p.ad
vps
r98
JW
BFa
mily
Cha
lcid
idae
Cha
lcid
ids
Ant
roce
phal
us a
pica
lis (
Wal
ker,
1874
)ad
vpi
r98
JW
BA
ntro
ceph
alus
per
torv
us (
Gir
ault,
191
7)ad
v60
98
JWB
Proc
onur
a n.
sp.
adv
psr
98
JWB
Fam
ily D
iapr
iidae
Dia
priid
sT
rich
opri
a sp
.ad
vps
r98
JW
BFa
mily
Enc
yrtid
aeE
ncyr
tids
Ade
lenc
yrtu
s od
onas
pidi
s Fu
llaw
ay, 1
913
adv
pir
98
JWB
Aep
tenc
yrtu
s br
uchi
DeS
antis
, 195
7ad
vps
r98
JW
BA
nagy
rus
swez
eyi T
imbe
rlak
e, 1
919
adv
2360
98
JWB
Ble
pyru
s in
sula
ris
(Cam
eron
, 188
6)ad
vpi
r98
JW
BC
heilo
neur
us s
p.ad
vpi
r98
JW
BC
occi
doxe
noid
es p
ereg
rina
(Tim
berl
ake,
191
9)O
rien
tal m
ealy
bug
para
site
adv
2360
98
JWB
Dic
arno
sis
ripa
rien
sis
Ker
rich
, 197
8ad
vps
r98
JW
BD
iver
sine
rvus
ele
gans
Silv
estr
i 191
4ad
v19
7798
JW
BE
ncyr
tus
infe
lix (
Em
blet
on, 1
902)
adv
pir
98
JWB
Gyr
anus
oide
a ph
enac
occi
(B
eard
sley
, 197
0)ad
vpi
r98
JW
B
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 53
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er H
ymen
opte
ra (
cont
inue
d)B
ees,
was
ps, a
nts
Fam
ily E
ncyr
tidae
(co
ntin
ued)
Enc
yrtid
sL
epto
mas
tidea
abn
orm
is (
Gir
ault,
191
5)p/
adv
pir
98
JWB
Met
aphy
cus
flav
us (
How
ard,
188
1)ad
vpi
r98
JW
BN
eodu
smet
ia s
angw
ani (
Subb
a R
ao, 1
957)
adv
pir
98
JWB
Plag
iom
erus
sp.
adv
pir
98
JWB
Fam
ily E
ucoi
lidae
Euc
oilid
sG
rono
tom
a m
icro
mor
pha
(Per
kins
, 191
0)ad
vpi
r98
JW
BFa
mily
Eul
ophi
dae
Eul
ophi
dsA
pros
toce
tus
hage
now
ii (R
atze
burg
, 185
2)ad
vpi
r98
JW
BA
pros
toce
tus
sp.
adv?
pir
98
JWB
Ela
cher
tus
adve
na T
imbe
rlak
e, 1
926
adv
2360
98
JWB
Hem
ipta
rsen
us s
emia
lbic
lavu
s (G
irau
lt, 1
916)
adv
pir
98
JWB
Neo
chry
soch
aris
for
mos
a (W
estw
ood,
183
3)ad
vpi
r98
JW
BN
eotr
icho
poro
ides
vir
idim
acul
ata
adv
pir
98
JWB
(Ful
law
ay, 1
955)
Tetr
astic
hus
bear
dsle
yi F
ulla
way
, 195
6ad
vpi
r98
JW
BFa
mily
Eup
elm
idae
Eup
elm
ids
Ana
stat
us k
oebe
lei A
shm
ead,
190
1ad
v?pi
r98
JW
BFa
mily
Eur
ytom
idae
Seed
cha
lcid
sTe
tram
esa
sp.
adv
pir
98
JWB
Fam
ily E
vani
idae
E
nsig
n w
asps
Eva
nia
appe
ndig
aste
r (L
inna
eus,
175
8)la
rger
ens
ign
was
pad
v60
98JW
BFa
mily
For
mic
idae
Ant
sC
ampo
notu
s va
rieg
atus
(F.
Sm
ith, 1
858)
Haw
aiia
n ca
rpen
ter
ant
adv
60X
Car
dioc
ondy
la e
mer
yi F
orel
, 188
1ad
vN
IR98
R
RS
Car
dioc
ondy
la n
uda
(May
r, 18
66)
adv
2360
98N
JRM
onom
oriu
m f
lori
cola
(Je
rdon
, 185
1)ad
v19
67X
Mon
omor
ium
mon
omor
ium
Bol
ton,
198
7ad
v23
60X
Mon
omor
ium
pha
raon
is (
Lin
naeu
s, 1
758)
Phar
aoh
ant
adv
NIR
98N
JRPa
ratr
echi
na b
ourb
onic
a (F
orel
, 188
6)ad
v23
60X
Para
trec
hina
long
icor
nis
(Lat
reill
e, 1
802)
Cra
zy a
ntad
v60
98
RR
SPh
eido
le m
egac
epha
la (
Fabr
iciu
s, 1
793)
Big
head
ed a
ntad
v23
6098
R
RS
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200254
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er H
ymen
opte
ra (
cont
inue
d)B
ees,
was
ps, a
nts
Fam
ily F
orm
icid
aeA
nts
Plag
iole
pis
allu
audi
Em
ery,
189
4L
ittle
yel
low
ant
adv
6098
R
RS
Sole
nops
is g
emin
ata
(Fab
rici
us, 1
804)
Fire
ant
adv
6098
NJR
Tapi
nom
a m
elan
ocep
halu
m (
Fabr
iciu
s, 1
793)
Tin
y ye
llow
hou
se a
ntad
v23
60X
Tetr
amor
ium
bic
arin
atum
(N
ylan
der,
1847
)G
uine
a an
tad
v23
6098
NJR
Tetr
amor
ium
sim
illim
um (
F. S
mith
, 185
1)ad
vN
IR98
R
RS
Fam
ily I
chne
umon
idae
Ichn
eum
ons
Ano
mal
on c
alif
orni
cum
(C
ress
on, 1
879)
adv
pir
98
JWB
Cas
inar
ia in
fest
a (C
ress
on, 1
872)
adv
pir
98
JWB
Dip
lazo
n la
etat
oriu
s (F
abri
cius
, 178
1)ad
v60
98
JWB
Ven
turi
a sp
.ad
v60
98
JWB
Fam
ily M
egac
hilid
aeL
eafc
uttin
g B
ees
Cha
licod
oma
umbr
ipen
nis
(F. S
mith
, 185
3)ad
v60
98
RR
SM
egac
hile
ful
law
ayi C
ocke
rell,
191
4ad
vN
IR98
R
RS
Meg
achi
le ti
mbe
rlak
ei C
ocke
rell,
192
0ad
vN
IR98
R
RS
Fam
ily M
ymar
idae
Fair
yflie
sA
nagr
us f
requ
ens
Perk
ins,
190
5p/
adv
pir
98
JWB
Ana
grus
nig
rive
ntri
s G
irau
lt, 1
911
adv
pir
98
JWB
Ana
phes
cal
endr
ae (
Gah
an, 1
927)
p/ad
vpi
r98
JW
BC
ampt
opte
ra s
p.ad
vps
r98
JW
BG
onat
ocer
us s
p. li
tora
lis g
roup
adv
psr
98
JWB
Gon
atoc
erus
sp.
