8/10/2019 A New and Simpler Method for Estimating the Thermal Insulation of a Clothing Ensemble
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HI - 85- 09
No 4
A
New
Simpl er Method
f or Esti mati ng
the
Thermal
I nsul at i on of
a
Cl ot hi ng Ensembl e
B.w
esen,
Ph
.
ASHRAE
Member
ABSTRACT
The most common
method
for estimating
the
basic
thermal i nsulati on
( I
)
of a clothing ensemble
i s
the
use of
tables
wth basi c
thermal i nsulation
values
for
i ndividual garments (I l
.
Sprague
and Munson
(1974)
f ound
the
f ol l owng relati onship
between
the
thermal i nsul ation
of an
ensemble
and the
summation of val ues for
the
i ndividual
garments
(EI
El i
:
I cl = k Z
l i
+
k, ,
where k
was
a constant l ess
than one, and both
k and k2 were dependcent
on
sex
(l ema~e
or male
cl othi ngs) .
Thi s
equati on has si nce been
simpl i fi ed i n
ASHRAE Standard
55-81
f or
thermal
envi ronment
:
I
C1
=
0
.82
Zcl i '
Thi s
paper presents an
even
simpl er' method
I nstead
of
descri bi ng
the thermal i nsulation
of a si ng e garment
by means
of the
basi c
thermal i nsulation ( I
) , i t i s proposed
to use
the
effecti ve
thermal i nsul ation
(I cl u)
.
The
resul t
of
the
preseni
study
i s
then the
f ol l owng
rel ationship
I cl
=
EI cl u'
The basi c
thermal i nsulation of
a
clothi ng ensemble
i s
simply
estimated
as the sum
of the
ef f ecti ve i nsul ation
f or t he si ng e
garments
(EI cl u)
.
Another i mportant
advantage
of
using
the
proposed
method
i s
that
when expressi ng the
i nsulation of
a
single garment
by the
ef f ecti ve i nsul ation
i t i s
not
necedssary
to
performthe
di ffi cul t measurement of
the
i ncreased
clothing
area factor,
f l
.
The proposed
rel ationship i s based on
measurements
of
70 clothing
ensembl es i n
the
rangec0 .7-2 . 6 cl o
.
INTRODUCTION
The thermal
i nsul ation
of
the clothingworn
by people i s an essenti al
parameter when
predi cti ng
the
i nfl uence
of
the thermal envi ronment
on
human
bei ngs
.
I n col d, neutral , and
warmenvi ron-
ments,
the type of clothing
worn wl l
i nfl uence
the heat exchange
between the human body
and the environment
.
Thi s, i n turn,
i nf l uences the acceptabi l i ty
and stress
of
that environment
.
I n warm
envi ronments, cl othi ng
i s often used to
provide
protection
agai nst the physical
environment
(dust,
sparks, radi ti on) and
may,
i n some cases,
i ncrease str ess and
reduce
working
ti me
.
However, cl othi ng
may al so be used as protection
against
heat and
i ncrease
the
working
time I n a neutral
thermal envi ronment,
clothing has
a
signi fi cant
i nf l uence
on
the preferred
ambient
temperature For
exampl e, a chang8
i n thermal i nsu ati on
of ' u 0 . 2
cl o wl l
change
the
preferred
ambi ent
temperature
by x.1 . 5 C for a
seated
person
I n
col d
envi ronments cl othi ng
i s, i n most cases,
the onl y method for making
the working
condi ti ons
tol erable
The thermal
i nsulation of the
clothing ensembles must
be estimated when
evaluating
moderate
thermal
envi ronments
accordi ng
to ASHRAE
55-81
or I SO 7730
(1984)
(PMV-PPD
i ndex),
when Vvaluating
hot envi ronments according
to I SODS 7933 (1983)
(Requ red
Sweat
Rate I ndex)
or ET (Gagge
et a1 .1972), and
when evaluating cold
environments according
to the method
(I REQ Required
Cothing I nsu ati on)
suggested by
Holmer
(1984)
.
For thi s purpose, i t
i s
necessary
to provi de the user
of these or si ml ar
procedures
wth
methods f or
the estimation
of
the thermal
i nsulation
Barne
WOesen, Ph
.D., Laboratory
of
Heati ng and A r Condi ti oning,
Technical Uni versi ty
of
Denmark
478
ASHRAE. All rights reserved. Courtesy copy for SSPC 55 Committee to exclusively use for standards development. May not be distributed, reproduced nor placed on the
8/10/2019 A New and Simpler Method for Estimating the Thermal Insulation of a Clothing Ensemble
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The
thermal i nsulation
of , a
cl othi ng ensembl e i s normal l y
measured on a thermal
.
m
n ki n
(Seppanen et al
.
1972
;
McCull ough
et al
.
1983b
;
Oesen et al
. 1982) .
very
f ew
thermal
m
ni ki ns
are, however , avai l able
(Mecheel s and Umbach
1976
;
Gol dman
1974
;
Seppanen et al
.
