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"ocument Number# $%TR%&&'%$&('O&)*%(
This manual prepared by# AIRCOM International+rosvenor ,ouse*'- / 0ondon Road
Redhill! 1urrey R,/ /023N+0AN"
Telephone# 455 6&7 / ) ' &&8a9# 455 6&7 / ) ' &:eb# http#%%www.aircom.co.u;
Applied UMTS Planning &
Optimisation Workshop forExperienced Radio Engineers
P0 !"O0#$
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Ta%le of ontents
' (ntrod)ction '
Technolog* Re+ie,- '(././ :ideband C"MA /
(.( 1el -Assessment 2uestions 5(.) 1el Assessment Answers /5
# Sim)lation Tool .)nctionalit* and Parameters ')./ Creating a )+ service /
)././ "e ining Carriers. ()./.( "e ining <it Rates )
)./.) "e ining the service ))./.5 Terminals. 5)./.' )+ parameters. ')./.* 1imulating per ormance *)./. +enerating Output Arrays *)./.= :ritten reports =)./.> 1tatic 1imulation%Monte Carlo analysis =
).( 39ercise =
/ Traffic Anal*sis '5./ Terminal density# /5.( 1el -Assessment 2uestions 55.) 39ercise *
! ink 1)dget and ell apacit* ''./ ?MT1 and +1M comparison. /
'././ Recovering the :anted 1ignal /'./.( The 3 ect o Inter erence rom Other Cells# ''./.) 0oading 8actor. *'./.5 Activity 8actor *'./.' Analysing the "ownlin;.
'.( The 0in; <udget ='.(./ $rocessing +ain =
'.) Coverage or a voice channel. //'.5 Required 3b%No /('.' Networ; Capacity Considerations /('.* Asymmetric tra ic. /('. 1ingle channel cells /)'.= Conclusions /5'.> 1el -Assessment 39ercises /'
$ 2imensioning a UMTS 3et,ork '*./ Introduction /*.( "imensioning outputs /*.) Approaches to the "imensioning Tas; (*.5 Coverage-based dimensioning )
*.5./ Choice o $ropagation Model )*.5.( 3nvironmental 3 ects )*.5.) $ac;ing Cells into a Coverage Area 5
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*.5.5 39ample# 5*.' Capacity-based planning 5
*.'./ The 3rlang '*.'.( Mi9ed 1ervices '*.'.) ?sing Campbell@s Theorem in capacity dimensioning **.'.5 "etermining the Relative Amplitude o di erent services. =
*.* 1imple Capacity and Coverage =*. Iterative Coverage and Capacity $lanning =*.= 1ensitivity Analysis >*.> Ma or 1ources o 3rror /&*./& 1el -Assessment 39ercises. /&
4 2imensioning Planning PS Traffic- './ $ac;et vs. Circuit 1witched. /.( 3rlang C or shoppers. ).) Other ?ses or 3rlang C ).5 $rovisioning o Channels or $ac;et Tra ic ).' ?plin;%"ownlin; Imbalance 5.* The e ect on Noise Rise o increasing base station user power '. The loading e ect o mi9ed services. *
. ./ 39ample# *.= $ac;et capacity on systems dominated by C1 tra ic
.=./ 39ample.> 1el -Assessment 39ercises =
5 3et,ork 2imensioning and Planning '=./ Introduction /=.( 1imulating the 3 ect o Imper ect 1ite 0ocation and ,igh 1ites >
6 What is Optimisation7 '
'0 Site ocation (ss)es ' The Ideal 1ituation /
Mis-placed sites. 5 ,ot 1pots * 1ite "ensity >/&./ ,igh 1ites /'
'' .actors imiting apacit* '
//./ Cell Throughput ///././ The 3 ect o Mobility on Capacity ///.( Ma9imising 8requency Re-use 3 iciency '//.) "ownlin; Capacity and Orthogonality =
//.)./ $ilot 1IR as an indicator o downlin; capacity /)//.5 The Noise Rise 0imit /'
' Antenna Selection '/(./ Antenna +ain B Coverage //(.( Repeaters (/(.) Roll-out Optimised Con iguration 6ROC7 '
'# Soft 8ando+er (ss)es '/)./ Macro-diversity B Ma9imal Combining +ain /
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/)././ 39ercise / '/)./.( 39ercise ( '
/).( Optimising 1o t ,andover $arameters *
'/ Parameter Planning '/5./ Introduction //5.( $ilot Channel $ower (/5.) Ma9imum $ower per ?ser )/5.5 Common Channel $owers '
'! Micro9cell Planning '/'./ Introduction //'.( Micro-cells targeting hot spots (
'$ o+erage & apacit* '
/*./ Introduction //*.( "ownlin; 0imited 5/*.) $redicting the Capacity o the "ownlin; =
/*.)./ 39ample /*.5 (/
'4 Anal*sis and Optimisation of 2o,nlink apacit*- '/ ./ Analysis o Identical ?sers // .( eri ication ?sing A Monte Carlo 1imulator. )/ .) A Rapid Method or 3stimating "ownlin; Capacity 5
/ .)./ Isolated Cells 5/ .).( An 3venly 0oaded Networ; */ .).) ?plin;-downlin; balance.
/ .5 Interim Conclusion/ .' 1imulator-aided $rediction or ?nevenly-loaded Networ;s/ .* Optimisation Issues =/ . Conclusions /&
'5 Practical Sim)lation '/=./ 39ercise using M,A@s /
/=././ Networ; with no M,A@s (/=./.( Insert M,A at centre o networ; )/=./.) All sites with M,A@s 5
/=.( "ownlin; 0imited case D M,A@s '/=.(./ "ownlin; limited case or networ; without M,A@s '
/=.(.( M,A applied to all sites */=.) Transmit "iversity/=.)./ oice Tra ic D NO T9 diversity/=.).( *5;bps 1ervice D NO T9 diversity =/=.).) T9 "iversity oice 1ervice >/=.).5 T9 "iversity *5;bps 1ervice /&/=.).' T9 and R9 "iversity Applied D oice 1ervice ///=.).* T9 and R9 "iversity Applied to *5;bps 1ervice /(
'6 Meas)ring S)ccess '/>./ Customer 8ocus //>.( Eey 2uality Indicators E2I@s (/>.) Eey $er ormance Indicators E$I@s )/>.5 Measurements 5
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0 2ri+e Test Meas)rements '(&./ The concept o "rive Testing /(&.( Test mobile Measurements )(&.) Interpretation o Measurements *
(&.)./ ?sing Measurements to alidate Improvements >(&.).( Comparing ?plin; and "ownlin; Capacity /&
(&.5 ?sing Measured "ata /&
' 3eigh%o)r Planning '(/./ Neighbour 0ists /
(/././ Initial Neighbour 0ist +eneration )(/./.( Optimisation o Neighbour lists# 5(/./.) Inter- req B Inter-system Neighbour $lanning# *
A)tomation Topics '
((./ Modelling /((.( Total $ower Targets 5
# .rom (nitial Roll9O)t to Mat)re 3et,ork '()./ Initial Roll-Out /
()././ The Initial $lan (().( 3volution o the Networ; )
/ S)mmarising ase St)d* '! Introduction /' The initial situation /* Ma;ing the measurements / Analysing Measurements /
Coverage / Inter erence (/ "ownlin; Capacity (
Ta;ing corrective action )5 Conclusions )*
! Appendix '('./ Ampli icadores M,A /
Messages '
('.( RRC Connection /('.) 3vent /a /)('.5 3vent /b /5('.' 3vent /c and 3vent /a /'
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Scope and Ass)mptions
• This do!" ent provides notes and s"pporting aterial #or the Applied UMTS Planning& Opti isation !o"rse$
• It is ass" ed that delegates have a good %no ledge o# UMTS Te!hnology and haveso e e'perien!e o# !ell"lar planning ethods$
•o)rse O%:ecti+es
At the end o# the !o"rse( delegates sho"ld gain a good %no ledge o# UMTS Radio)et or% Planning and Opti isation$ *elegates sho"ld +e a+le to !o plete the #ollo ingo+,e!tives-
• ?nderstand and appreciate the ;ey planning parameters governing a ?MT1 service
• $roduce a lin; budget or a ?MT1 system or a variety o services
• "emonstrate an in depth understanding o the capacity and coverage issues speci ic to ?MT1-C"MA networ;s
• ?nderstand and predict the e ects o ?MT1-speci ic phenomena such as Cell <reathing! 1o tCapacity and $ilot $ollution
• ?nderstand the implications o planning asymmetric services
• ?nderstand the issues behind implementing high speed data services
• Appreciate the di erent simulation methods available and their relative advantages anddisadvantages
• ?nderstand how pac;et services can be modelled
• $redict improvements delivered by a variety o techniques in a variety o di erent circumstances
• ?nderstand the various methods available or coverage and capacity enhancement
• ?nderstand in impact o shadow ading on so t-handover windows
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o)rse Timeta%le
2a* ' 2a* 2a* # 2a* / 2a* !&>&& D /&5& 1ession /
-Technology Review
1ession ' D
0in; <udget
1ession > -
$ractical
1ession /) D
1o t handover
1ession / D
"ownlin;Capacity
//&& - /()& 1ession ( D?TRANInter aces
1ession * -$ractical
1ession /& D3stablishing aNominal $lan
1ession /5 D$racticale9ercise on1,O
1ession /= DMeasurementdata
/5&& D /')& 1ession ) DTra ic
Analysis
1ession DCell Capacity
1ession // D"imensioningand $lanning
or $ac;et-based 1ervices
1ession /' DMicro Cell$lanning
1ession /> D1ignalling
/'5' - / && 1ession 5 D$ractical39ercises
1ession = D"imensioninga ?MT1Networ;
1ession /( D8actors 0imitingcapacity
1ession /* D$arameterplanning
1ession (& -Conclusion
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' (ntrod)ction
This !o"rse is designed to provide a #ast.tra!% introd"!tion to the te!hni/"es(ter inology and !hallenges spe!i#i! to the planning and i ple entation o#!ell"lar o+ile syste s "tilising UMTS C*MA te!hnology$
The #a!t that all "sers have !ontin"o"s a!!ess to the #"ll spe!tr" posesinteresting pro+le s to the planning engineer$ Users share the ti e.#re/"en!yreso"r!e in a "!h ore inti ate anner than is the !ase in previo"s generation!ell"lar syste s$ )o longer is a "ser allo!ated its o n #re/"en!y +and or ti eslot and allo ed to do "!h as he ill ith it$ Rather( every a!tion that a "serta%es i pa!ts on every other "ser$ Another a,or depart"re #ro previo"sgenerations is the esta+lish ent o# high.speed data servi!es +eing o##ered as thenor $ UMTS is +y no eans a voi!e.+ased servi!e ith a #e high.te!h add.ons$
ith the ne te!hnology !o es ne ter inology$ It is essential to +e a+le to#o!"s on the #e para eters that do inate syste per#or an!e and "nderstandho these inter.relate$ The !o"rse ta%es a pra!ti!al approa!h to these pro+le s
a%ing e'tensive "se o# si "lations o# a UMTS syste $ At the !o en!e ento# the !o"rse a /"i!% revie o# the "nderpinning te!hnology ill +e #ollo ed +yan e'planation o# the planning para eters re/"ired +y a si "lator$ The !a"seso# lin% #ail"re ill +e st"died in parti!"lar detail$
The #a!t that the spe!tr" #or UMTS is "!h ider than that #or 1SMne!essitates the !onsideration o# radio propagation aspe!ts and an investigationo# spe!i#i! te!hni/"es adopted +y UMTS syste s to over!o e any potentialpro+le s$
Tra##i! o##ered to a UMTS syste ill +e di##erent to that e'perien!ed on earliersyste s$ Si "lators tend not to re/"est tra##i! inp"t in ter s o# the +"sy.ho"r
rlang vol" e +"t( rather( ho any si "ltaneo"s ter inals there are li%ely to+e re/"esting a parti!"lar servi!e$
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Lin% +"dgets #or UMTS e'hi+it !ertain variations #ro those "tilised #or 1SMsyste s$ The pheno enon o# 3)oise Rise has an i pa!t( as does any overheadto a!!o odate i per#e!t po er !ontrol$ Additionally( the larger +and idthleads to higher noise levels +eing e'perien!ed than o"ld previo"sly +e the !ase$
ithin UMTS syste s( the #a!t that all +ase stations !an "se the sa e #re/"en!y+and leads to pro+le s not previo"sly e'perien!ed$ Re!eiving strong signals#ro a n" +er o# di##erent +ase stations !a"ses di##i!"lty hen the o+ile triesto identi#y a do inant pilot signal$
In di ensioning a UMTS syste it is i portant to +e a are o# di##eren!es hen!o pared ith 1SM syste s$ Cell !apa!ity and tr"n%ing e##i!ien!y are very
"!h servi!e dependent$ *i##erent servi!es tolerate di##erent noise levels$1raphi!al di ensioners !an provide a vis"al esti ate o# the n" +er and lo!ationo# !ells in order to serve a parti!"lar n" +er o# servers$ 5o ever( !are "st +eta%en +e#ore relying on s"!h esti ates$ The pheno enon o# so#t !apa!ity a##e!tsonly those syste s ith a #re/"en!y re."se #a!tor o# one and is there#ore not
en!o"ntered ith 1SM syste s +"t plays a signi#i!ant role in UMTS syste s$
)o inal planning ta%es the di ensioning stage on step #"rther and prod"!es atentative proposal #or a or%ing syste $ Pa!%et tra##i! is e'pe!ted to play anever.in!reasing role in UMTS syste s$ The #a!t that delays are tolerated +y s"!htra##i! !ategories a%es it ne!essary to e ploy rlang C( rather than rlang 6(predi!tions in order to esti ate the n" +er o# !hannels #or a given thro"ghp"t$
The ne te!hnology and ne approa!h to syste planning +rings neopti isation te!hni/"es$ A thoro"gh "nderstanding o# the te!hnology involved
ill lead to an intelligent approa!h to opti ising and re#ining systeper#or an!e$ A thoro"gh preli inary analysis o# a net or% !an drasti!allyred"!e the need #or e'tensive si "lations$
A!!ordingly this !o"rse is divided into a n" +er o# se!tions-
• Te!hnology Revie
• Si "lator 7"n!tionality and Para eters
• Tra##i! Analysis
• The Lin% 6"dget
• UMTS )et or% *i ensioning
• sta+lishing a )o inal Plan #or UMTS Syste s
• *i ensioning and Planning #or Pa!%et S!hed"led Tra##i!