mem
brac
ipha
gus
grou
pad
vps
r98
JW
BG
onat
ocer
us o
rnat
us G
ahan
, 191
8ad
vpi
r98
JW
BSt
epha
node
s re
duvi
oli (
Perk
ins,
190
5)en
d?23
6098
JW
BFa
mily
Pla
tyga
ster
idae
Plat
ygas
teri
dsFi
diob
ia s
p.ad
vpi
r98
JW
BFa
mily
Pte
rom
alid
aePt
erom
alid
sC
hlor
ocyt
us lo
ngis
capu
s G
raha
m, 1
965
adv
pir
98
JWB
Hal
ticop
tera
cir
culu
s (W
alke
r, 18
33)
adv
pir
98
JWB
Het
eros
chem
a sp
.ad
vpi
r98
JW
BL
ario
phag
us te
xanu
s C
raw
ford
191
0p/
adv
60Sp
alan
gia
cam
eron
i Per
kins
, 191
0p/
adv
pir
98JW
B
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 55
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er H
ymen
opte
ra (
cont
inue
d)B
ees,
was
ps, a
nts
Fam
ily S
celio
nida
eSc
elio
nids
Ant
erom
orph
a du
bios
a (P
erki
ns, 1
910)
adv
pir
98JW
BE
ncyr
tosc
elio
sp.
adv
pir
98
JWB
Idri
s pe
regr
inus
(Pe
rkin
s, 1
910)
?ad
vpi
r98
JW
BTe
leno
mus
naw
ai A
shm
ead,
190
4A
rmyw
orm
egg
par
asite
adv
1960
98
JWB
Tele
nom
us v
ulca
nus
Perk
ins,
191
0en
d?pi
r98
JW
BTe
leno
mus
sp.
adv
psr
98
JWB
Fam
ily S
igni
phor
idae
Sign
opho
rids
Sign
ipho
ra s
p.ad
vpi
r98
JW
BFa
mily
Sph
ecid
aeSp
heci
d w
asps
Am
pule
x co
mpr
essa
(Fa
bric
ius,
178
1)E
mer
ald
cock
roac
h w
asp
p/ad
v60
XC
haly
bion
ben
gale
nse
(Dah
lbom
, 184
5)ad
vN
IR98
RR
SD
olic
huru
s st
anto
ni (
Ash
mea
d, 1
904)
Bla
ck c
ockr
oach
was
pp/
adv
60X
Isod
ontia
api
calis
(F.
Sm
ith, 1
856)
adv
60X
Isod
ontia
mex
ican
a (S
auss
ure,
186
7)ad
vN
IR98
JWB
Scel
iphr
on c
aem
enta
rium
(D
rury
, 177
0)M
ud d
aube
rad
v60
XFa
mily
Tri
chog
ram
mat
idae
Tri
chog
ram
mat
ids
Olig
osita
sp.
adv
pir
98
JWB
Tri
chog
ram
ma
sp.
adv
pir
98
JWB
Usc
ana
sp.
p/ad
vpi
r98
JW
BFa
mily
Ves
pida
ePa
per
was
ps, e
tc.
Pach
odyn
erus
nas
iden
s (L
atre
ille,
183
2)K
eyho
le w
asp
adv
6098
R
RS
Para
ncis
troc
erus
ful
vipe
s (S
auss
ure)
adv
NSR
98
RR
SPo
liste
s au
rife
r Sa
ussu
re, 1
853
Gol
den
pape
r w
asp
adv
6098
R
RS
Polis
tes
excl
aman
s V
iere
ck, 1
906
Com
mon
pap
er w
asp
adv
NIR
98
RR
SPo
liste
s ja
dwig
ae D
alla
Tor
re, 1
904
adv
NIR
98
RR
SR
opal
idia
mar
gina
ta (
Le
Pele
tier,
1836
)ad
v60
X
Ord
er I
sopt
era
Term
ites
Fam
ily K
alot
erm
itida
eD
ryw
ood
term
ites
Cry
ptot
erm
es b
revi
s (W
alke
r, 18
53)
Wes
t Ind
ian
dryw
ood
term
itead
v60
98R
JWIn
cisi
term
es im
mig
rans
(Sn
yder
, 192
2)L
owla
nd tr
ee te
rmite
adv
NIR
98R
JW
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200256
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er I
sopt
era
(con
tinue
d)Te
rmite
s Fa
mily
Rhi
note
rmiti
dae
Dam
pwoo
d te
rmite
sC
opto
term
es f
orm
osan
us S
hira
ki, 1
909
Form
osan
sub
terr
anea
n te
rmite
adv
6098
RJW
Ord
er L
epid
opte
raB
utte
rflie
s an
d m
oths
(par
tially
stu
died
)Fa
mily
Arc
tiida
eT
iger
mot
hsU
teth
eisa
pul
chel
loid
es H
amps
on, 1
907
adv?