1972
;
Oesen
et al
.
1982),
and the measurements have to be
performed i n
a
l aboratory.
For
practi cal
use, therefore simpl i fi ed methods that
can be
used i n
the
f i el d ar e necessary
.
The most wdel y used methods uti l i ze l ook-up
tables
of cl othi ng i nsulation
values
.
One ki nd
of table i ncl udes thermal i nsulati on
values
f or clothi ng ensembles
measured on a standi ng
thermal m
ni ki n
.
Another
type
of table i ncl udes
values
for
the
thermal
i nsulation of i ndi vi -
dual garments al so measured on a standi ng thermal mannequin
Based
on the
summation of
values
for
i ndividual garments
( Icl i ) ,
i t
i s
then
possible
to
esti mate
the
thermal
i nsulation
of
a
whole
ensemble
(I cl ) .
The
f ol l owng summation equations
have
been suggested i n l i terature
Icl -
0. 727
EIcl i
+
0.113
cl o
(men)
Sprague
and
Munson 1974 (1)
Icl
-
0.770
EIcl i
+
0
.05
cl o
(women)
Sprague and
Munson
1974 (2)
Icl =
0
.82
Ei cl i
ASHRAE 1981
(3)
The
data for
the above
equati ons
are
frommeasurements
on
dai l y wear ensembles wth a thermal
i nsul ati on i n the
range
0 . 2 to
1
. 0
clo-value
The
purpose of
thi s
study
was to veri fy
that these methods
al so can be used f or typi cal
work cl othi ng and f or ensembles
wth
thermal i nsulation
values up to 2. 6 cl o
.
A l the measurements
presented i n thi s
paper
were performed on
a standi ng thermal
m
ni ki n
which has been descri bed i n detai l s by
Oesen et al
. (1982) .
I n the
fol l owng
paragraphs,
the
measuri ng
method
and
experimental
faci l i ti es are described
.
Expressi ons
for
the Thermal Insulati on of Cothing
The thermal
insulati on of
a clothing ensemble
or
a si ng e
garment i s expressed i n thi s
paper by the cl o 2uni t
i ntroduced by
Gagge et al
. (1941) .
The cl o
i s
defi ned
i n SI
uni t
as
1
cl o =
0.155 m
K/W
The insulation of cl othi ng ensembl es has
been
expressed
i n
di fferent ways
i n
the
l i terature
The cl othing
insulation reported by Gol dman
(1974), Breckenri dge
and Gol dman (1977), Mecheels
and Umbach (1976
;
1979),
and
Holmer
and
El nas
(1981)
were
expressed by the
total
i nsu ati on,
I T
.
The resu ts reported by Nshi et al
.
(1975
;
1976)
were
given as effecti ve
cl othi ng
i nsu ati on,
Total
insul ation (I
) i s the
i nsulati on fromthe ski n surface to
the envi ronment,
i ncl udi ng
the
effect of the
i ncreased surface
area
(fcl )
and the resistance at
the
surf ace of the
clothed
body ( I a ) .
t
-
t
_ _ s o
(4)
I T 0.155 Q
where
IT =
total i nsul ati on,
cl o
Q = dry heat l oss per m2 skin area,
W
2 d
m
i s
=
mean skin temperature,
oC
to =operati ve temperature,
oC
Effecti ve
cl othi ng
insulation
(I
i s
the
i nsulati on
f rom
the ski n to the clothing
surf ace, excluding the ef fect of the
i ncreased surf ace area of the cl othed body
(fcl ) .
I 1
, whi l e
Seppanen et
al
.
(1972) and Sprague and
Munson
(1974) i n thei r
comprehensi ve
col o~hing
studi es used the basi c cl othi ng
i nsu ati on,
I
1 ~ .
Recent
publ i cati ons by
McCullough
et al
.
(1982
;
1983)
and
McCull ough and Won
(1983)
usecboth total and basi c
insulation
479
ASHRAE. All rights reserved. Courtesy copy for SSPC 55 Committee to exclusively use for standards development. May not be distributed, reproduced nor placed on the
8/10/2019 A New and Simpler Method for Estimating the Thermal Insulation of a Clothing Ensemble
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t - t
s
n
(5)
I cl e - I T
-
I a
0 .155
Q - I a
where
Icle
=
ef f ecti ve cl othi ng i nsu ati on,
cl o
I = resistance
at
.
the
surface of
the
cl othed body, cl o
a
Intrinsi c or basic
cl othi ng insulation
(I cl )
i s
the
i nsul ati on from
the
ski n to the
cl othi ng surf ace
:
t -
t
.
s o
(6)
I cl - I T -
Ia/fcl
0.155
Q
-
I a/f c1
where
I cl = i ntr i nsi c or
basi c cl othi ng i nsu ati on,
cl o -
f cl =cl othi ng area
factor
.