• hat is Opti isation 8
• 7a!tors Li iting Capa!ity
• So#thandover Iss"es
• Para eter Planning
• *o nlin% Capa!ity
• Meas"re ent *ata( *rive Tests
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The a,or o+,e!tive is that +y the end o# the !o"rse( delegates have an"nderstanding o# all the a,or i pli!ations in developing a UMTS net or%$ This
ill in!l"de the a+ility to predi!t the !apa!ity o# a given net or% in a variety o#!ir!" stan!es and( #"rther( the a+ility to di ension and plan a net or% in order
to provide a re/"ired servi!e to a variety o# "sers in!l"ding spee!h( !ir!"its it!hed and pa!%et s it!hed data$ Additionally( on !o pletion o# the !o"rsedelegates ill +e #a iliar ith opti isation te!hni/"es and o# te!hnologi!alenhan!e ents to !onventional e/"ip ent$ Methods o# predi!ting theper#or an!e o# s"!h enhan!e ents ill +e "nderstood$
Introduction
The UMTS S*stemThe UMTS S*stem
F New Terminology
F New Technology
F New 1pectrum
F New Techniques required or
F "etermining 0in; <udgets
F Networ; "imensioning
F Nominal $lanning
F 1imulation
F Optimisation
&o)rse O%:ecti+es&o)rse O%:ecti+es
F To understand the ma or implications in developing a ?MT1 networ;
F To be able to predict networ; capacity
F To be able to design a networ; to provide a required service
F To be able to design or multiple services including pac;et data
F To become amiliar with optimisation techniques and inter erence issues.
Introduction
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Technolog* Re+ie,-
-'-' Wide%and 2MA
ide+and C*MA syste s o!!"py a +and idth o# 9 M5:$ *igital in#or ation isspread +y a !hannelisation !ode and then s!ra +led +y a s!ra +ling !ode$ a!ho# these !odes is a digital se/"en!e at the 3!hip rate o# ;<40000 !hips perse!ond$ M"ltiplying the essage +y these high !hip rates has the e##e!t o#spreading the signal po er over a ider +and idth$ Many !hannels !an +e
"ltiple'ed into the sa e #re/"en!y +and at the +ase station +y "tilisingorthogonal !hannelisation !odes$ The overall e##e!t is that ea!h individ"al!hannel !ontri+"tes only a s all #ra!tion o# the total po er trans itted +y the+ase station$ 6e!a"se the s!ra +ling !ode is a 3Pse"do Rando 6inarySe/"en!e the trans itted signal ill have the appearan!e o# noise$ a!hindivid"al essage !hannel ill +e +"ried in this noise and ill need to +ee'tra!ted at the re!eiver$ This is a!hieved +y de.s!ra +ling and de.spreading atthe re!eiver a%ing "se o# the pro!essing gain here ea!h !hannel is de.spread"sing its o n "ni/"e !hannelisation !ode$
On the "plin% ea!h o+ile has a "ni/"e s!ra +ling !ode that allo s the +asestation to dis!ri inate +et een any "sers$
On the do nlin% the +ase station trans its syn!hronisation and pilot !hannelsalong ith the essage !hannels$ The pilot !hannel is si ply an "n od"lateds!ra +ling !ode se/"en!e$ This is "sed to allo the ide+and radio !hannel!hara!teristi!s to +e esti ated and the Ra%e re!eiver ithin the o+ile stationto +e a"to ati!ally progra ed$ 7"rther it is the pilot signals #ro vario"s +asestations that the o+ile onitors in order to in#or handover de!isions$
One vital para eter is %no n as !=Io- the ratio o# the energy per !hip in the pilotsignal to the re!eived noise density$ In order to "se the pilot signal e##e!tively(
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the val"e o# !=Io "st +e at least >?9 d6$ Setting the trans it po er level o#the pilot #or s a signi#i!ant ele ent o# net or% planning$
7"rther to the pilot !hannel +eing re!eived at an appropriate level( ea!h servi!ere/"ires a !ertain signal to noise ratio in order to +e e##e!tive$ This signal tonoise ratio is %no n as the +=)o ratio$ + is the energy per +it o# data sent and)o is the noise po er density a#ter pro!essing$ The relationship +et een + and
! is de#ined +y the pro!essing gain and !an +e !al!"lated +y dividing the !hiprate o# ;<40000 !hips per se!ond +y the a!t"al data rate$ The ne!essary val"eo# +=)o in order to deliver an a!!epta+le servi!e varies #ro servi!e to servi!eand depends on the !onditions prevalent in the radio !hannel$ 1enerally( thelo er the data rate the greater the overhead i posed +y the !ontrol !hannel andhen!e the higher the val"e o# +=)o that sho"ld +e targeted @+e!a"se thetrans ission o# a!t"al "ser +its o!!"pies a s aller per!entage o# the total ti e $Bal"es o# +=)o have a +ig i pa!t on the net or% per#or an!e$ Typi!al val"esvary #ro ?$9 d6 to ?0 d6$ They are #"rther in#l"en!ed +y the sophisti!ation o#
the re!eiver$ I# a re!eiver e ploys "lti."ser dete!tion #or e'a ple it !an !opeith a lo er target +=)o val"e in a si "lator than i# no inter#eren!e !an!ellationas adopted$
Orthogonality +et een the !hannelisation !odes ill allo a #"rther pro!essinggain to +e realised in the do nlin%$ In pra!ti!e( "ltipath pheno ena red"!e the+ene#it #ro orthogonality$ This is a!!o"nted #or +y introd"!ing an orthogonality#a!tor that ass" es a val"e +et een :ero and one$ A val"e o# one representsthe sit"ation here per#e!t orthogonality is aintained and :ero represents thesit"ation here there is e##e!tively no orthogonality +et een the di##erent !odes$In typi!al pra!ti!al sit"ations( a val"e o# 0$ has +een #o"nd to +e appropriate$
T o #"rther %ey para eters #or a UMTS !hannel are there#ore the target +=)oval"e on the "plin% and the do nlin%$ 7ail"re to a!hieve these ill res"lt in!onne!tion #ail"re$
The #a!t that ea!h "ser a##e!ts all other "sers in#l"en!es the ad ission !ontrolalgorith s ithin C*MA syste s$ Ad itting a ne "ser ill in!rease the noisee'perien!ed +y all e'isting "ser !hannels$ This pheno enon is re#erred to as3)oise Rise $ )oise Rise es!alates as ore "sers a!!ess the syste $ It has thee##e!t o# red"!ing the a'i " path loss +et een o+ile and "ser and hen!e itred"!es the !overage distan!e$ This 3!ell +reathing pheno enon sho"ld +eli ited i# !overage is to +e aintained$ This entails setting a li it to )oise Riseas part o# the syste planning pro!ed"re$
On!e the a+ove #o"r %ey para eters @ !=Io( Uplin% +=)o( *o nlin% +=)o()oise Rise have +een de!ided "pon( a si "lator !an +e "sed to predi!t theper#or an!e #or that servi!e on a parti!"lar net or%$
Ideally( a dyna i! si "lator sho"ld +e "sed that si "lates the ove ents anda!tivities o# a n" +er o# s"+s!ri+ers$ In order to o+tain a res"lt that net or%planners !an have !on#iden!e in( s"!h a si "lator o"ld have to +e r"n anyti es ith di##erent "ser +ehavio"r on ea!h r"n$ As ay +e e'pe!ted( s"!h asi "lator ill +e e'tre ely de anding( +oth on develop ent and !o p"terreso"r!es$ 5o ever( a si ple stati! analysis is not s"##i!ient #or UMTS syste sas the lo!ation o# "sers ithin a !ell !overage area has a dra ati! e##e!t on the
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per#or an!e$ There#ore a stati! si "lator s"!h as a Monte Carlo si "latorsho"ld +e "sed$ S"!h a si "lator ill allo!ate a n" +er o# ter inals to theregion o# interest in a rando anner$ Then( assigning a rando priority tothese ter inals( atte pts ill +e ade to esta+lish the re/"ired servi!e #or ea!h
ter inal$ *"e to the #a!t that ea!h ne "ser a##e!ts all e'isting "sers( thesi "lation "st go thro"gh a #e iterations +e#ore the po er levels assigned toea!h ter inal sta+ilise$
Reports generated ill sho the per!entage o# s"!!ess#"l 3!alls and the reasons#or #ail"re$
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- Self9Assessment ;)estions
?$ $ hat is the pro!essing 1ain( in d6( i# a UMTS syste "tilising a !hip rate o#;<40 %+ps is "sed ith the #ollo ing "ser rates-
6it Rate @%+ps Pro!essing 1ain @d6?2$2
4;<4
2$ List the t o a,or #"n!tions o# the pilot !hannel$
Ans er?$
2$
;$ A voi!e !hannel ith a "ser data rate o# ?2200 +ps is re!eived in the presen!e o# noise@that !an +e ass" ed to +e the e/"ivalent o# additive hite ga"ssian noise A 1) s"!hthat the re!eived signal to noise ratio is >? d6$ *eter ine +=)o at the o"tp"t o# there!eiver$
Ans er +=)o D d6
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4$ A o+ile re!eives a ?2200 +ps voi!e !hannel #ro a +ase station at a level o# >?0 d6 $ The +ase station is trans itting ?2 additional identi!al voi!e !hannels pl"s a pilot!hannel and !o on !hannel that are +oth re!eived ith po er levels o# >?04 d6 $ The+a!%gro"nd ther al noise level o# the o+ile is >EE d6 $ *eter ine the val"e o# +=)oat the o"tp"t o# the re!eiver #or the #ollo ing orthogonality #a!tors$
Total po er re!eived#ro other !hannels(in!l"ding pilot and!o on !hannels@Orthogonality 7a!tor 0 0$9 ?$0Modi#ied ##e!tivePo er #ro other!hannels in!l"dingpilot and !o on!hannels @
Total o# Modi#ied##e!tive Po er and
Ther al )oise @ Total o# Modi#ied
##e!tive Po er and Ther al )oise @d6Signal to )oise Ratio@d6
Pro!essing 1ain @d6+=)o
9$ Start the progra 3e+no$e'e and e'peri ent +y !hanging the n" +er o#!hannels( the po er levels( the data rate and the orthogonality #a!tor$ ns"rethat yo" "nderstand the res"lts o+tained in all !ases$
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&2MA&2MA 99 2irect Se<)ence Spread Spectr)m2irect Se<)ence Spread Spectr)m
UMTS Technology Overview
8rame $eriod 6we may still needrames%timeslots or signaling7
&2MA Spreading&2MA SpreadingF3ssentially 1preading involves changing the symbol rate on the air inter ace
Identicalcodes
T9 <it 1tream
$
Code Chip 1tream
Spreading
$
Channel
Air Inter aceChip 1tream
$
Code Chip 1tream
Despreading
$
R9 <it 1tream
$
UMTS Technology Overview
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Spreading and 2espreadingSpreading and 2espreading
R9 <it 1tream
Air Inter aceChip 1tream
T9 <it 1tream/
-/
Code Chip 1tream
GSpreading
Code Chip 1treamGDespreading
UMTS Technology Overview
Spreading andSpreading and 2espreading2espreading ,ith code =,ith code =
Air Inter aceChip 1tream
T9 <it 1tream/
-/
Code Chip 1treamGSpreading
Code Chip 1tream HGDespreading
R9 <it 1tream
UMTS Technology Overview
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SpreadingSpreading
F I the <it Rate is R b! the Chip Rate is R c! the energy per bit 3 b and the energy
per chip 3 c then
F :e say the $rocessing +ain + p is equal to#
F Commonly the processing gain is re erred to as the 1preading 8actor
b
ccb R
R E E ×=
b
c p R
RG =
UMTS Technology Overview
Spreading in noiseSpreading in noise
F The gain due to "espreading o the signal over wideband noise isthe$rocessing +ain
1ignal
$
1preading Code
T9 1ignal$
R9 1ignal 6 T9 1ignal 4 Noise7
$
Channel
:ideband Noise%Inter erence
$
1preading Code 1ignal
$
UMTS Technology Overview
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T*pes of &odeT*pes of &odeF 1ummarising#
F Channelisation CodesFAre used to separate channels rom asingle cell or terminal
F 1crambling CodesFAre used to separate cells and terminals
rom each other rather than purelychannels
F "i erent base stations will use thesame spreading codes with separationbeing provided by the use o di erentscrambling codes.
1/
1(
1)
C/ C( C)
C/ C( C)
C/ C( C)
UMTS Technology Overview
&hannelisation &odes&hannelisation &odes
F Channelisation codes are orthogonal and hence provide channel separation
F Number o codes available is dependant on length o code
F Channelisation codes are used to spread the signal
UMTS Technology Overview
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&hannelisation &ode >eneration&hannelisation &ode >eneration
F Channelisation codes can be generated rom a ,adamard matri9
F A ,adamard matri9 is#
F :here 9 is a ,adamard matri9 o the previous level
F 8or e9ample 5 chip codes are#F /!/!/!/
F /!-/!/!-/
F /!/!-/!-/
F /!-/!-/!/
− x x x x
3ote # These two codes correlate ithey are time shi ted
UMTS Technology Overview
F Orthogonal ariable 1preading 8actor Codes can be de ined by acode tree#
F 18 1preading 8actor o code 6ma9imum '/( or ?MT17
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
O?S. codesO?S. codesUMTS Technology Overview
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?is)alising?is)alising the Processing >ainthe Processing >ain
:%,J :%,J :%,J
:%,J :%,J d<:%,J3 b
No
3 c
Io
3 b
No
3 b%No
3 b
No
3 b%No3 b
No
:%,J d<:%,J1ignal
Intra-cell Noise
Inter-cell Noise
BeforeSpreading
AfterSpreading With Noise
AfterDespreading/ Correlation
PostFiltering Orthog = 0
PostFiltering Orthog> 0
UMTS Technology Overview
?ital Parameters?ital Parameters
F 3c%Io o the $ilot Channel is used toF estimate 6KsoundL7 the channel 6multipath characteristics7
F decide which server is Kbest serverL
F ma;e handover decisions
F Typical requirement -/' d<
F 3b%No in both uplin; and downlin; a ects error ratios.F Typical requirement / to /& d<
F Required value o 3b%No depends on propagation conditions andsophistication o receiver.
F Noise rise limits path loss and coverage.
UMTS Technology Overview
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Rake Recei+er Rake Recei+er
Correlator
Code +enerators
61 B C7Channel
3stimator
$hase Rotator "elay 3qualiJer
Matched 8ilter
(
;
I
2
A typical ra;e receiver with threeingers
UMTS Technology Overview
3oise Rise3oise Rise
F The e ective noise loor o the receiver increases as the number o activemobile terminals increases.
F This rise in the noise level appears in the lin; budget and limits ma9imumpath loss and coverage range.