1991
XFa
mily
Cos
mop
teri
gida
eC
osm
opte
rigi
d m
oths
Asy
mph
orod
es d
imor
pha
(Bus
ck, 1
914)
adv
2360
98D
JPA
sym
phor
odes
sp.
adv?
98K
SH
ypos
moc
oma
neck
eren
sis
(Sw
ezey
, 192
6)N
ecke
r pe
troc
hroa
n le
af m
iner
end
1926
98K
SH
ypos
moc
oma
rube
scen
s W
alsi
ngha
m, 1
907
end
1907
98K
SPy
rode
rces
rile
yi (
Wal
sing
ham
, 188
2)Pi
nk s
cave
nger
cat
erpi
llar
adv
6098
D
JPFa
mily
Cra
mbi
dae
Cra
mbi
d m
oths
Hel
lula
und
alis
(Fa
bric
ius,
178
1)Im
port
ed c
abba
gew
orm
adv
6098
D
JPH
erpe
togr
amm
a lic
arsi
salis
(W
alke
r, 18
59)
Gra
ss w
ebw
orm
adv
NIR
98
DJP
Spol
adea
rec
urva
lis (
Fabr
iciu
s, 1
775)
Haw
aiia
n be
et w
ebw
orm
adv
6098
D
JPFa
mily
Geo
met
rida
eM
easu
ring
wor
ms
Cyc
loph
ora
nana
ria
(Wal
ker,
1861
)ad
vN
IR98
D
JPM
acar
ia a
byda
ta G
uene
e, 1
857
adv
NIR
98
DJP
Fam
ily G
raci
lari
idae
Gra
cila
riid
mot
hsSt
oebe
rhin
us te
stac
eus
But
ler,
1881
adv
2360
98
DJP
Fam
ily N
octu
idae
Noc
tuid
mot
hs, c
utw
orm
s, a
rmyw
orm
sA
chae
a ja
nata
(L
inna
eus,
175
8)C
roto
n ca
terp
illar
adv
60?
Agr
otis
fas
ciat
a (R
oths
child
, 189
4)M
idw
ay a
grot
is n
octu
id m
oth
end
2360
?A
grot
is ip
silo
n (H
ufna
gel,
1767
)B
lack
cut
wor
mad
vN
IR98
D
JPC
hrys
odei
xis
erio
som
a (D
oubl
eday
, 184
3)G
reen
gar
den
loop
erad
v23
6098
D
JPH
elic
over
pa z
ea (
Bod
die,
185
0)C
orn
earw
orm
adv
1963
?H
ypen
a la
cera
talis
Wal
ker,
1858
p/ad
vN
IR98
D
JPL
euca
nia
lore
yim
ima
Run
gs, 1
953
adv
1991
98
DJP
Pseu
dale
tia u
nipu
ncta
(H
awor
th, 1
809)
Arm
ywor
mad
v60
?Sp
odop
tera
exe
mpt
a (W
alke
r, 18
56)
Nut
gras
s ar
myw
orm
adv
60?
Spod
opte
ra li
tura
(Fa
bric
ius,
177
5)ad
v23
?Sp
odop
tera
mau
ritia
(B
oisd
uval
, 183
3)L
awn
arm
ywor
mad
v19
73?
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 57
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er L
epid
opte
ra (
cont
inue
d)B
utte
rflie
s an
d m
oths
(par
tially
stu
died
)Fa
mily
Nym
phal
idae
Bru
shfo
oted
but
terf
lies
Van
essa
car
dui (
Lin
naeu
s, 1
758)
Pain
ted
lady
adv
NIR
98G
MN
Fam
ily P
lute
llida
eD
iam
ondb
ack
mot
hsPl
utel
la x
ylos
tella
(L
inna
eus,
175
8)D
iam
ondb
ack
mot
had
v23
6098
D
JPFa
mily
Pte
roph
orid
aePl
ume
mot
hsL
iopt
ilode
s pa
rvus
(W
alsi
ngha
m, 1
880)
adv
60?
Meg
alor
hipi
da le
ucod
acty
lus
(Fab
rici
us, 1
793)
adv
1913
6098
D
JPFa
mily
Pyr
alid
ae
Pyra
lis m
anih
otal
is G
uene
e, 1
854
adv
60?
Fam
ily S
phin
gida
eH
awk
mot
hs, h
ornw
orm
sA
griu
s ci
ngul
ata
(Fab
rici
us, 1
775)
Swee
tpot
ato
horn
wor
mad
v19
8498
D
JPD
eile
phila
ner
ii (L
inna
eus,
175
8)O
lean
der
haw
k m
oth
adv
1986
XFa
mily
Tin
eida
eC
loth
es m
oths
& o
ther
sE
rech
thia
s si
mul
ans
(But
ler,
1882
)ad
v60
98
DJP
Mon
opis
mel
iore
llaad
vN
IR98
KS
Opo
gona
aur
isqu
amos
a (B
utle
r, 18
81)
adv
60?
Fam
ily T
ortr
icid
aeTo
rtri
cid
mot
hsA
mor
bia
emig
rate
lla B
usck
, 191
0M
exic
an le
afro
ller
adv
60?
Bac
tra
sp. n
r. st
ram
inea
(B
utle
r, 18
81)
adv?
NIR
98
DJP
Cro
cido
sem
a bl
ackb
urni
(B
utle
r, 18
81)
end?
23?