Cothing area
factor
(fcl )
i s
defi ned as
:
f cl =
Acl /Arl
(7)
where
Acl =
surf ace area of the cl othed
body
A
=
n
surf ace
area
of
the nude body
The fol l owng
equati on provides
the
rel ationship between
I cl ' Icle
and I T
:
I cl =
I cl e
+
I a(1
-
1/f cl )
=I T -
Ia/fcl
(8)
I n the
l i terature
(Fanger
1982
;
ASHRAE
1981) the
fol l owng relati onship
between
I cl
and
fcl
has been
suggested
f cl
=
1
+
0
. 2
I cl
(9)
Wen introducing
thi s i n
Equation
8
and
assumng
I a
= 0. 8
cl o,
the
fol l owng relati onship
i s found
1
+
0 . 2 1c1-
0 .16
Icle -
I cl
+ 0. 2 I cl
(10)
Thi s means that I
7 ~
always
i s smal l er than I
,
because the expressi on
between
parentheses
i s l ess than one
.
cFor I cl values
i n
the
rangec6 . 5 to 2. 0 cl o,
Equation 10,
may be
approximated
by
I cl e
=
0.87
I cl
Under the above
assumption
I cl e
i s
then
about
13 l ower than
I cl
.
The rel ationship
i s i mportant when compari ng
data from
di fferent
studi es
.
Co-values
for
cl othi ng ensembl es
cannot
.
be
compared
wthout
specifying whether
they
refer
to
the total ,
the
ef f ecti ve,
or the
basi c cl othi ng i nsulati on
The
drawback
of
I T i s
that i t i ncludes
i n t he
defi ni ti on
the
surf ace
resistance which i s i nfl uenced
by the ai r veloci ty and temperature
l evel
.
The same
cl othi ng
ensemblemay therefore have a
di fferent clo-value i n
di fferent
envi ronments
.
The drawback of I 1 i s that
i t i gnores
the
i ncreased
surface area
of
the
cl othed
body and i s
i nsuffi ci ent
V
o
provide a
compl ete
simulati on of the heat
transfer process
.
The
basic
i nsu ati on,
I cl , combi ned wth f cl
provides the requ red data
f or
thermal l y characte-
ri si ng
cl othi ng
I n the
present study, measurements
were performed enabl ing
thermal i nsul ation
to
be
expressed i n total
(I T
),
effecti ve (I cl ),
and
basic
(I cl ), thermal i nsul ati on The
same
expressi ons
and
methods were used
f or
t e i nsulation of a single garment
where
480
ASHRAE. All rights reserved. Courtesy copy for SSPC 55 Committee to exclusively use for standards development. May not be distributed, reproduced nor placed on the
8/10/2019 A New and Simpler Method for Estimating the Thermal Insulation of a Clothing Ensemble
4/15
I
Ti
= total thermal
i nsul ati on of an i ndivi dual
garment
I cl u
-
effecti ve thermal
i nsul ation of an i ndiviual
garment
I cl i
=
basi c thermal
i nsulati on of an i ndi vi dual
garment
MEASUREMENT
The
thermal i nsulati on of the
garments and
ensembles
was measured on a
thermal
m
ni ki n,
which
was
developed f roma di spl ay
m
ni ki n
and consi sts
of a
fi berglass rei nforced
pol yester
shel l
.
The
m
ni ki n
has joi nt s i n the
shou ders,
hi ps,
and
knees
so i t can stand
up,
be
seated, wal k, or cycle on an
ergometer .
The body
i s
di vided
into 16 segments,
each of which
i s
suppl i ed wth
i ts own heating and control
system
To
simu ate
a human
bei ng,
the
control
of the
m
ni ki n i s
arranged
to maintai n
a surface
temperature equal to the
ski n temperature
of a person i n thermal
comort at the actual
acti vi ty .
Thi s
i s
done
by heati ng the
mni ki n
to a f i xed
i nternal
temperature
of 36.40C and providi ng
a thermal resi stance
(electri cal
+ shel l )
equal to 0
.348
cl o between the
i nside
and surf ace of
the
m
n ki n
.
Thi s
resistance
corresponds
approximately
to
the resi stance between
the
deep body
and
ski n of a human bei ng
duri ng
thermal comort
.
The tests reported here
were performed i n a climati c
chamber (Kj eru f -- J ensen
et al
.
1975)
i n
which
the
whole
f l oor
i s used
as an ai r
outl et
.
The ai r
change was
60 h-1 .
The
ai r
vel oci ty waz
8/10/2019 A New and Simpler Method for Estimating the Thermal Insulation of a Clothing Ensemble
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The i ncreased
area
f actor, (fcl ),
was measured on approximately
50 i tems by photographic
techniques
.
For
the
other
garments,
f 7 ~
was evaluated by
means of the measured
values
or
values reported by
McCullough et al
.
T1983a
1983b)
.
The
relati onship
between the thermal
i nsul ation
of
a
garment
and
i ts
weight was
studi ed.
Figure
1
shows the
rel ati onship
between
I cl u
and weight
;
and
i n Table 1, the resu ts
of a l i near regression
are
shown between
both
I -wei ght
and I l -wei ght
.
