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Cooperative Learning
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The best answer to the question,What is the most effectivemethod of teaching? is that itdepends on the goal, the student,the content, and the teacher. Butthe next best answer is, Studentsteaching other students.
(Wilbert McKeachie)
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CooperativeLearning
Definingconditions
Structures &
benefits
Formingteams
Positiveinterdepende
nce
Individualaccountabili
ty
Conflictmanageme
nt
Overcoming
resistance
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Cooperative LearningStudents work ingroups on structuredlearning tasks under conditions that meet five criteria:
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CL Criteria
Positiveinterdependence
Individual accountability
Face-to-faceinteraction
Appropriate use of interpersonal skills
Regular self-assessment of group functioning
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Cooperative learning is not students sitting around a table studying
together group projects with one or two students doingall the work
Cooperative learning implemented
properly minimizes or eliminates theproblems that invariably occur in poorlyimplemented group work.
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Overview
What is cooperative learning? CL structures Benefits Implementation tips
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Team Homework
Assignments done by teams
Only names of participants on final product One grade per team, adjusted for individual
performance For problem sets, solutions outlined
individually, completed by team. Option: Individual outlines and group solutionturned in
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Team Projects
Project (design, lab, classpresentation) done by
teams Specialized trainingprovided for individuals(Jigsaw)
One grade per team,adjusted for individualperformance
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JIGSAW (For projects with clearlyidentifiable subtasks)
Form home teams.
Form expert groups, providespecialized training
Regroup in home teams, completeassignment
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Peer Feedback
Individuals or project teams help each other
brainstorming ideas critiquing first drafts proofreading final product
Collect and grade critiques to help studentsimprove critical thinking skills
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Structured Controversy
Topic with well-documentedpositions and complexity (ethical,safety, environmental issues)
Structured debate in pairs or groups of 4 Groups have goals to
(1) reach consensus on theissue, (2) master all the materialrelevant to each side asmeasured by a test, and (3) write
a group report.
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Testing
Pairs Testing. Studentstake test in pairs assignedby the instructor.
Individual TestPair (or Group) Test. Students take test
individually Same test is given to pairs
or groups
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Exercise
Thousands of research studies haveshown that CL, properly implemented,offers a number of benefits to students &instructors.
Speculate on what the benefits are .
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CL Benefits
student-faculty and student-student interaction
information retention and grades higher-level thinking skills attitudes toward subject, motivation to
learn it
Improved
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teamwork, interpersonal skills communication skills understanding of professional environment
self-esteem, level of anxiety (less emphasison competition)
race, gender relations (maybe)
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PLUS , far fewer (andbetter) papers to mark
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Why It Works
Active/interactive learning. Individuals get stuck, give up. Groups
keep going. Students see & learn alternative
strategies.
Students, like professors,learn best what they teach.
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Overview What is cooperative learning? Formal CL activities Benefits Implementation tips
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Forming CL Teams 3-4 person teams for most
applications Form formal CL teams yourself.
Criteria:Mixed ability levels
Common blocks of time to meet outsideclass
Early in the curriculum, dont let at riskunderrepresented populations (e.g. womenin engineering) be outnumbered in groups.
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To get ability heterogeneity within each team:Option 1: Form groups using grades inpre-requisite courses or on collegeentrance examinations. (First-day survey)
Option 2: Form practice groups randomly.After first test (2-3 weeks), re-form groupsusing test results.
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First-day survey. Ask students for - Gender (optional)- Ethnicity (optional)- Grades in selected courses
- Times not available during week for groupworkForm groups following given guidelines basedon survey responses.
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(Option for homework teams) Re-formteams once during the course.
(Option for project teams)Announce project topics, uselottery system to let studentssign up for preferred topics.
Note: Self-selected teams are better thanno teams at all.
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Assign different roles (coordinator,
checker, recorder, monitor,...) androtate roles.
Use Jigsaw
Give bonus on test (2-3 points) togroups in which the team average is(say) 80 or higher.
Promote positive interdependence
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Primarily individual testing Call randomly on team
members to present or
explain results Peer ratings of team citizenship Last resort options
Require individual accountability
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Periodic self-assessment
of team performance Are we meeting our goals and
expectations?
What are we doing well? What needs improvement? What (if anything) will we do differently
next time?
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Ce le b r a te S u c c e s s
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