Ord
er M
anto
dea
Man
tids
Fam
ily M
antid
aeTe
node
ra a
ngus
tipen
nis
Saus
sure
, 186
9N
arro
ww
inge
d m
antid
adv
60X
Ord
er N
euro
pter
aL
acew
ings
Fam
ily C
hrys
opid
aeC
omm
on la
cew
ings
Chr
ysop
erla
com
anch
e (B
anks
, 193
8)C
oman
che
lace
win
gad
v23
6098
JWB
Fam
ily H
emer
obiid
aeB
row
n la
cew
ings
Sym
pher
obiu
s ba
rber
i (B
anks
, 190
3)B
arbe
r br
own
lace
win
gp/
adv
60X
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200258
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er O
dona
taD
rago
nflie
s, d
amse
lflie
sFa
mily
Lib
ellu
lidae
Com
mon
ski
mm
ers
Pant
ala
flav
esce
ns (
Fabr
iciu
s, 1
798)
Glo
be s
kim
mer
ind
1968
98G
MN
Ord
er O
rtho
pter
aG
rass
hopp
ers,
kat
ydid
, cri
cket
s, a
nd r
elat
ives
Fam
ily A
crid
idae
Shor
thor
ned
gras
shop
pers
Oxy
a ja
poni
ca (
Thu
nber
g, 1
824)
Japa
nese
gra
ssho
pper
adv
60X
Fam
ily G
rylli
dae
Cri
cket
sG
ryllo
des
sigi
llatu
s (W
alke
r, 18
69)
Flig
htle
ss f
ield
cri
cket
adv
6098
G
MN
Mod
icog
ryllu
s co
nspe
rsus
(Sc
haum
, 186
2)Sm
all f
ield
cri
cket
adv
NIR
98
GM
NM
yrm
ecop
hila
qua
dris
pina
Per
kins
, 189
9ad
v60
XFa
mily
Pyr
gom
orph
idae
Con
ehea
ded
gras
shop
pers
Atr
acto
mor
pha
sine
nsis
Bol
ivar
, 190
5Pi
nkw
inge
d gr
assh
oppe
rad
v60
XFa
mily
Tet
tigon
iidae
Kat
ydid
s, lo
ngho
rned
gra
ssho
pper
sC
onoc
epha
lus
salta
tor
(Sau
ssur
e, 1
859)
Lon
ghor
ned
gras
shop
per
adv
2360
98
GM
NE
limae
a pu
nctif
era
(Wal
ker,
1869
)N
arro
win
ged
katy
did
adv
6098
GM
NSc
udde
ria
paro
nae
Gri
ffin
i, 18
96ad
vN
IR98
G
MN
Xip
hidi
opsi
s lit
a H
ebar
d, 1
922
adv
60X
Ord
er P
HT
HIR
APT
ER
AL
ice
(not
sou
ght)
Fam
ily H
oplo
pleu
rida
ePo
lypl
ax s
pinu
losa
(B
urm
eist
er, 1
839)
Spin
ed r
at lo
use
adv
1980
?Fa
mily
Men
opon
idae
A
ctor
nith
ophi
lus
bico
lor
(Pia
get,
1880
)in
d19
73?
Act
orni
thop
hilu
s ce
rule
us (
Tim
mer
man
n, 1
954)
ind
1973
?A
ctor
nith
ophi
lus
inci
sus
(Pia
get,
1880
)in
d19
73?
Act
orni
thop
hilu
s um
brin
us (
Bur
mei
ster
, 183
8)in
d19
73?
Aus
trom
enop
on b
ecki
(K
ello
gg, 1
906)
ind
1973
?A
ustr
omen
opon
pau
lulu
m (
Kel
logg
&
ind
1973
?C
hapm
an, 1
899)
Aus
trom
enop
on p
ingu
is (
Kel
logg
, 189
6)in
d19
73?
Col
poce
phal
um a
ngul
atic
eps
Piag
et, 1
880
ind
1973
?T
rino
ton
quer
qued
ulae
(L
inna
eus,
175
8)L
arge
duc
k lo
use
adv
1973
?
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 59
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er P
hthi
rapt
era
(con
tinue
d)Fa
mily
Phi
lopt
erid
aeA
natic
ola
anse
ris
(Lin
naeu
s, 1
758)
Slen
der
goos
e lo
use
ind
1973
?A
nato
ecus
sp.
in
d19
73?
Car
duic
eps
zona
rius
(N
itzsc
h, 1
866)
ind
1973
?C
olum
bico
la c
olum
bae
(Lin
naeu
s, 1
758)
Slen
der
pige
on lo
use
adv
1973
?D
ocop
horo
ides
fer
risi
Har
riso
n, 1
937
ind
1973
?D
ocop
horo
ides
nie
tham
mer
i Ti
mm
erm
ann,
196
9in
d19
73?
Epi
sbat
es p
eder
ifor
mis
(D
ufou
r, 18
35)
adv?
1973
?H
alip
euru
s le
ucop
hryn
a T
imm
erm
ann,
196
0in
d19
73?
Hal
ipeu
rus
mir
abili
s T
hom
pson
, 194
0in
d19
73?
Hal
ipeu
rus
spad
ix T
imm
erm
ann,
196
1in
d19
73?
Har
riso
niel
la c
opei
Tim
mer
man
n, 1
969
ind
1969
?H
arri
soni
ella
den
sa (
Kel
logg
, 189
6)in
d19
58?
Lun
acep
s ho
pkin
si T
imm
erm
ann,
195
4in
d19
73?
Nau
bate
s ha
rris
oni B
edfo
rd, 1
930
ind
1973
?Pa
racl
isis
con
fide
ns (
Kel
logg
, 189
9)in
d19
58?
Para
clis
is g
igan
ticol
a (K
ello
gg, 1
896)
ind
1958
?Pe
ctin
opyg
us a
nnul
atus
(Pi
aget
, 188
0)in
d19
73?
Pect
inop
ygus
gra
cilic
orni
s (P
iage
t, 18
80)
ind
1973
?Pe
ctin
opyg
us s
ulae
(R
udow
, 186
9)in
d19
73?
Peri
neus
con
cinn
us (
Kel
logg
& C
hapm
an, 1
899)
ind
1958
?Q
uadr
acep
s bi
rost
ris
(Gie
bel,
1874
)in
d19
73?
Qua
drac
eps
hopk
insi
Tim
mer
man
n, 1
952)
ind
1973
?Q
uadr
acep
s ob
scur
us (
Bur
mei
ster
, 183
8 in
d19
73?
Qua
drac
eps
orna
tus
stri
olat
us (
Nitz
sch,
186
6 in
d19
73?