The
resu ts
of the
measured insulation
values
of
cl othi ng
ensembl es
arel shown
i n
Appendix 2
.
The
thermal i nsu ati on
of approximately 70 cl othi ng
ensembl es
was
measured
usi ng
the method described
earl i er, but onl y some of
the
resu ts
are shown i n
Appendix
2
.
Fi rst , the total
thermal i nsulati on (I T)
was
measured
accordi ng
to Equati on
11, and then
the basi c
(I cl ) i nsulation
was
estimated according to Equation
6 .
The increased
area
factor
(fcl )
was
measured
on
approximately
20
ensembles usi ng
the
method
descri bed
earl i er .
For
the other
ensembl es,
f was
evaluated by means of
themeasured
values or values
reported by McCullough et al
.
(1983, and McCull ough
and
Jones
(1983a) .
The rel ationship
between
the
cl othi ng
area factor
(fcl )
and the
basi c thermal i nsulation
(I l ) was
studi ed.
The data
f rom the present study
are
shown i n
Figure
2, and
the
regression
analysis
i s
shown
i n Table
1 .
The relati onship
between
the basi c
thermal
i nsulation of
a
cl othing
ensemble and the total
weight
of
the ensemble
except shoes i s shown i n Figure
3,
and the regressi on
anal ysi s
i s
shown
i n
Table
1 .
The
rel ati onship
between
basi c
thermal
i nsu a-
t i on I cl
of
an
ensembl e and
the
summation of
the
i ndividual
effecti ve insulation
(EI cl u)
and
the summation of
the
indi vidual basi c
i nsul ati on
values (EI
are
shown i n Fi gures
4
and
5,
respecti vel y
.
The resu ts
of
a l i near regression between
1 1
and
EIcl u
or ZIcl
are
shown i n Table
1 .
Both regression through the
ori gi n
(0 .0) and wth
i ntercept
are shown
DSCUSSION
The most
i mportant
resu t of thi s study i s
the resul t
of
a l i near
regressi on between the
basi c
thermal i nsulation of a
cl othi ng
ensembl e,
I l ,
and
the summation of the
ef f ecti ve
thermal
i nsul ati on
for the
i ndi vi dual
garments,
( E l u)
.
FromTable
1 i t
can be seen that
the basi c
i nsu ati on, I
: ~,
of an
ensemble can be estimated by
j ust
adding together
the effecti ve
insulation (I l u) of each
garment .
Thi s
i s
a very
i mportant
resu t, because
by usi ng thi s
method,
the
t
ermal i nsu ati on of
garments
are based on
the
effecti ve value (Equati on
5)
.
Thus,
i t i s not necessary
to performthe very
ti me-consumng, and
i n some
cases not very
real i sti c,
measurement
of the
cl othi ng
area factor ( f
f or each
garment
.
Wen estimating
the
basic thermal i nsulation
f or a
single
garment
( Icl i ) ,
i t
i s necessary to
measure the
cl othi ng area factor
.
A shi r t by i t sel f wl l
hang loose
on
a thermal
ni ani ki n
and i n many
cases have
an
unreal i sti c
high f
El
-val ue, compared wth
the i nf l uence that a shi r t
tucked
i nto
a
pai r
of trousers
has on t e f 1-val ue
for a cl othi ng ensemble
For
the
human
heat
bal ance
equati on, knowedge of i ndi vi dual
i nsul ation
values
for
each
garment
.
i s not needed
The
values
for a
garment are
onl y
used
f or
i ndividual compari son
of
di fferent garments
and
for
predicti ng
the
thermal
i nsu ati on
of a
whole ensemble I t i s,
however ,
possible to
compare
thermal
i nsul ation of garments
based on
the
effecti ve
i nsu ati on, (I cl u) .
I n
practi ce,
i t
i s
al so much
easi er to
use a simple
summation
of
i nsul ation
values
f or
i ndi vi dual garments
(I
1-
ZIclu)
i nstead
of an equati on where
i t i s necessary to
mul ti pl y
the sum
of
the
i ndividual
values by
a constant (Icl = 0
.82
EI cl i )'
Another
advantage
i s
when
future
garments have to be marked
wth a value
f or
the
thermal
i nsul ation I f the garments
are marked
wth
the
ef f ecti ve thermal i nsulati on
val ue,
I cl
,
then i t wl l
be
easy
for the user
j ust
to add the values when
he/she
wants to
estimate Vhe
thermal i nsulation of
the whole ensembl e,
I
l
.
A
Nordi c
standard
commttee
i s
nowworking
on a standard
for measuring the
thermal i nsulation of cl othi ng
garments and ensembles
.
The
aim
of thi s standard i s al so
to establ i sh a procedure
f or describing the thermal
properti es
(i nsu ati on,
evaporati ve
resi stance,
ai rt i ghtness) of garments
and
how thi s shou d be
i ndi cated
on the
garments
.
I n the
future,
i t
wl l then
be
possible
to see the
garments
l abel l ed wth
the
thermal
properti es along wth the si ze,
washing
i nstr ucti ons,
and
type
of f abr i cs .