Three ?sers
<ac;ground NoiseOne ?ser
Two ?sers
UMTS Technology Overview
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S*stem Sim)latorsS*stem Sim)lators
F 1tatic Analysis
F 1tatic 1imulation
F "ynamic 1imulation
UMTS Technology Overview
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-# Self Assessment Ans,ers
hat is the Pro!essing 1ain @ in d6 i# a UMTS syste "tilising a !hip rate o# ;<40%+ps is"sed ith the #ollo ing "ser rates8
i$ ? %+psii$ 4 %+psiii$ ;<4 %+ps
Sol"tion #or i
dB
RGain
b
8.2316000
3840000lo g10
3840000lo g10
10
10
=
×
×=
List the t o a,or #"n!tions o# the pilot !hannel$
?$ Channel sti ation
2$ Cell Sele!tion
A ?2200 +ps voi!e !hannel( has a signal to noise ratio o# .? d6$ *eter ine the+=)o$
Sol"tionPro!essing 1ain D 29 d6
+=)o D 29 > ? D E d6
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A o+ile re!eives a ?2200 +ps voi!e !hannel #ro a +ase station at a level o#.?0 d6 $ The +ase station is trans itting ?2 additional identi!al voi!e !hannelspl"s a pilot !hannel and !o on !hannel that are +oth re!eived ith po erlevels o# .?04 d6 $ The +a!%gro"nd ther al noise level o# the o+ile is .EE d6 $
*eter ine the val"e o# the +=)o at the o"tp"t o# the re!eiver #or the #ollo ingorthogonality #a!tors$
i$ 0ii$ 0$9iii$ ?$0
Sol"tion to ii
W
W
W
13-
14-
13-
103.81Total
107.96dBm-1042
103.01dBm-10612
common)and !lot(!ncchann"l#oth"$%$om&o'"$Total
×=
×=×
×=×
Ta%ing Orthogonality to +e 0$9-
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W -13101.9&o'"$%%"ct! "*od!%!"d ×=
W -13101.26dBm99-&o'"$ +o!#"Th"$mal ×==
dBm9,
10.163&'$(%%.*od!%!"d +o!#"Th"$mal -13
−=
×=+ W
dB11(-9 )--106S+ −==
dB14 +
dB2a!n&$oc"##!ng
0
/ ==
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# Sim)lation Tool .)nctionalit*
and Parameters
hen planning a radio net or% it is vital that the para eters entered into theplanning tool odel( or irror( the reality on the gro"nd$ UMTS !ell"lar syste sare distin!tly di##erent #ro any previo"s generation and re/"ire si "lation toolsthat o##er a radi!ally di##erent #"n!tionality$ This se!tion !ontains a +rie#overvie o# the ay in hi!h nterprise ;g si "lates UMTS syste s$ Thepara eters re/"ired are identi#ied and their relevan!e e'plained$ 7"rther(#a!tors in#l"en!ing the val"es o# para eters are identi#ied and typi!al val"ess"ggested$
#-' reating a #> ser+ice
The se/"en!e to adopt has a de#inite logi! to it +"t re/"ires #a iliarisation$ In+rie# e shall-
?$ *e#ine Carriers2$ *e!lare availa+le +itrates;$ *e!lare Servi!es4$ *e#ine Ter inal Types9$ Con#ig"re Sites$
On!e this has +een done( the ter inals !an +e spread a!ross the region and thesi "lation initiated$
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#-'-' 2efining arriers-As ith any servi!e( radio !arriers "st +e allo!ated$ ithin a UMTS servi!e( it isonly ne!essary to allo!ate a single !arrier +e!a"se a #re/"en!y re."se #a!tor o#
one is possi+le$ The ;1 Carriers indo ithin nterprise ;1 allo s the "ser tore.na e the !arriers @that are( +y de#a"lt( na ed !arrier ? to !arrier ;2 #oreasier identi#i!ation$ a!h !arrier is also assigned a !hannel n" +er on the"plin% and do nlin%$ These !arrier n" +ers are as de#ined +y one o# the
Te!hni!al Spe!i#i!ation 1ro"ps o# the Third 1eneration Partnership Pro,e!t @;1PPand are listed alongside the a!t"al !arrier #re/"en!y in the ta+le$
UTRA R7Channel)" +er
7re/"en!y( TF( M5: 7re/"en!y( RF( M5:
? ?E22$0 2??2$02 ?E22$2 2??2$2; ?E22$4 2??2$44 ?E22$ 2??2$9 ?E22$< 2??2$<
?E2G$0 2??G$0G ?E2G$2 2??G$2< ?E2G$4 2??G$4E ?E2G$ 2??G$?0 ?E2G$< 2??G$<
9 ?EGG$0 2?GG$09G ?EGG$2 2?GG$29< ?EGG$4 2?GG$49E ?EGG$ 2?GG$
0 ?EGG$< 2?GG$<
The !hannel n" +ers are designed to give so e #le'i+ility in the positioning o#the !arrier #re/"en!y aro"nd the id.point o# 9 M5: slots$ The ter s TF and RFre#er to the Mo+ile station and TF !an there#ore +e regarded as the UPLI)H andRF regarded as the *O )LI)H$
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#-'- 2efining 1it Rates
Any servi!e ill re/"ire a +earer to provide the data !hannel$ *i##erent +earers!an +e na ed and de#ined$ The air inter#a!e +itrate is "sed in lin% +"dget!al!"lations @esta+lishing the re/"ired trans it po er to deliver the target +=)oval"e and the "ser +itrate is "sed to deter ine the thro"ghp"t o# a parti!"lar!ell$ Care "st +e ta%en hen "sing target +=)o val"es to ens"re that the+itrate entered as the air inter#a!e +itrate is appropriate #or the parti!"lar +=)oval"e$
#-'-# 2efining the ser+ice
#-'-#-' The 3oise Model
The noise odels allo a 6 R to +e entered( !orresponding to val"es o# +=)o$Altho"gh the a!t"al trans itted data is at the !hip rate o# ;$<4 Mega!hips perse!ond( the "niversal !o parator o# signal /"ality is the ratio +=)o here + isthe energy re!eived per +it o# in#or ation and )o is the noise po er density$Bal"es o# +=)o are dire!tly !o para+le ith ea!h other regardless o# the val"eo# para eters s"!h as the spreading #a!tor$
0
/
+
"n#!t&o'"$ +o!#" /!t
n"$g
&o'"$ +o!#"&o'"$ S!gnal
th"nBand'!dth /!t$at"Band'!dth"n#!t&o'"$ +o!#"
/!t$at" /!tn"$g
&o'"$ +o!#"&o'"$ S!gnal
=
≈
≈×
×=
If
In UMTS syste s the +it rate is de onstra+ly not appro'i ately e/"al to the+and idth$ In these !ir!" stan!es it is very i portant that +=)o is "sed to
,"dge signal /"ality rather than the re!eived signal to noise ratio$
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#-'-#- Allocating a carrier
hen ; rd generation servi!es are introd"!ed( ea!h ne servi!e needs to +ena ed and a !arrier "st +e allo!ated to that servi!e$
#-'-#-# irc)it S,itched Options-
I# the servi!e has +een de#ined as a Cir!"it S it!hed the +earers @de#ined+itrates that !an +e a!!essed +y this servi!e "st +e de!lared$
#-'-#-/ Packet S,itched Options-
The ean do nlin% +itrate( the ean pa!%et si:e( the ean n" +er o# pa!%et!alls per session( the reading ti e +et een !alls( the ean n" +er o# pa!%ets ina !all and the re.trans ission rate are all !on#ig"ra+le +y the "ser$ *etails o#para eters governing pa!%et s!hed"led tra##i!( together ith e'planations o#their eaning( are provided in 3Tra##i! Analysis $
#-'-/ Terminals-
7ro the "sers perspe!tives( it is the ter inal that delivers the servi!e$ Anysi "lation "st in!l"de spreading ter inal types that are !apa+le o# providing;1 servi!es$ On!e the tra##i! has +een spread( the trans it po er( dyna i!range and po er step si:e are de#ined( together ith the ini " val"e o# pilot
!=Io( that is re/"ired +y that parti!"lar ter inal are entered together ith theval"es #or antenna gain( +ody loss and re!eiver noise #ig"re$ One or ore o# the;1 servi!es de#ined !an +e allo!ated to a parti!"lar ter inal type$Con#ig"ring ;1sites
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#-'-! #> parameters-
An area o# the sites data+ase is pla!ed spe!i#i!ally #or de#ining ;1 para eters$;1 !arriers !an +e allo!ated to a parti!"lar site and vario"s para eters de#ined$
Parameter DefinitionMa' Po er d6 The a'i " a!t"al radiated po er that ill +e o"tp"t
#ro that parti!"lar !ell$Ma' n" +er o#!hannels
The n" +er o# !hannels that the !ell is !apa+le o#serving$ This is di!tated +y the !on#ig"ration o#e/"ip ent ithin the +ase station$
Pri ary Channels The n" +er o# !hannels that are e'!l"sive to that !elland ill not +e allo!ated #or handover p"rposes$
5andover Channels Channels that are availa+le to +e allo!ated to nearrivals to the !ell to allo so#t handover to ta%e pla!e$)ote that it is possi+le #or the s" o# Pri ary and5andover to e'!eed the a'i " n" +er$ Thedi##eren!e +et een the Ma'i " and the Pri aryn" +er is e##e!tively the ini " n" +er that isreserved #or handover p"rposes$
)oise Rise The a'i " noise rise that the !ell ill tolerate$ Thishas a dire!t +earing on a'i " loading #a!tor$
Pilot Po er The level o# pilot po er is !r"!ial to syste operation$It is the pilot !=Io that is eas"red to deter ine
hether or not a !onne!tion !an +e ade$Orthogonality #a!tor Orthogonality on the do nlin% in an ideal environ ent
o"ld +e ?$ That o"ld ean that the anted signal isnot a##e!ted +y 3o n !ell inter#eren!e$ M"ltipathpropagation dil"tes the e##e!tiveness o# the orthogonalspreading !odes "sed$ A val"e o# +et een 0$9 and 0$<is typi!al depending on the environ ent$
Co on !hannelpo er
The po er allo!ated to the !o on !hannels
S!ra +ling Code a!h !ell has a "ni/"e s!ra +ling !ode to allotrans issions #ro di##erent !ells to +e disting"ished#ro ea!h other$
A!tive Set Si:e The a'i " n" +er o# serving !ells in!l"dinghandover !ells$
)oise 7ig"re The )oise 7ig"re in d6 o# the re!eiver$Syn!h Channel Po er The po er not availa+le to tra##i! !hannels as it is "sed
+y the Syn!hronisation Channels$Ma' Po er=Conne!tion The a'i " a o"nt o# po er that !an +e allo!ated toa single servi!e on a single ter inal$
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#-'-$ Sim)lating performance
#-'-$-' Sim)lator parameters
The Monte Carlo si "lator allo s the "ser to de#ine !ertain para eters on aglo+al +asis$
Si "lation resol"tion *eter ines the si:e o# the grid that is 3stepped thro"ghs/"are +y s/"are as the si "lation pro!eeds$
Po er ControlStandard *eviation
This para eter a!!o"nts #or the #a!t that po er !ontrolis not per#e!t and that the re!eived signal ill vary a+o"tthe ideal val"e ith a given standard deviation$
Chip Rate This is #i'ed #or UMTS at ;<40000 !hips per se!ond$Covering Cells The n" +er o# !ells that ill +e !onsidered as potential
servers or inter#erers$ It has an i pli!ation on the!o p"ter reso"r!es re/"ired$
Intra.site Correlation The !orrelation o# slo #ading #ro a ter inal to t o!ells on the sa e site$
Inter.site Correlation The !orrelation o# slo #ading #ro a ter inal to t o!ells on di##erent sites$
#-'-4 >enerating O)tp)t Arra*s
A hole variety o# o"tp"t arrays !an +e generated$ The engineer ay haveo!!asion to "tilise all o# these arrays to !ond"!t diagnosti! and opti isation tas%son a net or%$ The ta+le indi!ates the val"e o# a sele!tion o# di##erent arraysavaila+le$
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Array Description6est Server Presents the level o# !=Io at all points #or the
+est server @i$e$ the highest val"e o# !=Ioo+taina+le #ro any +ase station$
6est Server +y Pilot A !olo"r.!oded indi!ator sho ing hi!h !ellprovides the +est pilot signal #or all lo!ations$
Cell Uplin% Load Indi!ates the per!entage o# #"ll loading on all"plin% paths$
Coverage Pro+a+ility Indi!ates the pro+a+ility o# +eing a+le toesta+lish a !onne!tion at all lo!ations$
*o nlin% A!hieved +=)o 1ives details regarding the a!t"al +=)o val"ea!hieved ta%ing into a!!o"nt pro!essinggains$
*o nlin% 6 R Si ilar array to the *o nlin% +=)o +"t theo"tp"t is !onverted to 6 R in a!!ordan!e ith
the noise odel$*o nlin% !overage pro+a+ility Splits the do nlin% only aspe!t o"t o# the!overage pro+a+ility array
Mean Io hen a poor !=Io val"e is o+tained( this arrayhelps to isolate hether the pro+le is d"e tolo ! or 5igh Io$
Mean )o$ o# so#t handover !ells The ean n" +er o# !ells in the a!tive set ata parti!"lar lo!ation$
Most pro+a+le handover type Sho s hether so#t or so#ter handover isore li%ely to o!!"r in a parti!"lar lo!ation$
Path 6alan!e This identi#ies hether "plin% #ail"re( do nlin%#ail"re( or +oth is responsi+le #or a !onne!tion#ailing$
Pilot !=Io Indi!ates the /"ality o# the pilot signal at alllo!ations$Pilot strength hen a poor !=Io val"e is o+tained( this array
helps to isolate hether the pro+le is d"e tolo ! or 5igh Io$
Uplin% Coverage Pro+a+ility Used in !on,"n!tion ith 3*o nlin% CoveragePro+a+ility and 3Path 6alan!e arrays( ithelps to diagnose !overage pro+le s anddeter ine hether the "plin%( do nlin% @or+oth are responsi+le$
Uplin% Re/"ired TF Po er I# high TF po ers are needed( this !an !a"sepro+le s #or +attery li#e and inter#eren!e toad,a!ent areas and net or%s$
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#-'-5 Written reports
In addition to the vis"al arrays generated$ Te't reports are availa+le that provide/"antitative s" aries$
ReportsCell 6lo!%ing ReportCell 7or ard Per#or an!eReportCell Reverse Per#or an!eReportCell Thro"ghp"t ReportCo posite Report
#-'-6 Static Sim)lation"Monte arlo anal*sis
The Monte Carlo analysis in!orporated ithin ;1 is %no n as a stati! si "lation$ The o+ile ter inals are distri+"ted thro"gho"t the area and the si "latordeter ines the pro+a+ility o# !overage +eing o+tained at vario"s points$ It isnor al to repeat this any ti es to +"ild "p a statisti!al pi!t"re "sing all the3snapshots o+tained$
#- Exercise
Jo" no have the opport"nity to appre!iate ho the relevant para eters !an +e!onsidered +y a UMTS planning tool$ 7"rther( the o"tp"ts o# s"!h a planning toolin the #or o# vis"al arrays and te't reports !an +e e'a ined$ 7ollo thede onstration o# the si "lation pro!ed"re$ Ti!% the +o' to !on#ir yo"
"nderstanding o# the steps involved$
?$ Open the nterprise S"ite @STARTKPRO1RAMSKAIRCOMInternationalK nterprise B4$2K nterprise S"ite $ and !he!% that yo" !an see the!oastline o# ersey +y !li!%ing on the 2* vie and !he!%ing the !oastline polygon$I port ersey 6asi! as an FML
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Complete
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2* vie
*ata Types
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2$ Sele!t Filters and All to vie the sites$
Complete
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;$ 'a ine the Sites *ata+ase to esta+lish the !on#ig"ration and para eters$
4$ Progressively e'pand the data+ase tree "ntil yo" !an see a !ell na e$ Then pressthe In#oKK +"tton$ The 1eneral and the Cell Con#ig ta+s give in#or ation regardingthe propagation odel and the antenna type( a:i "th and do ntilt$ The ;g parata+ gives details o# the relevant UMTS para eters assigned to the !ell$
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Complete
9$ ns"re that yo" "nderstand the signi#i!an!e o# ea!h para eter and rite a+rie# des!ription in the ta+le +elo $
Para eter *es!riptionMa' T' Po er@d6Ma' T'Po er=Conne!tion @d6Ma' n" +er o#!hannelsPri aryChannels
5andoverChannels)oise Rise @d6Pilot Po er@d6Orthogonality#a!torSo#t 5andover
indoPri ary and
Se!ondary Co onChannel Po er @d6
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S!ra +ling CodeA!tive Set Si:ePri ary andSe!ondary Syn!Channel Po er
Complete
$ )o loo% at the ;g servi!es and +earers +eing o##ered$ To do this( yo" go tothe Tools en" on the ;g ta+ and loo% at the Carriers( 6earers and Servi!es s"+.