Qua
drac
eps
sepa
ratu
s (K
ello
gg &
Kuw
ana,
190
2)in
d19
73?
Saem
unds
soni
a al
bem
arle
nsis
(K
ello
gg &
in
d19
73?
Kuw
ana,
190
2)Sa
emun
dsso
nia
hexa
gona
(G
iebe
l, 18
74)
ind
1973
?Sa
emun
dsso
nia
lari
lari
(O
. Fab
rici
us, 1
780)
ind
1973
?Sa
emun
dsso
nia
rem
ota
Tim
mer
man
n, 1
951
ind
1973
?Sa
emun
dsso
nia
scol
opac
isph
aeop
odis
(Sc
hran
k, 1
803)
ind
1973
?Sa
emun
dsso
nia
snyd
eri (
Kel
logg
& P
aine
, 191
0)in
d19
73?
Tra
becu
lus
hexa
kon
(Wat
erst
on, 1
914)
ind
60?
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200260
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er P
soco
pter
aB
ookl
ice,
bar
klic
e(n
ot s
tudi
ed)
Fam
ily E
ctop
soci
dae
Ect
opso
cus
perk
insi
Ban
ks, 1
931
adv
60?
Ord
er T
hysa
nopt
era
Thr
ips
Not
Stu
died
Fam
ily P
hlae
othr
ipid
ae
Hap
loth
rips
gow
deyi
(Fr
ankl
in, 1
908)
Bla
ck f
low
er th
rips
adv
60?
Fam
ily T
hrip
idae
Com
mon
thri
psC
hiro
thri
ps m
exic
anus
Cra
wfo
rd, 1
909
adv
60?
Fran
klin
iella
min
uta
(Mou
lton,
190
7)ad
v60
?H
elio
thri
ps h
aem
orrh
oida
lis (
Bou
che,
183
3)G
reen
hous
e th
rips
adv
60?
Thr
ips
haw
aiie
nsis
(M
orga
n, 1
913)
Haw
aiia
n fl
ower
thri
psad
v60
?T
hrip
s ta
baci
Lin
dem
an, 1
889
Oni
on th
rips
adv
60?
Ord
er T
hysa
nura
Silv
erfi
sh, b
rist
leta
ilsFa
mily
Lep
ism
atid
aeSi
lver
fish
Cte
nole
pism
a lo
ngic
auda
tum
Esc
heri
ch, 1
905
adv
60X
AR
AC
HN
IDS
Ord
er A
rane
aeSp
ider
sFa
mily
Ara
neid
aeO
rbw
eave
rsN
eosc
ona
oaxa
cens
is (
Key
serl
ing,
186
4)ad
v60
98JB
Fam
ily C
lubi
onid
aeTw
ocla
wed
hun
ting
spid
ers
Chi
raca
nthi
um m
orda
x L
. Koc
h, 1
866
Pale
leaf
spi
der
adv
6098
JB
Clu
bion
a al
veol
ata
L. K
och,
187
3ad
vps
r98
JBFa
mily
Cor
inni
dae
Cor
inna
cet
rata
(Si
mon
, 188
8)ad
vpi
r98
JB
Fam
ily G
naph
osid
aeH
untin
g sp
ider
sC
amill
ina
eleg
ans
(Bry
ant,
1940
)ad
v19
97X
Fam
ily H
eter
opod
idae
Gia
nt c
rab
spid
ers
Het
erop
oda
vena
tori
a (L
inna
eus,
176
7)L
arge
bro
wn
spid
erad
v60
98
JBFa
mily
Lin
yphi
idae
Shee
tweb
spi
ders
Col
oncu
s sp
.ad
v?60
XFa
mily
Och
ycer
atid
aeT
heot
ima
radi
ata
(Sim
on, 1
891)
adv
pir
98JB
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 61
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er A
rane
ae (
cont
inue
d)Sp
ider
sFa
mily
Oon
opid
aeM
inut
e ju
mpi
ng s
pide
rsIs
chno
thyr
eus
omus
Sum
an, 1
965
end
NIR
98
JBO
onop
s sp
.ad
v?60
XO
popa
ea le
na S
uman
, 196
5en
dN
IR98
JB
Fam
ily P
holc
idae
Lon
gleg
ged
spid
ers
Art
ema
atla
nta
Wal
cken
aer,
1837
adv
NIR
98
JBSm
erin
gopu
s pa
llidu
s (B
lack
wal
l, 18
58)
adv
NIR
98
JBFa
mily
Sal
ticid
aeJu
mpi
ng s
pide
rsH
asar
ius
adan
soni
(A
udou
in, 1
826)
adv
6098
JB
Men
emer
us b
ivitt
atus
(D
ufou
r, 18
31)
adv
6098
JB
Mes
sua
cf. f
elix
(Pe
ckha
m &
Pec
kham
, 190
1)ad
vpi
r98
JB
Phin
tella
ver
sico
lor
(C.L
. Koc
h, 1
846)
adv
pir
98
JBPl
exip
pus
payk
ulli
(Aud
ouin
, 182
6)ad
vpi
r98
JB
Fam
ily S
cyto
dida
eSp
ittin
g sp
ider
sSc
ytod
es f
usca
Wal
cken
aer,
1837
adv
60X
Scyt
odes
long
ipes
Luc
as, 1
845
adv
60X
Fam
ily T
etra
gnat
hida
eTe
trag
nath
a ni
tens
(A
udoi
n, 1
826)
adv
pir
98JB
Fam
ily T
heri
diid
aeC
ombf
oote
d sp
ider
sA
chae
aran
ea te
pida
rior
um (
C.L
. Koc
h, 1
841)
adv
60X
Col
eoso
ma
adam
soni
(B
erla
nd, 1
934)
adv
psr
98JB
Lat
rode
ctus
hes
peru
s C
ham
berl
in &
Ivie
, 193
5W
este
rn b
lack
wid
ow s
pide
rad
v 19
80X
Lat
rode
ctus
mac
tans
(Fa
bric
ius,
177
5)B
lack
wid
ow s
pide
rad
v 19
80X
The
ridi
on m
elan
ostic
tum
Cam
brid
ge, 1
876
adv
pir
98
JB
Ord
er A
cari
Mite
s(p
artly
stu
died
)Fa
mily
Aca
rida
eTy
roph
agus
put
resc
entia
e (S
chra
nk, 1
781)
Mol
d m
itead
v19
7598
SFS
Fam
ily A
llopt
idae
Lam
inal
lopt
es p
haet
ontis
(Fa
bric
ius,
177
5)in
d?19
97?