Thi s
simple
relati onship
cou d be
expected
when l ooki ng at Equation
10
.
Here i t i s seen
that
I c1_e i s
about 13 l ower than I l
.
Wen
adding
I cl u
for
the single
garments,
thi s should
then
automati cal l y
resul t
i n a 13 Tower sum than
when addi ng I values
.
Wen comparing
relationships
I cl =
0.82 EIcl i
(ASHRAE
1981)
and the present resul t
I c ?~ =
EIclu,
then i t
seems l i ke
I
7~ ~
values
are
about
180 l ower than Icl i val ues
.
Thi s
i s not i n
agreement
wth
the expectedcN
fromEquation 10
.
I n thi s
equati on,
however,
i t
was
assumed that the
i ncrease
i n f was
0
. 2/cl o,
whi le
the
present
resul ts i ndi cate a
relati onship of 0
.26/cl o,
which
can
explai n the di fference
482
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FromFigure 4, i t can be seen that at l ow I
values
(
0. 5
The present study resul ted i n a
relati onship f =
1
+
0.26 I (Tabl e 1) based on
19
cl othi ng
ensembles
i n t he
range of 0. 7
to
2. 4
cl o
.
The
relationship
hasla standard deviation of 0.11,
which i n
practi ce may
not
be
an acceptable predicti on of
the cl othi ng
area
factor
.
A si ml ar
relati onship has been studi ed by
McCul l outh and Jones (1983a) and Sprague
and
Munson
(reported
by
McCull ough
and
Jones 1983a)
.
The
accuracy of predi cti on
based on thei r resu ts was
better
but
i s
based
on
a
narrower
and
l ower
range
of
values
.
A l three studi es
show
however, that
the i ncrease i n fcl per cl o i s greater than the
0
. 2/cl o
or
0. 1/cl o
suggested
by Fanger
(1982) .
The regressi ons
i n Table
1
show a 24-36
i ncrease
i n
fcl
per cl o
.
The
present
study
showed
that I was
i ndependent
of the ambi ent
temperature Thi s may
be due to the constructi on
of the cl i mati c
chamber
.
As the whole floor i s used as an ai r
outl et, there i s a sl ow ai r-f l ow f rom fl oor to cei l i ng
i n
the
same di rection
as the natural
convection
Thi s may resul t i n
a
stabl e boundary l ayer
around
the body at
l ow
ai r
veloci ti es
0 .05
ms),
which i s
not
being changed
by an
i ncreased
At between body and chamber
.
I n other
cl i mati c chambers, the
temperature di fferencemght influence I
, so
i t i s i mportant
to perform
thi s
test
wth a nude
m
n ki n
before
runni ng tests wth cl othi ng
.
Thi s, of course,
has
to be performed onl y once
.
483
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The present data on garment
and
ensembl e clo-values
add
newi nformati on to the l i terature
due to the many
types
of
work cl othi ng and the
higher
i nsul ati on val ues, which have been
i ncluded .
CONCLUSIONS
A very simpl e
rel ati on between the
thermal
i nsul ati on of a
clothi ng
ensembl e (Icl ) and the
thermal
i nsul ati on of
the i ndi vi dual garments
(Icl u)
has been establ i shed
I cl
-
Z
I cl u
where
the thermal i nsulation
of a clothing ensembl e i s
expressed i n basi c insulati on
a r i d
the
thermal
i nsulation
of
a garment i n
ef f ecti ve i nsulati on
Thi s method
al so
faci l i tates the
measurement
of thermal i nsulati on of
i ndi vi dual garments,
I cl u,
because measurement
of
the cl othi ng area f actor, fcl ,
i s avoided
Thi s
rel ation i s
based on measurement
wth 70 cl othi ng ensembl es
i n
the
range
0. 7
to
2
. 6
cl o
.
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8/10/2019 A New and Simpler Method for Estimating the Thermal Insulation of a Clothing Ensemble
8/15
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485
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9/15
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ASHRAE. All rights reserved. Courtesy copy for SSPC 55 Committee to exclusively use for standards development. May not be distributed, reproduced nor placed on the internet.
8/10/2019 A New and Simpler Method for Estimating the Thermal Insulation of a Clothing Ensemble
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9
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L
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s
s
o
z
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4
3
s
c
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a
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8
L
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1
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9
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APPENDX 2
Thermal
i nsulati on
values
(basi c
i nsu ati on, I
)
f or
cl othi ng
ensembles
.
The numbers after eachcl
i ndi vi dual
garment
refer to
Appendix 1 .