en"s in t"rn$
Complete
G$ The ;g Carriers dialog +o' allo s yo" to na e !arriers and de!lare ad,a!ent!arriers$
Complete
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<$ The ;g 6earers dialog +o' details the +earers that have +een de#ined$ These"st +e s"pported +y the ne!essary hard are in the )ode 6s$ )oti!e that
+itrates !an +e de#ined #or the 3air inter#a!e and #or the 3"ser $ Also then" +er o# !hannel ele ents re/"ired is spe!i#ied$
Complete
E$ Servi!es are also de#ined that a!!ess the de!lared +earers$ 7"rther( it is at theservi!e level that the re/"ired +=)o val"es are de#ined$ 'a ine ea!h ta+ in t"rn$
Complete
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?0$ The ne't step involves de#ining Ter inal Types$ Lo!ate theOptionsKTer inal Types s"+. en"$ )oti!e that di##erent ter inal types !an +ede#ined that a!!ess di##erent servi!es$ Also( e'a ine the ay in hi!h thedi##erent Ter inal Types are spread in a!!ordan!e ith the !l"tter !ategories$
Complete
??$ )o ( spread the tra##i! "sing the Raster i:ard that !an +e a!!essed via the ToolsKTra##i! s"+. en"$ ns"ring that the 2* vie in!l"des the entire island(page thro"gh the i:ard sele!ting +oth ter inal types and !reate the ter inaldensity array$
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Complete
?2$ )o display the tra##i! array on the 2* vie #or the t o ter inal types$
Complete
?;$ 5aving i ported the site para eters and spread tra##i!( e are no ready tor"n the Monte Carlo i:ard hi!h !an +e #o"nd on the Monte Carlo en" on the;1 ta+$ Again ens"ring that the #"ll island is !ontained in the 2* vie ( page
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thro"gh the i:ard$ Stop and e'a ine the dialog +o' sho n$ ns"re that yo""nderstand the eaning o# ea!h para eter$ nter a +rie# des!ription o# their
eanings in the ta+le +elo $
Para eter *es!riptionSi "lation resol"tionPo er Control Std *ev)" +er o# Covering CellsIntra Site Coe##i!ientInter Site Coe##i!ient
Chip Rate
?4$ As yo" page thro"gh the Monte Carlo i:ard( sele!t all availa+le ter inaltypes +eing !onsidered$ Contin"e paging thro"gh the i:ard and run thesi "lation$
Complete
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?9$ 'a ine the ;1 si "lation 3per servi!e and 3per !arrier arrays$
Complete
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? $ Additionally( e'a ine the reports$ Co posite reports provide generalstatisti!s regarding the ter inals served and reasons #or #ail"re$
?G$ The Thro"ghp"t report #or a servi!e gives a +rea%do n o# the thro"ghp"t( in%+ps( #or ea!h !ell$ 'a ine the per servi!e reports #or the t o servi!es$
Comple
te
?<$ The Per Carrier reports display res"lts #or ea!h !ell that are 3!arrier iderather than parti!"lar to a servi!e( "plin% noise rise +eing an e'a ple$ 'a inethe Uplin% and *o nlin% per#or an!e reports #or the !arrier$
Complete
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Planning ProcessPlanning ProcessF $lan nominal networ; site locations in usual way
F Calculate pathloss predictions in normal way
F "e ine )g Carriers
F 1et up )g <itrates
F 1et up )g 1ervices
F "e ine Terminal Types
F Create terminal density array
F1et up )g 1imulation $arameters
F Run simulation
F iew results on ("-view B e9amine reports
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
Planning ProcessPlanning Process
F Customers use Terminals.
F Terminals need access to 1ervices.
F 1ervices require <itrates and Carriers.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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(np)ts to the Monte &arlo Sim)lator (np)ts to the Monte &arlo Sim)lator
TerminalTerminal"istribution"istribution
Array Array
1ervice1ervice"e initions"e initions
$athloss$athloss$redictions$redictions
Node <Node <Con igsCon igs
Monte CarloMonte Carlo1imulator 1imulator )+ Output)+ Output
Arrays and Arrays andReportsReports
1imulator1imulator$arams$arams
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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#g &arriers#g &arriers
F The )g Carriers dialog bo9 allowsthe users le9ibility to de ine#
F Named carriers
F A record o the channel number
F Two ad acent carriers and relativeattenuation.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
#g#g 1itrates1itratesF <itrates are declared as available to
services.
F The bitrate can be declared as di erentor the Air Inter ace and or the ?ser.
F The KAir Inter aceL value is ta;en tocalculate the 3b%No and set powerlevels the K?serL value is used toreport on cell throughput.
F Care must be ta;en with these values.Target 3b%No values are declared witha nominal user bit rate in mind.
F It is also possible to record the numbero channel elements required by thebearer.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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#g Ser+ices#g Ser+ices
F 1ervices must be allocated a carrier and abitrate.
F 3ach service has a separate 3b%No valueassigned to it.
F It is the 3b%No entered at this point that isused in deciding on ailure conditions inthe simulator.
F 1ervices are declared to be either pac;etswitched or circuit switched.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
Terminal T*pesTerminal T*pes
F :e spread the tra ic to the networ; usingthe Tra ic wiJard.
F 3ach terminal type has essentialparameters de ined that a ect thecoverage rom a particular cell.
F 3ach terminal type can have one or moreservice allocated.
F The tool will assume both services areKactiveL when simulating the networ;.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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UMTS &ellsUMTS &ells
F Many vital parameters are de ined inthe 1ite "atabase#
F Ma9imum Transmit $ower
F Ma9imum $ower per ?ser
F Common Channel $ower
F $ilot $ower
F Ma9imum number o channels
F Noise Rise 0imit
F Con iguration is carried out or eachcell on a K$er CarrierL basis.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
Starting the Sim)lator Starting the Sim)lator
F Once the terminals have been spread over the coverage area!the Monte Carlo wiJard can be started.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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Terminal ist >enerationTerminal ist >eneration
F Terminals are generatedindependently or each snapshot
F The number o terminals in an activesession is determined using the meanin a pi9el and a $oisson distribution
F This means that the number oterminals in a snapshot is not i9ed -only the mean number o terminals is
i9ed
F 8our snapshots are shown with same
inputs 6=(!==! ' and == terminals7
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
Monte &arlo Snapshot @'Monte &arlo Snapshot @'
F At the start o the snapshot the mobile and cell powers are initialised
F These can be used to initialise the noise on the uplin; and downlin;
F Then the irst terminal in the terminal list is tested or ailure conditions
F I it ails it is turned o and plays no urther part in the simulation
F I it does not ail then its T9 power and the T9 power o the cell it is
connected to are modi ied
F $otential handover cells are then tested or handover
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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Monte &arlo Snapshot @Monte &arlo Snapshot @
F Any modi ications to the required T9 power o handover cells is then made
F In turn this allows the modi ication o the noise on the uplin; and downlin;
F The ne9t terminal in the li st is then tested or ailure conditions etc
F Once the entire list has been inished the simulator returns to the irst terminal
and repeats the process
F This continues until convergence has been reached
F Once convergence has been reached the results o the snapshot are
appended to the results o the overall simulation
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
Shado, .adingShado, .ading
F 1hadow ading is calculated independently or ever combination oNode-< and terminal in ever snapshot
F This means that two terminals located at the same pi9el within a singlesnapshot may have a di erent path loss to a Node-<
F 1hadow ading is based upon a lognormal distribution with thestandard deviation as entered into the 1imulator wiJard
F The standard deviation will depend on the environment 6clutter category7.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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Selecting O)tp)tsSelecting O)tp)ts
The arrays and reportsrequired can be selected.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
Arra*sArra*s
F Arrays are split intoF $er 1ervice arrays
F $er Carrier arrays
F As additional services%carriers are addedto the simulation additional arrays becomeavailable to represent these new items
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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Using Arra*sUsing Arra*s
F The ;ey can be used to displayvisually what the arrays are showing
F The Map In ormation window allowsthe user to see the value o the arrayunder the mouse
F ,andover and coverage arrays canbe displayed semi transparently sothat multiple layers can be seentransparently
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
Sim)lating ,ith Arra*sSim)lating ,ith Arra*s
1creenshots showing coverage probability arrays
a ter /! /&! /&&! '&&! /&&& and /&&&& snapshots
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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&o+erage Pro%a%ilit* Arra*&o+erage Pro%a%ilit* Arra*
F The Coverage $robability array showsthe probability that a lin; may bemaintained on both the uplin; and thedownlin;
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
8ando+er Pro%a%ilit* Arra*8ando+er Pro%a%ilit* Arra*
F The ,andover $robability array showsthe probability o an active set o ( orgreater.
F $robability o 1o ter ,andover array isshown here.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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Most Pro%a%le &a)se of .ail)reMost Pro%a%le &a)se of .ail)re
F This array displays the most li;elycause o ailure.
F It is possible to set a threshold suchthat a colour is displayed only i
ailures e9ceed a given percentage.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
PixelPixel Anal*ser Anal*ser
F The $i9el Analyser allows the user toinvestigate the ("view on a pi9el bypi9el basis! gainingdetails o the pilotstrength received
rom a number oNode <s.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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&omposite Report&omposite Report
F The Composite Report details the system statistics or the simulation run
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
(ndi+id)al Reports(ndi+id)al Reports
F It is possible to e9amine each category on a site by site basis.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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ExtrasB Tips and TricksExtrasB Tips and Tricks
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
The Message ogThe Message og
F In at least >& o problems the Message 0og points you in the directiono the cure - it is worth ;eeping an eye on it.
F Ma;e a note o the timing to ensure that the message is current.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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The CPassi+e ScanD TerminalThe CPassi+e ScanD Terminal
F A ter a snapshot has been completed! the $assive 1can terminalattempts to ma;e a single e9tra connection at every pi9el position.
F This allows a ull geographical picture to be created a ter a singlesnapshot! i necessary.
F ?se ul or revealing obvious problems such as low pilot strength.
F Results do not contribute to reports.
F Not a substitute or the ull Monte Carlo analysis.