Fam
ily A
rgas
idae
Soft
tick
sO
rnith
odor
os c
apen
sis
Neu
man
n, 1
901
adv
1967
?Fa
mily
Ato
pom
elid
aeL
istr
opho
roid
es c
ucul
latu
s (T
roue
ssar
t, 18
93)
adv
1975
?
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200262
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er A
cari
(co
ntin
ued)
Mite
sFa
mily
Bde
llida
eB
della
sp.
adv?
NIR
98
SFS
Bde
llode
s lo
ngir
ostr
is H
erm
ann,
180
4ad
vN
IR98
SF
SSp
inib
della
cro
nini
(B
aker
& B
aloc
k, 1
944)
adv
1987
?Fa
mily
Car
abod
idae
Aus
troc
arab
odes
impe
rfec
tus
(Sel
lnic
k, 1
959)
ind
1966
98
SFS
Fam
ily C
heyl
etid
aeC
hele
tom
imus
ber
lese
i (O
udem
ans,
190
4)ad
v19
85?
Che
leto
mim
us d
uose
tosu
s M
uma,
196
4ad
v19
85?
Hem
iche
ylet
ia w
ells
i (B
aker
, 194
9)ad
v 19
87?
Hem
iche
ylet
ia s
p.en
d?98
SF
SFa
mily
Cos
moc
htho
niid
aeC
osm
ocht
honi
us s
p.ad
vN
IR98
SF
SPh
yllo
zete
s sp
.ad
vps
r98
S&
NFa
mily
Cry
ptog
nath
idae
Favo
gnat
hus
goff
i Sw
ift,
1996
adv?
1968
98
SFS
?Fav
ogna
thus
var
iabi
lis S
wif
t, 19
96ad
v?N
IR98
SF
SFa
mily
Cte
naca
rida
eC
tena
caru
s ar
aneo
lus
(Gra
ndje
an, 1
932)
adv
pir
98S&
NFa
mily
Cun
axid
aeD
acty
losc
irus
nr.
gleb
ulen
tus
Den
Hey
er, 1
908
?ad
vN
SR98
SF
SN
eocu
naxo
ides
sp.
adv?
NIR
98
SFS
Pula
eus
sp. 1
adv?
NSR
98
SFS
Pula
eus
sp. 2
adv?
NSR
98
SFS
Fam
ily C
ymba
erem
aeid
aeSc
aphe
rem
aeus
fis
heri
Aok
i, 19
66en
d?19
6698
SF
SFa
mily
Epi
lohm
anni
idae
Epi
lohm
anni
a sp
.ad
vpi
r98
S&N
Fam
ily E
reyn
etid
ae?E
reyn
etes
sp.
adv?
?NIR
98
SFS
Fam
ily E
upht
hira
cari
dae
Rhy
sotr
itia
ardu
a (C
.L. K
och,
184
1)ad
v19
66?
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 63
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er A
cari
(co
ntin
ued)
Mite
sFa
mily
Eup
odid
aeE
upod
es s
p.ad
v?N
IR98
SF
SFa
mily
Gal
umna
tidae
Gal
umna
aus
tral
is p
embe
rton
i (Ja
cot,
1934
)en
d?19
6698
SF
SG
alum
na c
limat
a (C
.L. K
och,
184
1)ad
v19
6698
SF
SFa
mily
Lae
lapi
dae
And
rola
elap
s he
rmap
hrod
ita (
Ber
lese
, 188
7)ad
v19
80?
Hyp
oasp
is q
ueen
slan
dicu
s (W
omer
sley
, 195
6)ad
v19
82?
Hyp
oasp
is s
cim
ita (
Wom
ersl
ey, 1
956)
adv
1982
?L
aela
ps e
chid
nina
Ber
lese
, 188
7ad
v19
58?
Fam
ily L
istr
opho
rida
eFu
r m
ites
Afr
olis
trop
horu
s m
uscu
lus
(Wils
on &
en
d?19
75?
Law
renc
e, 1
967)
Fam
ily M
acro
chel
idae
Hol
osta
spel
la n
.sp.
adv?
1985
?M
acro
chel
es s
imili
s K
rant
z &
Fili
ppon
i, 19
64)
adv
1985
?Fa
mily
Mac
rony
ssid
aeO
rnith
onys
sus
baco
ti (H
irst
, 191
3)T
ropi
cal r
at m
itead
v 19
75?
Fam
ily M
yobi
idae
Myo
bia
mus
culi
(Sch
rank
, 178
1)ad
v 19
75?
Rad
ford
ia a
ffin
is (
Popp
e, 1
896)
adv
1980
?R
adfo
rdia
ens
ifer
a (P
oppe
, 189
6)ad
v19
87?
Fam
ily M
yoco
ptid
aeM
yoco
ptes
mus
culin
us (
C.L
. Koc
h, 1
838)
adv
1975
?Fa
mily
Loh
man
niid
aeA
nnec
taca
rus
sp.
adv
psr
98S&
NFa
mily
Olo
gam
asid
aeG
amas
iphi
s sp
.ad
v?pi
r98
SF
SFa
mily
Ori
batu
lidae
Ori
batu
la s
p.ad
vps
r98
S&N
Fam
ily P
arat
ydei
dae
Neo
tyde
ius
sp.
adv?
1987
?Fa
mily
Rap
hign
athi
dae
Rap
hign
athu
s sp
.ad
v?pi
r98
SF
S
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200264
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
Ord
er A
cari
(co
ntin
ued)
Mite
sFa
mily
Sch
elor
ibat
idae
Sche
lori
bate
s m
uiri
Jac
ot, 1
934
ind
1966
98
SFS
Fam
ily S
ejid
aeSe
jus
arm
atus
(Fo
x, 1
947)
adv
1987
?Se
jus
sp.
adv?