Com
Wight
t
. ,
No Cl othing ensemble
bi na-
t i o n
g
C O m2CW
WORK
CLOTHNG
Underpants 23
434
Trousers 91, Shi rt 70
1105 1, 24 0, 75
0,116
Socks 254 Shoes
255
Underpants 23
429 Shi r t 70, Trousers 91, J acket
151
434 1803
1,29 087 0135
Socks254 Shoes 255
Underpants 23, under shi r t
31
435
Shi r t
70,
trousers 91
429
J acket
151 31
1939
1, 29 0, 98
0,152
Socks
254,
shoes 244
Underpants
23,
423
Shi r t
71, Trousers 92,
j acket
152 1708
1, 36 0, 79
0,122
Socks254
shoes
255
Underpants
23
425
Shi r t
71
Coveral l
113
1633 1,36 0,81 0,126
Socks
254,
shoes
255
Underpants
23
426
Shi r t
71,
Trousers
93
J acket 152
1858
1,30
0, 87
0,135
Socks
254,
shoes 255
Underpants
23
427
Shi r t
70,
' Trousers
91
4
Smock
150
150
1783
1,38
0, 86
U133
Socks
254,
shoes 255
Underpants 23
424
Shi r t
71,
trousers 92
Smock
154
1645 1,4U 0,91 0,141
Socks
254,
shoes
255
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
420
Shi rt 70,
trousers
91
Coveral l 112
2573 1,31
1, 18
0,183
Socks
254,
shoes 255
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
428
Shi r t 71,
trousers 92
Coveral l 113
25~
1,31
1, 05
U163
Socks 254,
shoes 255
Underpants
23
421
Shi rt 70,
trousers
94
J acket
151, coveral l
112
3333
1, 40 1, 33
0,206
Socks 254,
shoes
255
Underpants
20
422
Shi rt 71,
trousers 93
J acket 152,
coveral l
113
2992
1,40 1,25 I 0,194
Socks
254,
shoes
255
Underpants
23
471
Coveral l 255
1031
1, 25 0, 72 0,112
Socks 254
shoes
255
Undersh rt
33, underpants 26
470
Coveral l
120
1344 1,25 0, 84 0,130
Socks 254
shoes
255
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
480 Coveral l 120
1210 1,30 0, 82
0,127
Socks
254 shoes
255
Undersh rt
47,
underpants 48
481
Coveral l 120
1300 1,30 0, 84 0,130
Socks 254 shoes 255 _
Underpants
23,
undersh rt 31
483
Shi rt
73
Coveral l 12U
1430 1,30 0, 94 0,146
Socks 254,
shoes
255
Underpants 44
43U
Shi rt 73, s ki r t 61
J acket
167
976
1,28 U79 0,122
Socks 258,
shoes
255
Underpants
44
4
Shi rt 73, trousers
101
J acket
167
I 1088 1,26
0, 90
0,140
Socks 254,
shoes
255
488
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Com Wight 4 . ,
I
. ,
No
Cl othi ng ensemble bi na-
t i o n 9 C O m2CW
COLDPROTECTIVECLOTHNG
Undersh rt
42,
Underpants 43
400 Coveral l
115 1286 1, 18
1,11
0,172
Socks 254
shoes
255
Undersh rt 42, Underpants 43
401 I nsuated trousers 201, i nsuated
jacket 225 1363
1, 27 1, 20
1,186
Socks
254
Shoes
255 _
Unders hi r t 42, Underpants 43
402
I nsuated
trousers
201,
i nsuated jacket
226
1205
1, 22 0, 85
0,132
Socks 254 shoes 255
Undersh rt
42,
Underpants 43
404
Coveral l
210
Overtrousers
182, overjacket
183
2564
1, 40 0, 88
0,291
Socks
256,
shoes
257
Undersh rt
42,
underpants 43
405
I nsuated trousers
201,
i nsuated trousers 225
2641 1 42 2, 13
0,330
Overtrousers 182,
overjacket
183
Socks
256,
shoes
257
Undersh rt
42,
underpants
43,
406
I nsuated trousers
201, i nsul ated
j acket 225
2490 1, 42 2,41 0,374
Overtrousers
182,
overjacket 183
Socks
254,
shoes 255
Undersh rt
42,
underpants 43
407 I nsuated
trousers 200,
i nsuatedjacket
221
2449 1, 22 1, 40 0,217
Socks254 shoes 255
Undersh rt
42,
underpants 43
408
I nsuated
trousers
200,
i nsuatedjacket
222
2445
1, 22 1, 38
0,214
Socks254 shoes
255
Undersh rt
42,
underpants
43
409
I nsuated
trousers 200,
i nsuatedjacket
222
2631
1
42
2
22
0,344
Overtrousers 182, overjacket 183
Socks
256,
shoes 257
Undersh rt
42,
underpants
43
410
I nsuated trousers 200, i nsuated
jacket
221
2884 1 42 2, 17
0,336
Overtrousers 182,
overjacket 183
Socks 256,
shoes
257
Undersh rt 42,
underpants
43
411
I nsuated trousers 201, i nsuated
jacket 225
2566
1
42 2, 16
0,335
Overtrousers 182, overjacket
183
Socks 256,
shoes
255
Underpants
23,
under shi r t
31
436
Shi rt
70, trousers 91,
J acket
151
2618
1, 36 1, 53 0,237
I nsuated trousers
228,
i nsuated trousers 203
Socks
256,
shoes 257
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
438
Shi rt 70, trousers 91,
2326
1, 30 1, 18
0,183
J acket 151,