3g Simulation Tool Functionality
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level o# +lo!%ing the rlang 6 odel s"ggests that e o"ld need appro'i ately;0 !hannels availa+le on a tr"n%ed syste $ This !an +e interpreted that( i# 20
rlangs o# total tra##i! as de anded d"ring the +"sy ho"r( then ore than ;0"sers si "ltaneo"sly de anding servi!e o"ld +e regarded as an e'tre ely rare
event$ The si "lator in nterprise ;1 a!!o odates this a"to ati!ally and( i#20 is entered as the n" +er o# ter inals then the a!t"al n" +er spread #or anygiven snapshot o"ld not +e e'a!tly 20 on ea!h o!!asion +"t( rather a n" +er!hosen #ro a Poisson distri+"tion ith ean o# 20$ This o"ld( ith appropriate#re/"en!y( spread ore than ;0 ter inals$ It is e'tre ely i portant to note thatthe n" +er entered is the n" +er o# si "ltaneo"sly a!tive ter inals and not thetotal n" +er o# ter inals lo!ated ithin the !overage area$
S"ppose that e have the #ollo ing ar%et #ore!ast #or the !overage area-
Boi!e- 200 ter inals eighted as #ollo s-
*ense Ur+an- 90Ur+an- 20*ense S"+"r+an ?9S"+"r+an- ?0
lse here- 9
)ote that these eights are #or the density o# ter inals per s/"are %ilo etre( notthe n" +er o# ter inals per !l"tter area$ So( #or e'a ple i# there is #ive ti esthe area !lassi#ied as 3"r+an in the !overage area as there is !lassi#ied as3dense "r+an then there ill +e t i!e as any ter inals allo!ated to the "r+anareas as there is to the dense "r+an areas$
In addition to that there ill +e data servi!es re/"ired$ e ill ass" e that ?44%+ps data servi!es are o##ered on the a!ro!ell layer$ The ar%et #ore!ast is #ora pea% de and o# 29 ter inals( ?00 eighted to the *ense Ur+an area$ This
o"ld s"ggest that it is o##ered on a li ited +asis to the !ity !entre only as this isan area o# highest de and and that the #ore!ast de and in other areas does not
,"sti#y the invest ent to i ple ent s"!h a servi!e$ )ote that the ?44 %+ps dataservi!e ill +e a !ir!"it s it!hed 3real.ti e servi!e$
Also( the ar%et s"rvey s"ggests that a n" +er o# "sers ill ish to "se theUMTS servi!e to a!!ess the internet via laptop !o p"ters$ This ill +e a nonreal.ti e( pa!%et s it!hed servi!e$ The pri!ing str"!t"re developed #or theintrod"!tion o# the servi!e has +een ar%et tested$ The s"rvey s"ggests that apea% o# 90 ter inals ill ish to "se the servi!e$ Again this is ?00 eighted tothe dense "r+an area as the pri!ing str"!t"re ill ean that the servi!e illinitially attra!t only +"siness "sers$
hereas the data trans#er re/"ire ents o# a ?44 %+ps !ir!"it s it!hed!onne!tion is e'tre ely !lear( as is the re/"ire ent #or voi!e !ir!"its( the datatrans#er re/"ire ents #or a pa!%et s it!hed !onne!tion are less o+vio"s$ It is
ne!essary to a%e so e ass" ptions regarding the typi!al internet !onne!tion$ Then it is possi+le to enter appropriate para eters into the si "lation tool$
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/- Self9Assessment ;)estions
?$ $ The a'i " n" +er o# si "ltaneo"s !hannels that a !ell !an provide islin%ed to the data rate o# the servi!e in /"estion$ The ta+le +elo lists theappro'i ate n" +er o# si "ltaneo"s !hannels that !an +e provided #or vario"sservi!es$ Use the rlang 6 ta+le to deter ine the n" +er o# rlangs thro"ghp"tthat !o"ld +e a!!o odated #or ea!h servi!e #or a 2 +lo!%ing ratio and hen!edeter ine the tr"n%ing e##i!ien!y as a per!entage$
Ans erServi!e )" +er o# !hannels rlangs
served Tr"n%ing
##i!ien!yLo *ata RateSpee!h
<0 <$G <
7"ll RateSpee!h
;9
4 %+ps data <;<4 %+ps data
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2 A pa!%et servi!e is +eing "sed to do nload digitised photographs via the do nlin% o# aUMTS !ell$ In a parti!"lar servi!e session ?0 photographs are do nloaded( ea!h +y aseparate trigger !o and$ a!h photograph is !oded into a #ile o# si:e E00 %+ytes and isdivided into 20 pa!%ets #or trans ission$ a!h photograph ta%es in"tes to do nload$A#ter do nloading( the vie er e'a ines the pi!t"re #or ; in"tes +e#ore triggering thene't do nload$ nter the appropriate para eters on the ta+le +elo $ 7"rther(deter ine the e/"ivalent CS a!tivity #a!tor i# a ?44 %+ps +earer is "sed and a re.trans ission rate o# 29 is adopted$
Pa!%et Tra##i! Para etersMean Pa!%et Si:eMean n" +er o# Pa!%et
!alls=sessionReading ti e +et een !allsMean n" +er o# pa!%ets in a!allMean pa!%et inter.arrival ti eRetrans ission rate 296earer rate ?44 %+ps
/"ivalent CS a!tivity
;$ The !orre!t ethod #or !o p"ting the e##e!t o# re.trans ission rate is ore!o pli!ated than ay +e e'pe!ted$ There is an "pper li it o# a!tivity #a!tori posed +y the pa!%et delivery ti e and the pa!%et inter.arrival ti e$ Thee/"ations "sed +y the si "lation tool are sho n +elo $ Use the3Pa!%etTra##i!$e'e progra to e'peri ent ith val"es and o+tain the relevanta!tivity #a!tors$ This "ses the sa e algorith as the ;g si "lation tool$
axm
d packet R
S T
8=
( ) ( )[ ] packet d d d pcionretransmis
pc pc session T N D N N R
D N T +−
++−= 1
10011
1001001( ) ×
+= session
packet d pcionretransmis
T
T N N R Activity
here- packet T D Average pa!%et ti e period @sd S D Si:e o# a Pa!%et @+ytes
axm R D Ma' 6it Rate @+it=s sessionT D Average session ti e period @s
pc N D )" +er o# pa!%et !alls per session pc D = Reading ti e +et een pa!%et !alls @sd N D )" +er o# pa!%ets ithin a pa!%et !all
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Che!% that the tra##i! has +een spread +y vie ing the appropriate *ata Type onthe 2* vie $
)e't( r"n the Monte Carlo si "lator$ As the a!tivity #a!tor is so lo ( it isne!essary to r"n any snapshots to get a statisti!ally signi#i!ant pi!t"re$ R"n?000 snapshots and e'a ine the arrays and reports$
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Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
Traffic 2ensit*Traffic 2ensit*F Tra ic "ensity is orecast in terms o a density in terms o 3rlangs per square
;ilometre.F "i erent orecasts are given or di erent clutter categories.
F Enowing the clutter categories in the required service areas all ows tra ic to besimulated.
Tra ic "ensity :eightings
Clutter Category /# /&Clutter Category (# '&Clutter Category )# )&Clutter Category 5# /&
Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
/
5 (
)
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F It is important to realise that the weightings are in terms o terminaldensities.
F 1ometimes the clutter category with the highest weighting occupies a smallpercentage o the area.
F Notice that the actual tra ic volume per category di ers rom the tra icdensity. Tra ic density is the parameter entered in the simulation tool.
2ensit* +ers)s 3)m%ers2ensit* +ers)s 3)m%ers
Area :eightings
Clutter Category /# (=Clutter Category (# /*Clutter Category )# (=
Clutter Category 5# (=
:eighting o ActualTra ic per Category
Clutter Category /# /(.Clutter Category (# )*.5
Clutter Category )# )=.(Clutter Category 5# /(.
Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
/
5 (
)
F In telephony systems! tra ic requirements are in 3rlangs. ?MT1 users can beregarded as data terminals with varying requirements.
F Mar;eting orecasts will still predict tra ic to be served in 3rlangs.
F 1ystem simulation entails spreading a number o terminals across the coverageregion and analysing success rates.
F The number spread or each snapshot varies according to a $oisson distribution.
F This simulates the variation that will occur in reality during t he busy hour.
F A orecast number o 3rlangs o tra ic can be entered as the number o terminals.Ideally a Kmean number o terminals in use during busy hourL orecast should beproduced.
ErlangsErlangs +ers)s Terminals+ers)s TerminalsMulti-Service Traffic Analysis
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2ifferent T*pes of Traffic2ifferent T*pes of Traffic
F oice 6Adaptive Multirate - typically /(.( ;bps7
F Circuit 1witched "ata 61peeds up to )=5 ;bps7
F $ac;et 1cheduled Tra ic
Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
2ifferent T*pes of Traffic2ifferent T*pes of Traffic 99 (mplications(mplications
F The more channels available! the higher the trun;ing e iciency.
F 3.g. )& trun;s or (& 3rlangs 6* 7! trun;s or ) 3rlangs 65) 7! 5 trun;s or /
3rlang 6(' 7.
F A cell e ectively o ers ewer trun;s or high speed data with the result that
e iciency drops.
F $ac;et tra ic allows or transmission delays which increases e iciency.
Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
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Packet Traffic &haracteristicsPacket Traffic &haracteristics
F $ac;et 1ervice 1ession
F $ac;et Call
F $ac;et 1iJe
F Inter-arrival Time
F Reading Time
Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
Str)ct)re of a Packet Ser+ice SessionStr)ct)re of a Packet Ser+ice Session
Reading Time
$ac;et 1ervice 1ession "uration
Packet SiFe (nterarri+alT ime
$ac;et Call
F A $ac;et 1ervice 1essionconsists o a number o calls.6A period Ksur ingL the internetwould orm a servicesession.7
F 3ach call consists o anumber o pac;ets.
F Time intervals betweenpac;ets and calls areimportant parameters
Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
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T*pical (nternet SessionT*pical (nternet Session
F /( pages viewed.6/( calls persession.7
F Average page /& ;bytes
F 1ession duration (5 minutes
F Reading Time //( seconds
F 3ach page ormed o /&pac;ets.
F 3ach page ta;es = seconds
to appear.
$ac;et Tra ic $arametersMean $ac;et 1iJe /&&& bytesMean pac;et calls%session /(Reading time between calls //( secondsMean number o pac;ets in a call /&Mean pac;et interarrival time &.= seconds
Average bit rate data ÷ time
/&&& 9 = 9 /& ÷ /(& ** bits per second
Note# The /(& second period considered consists o thecall download time plus the //( seconds reading time.
Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
E<)i+alent &S Acti+it*E<)i+alent &S Acti+it*
F The Internet sur ing session requires an average bit rate o ** bits persecond.
F I the mean actual transmission bit rate was *5&&& bits per seco nd! our pac;etswitched circuit has an equivalent activity actor o
F Circuit 1witched tra ic with very low activity actors would have similarcharacteristics to $ac;et 1witched tra ic.
** ÷ *5&&& 9 /&& /.&5
Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
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ReRe 99transmission Ratetransmission RateF In real9time circuits! any need or re-transmission is very undesirable as it
results in delay.
F "elays are seen as more acceptable in packet services.
F Aiming or a high value o 3b%N 0 to result in a negligible re-transmissionrequirement is not the most e icient strategy.
F I N0 is seen as beyond our control then the most e icient method rom anKenergy per data bit correctly communicatedL viewpoint is when t he ratio
is a minimum. 6 83R being the 8rame 3rror Ratio .7
F Analysis o various transmission path models suggest that a retr ansmission rateo (' is near the optimum.
FER N
E b
−10
Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
F Requiring re-transmission will place an additional capacity requirement on thesystem.
F $ercentage increase or a <loc; 3rror Ratio! <03R is given as
F Thus a (' Retransmission requirement will result in a )) incre ase incapacity requirement.
Effect of ReEffect of Re 99transmissiontransmission
1001
×− BLER BLER
Multi-Service Traffic Analysis
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The anted signal has to +e re!eived hen in the presen!e o# ther al noise andthe signals #ro other "sers$ The #a!t that these "sers all trans it in the sa e#re/"en!y +and ith a pse"do noise spreading !ode eans that they ill a!t in asi ilar anner to ther al noise and add to it$ I# e !onsider the po er in the
anted signal to +eP , @o"r anted signal is !onsidered to +e the
j th
!hannel andthe total po er re!eived +y the +ase station is Itotal then the e##e!tive signal tonoise ratio is given +y
tota!
" I
"
−
The re!eived level o# +=)o is deter ined +y s"+,e!ting the a+ove ratio to apro!essing gain$ The pro!essing gain is e/"al to-
RW
here R is the data rate o# the j th !hannel$
Th"s the +=)o ratio #or that !hannel is given +y-
tota!
b " I
"
RW
N E
−=
0
Rearranging the e/"ation gives-
tota!
b
tota!
b
btota!
b
tota!
I L
RW
E N I "
W
R
N E
W
R
N E
I
"
W
R
N E
" I
"
=
+
=
+
=
=−
0
0
0
0
1
1
here L is the #ra!tion o# the total po er re!eived at the +ase station that!onstit"tes the 3 anted signal $
Inserting typi!al val"es$
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1271
1220038400004.01
112200
3840000
4.00
=
×+==
=
=
b
L
R
W E N
Th"s the j th "ser "st +e responsi+le #or ?=?2G o# the total po er re!eived +y the+ase station$
There are an in#inite n" +er o# possi+ilities that a!hieve this re/"ire ent$ 7ore'a ple i# the j th "ser as the only "ser( then ther al noise !o"ld +e responsi+le#or ?2G ti es the po er at the re!eiver$
This res"lts in a signal to noise ratio o# ( dB0.211271lo g10 10 −= ( !learly
de onstrating the e##e!tiveness o# the pro!essing gain in spread spe!tr"syste s$
Alternatively( the trans it po ers o# the o+ile ter inals !o"ld +e in!reased tos"!h a level that ther al noise is negligi+le$ In s"!h a !ir!" stan!e the !apa!ity!o"ld +e shared +y "p to ?2G identi!al "sers$ In reality( o# !o"rse( a sit"ation+et een these t o e'tre es ill e'ist$
)o ( the total po er re!eived #ro all N "sers and ther al noise is given +y
∑=
=+=
N
ntota! tota! " I L I
1 here Pn is the ther al noise po er$
As all the anted signals are 3pse"do noise ( the ratio ntota! " I is %no n as the3noise rise $ The e/"ation !an +e si pli#ied to
#L N
n
tota!