98
SFS
Fam
ily S
phae
roch
thon
iidae
Spha
eroc
htho
nius
suz
ukii
Aok
i, 19
77ad
vpi
r98
S&N
Fam
ily S
tigm
aeid
aeSt
igm
aeus
sp.
adv?
NIR
98
SFS
Fam
ily T
arso
nem
idae
?Tar
sone
mus
sp.
adv?
NIR
98
SFS
Fam
ily T
ecto
ceph
eida
eTe
ctoc
ephe
us v
elat
us (
Mic
hael
, 188
0)ad
v19
66?
Fam
ily T
etra
nych
idae
Spid
er m
ites
Bry
obia
pra
etio
sa C
.L. K
och,
183
5C
love
r m
itead
v19
86?
Tetr
anyc
hus
cinn
abar
inus
(B
oisd
uval
, 186
7)C
arm
ine
spid
er m
itead
v19
86?
Tetr
anyc
hus
lude
ni Z
ache
r, 19
13ad
v60
?Fa
mily
Tro
mbi
culid
aeC
higg
ers
Gun
ther
ia d
omro
wi (
Bre
nnan
, 196
5)ad
v19
84?
Neo
scho
enga
stia
get
tman
i Gof
f, 1
984
end?
1984
?N
eosc
hoen
gast
ia n
.sp.
end?
1985
?N
eotr
ombi
cula
meg
ensi
Gof
f, 1
975
end?
1975
?W
omer
sia
mid
way
ensi
s G
off,
Sie
vert
& S
ileo,
198
9en
d?19
89?
Fam
ily T
ydei
dae
Tyde
us tu
ttlei
Bak
er, 1
965
adv
1987
?Fa
mily
Uro
podi
dae
Uro
poda
sp.
adv?
1987
?Fa
mily
Xol
algi
dae
n.ge
n. n
.sp.
adv?
1987
?
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 65
App
endi
x 1.
Cur
rent
list
of
arth
ropo
d sp
ecie
s fr
om M
idw
ay (
cont
inue
d)] Ta
xon
com
mon
nam
eor
igin
stat
usch
eckl
ists
dete
rmin
ers
2360
98
CH
ILO
POD
AC
entip
edes
Fam
ily H
enic
opid
aeL
amyc
tes
afri
cana
(Po
rat,
1871
)ad
vpi
r98
RS
Fam
ily L
ithob
iidae
Lith
obiu
s m
oana
na (
Cha
mbe
rlin
, 192
6)en
dpi
r98
RS
Fam
ily S
colo
pend
rida
e Sc
olop
endr
a su
bspi
nipe
s L
each
, 181
5L
arge
cen
tiped
ead
v60
98G
MN
PSE
UD
OSC
OR
PIO
NID
APs
eudo
scor
pion
sL
echy
tia s
akag
amii
Mor
ikaw
a, 1
952
adv
98W
M
SCO
RPI
ON
ES
Scor
pion
sFa
mily
But
hida
e Is
omet
rus
mac
ulat
us (
DeG
eer,
1778
)L
esse
r br
own
scor
pion
adv
60X
CR
UST
AC
EA
ISO
POD
APi
llbug
s an
d so
wbu
gsFa
mily
Arm
adill
idae
Ven
ezill
o pa
rvus
(B
udde
-Lun
d, 1
885)
adv
pir
98ST
Fam
ily H
alop
hilo
sciid
aeH
alop
hilo
scia
cou
chii
(Kin
ahan
, 185
8)ad
vps
r98
ST
Fam
ily P
hilo
sciid
aeL
ittor
ophi
losc
ia c
uleb
rae
(Moo
re, 1
901)
adv
pir
98
STFa
mily
Por
celli
onid
aeA
gabi
form
ius
lent
us (
Bud
de-L
und,
188
5)ad
vpi
r98
ST
Porc
ellio
laev
is L
atre
ille,
180
4ad
v19
9698
ST
Porc
ellio
lam
ella
tus
lam
ella
tus
adv
pir
98
STB
udde
-Lun
d, 1
885
Porc
ellio
nide
s pr
uino
sus
(Bra
ndt,
1833
)ad
v19
9698
ST
Fam
ily S
cyph
acid
aeA
rmad
illon
iscu
s el
liptic
us (
Har
ger,
1878
)ad
vpi
r98
ST
Fam
ily T
rach
elip
odid
aeN
agur
us n
anus
(B
udde
-Lun
d, 1
908)
adv?
pir
98
ST
Appendix 2. Chronology Of Documented Human Activity At Midway (except periodof U.S. Navy Control)
1859 July 8. Middlebrook Islands (Midway) discovered by Captain N.C. Brookson the Gambia.
1867 September 30. Captain William Reynolds on the Lackawanna, took pos-session of the atoll for the U.S. The crew seined fish, then went ashore tocook them and picnic. The survey was for the purpose of ascertainingwhether a coal depot could be established for the convenience of Pacificmail ships.Sometime later. A coal shed was erected on Sand Island, a cargo of coallanded and one man left in charge, but he left at first opportunity with aschooner seeking freshwater.
1870 March 24. U.S.S. Saginaw sent to Midway to dredge channels in prepara-tion for a naval station. The Kate Piper was chartered to carry suppliesback and forth from Honolulu, and assist in the dredging.
1886 November 16. The General Siegel, on a shark-fishing expedition fromHonolulu, stopped to provision with bird eggs and was wrecked on a reef.Seven or eight men were marooned and made use of buildings abandonedby the dredging party. Survivors eventually sailed for the Marshall islands,leaving one crewmember on Midway.
1888 February 8. The Wandering Minstrel was wrecked in Welles Harbor withabout 30 survivors.March 15. Six survivors leave with a boat and are presumed lost.October 13. Three of the stranded visitors including the one remainingfrom the previous wreck left on a small boat, eventually reaching theMarshall Islands.