thermo-j
228
Socks 256,
Underpants
23, undersh rt 31
439
Shi rt 70, trousers 91,
j acket
151
438
2618 1,35 1,46
0,226
Insuated
trousers
203,
i nsuated jacket 228
203
Socks
256,
shoes
255
Undersh rt
47, underpants 48
481
482
I nsuated trousers
204,
i nsuated jacket 229
204
1970 1, 32 1, 43
0,222
Coveral l
120
229
Socks
254,
shoes
255
Underpants
23, undersh rt 31
441
Shi rt 70,
trousers 91
-435
2404 1, 36 1, 23 0, 191
J acket
151, i nsuated
jacket
255
225
Socks
256,
shoes
255
Underpants
23, undersh rt 31
Shi rt
70,
trousers
91
441
442 J acket 151, i nsul ated
j acket
225
2
2726
1,35
1,54 0,239
I nsuated
trousers 201
Socks
256 shoes
255
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
Shi rt
70
472 I nsuated jacket 228, i nsuated trousers 203
3257 1,45 2, 26 0,350
Overtrousers
190, overj acket
198
Socks 254 shoes 255
l oves 251 hat
259
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
Shi rt 70
473 I nsuated jacket 228,
i nsuated trousers 203 3697
1, 48 2, 30 0,357
Overtrousers 190, overj acket 188
Socks 254
shoes
255 l oves 251 hat 259
489
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Com
Wight I
. , 1 . ,
No Cl othing ensemb e
bi na-
t i o n g C O MZCW
COLDPROTECTI VE CLOTHNGcont
.
Undersh rt
47,
underpants 48
481
491
Coveral l
120
Overjacket
188
188
251
2920
1, 43 1, 63 0,253
Socks
254,
shoes
255, hat 259,
goves
251
259
Undersh rt
47, underpants 48
492
Coveral l 120, overj acket
188,
overtrousers
190 491
3720
1
49
2
34
0
363
Goves
251, hat
259
190
Socks
259,
shoes
255
Undersh rt
47, underpants 48
493
I nsuated trousers
204,
i nsuated jacket 229
4390 1 48
2
55
0
395
Overtrousers
190,
overj acket 188
Socks
254,
shoes
255, hat 259,
goves
251
Underpants
23, undersh rt 31
Shi rt 70
474
I nsuatedjacket
228,
i nsuated
trousers 203 3697
1, 49 2, 48 0,384
Overtrousers 190,
overj acket 198
Socks 254 shoes 255 l oves
251 hat
259
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
475
Shi rt 70, trousers
91,
J acket
151
4405 1 49
2 15
0333
Overtrousers
190,
overj acket 189
Socks 254,
shoes
255, goves
251, hat
259
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
476
Shi rt
70, trousers
91,
J acket
151
4T
251
4405
1 48
0
315
Overj acket
188, overtrousers 190
Socks 254,
shoes
255, goves 251,
hat
259
259
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
477
Shi rt 70,
trousers
91, j acket 151
4223 1 45 1
87
U
290
Overj acket 188, overtrousers
190
Socks
254,
shoes
255
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
484
Coveral l 120
I nsuated
trousers 204, i nsuated j acket 229
480
204 1780 1, 35 1, 42 0,220
Socks 254,
shoes
255
229
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
479
Shi rt 70, trousers 91, j acket 151
435
Overj acket 198,
overtrousers 190
1 3U
3783
1, 42 1, 86 0,288
Socks
254,
shoes
151
198
Underpants 23,
undersh rt
31
478
Shi rt 70, trousers
91,
j acket
151
479
Overj acket 198, overtrouse 190
259 3965 1,45 2,02 I
0
313
Socks 254,
shoes
151,
hat
259, goves
251
HEAT
PROTECTI VE
CLOTHNG
Underpants 23, Undersh rt 31
Coveral l 255
480
488
Overtrouse 194, Overj acket 195
194 2710 1, 45 1, 48 0,229
Socks
254,
Shoes
255
195
Underpants
23,
Undersh rt
31
480
489
Coveral l 120
191
4630
1, 50 1, 55 U24U
Overtrouse 191, overjacket 193 193
Shoes 255, Socks 254
CHEMCAL PROTECTIVECLOTHNG
Undersh rt
47,
underpants 48
490 coveral l 120,
coverall 121 421
2640 1, 45 1,42
0,220
Socks 254
shoes
255
RAN
PROTECTIVE
CLOTHNG
Undersh rt
47,
underpants
48
487
I nsuated
trousers 204,
i nsuated jacket 229
Overtrouse
196,
overjacket 197
1830
1, 45 1,57
0,243
Socks 254,
shoes 255
Underpants
23,
undersh rt
31
486
I nsuated
trousers 204,
i nsuated jacket 229
Overj acket 197, overtrouse
196
1740
1, 38
1,51
0,234
Socks
254,
Shoes
255
Underpants
23,
under shi r t
31
485
Coveral l 120
Overj acket 197, overtrouse
196
480
196 1960
1, 45
~
1, 29
022
Socks 254, shoes 255
197
-
490
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TABLE 1 .