L "
I η −
=−
=
∑=
=
11
1
1
1
here #Lη is the "plin% loading #a!tor ith a val"e
+et een :ero and one$ )oti!e that this #a!tor( η UL is the #ra!tion o# the po erre!eived +y the +ase station #ro "sers ithin its !overage area to the total
po er re!eived$
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And
!-'- The Effect of (nterference from Other ells
The #a!t that UMTS syste s share the sa e #re/"en!y +and eans that "sers inother !ells ill a!t as noise so"r!es that a##e!t the !ell loading$ This a##e!t isa!!o"nted #or +y introd"!ing a ne para eter( i( here i is the ratio o# 3other!ell to 3o n !ell inter#eren!e$ The val"e o# i depends on the geographi!allayo"t o# !ells and also o# the relative loading o# neigh+o"ring !ells$ 7or anevenly loaded( evenly spa!ed layo"t !onsisting o# se!tored !ells a val"e o# 0$ isappropriate$ The loading and noise rise are then a##e!ted as sho n$
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$
R
W
Eb
N $
L
+=∑
=
= 01 1
RW
Eb N $
+
−=
011
1!#" +o!#"
W E N
W E N
R
$ R
b
b
+
−=
+
−=
0
0
gh t#"$ th$o#!ngl"
tth$o ghtotal1
1
11-!#" + o!#"
( )
( )
W E
N
i
W E
N
i
b
b
+
+−=
+
+=
0
0
gh t#"$ th$o#!ngl"
1tth$o ghtotal1
1!#" +o!#"
gh t#"$ th$o#!ngl"
1tth$o ghtotalFacto$ oad!ng
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Servi!es are not in "se ?00 o# the ti e$ To a!!o"nt #or this an a!tivity #a!tor( ν is introd"!ed( hi!h has a val"e +et een :ero and one$ The loading #a!tore/"ation is odi#ied to +e!o e
( )ν i $ R
W N
E b+= 1Facto$oad!ng 0
!-'-! Anal*sing the 2o,nlink-
Si ilar !al!"lations to those per#or ed #or the "plin% are appropriate to thedo nlin%$ 5o ever( the do nlin% +ene#its #ro the !hannelisation !odes +eingorthogonal$ M"ltipath propagation on the radio path ill di inish the e##e!t o#this orthogonality$ In !al!"lations the orthogonality is a!!o"nted #or +y the
introd"!tion o# an 3Orthogonality 7a!tor $ This #a!tor is "s"ally re#erred to as αand ta%es on a val"e +et een :ero and ?( ? representing per#e!t orthogonality$
The do nlin% loading #a!tor #or M identi!al "sers is then given +y$
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( )
( )
W E N
i
W E N
v R
i
b
b
+−≈
+
+−=
0
0
51th$o gh t
51th$o gh tFacto$ oad!ngo'nl!n
here R is the data rate o# asingle !hannel and ν is thea!tivity #a!tor o# that !hannel$
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Uplink Budget #5% loading ($ times !! k psc&annels'
Sensitivity .?? $9 d6Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise d6
Allo a+le pathloss ?4E$9 d6
*o nlin% 6"dget
Re/"ired T' Po er per !hannel 24 d6 Total T' Po er #or < !hannels ;; d6
Uplink Budget 0% loading ( 0 times !! k psc&annels'
Sensitivity .?? $9 d6
Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise ?0 d6
Allo a+le pathloss ?49$9 d6
Do"nlink Budget
Pathloss ?49$9 d6
Re/"ired T' Po er per !hannel 24 d6 Total T' Po er #or ?0 !hannels ;4 d6
It is seen #ro the a+ove path loss ta+les that the a'i " pathloss on the"plin% red"!es ith loading$ A red"!tion o# allo ed pathloss +y d6 !orrespondsto a #a!tor o# appro'i ately 0$ ; #or !overage range @or 0$4 #or !overage area $It !an +e seen that a%ing the a'i " o+ile trans it po er 2G d6 insteado# 2? d6 o"ld then pla!e the @a!hieva+le de and o# 40 d6 on the +asestation res"lting in a +alan!ed path$ I#( ho ever( e no repeat the !al!"lation#or voi!e @or lo data rate !hannels( a di##erent pi!t"re e erges$ As loadingin!reases( the !overage +e!o es do nlin% li ited$ This is +e!a"se the total"plin% po er is really the !o +ined po er o# all the o+ile stations$ I# ea!hstation is sending a lo data rate signal( there are generally a lot o# the $ Boi!eservi!es re/"ire a higher +=)o val"e than high speed data servi!es @#or reasonsthat ill +e dis!"ssed later $ A val"e o# 9$9 d6 is "sed in this instan!e$ 7or thisval"e o# +=)o a pole !apa!ity o# G %+ps is a!hieved$ 90 loading illrepresent ;;< %+ps or ;;<=?2$2 ≅ 2< voi!e !hannels$ E0 loading o"ld!orrespond to 90 voi!e !hannels$
itho"t repeating all the !al!"lations( the sa e prin!iples hold$ The trans itpo er per !hannel on the do nlin% ill need to +e a+o"t ; d6 greater than onthe "plin%$ I# 2? d6 is the a'i " "plin% @ o+ile po er then( at 90loading the +ase station ill +e re/"ired to deliver 2< 24 d6 D ;<$9 d6 "ser
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!hannel po er$ This is !lose to the a'i " that o"ld +e availa+le$ P"shingthis to 90 voi!e !hannels o"ld severely stret!h the do nlin% !apa+ilities$ I#(instead o# "sing #"ll rate ?2$2 %+ps voi!e( a lo er data rate as !hosen so thateven ore !hannels !o"ld +e !onne!ted( the !apa!ity +e!o es de onstra+ly
do nlin% li ited$
Uplin% and do nlin% per#or an!e$ In pra!ti!e it is not ,"st the in#erior noiseper#or an!e o# the o+ile re!eiver that in#l"en!es the di##eren!e in trans itpo er re/"ire ents$ In addition( it is o#ten the !ase that higher target +=)oval"es "st +e set on the do nlin%( adding to this po er di##eren!e$ 5o ever( itis red"!ed +y the #a!t that there is orthogonality +et een the !hannelisation!odes on the do nlin% that is not present on the "plin%$ As +all.par% #ig"res(those in the +"dgets /"oted a+ove serve as a "se#"l starting point$
!-# o+erage for a +oice channel-
The lin% +"dget "st +e re!al!"lated #or voi!e( in order to esti ate !overagedi##eren!es$
Uplink Budget 50% loading ()$ times )*) k psc&annels'
Ther al )oise .?0< d6)oise 7a!tor 4 d6
+=)o @?2$2 %+ps voi!e 9$9 d6Pro!essing 1ain 29 d6
Sensitivity @!al!"lated #ro a+ove .?2;$9 d6
Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise ; d67ast 7ading Margin @Po er Control 2 d6
T' Antenna 1ain 0 d6iR' Antenna 1ain ?< d6i
T' Po er 2? d6
Allo a+le path loss ?9G$9 d6
The ?9G$9 d6 allo ed path loss #or the voi!e !hannels "st +e !o pared ith?92$9 d6 path loss #or the e/"ivalent loading in a ?44 %+ps !hannel$ The 9 d6di##eren!e !orresponds to a red"!tion in !overage area o# appro'i ately 90@;0 red"!tion in range $
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!-/ Re<)ired E%"3o
Capa!ity in UMTS syste s in intrinsi!ally !onne!ted ith the +=)o val"e$ I#+=)o is do"+led then the !apa!ity is halved$ Clearly setting appropriate val"es#or +=)o ill have a dra ati! e##e!t on the per#or an!e$ It is o# so e s"rpriseto note that the re/"ired +=)o #or voi!e @typi!ally 9 d6 is higher than that #orhigh speed data @typi!ally ?$9 d6 $ The reason #or this is tied in ith the val"eta%en #or pro!essing gain in the voi!e syste s$ ;<40000=?2200 D ;?9 hi!h!orresponds to a 29 d6 gain$ 5o ever( altho"gh the "ser data rate is ?2200 +ps(the spreading #a!tor "sed is a!t"ally ?2< that !orresponds to a data rate o#;0000 +ps$ The di##eren!e in the t o #ig"res is ade "p o# the overhead #or a!y!li! red"ndan!y !he!% and also hal# rate !onvol"tional !oding$ These providean overall advantage @in other ords( i# they eren t "sed !apa!ity o"ld +e
orse +"t nevertheless do ean that the apparent re/"ired +=)o val"e is high$
!-! 3et,ork apacit* onsiderations
e have seen that loading #a!tor in#l"en!es the )oise Rise and that this )oiseRise in#l"en!es the lin% +"dget$ The !o +ination o# these t o #a!ts prod"!es aninteresting e##e!t hen !onsidering the !apa!ity o# a net or%$
S"ppose a region is provided #or +y a net or% o# sites that provides !ontin"o"s!overage hen the )oise Rise is 2 d6$ Tra##i! is #ore!ast to gro and the de!isionis ade to do"+le the n" +er o# sites +y pla!ing an e'tra site in +et een all thee'isting sites$ In this ay the re/"ired range o# ea!h site is red"!ed #ro aninitial val"e o# R to R=√2 as ea!h site needs to !over hal# the original area$ This
eans that the a'i " path loss ill red"!e$ The a o"nt +y hi!h it red"!esdepends on the environ ent$ I# e ta%e a typi!al e/"ation lin%ing path loss L d6
ith range R % - R L log3137 += then the path loss ill de!rease +y2log3, D 9$; d6$ This eans that the )oise Rise #or ea!h !ell !an +e
allo ed to rise #ro 2 d6 to G$; d6$ This represents an in!rease in loading #a!tor#ro 0$;G to 0$<?$ There#ore( ea!h !ell !an !arry over t i!e as "!h tra##i!$ 6yin!reasing the n" +er o# !ells +y a #a!tor o# t o( the a o"nt o# tra##i! +eing!arried !an in!rease +y a #a!tor o# 4$4$ )ote that a #"rther do"+ling o# then" +er o# !ells ill not prod"!e s"!h a re ar%a+le in!rease in the tra##i!.!arrying !apa+ility$ In!reasing the )oise Rise to ?2$ d6 ill in!rease the loading#a!tor to 0$E9( not a h"ge in!rease !o pared ith 0$<?$
!-$ As*mmetric traffic-
Boi!e tra##i! has a tenden!y to +e( on the hole( sy etri!$ That is the vol" eo# tra##i! on the "plin% appro'i ately e/"als that on the do nlin%$ *ata tra##i! ise'pe!ted to +e so e hat asy etri! ith the a,ority o# the tra##i! o!!"rringon the do nlin%$ Th"s( the loading #a!tor on the do nlin% ill +e higher than thaton the "plin%$ This ill p"t an e'tra strain on the do nlin% that ill add to the
pro+le s already e'perien!ed on a highly loaded do nlin%$
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!-4 Single channel cells
The #le'i+ility inherent in UMTS allo s the entire !apa!ity o# a single !ell to +ea!!o"nted #or +y a single "ser$ In this instan!e the e##e!t o# noise risedisappears$ )oise rise a##e!ts other "sers o# the sa e !ell$ I# there are no other"sers then the lin% +"dget !an +e !ond"!ted ignoring this inter#eren!e$ I# e!onsider the !ase here three parallel !odes o# spreading #a!tor 4 are "sed +y asingle "ser( this o"ld give a theoreti!al data rate o# 0$G9';<40000 D 2$E M+psand an a!t"al "ser data rate approa!hing 2 M+ps$
*"e to the higher trans it po er o# the +ase station( the do nlin% !overage areaat this data rate o"ld +e e'pe!ted to +e greater than the "plin%$
Do"nlink Budget +ingle user at appro,imately )- ps
Ther al )oise .?0< d6)oise 7a!tor G d6
+=)o @2 M+ps data 9 d6Pro!essing 1ain 2 d6
Sensitivity @!al!"lated #ro a+ove .E< d6
Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise 07ast 7ading Margin @Po er Control ? d6
T' Antenna 1ain ?< d6iR' Antenna 1ain 2 d6i
T' Po er 42 d6
Allo a+le path loss ?9E d6
The #a!t that the hole !ell s !apa!ity is ta%en "p +y one "ser allo s !overageover a large area$ 5o ever( even ith a 2G d6 o+ile trans itter( theallo a+le path loss is li%ely to +e red"!ed to ?90 d6$ This o"ld represent ared"!tion in !overage range o# 99 $ It is o# interest that the e'pe!tedasy etry in data tra##i! helps to +alan!e this !overage$ A ?; d6 di##eren!e inallo a+le path loss !an +e !o pensated #or +y "sing a syste that has a ?; d6higher pro!essing gain$ ?; d6 !orresponds to a ratio o# 20$ ;<40000=20 ≅ ?E2%+ps$ Th"s it is( in prin!iple( possi+le to have #"ll !ell !overage ith 2 M+ps onthe do nlin% and ?44 %+ps in the "plin%$
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!hannels a!tive lends itsel# to an asy etri! provision o# data servi!es$ This ise'pe!ted to #it in ell ith !"sto er re/"ire ents$
!-6 Self9Assessment Exercises
?$Co plete the #ollo ing lin% +"dget and dra !on!l"sions regarding the li%elya+ility o# the do nlin% a pli#ier +eing a+le to eet the re/"ired total trans itpo er$
Uplink Budget
Ther al )oise .?0G d6)oise 7a!tor ; d6
+=)o @< %+ps 9 d6Pro!essing 1ain d6
Sensitivity @!al!"lated #ro a+ove d6
Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise 4 d67ast 7ading Margin @Po er Control 2 d6
T' Antenna 1ain 0 d6iR' Antenna 1ain ?< d6i
T' Po er 2? d6
Allo a+le pathloss
Do"nlink Budget
Pathloss
Sensitivity @2d6 higher than "plin% d6Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise ; d67ast 7ading Margin @Po er Control 2 d6
R' Antenna 1ain 0 d6i T' Antenna 1ain ?< d6i
Re/"ired T' Po er per !hannel Total T' Po er #or <0 !hannels
2$
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The ink 1)dgetThe ink 1)dget
The ink 1)dgetThe ink 1)dget
F+1M and ?MT1 compared
FMore thermal noise in ?MT1 systems. ET o< -/& d<m
F$rocessing +ain 6d<s7 in ?MT1
/& log 6)=5&&&&%?ser Rate 6bps77
F$ower Control Margin or imper ect 8ast 8ading $owerControl must be considered in ?MT1 systems
F Inter erence Margin or Noise Rise must be considered in?MT1 systems
The Lin !udget
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Reco+ering the Wanted SignalReco+ering the Wanted Signal
b
RW
E N
L
+
=01
1
( )
91
1220038400003.01
1
12200 3840000 3.00
=
×+=
===
b
L
RW E N
Inserting typical values or a voice service#
The Lin !udget
Reco+ering the Wanted SignalReco+ering the Wanted Signal
$ossibility /#
F1ingle user.
FThermal Noise responsible or>5%>'ths o received power.
F1NR /%>5 -/>.= d<
?ser ! is responsible or /%>'th o received power
$ossibility (#
F$ower level so high that thermalnoise is insigni icant.
F>' identical users possible.
$ractical situations will lie in between these two e9tremes.
The Lin !udget
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Acti+it* .actor Acti+it* .actor
( )
%acto$.act! !t#"$th"!# 'h"$"
1 Facto$ oad!ng 0
υ
υ
RW
i $ N E b +
=
?sers are not active /&& o the time.
It is necessary to ad ust the loading actor to ac;nowledge this act
The Lin !udget
2o,nlink &onsiderations2o,nlink &onsiderations
The "ownlin; bene its rom orthogonality between channelisation codes.
)1(
gh t#"$ th$o#!ngl" Ca ac!t&ol"
0
i
W E N
b
+−
+
=α
α is orthogonality actor and has a value between Jero and /.
The Lin !udget
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Uplink 1)dget for '// k%ps ser+iceUplink 1)dget for '// k%ps ser+ice
Thermal Noise# -/&= d<m! Noise 8igure# 5 d<! 3b%No# /.' d<
$rocessing +ain# /5 d< 6/& logP)=5&%/55Q7
Sensiti+it* 9''$-! d1m
Margins# Noise Rise# ) d<! 8ast 8ading# ( d<
Antenna +ains# (& d<i
T9 $ower# (/ d<m
FAllo,a%le Path oss '! -! d1
The Lin !udget
2o,nlink 1)dget for '// k%ps ser+ice2o,nlink 1)dget for '// k%ps ser+ice
Allo,a%le Path oss '! -! d1
Sensiti+it* 9''#-! d1m
Margins# Noise Rise# ) d<! 8ast 8ading# ( d<
Antenna +ains# (& d<i
Required T9 $ower# (5 d<m per channel
/ #1911.1
41.13840
144 Ca ac!t&ol" =
+=
8or ) d< Noise Rise! capacity >'' ;bps or * channels. * 9 K(5 d<mL )/.= d<m
6ignoring orthogonality7
The Lin !udget
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Uplink 1)dget for 5 k%ps ser+iceUplink 1)dget for 5 k%ps ser+ice
Thermal Noise# -/&= d<m! Noise 8igure# 5 d<! 3b%No# ' d<
$rocessing +ain# ( d< 6/& logP)=5&%=Q7
Sensiti+it* 9' $ d1m
Margins# Noise Rise# ) d<! 8ast 8ading# ( d<
Antenna +ains# (& d<i
T9 $ower# (/ d<m
Allo,a%le Path oss '$ d1
The Lin !udget
2o,nlink 1)dget for 5 k%ps ser+ice2o,nlink 1)dget for 5 k%ps ser+ice
Allo,a%le Path oss '$ d1
Sensiti+it* 9' # d1m
Margins# Noise Rise# ) d<! 8ast 8ading# ( d<
Antenna +ains# (& d<i
Required T9 $ower# (5 d<m per channel
8or ) d< Noise Rise! capacity 5& ;bps or '/ channels. '/ 9 K(5 d<mL 5/ d<m
/ #81.1
3840316.08 Ca ac!t&ol" =×+= 6ignoring orthogonality7
The Lin !udget
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&apacit* (ss)es example&apacit* (ss)es exampleF Networ; originally provides coverage at NR (d<
Radius o each cell is RR
I number o cells is doubledthe radius reduces to R% √(
$ath loss will reduce by '.) d<.NR can increase by '.) d<.