1889 March 26. Remaining castaways rescued.1890 July 11. Rothschild Expedition lands two scientists (ornithologists Henry
Palmer and George C. Munro), who collect birds and a few insects.1891 July 12. The Charles G. Wilson arriving from the Marshalls, lands to
secure water.1900 A survey party from the U.S.S. Iroquois, sent to make soundings for a
trans-pacific cable, observed Japanese poachers killing birds for theirfeathers. Complaints about Japanese squatters on the islands caused theIslands to be placed under the Navy Department.
1903 April 29. First contingent of the Pacific Commercial Cable Companyarrived on the Hanalei and put up temporary structures and tents. The con-tingent found the Yeiju Maru anchored in the lagoon and its crew killingbirds ashore. June 3. The U.S.S. Iroquois arrived and its commander ordered theJapanese to leave the islands. The Iroquois assisted in landing the shoreends of the cable.July 4. The trans-Pacific cable completed. October 23. Chartered at Honolulu to carry supplies, the Julia E. Whalenis wrecked.
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200266
1903–1930 Naval vessels visit Midway intermittently. A regular supply ship visitedMidway from Honolulu once a month.
1904 May. A garrison of marines sent out. A lighthouse and dock are construct-ed. The Midway colony consisted of approximately 100 people.
1905 The cable station’s permanent buildings completed. Two donkeys import-ed from Honolulu in 1905 and released on Eastern Islands; in a few yearsthere was a herd of twenty or more.July 4. The trans-Pacific cable completed.
1906 September 16. The Pacific Mail S.S. Mongolia went aground on the west-ern side.December 28. The Carrollton, with a load of coal from Newcastle toHonolulu is lost on Midway.
1908 Marines leave Midway. The remaining cable personnel reduced to aboutthirty.
1909 Two canaries brought to Sand Island and bred in a cage. After a dozen ormore birds were reared they were liberated.
1920 October. First arrival of a naval plane.1935 April 12. The ship North Haven arrived to bring equipment and supplies
for developing an air station between San Francisco and the Philippines.Soon regular weekly trips were bringing visitors through Midway.
1935 May. Navy held fleet maneuvers around Midway.1940 Construction began on a Naval Air Station and a garrison of 850 marines
established.1941–1998 U.S. Navy operates atoll as a Naval Base.1997 April. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service takes over atoll as a wildlife refuge.
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 67
Appendix 3. Chronology Of Insect Collecting And Biological Introductions On Midway
1890 July 13–16. Moths observed and collected by the ornithologists, HenryPalmer and George C. Munro. Laysan rails are released on Eastern I. July 17. Spiders noted to be “in good variety”. Two moths were captured.The “skineating beetle is scarce but small blue blow flies are very numer-ous and very tame.”
1894 First insect from Midway, Peridroma fasciata described by W. Rothschild.1900 August 21. W.A. Bryan arrived for a few hours and made some observa-
tions and collected some plants. He noted that Sand Island is barren, cov-ered with dunes with but a few hardy shrubs and grasses on the top of mostof the dunes. Eastern was “clothed in green down to the beach.” “The mostimportant plants determined for Midway are: Cenchrus calyculatus Cav.,Boerhaavia tetrandra Forst., a variety near Lepidium oahuensis Chan. I.Schl., Capparis sandwichiana DC., Ipomoea insularis Stend., Scaevolakoenigii Vahl., Tribulus cistoides Linn., and Eragrostis cynosuroides(Retz). In addition to the above are three widely distributed beach plants,two of which are grasses that are as yet undetermined.” This is followed bya list of birds collected.
1905 G.P. Wilder took a few insects.1905–1921 D. Morrison of the Cable Station imported the grass, Ammophila arenaria
from beaches near San Francisco, set out ironwood trees, Casuarina equi-setifolia, as windbreaks, and numerous other kinds of ornamental and use-ful trees, shrubs, and herbs. Shiploads of soil were brought from Honoluluand used for gardens and other plant growth. He also imported canary birdsand Laysan finches in 1906 and fostered the flightless rails that had beenintroduced from Laysan.
1923 The Tanager expedition [with D.T. Fullaway] obtained a few specimensfrom Midway. Dr. D.R. Chisholm, the resident physician at the CableStation and others added notes and plant specimens.
1923 Fullaway visited Eastern Island and noted a fringe of Scaevola with cen-tral open space. A grove of ironwood occupied the eastern end, and a herdof donkeys lived on the island. In contrast, Sand Island was reclaimed withsoil from Honolulu and planted to trees and gardens.
1931 December. Dr. Chisholm collected additional plants, including ornamentaltrees and weeds that were excluded in the earlier plant collections.
1935 F.C. Hadden stationed on Midway on November 24, 1936. His duty was toinspect and fumigate the clipper planes going in both directions. About 200insect species were intercepted on planes arriving on Midway. Most planescame from Honolulu, Wake, Guam, Manila or Hong Kong.
1938–1940 F.A. Bianchi took 3 short successive yearly visits to Midway, concentrat-ing on aphids and thrips.
1942 Jan. 12: F.C. Hadden left Midway.1956–1958 C.F. Clagg with U.S. Naval District Public Works & Yoshio Oshiro, a con-
struction worker with Hawaiian Dredging Company, brought numerousspecimens from Midway.
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 68, 200268
1959 November. E.J. Ford, Jr. made an intensive survey of the atoll.1959–1961 J.C. Downey surveyed seabird ectoparasites.1960–1962 H.I. Fisher & E.D. Klimstra 1970 J.L. Gressitt collected for one week.1971 March. M.L. Goff & M.L. Cunningham, collected on Midway, concentrat-
ing on mites.1983 W.C. Gagne spent a few days on Midway.1997–1998 G.M. Nishida collected on Midway Atoll on 5 separate trips accompanied
by A. Asquith on 1 trip, and G.A. Samuelson on another. A number ofMidway refuge personnel assisted with the servicing of a Malaise trap thatremained up for over a year.
1999 October 20–23: J.W. Beardsley collected, concentrating on scales, aphids,and parasitic wasps.
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000 69
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