Resul ts
of
a
l i near
regressi on
between
clothing
area
. factor and
thermal
i nsu ati on,
between
thermal
i nsu ati on
and wei ght,
and between basi c
thermal
i nsu ati on
and
summation of
i nsu ati on
f or garments .
Data Source
Regression
Equati on
Num
R2 Stand . f
-range
I l -range Wight-range
ber Dev
cl c
cl o k
4
Present study
0 .48
Wight
(kg)
I
192 81 0 .14 0
.00-1
.32
0 .02-2 .2
cu
Present study
=
0
.59
Wight
(kg)
I
192
83
0
.16
0
.01-1
. 41 0
.02-2
.2
cl i
McCul l ough et al
.
-
0 .4541
.00
Wight (kg) 80 0 . 1 -0
.63
0. 1 -1 .3
1983
cl i
Present study
=
1 + 0 .26 I 19 90 0 .11 1
.19-1
.49 0 . 7
-2
. 411
McCul l ough et al
.
=
1 + 0 .34 I 21 45 0
. 046
1
.15-1
.37 0
.47-0
.96
1983
c1
1
Sprague & Munson
=
1
+0
.29
I 31 0 . 039
1
. 05-1
.26
0 .21-1
.06
1974
c11
Present study =
0 .57
Wight
(kg) 70 94 0 .38 0 . 7 -2
.06 0. 8 - 4. 5
1
McCul l ough et al
.
I =0
.19
Wight
(kg)
+
0
.28
21
24
0 .47-0
.96 1 .6 -3
. 2
1983
c1
Present study i =1 . 01
E
69 99 0 .17 0 . 7 -2.6l
cl u
Present study
I
=
0 .82
EI
69
99
0 .16 0 . 7 -2.61
cl i
Present study
+
0 . 25=0
.85
EI
69 93
0 .14 0 . 7 -2.6
1
cl u
Present study
+
0
.17
I
= 0 .73
EI
69 92 0
.15
0 . 7 -2.6
c1
cl i
ASHRAE 55-81*
I cl =
0 .82
EIcl i
0
.21-1
.00
Sprague & Munson
+
0 .113 (Men)=0
.727
EI
0 .04 0.48-1 .06
1974
c1
cl i
+ 0 .05 (Wmen
-
0 .770
EI
0
.05 0
. 21-0 .97
cl cl i
*Based
on
the data fromSprague & Munson
1974
o 14
U
H
1 . 2
5 2
1 . 0
f W~
H
C
0 8
0
. 6
E+
W
O
4
( s ,H
f X4 El
Wa
0 2
2
0
H
0
Icl u
-
0
.48-wei ght
e
0
o
o
0
0
2 04
0
6
0
8
1
. 0
1
. 2
1 . 4
1 . 6 1 . 8 2. 0 kg
WGHT
OF
GARMENT
Figure 1
.
Wight of
garment versus effecti ve thermal i nsulati on,
rclu
491
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U
W
oz
0
H
w
H
x
O
a
U
V
O
H
- - - - Icl =0 .57 weight ,
2
4
r
2
0
W
z
i s
xW .
~. 2 . . '
H
Uo
0
8
(A
H
0
4
D
W
z
0
H 0 QS 1. 0 1 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 5 3 0
3 5
4
0 kg
BASICTHERMAL INSULATIONOF ENSEMBLE,
I
C1
WIGHT
OF ENSEMBLE EXCEPT
SHOES
Fi gure 2
. Basic
thermal i nsul ati on
of
Figure
3
.
Wight
of ensembles
except
shoes
ensembles, I C7
,
versus
cl othi ng
versus
basic
thermal
i nsul ation,
area factor
c1
I
c1
U
w
w
N
w
w
EG
0
H
NH
F
a
z
H
ao
IC
0.82
EIC
I i
c
0 .73 EI
0
.17, 73
EI -C
1+0,17
l i +
0
n
n5 to 15 2n 25 do
CO
U
H5
W
paq 20
y
15
E k
.
0
1
. 0
U)
O
t t I
r F . C l
0
V)
HO
cl
-
1 .00
Iclu
- - - I
C1
=0
.85
I I C1U*0
.25
0 O
5 1 0 1. 5 20 25 de
SUM OF BASCTHERMAL
SUM
OF
EFFECTIVE THERMAL
INSULATON
OF GARMENT
EI ci i
INSULATION
OF
GARMENT,
EIcl u
Fgure4. Summonof
efectivetherm Fgure5 Summonof basictherm
i nsul ati on of
garments, i cl ,
i nsul ati on of
garments,
I cl i ,
versus
thermal
i nsul ati on
V versus the
basi c thermal
ensembles,
I cl
i nsul ati on of ensembles,
I cl
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