The Lin !udget
&apacit* (ss)es example&apacit* (ss)es example
F NR o ( d< corresponds to a loading actor o ) .
F NR o .) d< corresponds to loading actor o =/
F 3ach cell can now handle more than double the tra ic.
F "oubling the number o cells has increased the capacity by aactor o 5.5.
Note that doubling the number again would give a NR o /(.* d<6loading actor >' 7 which would not produce such aremar;able improvement.
The Lin !udget
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TargetTarget E%E% "3o ?al)es "3o ?al)es
F Capacity is lin;ed to 3b%No value
FTypical values# oice 5 d< ,igh 1peed "ata /.' d<
F 0ower overhead in control data or higher speed data.
F Also! 3b%No value assumes processing gain o )=5&%/(.( or/((&& bps voice. Actual transmitted data is )&&&& bps.
F Target 3b%No controlled by RNC and will depend upon prevailingconditions.
The Lin !udget
Single &hannel &ellsSingle &hannel &ells
F ?MT1 8le9ibility allows or one user to ta;e up entirecell@s capacity.
F Noise Rise is now irrelevant as no other users.
F <ase station has higher capacity ma;ing coverageuplin; limited.
F Asymmetry in power can be re lected in asymmetry inthroughput. 3.g. ( Mbps possible in downlin; with /55;bps in uplin;.
The Lin !udget
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$ 2imensioning a UMTS 3et,ork
$-' (ntrod)ction
*i ensioning a net or% is the pro!ess +y hi!h e esti ate the n" +er o# sitesand !ells re/"ired to servi!e anti!ipated de and$ The o"t!o e to thedi ensioning pro!ess #eeds into virt"ally all areas o# pro,e!t develop ent and
ill in#l"en!e #"t"re strategy regarding
?$ Pro,e!t Manage ent2$ Rollo"t Pro!ed"res;$ Bendor Co parison4$ Con#ig"ration Co parison9$ 6"siness Planning
)ote that the pro!ess +eing dis!"ssed here !on!erns di ensioning the net or%rather than di ensioning a parti!"lar site or trans ission lin%s +et een sites$
$- 2imensioning o)tp)ts
The pri ary o"tp"t o# a di ensioning pro!ess is an esti ate o# the n" +er o#sites$ This sho"ld go into ore detail than erely providing a glo+al n" +er$*i##erent regions and environ ents re/"ire a di##erent approa!h$ So e areas
ill +e served +y se!tored antennas and so e ill +e served +y o ni.dire!tional
antennas$ Regions !an +e separated +y their tra##i! density !hara!teristi!s$Ur+an areas( #or e'a ple( ill generate ore tra##i! de and per "nit area than
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ill r"ral areas$ *i##erent environ ents ill re/"ire di##erent approa!hes topropagation odelling$ In the di ensioning pro!ess( ea!h distin!tly di##erentarea sho"ld +e treated separately$ In that ay( the o"tp"t o# the di ensioningpro!ess sho"ld identi#y the n" +er o# sites o# ea!h type and their appro'i ate
lo!ations$ 7ro this #o"ndation it is possi+le to identi#y the opti " rollo"tstrategy together ith pro,e!t ilestones and esti ates o# the reso"r!e re/"ired$It sho"ld also +e possi+le to divide the net or% area into sel#.!ontained :onesthat !an +e i ple ented separately on a 3t"rn.%ey +asis$
A#ter identi#ying the n" +er o# sites and their appro'i ate lo!ations it is thenpossi+le to !arry o"t a preli inary planning e'er!ise in order to esti ate !orenet or% and trans ission net or% re/"ire ents$
7inally( it is i portant to realise that the di ensioning pro!ess has +een +asedon esti ates o# "ser de and$ It is i portant to +e a+le to assess ho sensitive
the n" +er o# !ells re/"ired( #or e'a ple( is to errors in s"!h esti ates 7ore'a ple( i# the n" +er o# !ells re/"ired is do inated +y !overage rather than!apa!ity( then an in!rease in "ser de and ill not a##e!t the re/"ired n" +er o#sites$ 5o ever( i# the net or% is !apa!ity li ited( then the n" +er o# sitesre/"ired ill +e ro"ghly proportional to "ser de and$
$-# Approaches to the 2imensioning Task
There is no single 3approved ethod o# ta!%ling di ensioning pro+le s$ Al ostevery pra!ti!al sit"ation ill re/"ire so e innovative thin%ing to over!o e"n"s"al pro+le s$ 5o ever( it is possi+le to investigate di##erent approa!hesthat !an +e gro"ped generi!ally as sho n +elo $
$ Si ple Coverage.+ased di ensioningG$ Si ple Capa!ity.+ased di ensioning<$ Si ple Co +ined Coverage and Capa!ityE$ Intera!tive Coverage and Capa!ity
All o# the a+ove re/"ire !ertain ite s o# in#or ation as inp"ts to the e'er!ise$ These in!l"de-
?0$ A des!ription o# the servi!es re/"ired$??$ Hno ledge o# the de ographi! distri+"tion o# pop"lation?2$ The di##erent environ ents ithin the !overage area?;$ *etails regarding the lo!al geography?4$ Intended site !on#ig"rations- in parti!"lar ast heights
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Clearly( s"!h a di##eren!e in predi!tions is "na!!epta+le and a ethod is re/"ired+y hi!h it is possi+le to assess the aggregate loading and hen!e the n" +er o#voi!e.e/"ivalent tr"n%s re/"ired$ The ethod is re#erred to as Ca p+ell s
Theore and !o +ines the eans and varian!es o# ore than one servi!e into ares"ltant ean and varian!e$ Re#erring to the e'a ple o# ?2 rlangs o# voi!etra##i! pl"s rlangs o# 4 %+ps tra##i!( the Ca p+ell s Theore ethod iss" arised +elo $
?$ or% o"t the ean o# the !o +ination( !onsidering the 3a plit"de @ino"r !ase the a plit"de o# the voi!e servi!e is ta%en to +e ? and that o# the
4 %+ps servi!e is ta%en to +e ; $ ( ) ( ) 3036112m"an =×+×=2$ or% o"t the varian!e o# the !o +ination +y "ltiplying the de and+y the s/"are o# the a plit"de o# ea!h servi!e$
6636112a$!anc" 22 =×+×=
;$ Cal!"late an inter ediate para eter( 2.2m"an
a$!anc" ==c
4$ Cal!"late an e/"ivalent O##ered Tra##i!-
63.13m"an
T$a%%!c;%%"$"d ==c
9$ 7ro rlang 6 ta+les( deter ine the n" +er o# tr"n%s re/"ired toservi!e ?;$ ; rlangs o# tra##i!$ This is #o"nd to +e 2? tr"n%s @this #ig"re isre#erred to as the 3 Capacity $ 5o ever this is a n" +er o# tr"n%s #or anotional aggregate servi!e( not the e/"ivalent n" +er o# 3singlea plit"de tr"n%s$
$ 7inally deter ine the n" +er o# 3a plit"de ? e/"ivalent tr"n%s @ino"r !ase voi!e.e/"ivalent tr"n%s re/"ired #or ea!h servi!e$ )ote that yo"
ill not get e'a!tly the sa e n" +er #or ea!h servi!e$ In other ords( #ora given n" +er o# tr"n%s( the +lo!%ing ratio e'perien!ed ill vary #roservi!e to servi!e$ 7ort"nately( this di##eren!e is "s"ally very s all$
( )( )( ) data)(%o$493212.2
)(%o$ o!c"471212.2am l!t d"t"< !$"m"n
=+×==+×=+×= capacityc
'a ining the #ig"res a+ove reveal that the #irst t o atte pts represent3pessi isti! @9? tr"n%s and 3opti isti! @;E tr"n%s approa!hes$
$-!-# Using amp%ellGs Theorem in capacit* dimensioning
Ca p+ell s theore ill help assess the loading on a parti!"lar !ell hereas thetra##i! #ore!ast given ill +e #or a parti!"lar area$ In order to %no the loading ona !ell e need to divide the total load +y the n" +er o# !ells$ 6"t thedi ensioning e'er!ise is intended to deter ine the n" +er o# !ells$ Thissee ingly i possi+le sit"ation !an +e resolved +y "sing Ca p+ell s Theore to
assess the loading #or n !ells then solving #or n $ As an e'a ple e ill !onsider anet or% in hi!h ea!h !ell has a no inal !apa!ity o# ;2 3a plit"de one tr"n%s$
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A tra##i! #ore!ast is ade #or di##erent servi!es ea!h o# hi!h has a di##erenta plit"de$
Servi!e A plit"de 7ore!astinrlangs
Boi!e ? 2904 %+ps *ata 2 ;
?44 %+ps *ata 4 4?;<4 %+ps *ata < ?2
I# the a+ove #ore!ast #or the net or% is spread over n !ells then the loading onea!h !ell ill +e the s" o# the a+ove #ig"res divided +y n $ 7ollo ing the step.+y.step pro!ed"re n" erated a+ove e #ind
nnc
c
nnnnn
nnnnn
210028.3636m"an
028.36361926
m"ana$!anc"
19268124412632 0a$!anc"
6368124412632 0m"an
222
=×=
===
=×+×+×+=
=×+×+×+=
At this ,"n!t"re e o"ld need to "se the rlang 6 ta+les to loo% "p the n" +ero# tr"n%s that !an serve @2?0= n rlangs o# tra##i!$ 5o ever( itho"t any%no ledge o# n ( e are st"!%$ In order to deter ine a sol"tion #or n ( e "stapproa!h the pro+le #ro a %no ledge o# the notional !apa!ity o# a single !ell$
This ill allo "s to deter ine a val"e that ill e/"al @2?0= n and hen!e allo "sto deter ine n $
Ta%ing the notional !apa!ity o# a single !ell to +e ;2 3a plit"de ? e/"ivalentse "st rearrange the e/"ation ( ) am l!t d"t"< !$"m"n +×= capacityc to give
( )c
capacity am l!t d"-t"< !$"m"n= $ On this e/"ation the 3re/"ire ent is pre.
de#ined as ;2$ The a plit"de varies #ro one to eight$ It is ne!essary to de!ideon an a plit"de #or hi!h the 2 +lo!%ing ratio is re/"ired$ Ta%ing this to +e theservi!e o# a plit"de 4 @in this ay the servi!es ith a plit"des one and t o illre!eive a slightly +etter +lo!%ing ratio than 2 and the servi!e ith a plit"de 4
ill re!eive a slightly orse ratio e !an #ind the !apa!ity to +e( )
2.903.3
432 =− $
7ro the rlang 6 ta+les( E tr"n%s ill servi!e 4$;4 rlangs o# tra##i! and
there#ore the n" +er o# !ells 4834.4
210 ==n !ells$ a!h o# the 4< !ells ill
servi!e- 9$2? rlangs o# voi!eQ ?$;2 rlangs o# 4 %+ps dataQ 0$<9 rlangs o# ?44%+ps data and 0$29 rlangs o# ;<4 %+ps data$
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$-!-/ 2etermining the Relati+e Amplit)de of different ser+ices-
In the previo"s e'a ple the vario"s servi!es ere o# a plit"de one( t o( #o"rand eight$ In reality they need not +e integer n" +ers$ Their a plit"de is ta%ento represent the level o# loading that they pla!e on the !ell s reso"r!e$ This is a!o +ination o# the data rate and the re/"ired +=)o$ In #a!t( their relativeloading is proportional to the prod"!t o# data rate and +=)o @as a ratio $ 7ore'a ple( s"ppose the servi!es had +=)o re/"ire ents as #ollo s$
Servi!e +=)o @d6 +=)o @ratioBoi!e ?2$2 %+ps d6 ;$EE
4 %+ps 2$9 d6 ?$G<?44 %+ps 2 d6 ?$9<;<4 %+ps ? d6 ?$2
I# the voi!e servi!e is de#ined as having an a plit"de o# ? then the relativea plit"de o# the other servi!es !an +e #o"nd #ro
/ +oo!c"$at"datao!c"/ +o#"$ !c"$at"data#"$ !c"am l!t d" ×
×= hi!h #or the 4 %+ps servi!e is
!al!"lated to +e 34.2
99.32.12
78.164=
×
×$ The a plit"des o# the other servi!es !an
+e !al!"lated in a si ilar anner$
$-$ Simple apacit* and o+erage
The !overage.+ased di ensioning e'er!ise ill"strated a+ove did not !onsider!apa!ity and the !apa!ity.+ased di ensioning e'er!ise did not !onsider!overage$ Clearly( this !o"ld !a"se pro+le s$ One si ple approa!h thatprevents an "nder.esti ation o# the re/"ired n" +er o# !ells is to !arry o"t thedi ensioning e'er!ise "sing +oth ethods and sele!ting the higher predi!tion #orthe n" +er o# !ells re/"ired$ This is o+vio"sly a so e hat !r"de ethod and a
ore a!!"rate di ensioning e'er!ise ill !onsider the intera!tion +et een!apa!ity and !overage in a UMTS syste $
$-4 (terati+e o+erage and apacit* Planning
hen a%ing an esti ate o# the !overage range #or a !ell( the lin% +"dget "sedill have in!orporated a no inal )oise Rise$ The a!t"al noise rise is dependent
on the loading$ There#ore( the initial esti ate #or !overage ta!itly in!l"ded anesti ate #or the loading o# ea!h !ell$ 5o ever( e !annot !arry o"t a realisti!
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esti ation o# the loading o# ea!h !ell "nless e %no the n" +er o# !ells @apara eter that the di ensioning e'er!ise is eant to deter ine $ It is there#orene!essary to !ond"!t an iterative pro!ess in hi!h the n" +er o# !ells !al!"latedis "sed to esti ate the loading #a!tor and the di##eren!e +et een this esti ated
loading #a!tor and that ass" ed at the start o# the e'er!ise is "sed to ad,"st thedi ensioning e'er!ise$
In a si ilar anner( hen a%ing an esti ate o# the !apa!ity o# ea!h !ell( thisesti ate i pli!itly ass" es a level o# )oise Rise that ill( in t"rn( a##e!t the!overage range$ On!e the n" +er o# !ells re/"ired has +een deter ined( it ill+e possi+le to deter ine the re/"ired range o# ea!h !ell and then !he!% hetherthis range is !onsistent ith the ass" ed level o# )oise Rise$
The iterative pro!ess !o en!es ith a !overage.+ased di ensioning e'er!ise$ This ill ass" e a parti!"lar noise rise$ The re/"ired n" +er o# !ells o"tp"t #ro
this e'er!ise ill then +e "sed to deter ine the loading o# the !ells +y "sing thetra##i! #ore!ast and Ca p+ell s Theore $ This ill allo the )oise Rise #or thatloading to +e !al!"lated$ This is li%ely to +e di##erent #ro the original )oise Riseass" ed$ The !overage.+ased e'er!ise is then repeated "sing the ne )oiseRise res"lting in a di##erent n" +er o# !ells hi!h ill res"lt in a di##erent )oiseRise predi!tion$ The pro!ess !ontin"es and ill !onverge at a val"e #or hi!h the)oise Rise predi!ted #ro the !ell loading agrees ith the )oise Rise ass" ed #orthe !overage.+ased e'er!ise$
The !overage.+ased( !apa!ity.+ased and iterative pro!esses all lend the selvesto the "se o# a si ple spreadsheet to di ension a given region or environ ent$
$-5 Sensiti+it* Anal*sis
Any di ensioning e'er!ise sho"ld in!l"de an esti ate o# the li%ely sensitivity o#the n" +er o# !ells to the level o# tra##i! en!o"ntered$ This ill give an indi!ationon ho 3#"t"re.proo#ed the syste ill +e and also ho any errors in the ar%et#ore!ast ill a##e!t the n" +er o# sites re/"ired$ Ideally( errors in the #ore!astsho"ld +e a!!o panied +y an esti ate o# the li%elihood o# s"!h errors o!!"rring$
This in#or ation !an "s"ally +e gained #ro e'a ining the !on#iden!e li its o#the ar%et #ore!ast$ The ta+le +elo gives an e'a ple in hi!h the li%elihood o#3high tra##i! ( 3 id tra##i! and 3lo tra##i! s!enarios are in!l"ded$
S!enario Li%elihood o#o!!"rren!e
)" +er o# sitesesti ated
5igh Tra##i! 20 000Mid Tra##i! 0 9000Lo Tra##i! 20 4000
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Sol"tion-*eter ine a plit"des ta%ing the a plit"de o# voi!e servi!e as ?( "sing the
e/"ation%o$ o!c"/ +o%o$ o!c"$at"data
#"$ !c"%o$/ +o#"$ !c"%o$$at"data#"$ !c"o% am l!t d"
×
×=
@Re e +er( +=)o "st +e inserted into the a+ove e/"ation as a ratio$
Servi!e A plit"de? %+ps data
4 %+ps data
)e't or% o"t the ean-
Mean D
Barian!e D
)o ( !al!"late the inter ediate para eter( !$
m"an
a$!anc"=c D
)e't( !al!"late the e/"ivalent o##ered tra##i!
==c
m"anT$a%%!c;%%"$"d
)o loo% "p the n" +er o# tr"n%s needed to servi!e this o##ered tra##i! #ro therlang 6 ta+les$
)" +er o# Tr"n%s D
@This is re#erred to as the 3!apa!ity
7inally( !onvert this to the e/"ivalent n" +er o# a plit"de ? tr"n%s #or ea!hservi!e$
( ) am l!t d"ca ac!tt$ n #1am l!t d"< ! al"nt +×= c
Ta%ing the ? %+ps servi!e as o"r re#eren!e( e/"ivalent a plit"de ? tr"n%s D
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)o e need to assess the noise rise that o"ld +e !a"sed +y this level o#loading$ Using the appro'i ate ethod o# !al!"lating the pole !apa!ity o# a !ell-
0
2400
N E ty "o!e%apaci
b
= e get the pole !apa!ity o# the 3a plit"de ? servi!e to
+e
=.010
2400
The n" +er o# tr"n%s !al!"lated there#ore represents a loading #a!tor o#-
This o"ld res"lt in a noise rise o# d6$
;$ Capacity/Based Dimensioning* A parti!"lar net or% o##ers the #ollo ing servi!es-
Servi!e +=)o @d6 +=)o @ratioBoi!e ?2$2%+ps
d6 ;$EE
4 %+ps 2$9 d6 ?$G<
?44 %+ps 2 d6 ?$9<;<4 %+ps ? d6 ?$2
The tra##i! #ore!ast is as #ollo s-
Servi!e 7ore!astde and@ rlangs
Boi!e ?2$2%+ps <20
4 %+ps 2<;?44 %+ps ?44;<4 %+ps 29
Use Ca p+ell s Theore to esti ate the n" +er o# !ells re/"ired to satis#y this#ore!ast de and ass" ing that ea!h !ell has a no inal !apa!ity o# ;93a plit"de ? tr"n%s $
Sol"tion- 7irstly( !al!"late relative a plit"des o# the vario"s servi!es$
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to 0*0 dB $ In the +ite Data ase set the oise Rise Li it to 8 dB $ Spread ;?ter inals ithin the polygon and r"n the Monte Carlo si "lator$ 'a ine thereports$
Altho"gh ;? rlangs is the n" +er #or a 2 6lo!%ing Ratio( yo" ill #ind that theper!entage #ail"re rate /"oted in the report is "!h less than 2 $ This is+e!a"se the tool is reporting the aggregate #ail"re !onsidering all the a!tiveter inals$ 7or e'a ple i# #or 2 o# the snapshots 4? ter inals atte pt to a!!essthe syste and ? #ails that ill res"lt in an aggregate #ail"re rate o# 0$02 ' ?=4? N0$09 $ O# parti!"lar interest( is the 3 ean n" +er o# #ail"res report$ I# it isass" ed that ea!h 3#ail"re snapshot in!l"ded only one #ail"re( then this e/"alsthe per!entage o# snapshots #or hi!h a #ail"re o"ld +e en!o"ntered$
On!e e are !lear a+o"t the pro!ed"re ith one servi!e( e !an e'a ine thee##e!t o# "ltiple servi!es$ S"ppose e ish to load the !ell ith the #ollo ing
tra##i!
Servi!e o#A plit"de ?
?2 rlangs
Servi!e o#A plit"de ;
; rlangs
Servi!e o#A plit"de 9
2 rlangs
I# e a%e ?2200 +ps voi!e ith an +=)o o# d6 the a plit"de ? servi!e( thea plit"de ; servi!e !o"ld +e 4 %+ps ith an +=)o o# ;$9G d6 and the a plit"de9 servi!e !o"ld +e ?44 %+ps ith an +=)o o# 2$ E d6$ Con#ig"re these servi!esand( i# ne!essary( !reate ter inal types to a!!ess the $ Re e +er to a%e thea!tivity #a!tor ?00 and the po er step si:e 0$0? d6 in all !ases$ )o spread ?2ter inals o# voi!e( ; ter inals at 4 %+ps and 2 ter inals at ?44 %+ps$Ca p+ell s Theore !an +e e ployed to predi!t the average )oise Rise and the2 pea% )oise Rise$
dB4.2!#" +o!#" "a2
62.08049.8 %acto$act! !t "a2
49.812.8717$"< !$"dt$ n #o% n m/"$#"$ !c",1am l!t d"gCon#!d"$!n
17t$ n #o% n m/"$B,$langF$om
8.102.8731 t$a%%!co%%"$"d
87.23189 a$am"t"$,t"!nt"$m"d!a
89233112a$!anc"
dB2.10.39)-10log(1!#" +o!#"m"an
0.398031%acto$act! !tm"an
31233112m"an
222
=
==
=+×==
==
==
=×+×+×=
=−==÷=
=×+×+×=
c
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In the Sites *ata+ase( set the )oise Rise to e/"al 4$2 d6$ R"n the Monte Carlosi "lator$ Jo" sho"ld noti!e that the ean )oise Rise is appro'i ately 2$? d6and also that the per!entage o# #ail"res is higher #or the higher a plit"deservi!es$ Again( it is the ean n" +er o# #ail"res #or ea!h servi!e that is ost
signi#i!ant$
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3et,ork 2imensioning3et,ork 2imensioning
Session O%:ecti+esSession O%:ecti+es
F To answer the questions#
F :hat is dimensioning
F ,ow might we carry out dimensioning
F :hat are the ;ey issues with dimensioning
F :hat are the ;ey equations that we need
F :hat is sensitivity analysis and how is it carried out
"etwor #imensioning
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T*pes of 2imensioningT*pes of 2imensioning
F There are many di erent ways to dimension a networ;F There is no right@ way but there are many wrong@ ways
F These can be generically grouped#F 1imple Coverage
F 1imple Capacity
F 1imple Combined Coverage and Capacity
F Interactive Coverage and Capacity
F <enchmar; $lanning
1preadsheet@ based
$lanning Tool based
"etwor #imensioning
2imensioning (np)ts2imensioning (np)ts
En+ironment
Site&onfig)ration
>eographic2emographic
Ser+ice
"etwor #imensioning
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Simple &o+erageSimple &o+erageF 0in; <udget based
F I.e. simple numerical calculation
F 8irstly a lin; budget is created
F The ma9imum path loss is used to calculate the cellrange using a propagation model
F The cell range is used to calculate the site area
F 1ite Numbers 6Total Area7%61ite Area7
&reate ink 1)dget
&alc)late Range
&alc)late Site Area
&alc)late 3)m%er ofSites in a gi+en Area
Max P
Max Range
Max Area
"etwor #imensioning
He* (ss)es ,ith Simple &o+erageHe* (ss)es ,ith Simple &o+erage
2imensioning2imensioning
F CapacityU
F <uilding $enetration
F 1hadow 8ading
F $ropagation Model
F 1ite 3nvironment $arameters
"etwor #imensioning
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Site En+ironment ParametersSite En+ironment Parameters
F "i erent con igurations in di erent environmentsF M,A
F Gpolar%1pace "iversity
F Antennas
F Requires di erent lin; budgetsW
F 0oading on sites may also di er with environment
F To ta;e advantage o the capacity-coverage tradeo
F Also di erent number o sectors
"etwor #imensioning
Area &alc)lationArea &alc)lation
F Cells are comple9 shapes
F :e assume in dimensioning that cells con orm toa regular shape
F ,e9agons are commonly used because o theirclose pac;ing properties
F E actors used to represent the di erence betweena circle o radius r and the site area
F The E actor will depend upon the number osectors
H J 0-5 4
H J 0-$
r
r
2r k Area π =
"etwor #imensioning
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En+ironment 2istri%)tionEn+ironment 2istri%)tion
F 1preadsheets don@t deal withtopology or morphologyaccurately
F ,ills! par;s and distributed targetareas
F Inter erence and tra ic capturedby sites will vary
F Margins or site acquisition and
overlap are required
?rban Area 1ite Numbers
1uburban Area
1ite Numbers
"etwor #imensioning
Simple &apacit* 2imensioningSimple &apacit* 2imensioning
F Capacity calculation based
F 8irstly calculate ma9imum capacity percarrier
F Calculate ma9imum o ered tra ic persector
F Calculate site area based on tra icdensity
F 8inally calculate the ma9imum numbero sites in an area
&alc)late &arrier&apacit*
&alc)late SectorOffered Traffic
&alc)late Maxim)mSite Area
&alc)late 3)m%er ofSites in a >i+en
Area
"etwor #imensioning
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ErlangErlang 9911
F 3rlang-< ormula provides an estimateo the pea; tra ic 6not e9ceeded morethan 9 6usually ( 7 o the time giventhe average tra ic 6quoted in 3rlangs7.
F 3rlang-< should only be used or#F circuit switched tra ic
F single services
F ?MT1 is multi-service and pac;etswitched...
ariation o demand with time
time
demand
average
pea;
"etwor #imensioning
Accommodating a m)ltiAccommodating a m)lti 99ser+ice s*stemser+ice s*stem
F The 3rlang < ormula relies on the variance o the demand equallingthe mean 6a $oisson distribution7.
F I a particular service requires more than one Ktrun;L per connection!the demand is e ectively linearly scaled and the variance no longerequals the mean.
F Methods to investigate#F 3quivalent 3rlangs
F $ost 3rlang-<
F Campbell@s Theorem
"etwor #imensioning
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E<)i+alentE<)i+alent ErlangsErlangs ExampleExample
F Consider ( services sharing the same resource#F 1ervice /# uses / trun; per connection. /( 3rlangs o tra ic.
F 1ervice (! uses ) trun;s per connection. * 3rlangs o tra ic.
F :e could regard the above as equivalent to )& 3rlangs o service /#F )& 3rlangs require )> trun;s or a ( <loc;ing $robability
F Alternatively! we could regard the above as equivalent to /& 3rlangs oservice (.
F /& 3rlangs require / trun;s! 6equivalent to '/ Kservice / trun;sL7 or a (bloc;ing probability
F $rediction varies depending on what approach you choose.
"etwor #imensioning
F Consider ( services sharing the same resource#F 1ervice /# uses / trun; per connection. /( 3rlangs o tra ic.
F 1ervice (# uses ) trun;s per connection. * 3rlangs o tra ic.
F :e could calculate the requirement separatelyF 1ervice /# /( 3rlangs require /> trun;s or a ( <loc;ing $robability
F 1ervice (# * 3rlangs require /( trun;s 6equivalent to )* Kservice / trun;sL7.
F Adding these together gives '' trun;s.
F This method is ;nown to over-estimate the number o trun;s required as canbe demonstrated by considering services requiring an equal number otrun;s.
PostPost ErlangErlang 9911"etwor #imensioning
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F Consider ( services requiring equal resource#
F 1ervice /# uses / trun; per connection. /( 3rlangs o tra ic.F 1ervice (# uses / trun; per connection. * 3rlangs o tra ic.
F :e could calculate the requirement separatelyF 1ervice /# /( 3rlangs require /> trun;s or a ( <loc;ing $robabilityF 1ervice (# * 3rlangs require /( trun;s.
F Adding these together gives )/ trun;s.
F The accepted method o treating the above would be to regard it as a total o/= 3rlangs that would require (* trun;s.
F $ost 3rlang-< overestimates the requirement.
PostPost ErlangErlang 9911"etwor #imensioning
&%ellGs Theorem&%ellGs TheoremF Campbell@s theorem creates a composite distribution where#
> c is ;nown as the capacity actor
F The amplitude used in the capacity is the amplitude o the target service
F Once the o ered tra ic and Capacity are derived! +o1 can be derived with3rlang-< -X similarly Required Capacity can be calculated i O ered Tra icand +o1 target is ;nown
( )
c
a% %apacity ii −=
c ffic'fferedTra
α =
∑∑
==i
iii
iiii
ba
bac
γ
γ
α ν
2
α meanυ varianceγ
i arrival rate
a i amplitude o serviceb i mean holding time
iib(=T$a%%!c;%%"$"dS"$ !c"
"etwor #imensioning
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&%ellGs Theorem Example@&%ellGs Theorem Example@
F Required Capacity is di erent depending upon target service or +o1 6inservice / 3rlangs7#
F Target is 1ervice / C / 6(.( 9 (/7 4 / 5
F Target is 1ervice (! C ( 6(.( 9 (/7 4 ) 5>
F "i erent services will require a di erent capacity or the same +o1. In other
words# or a given capacity! the di erent services will e9perience a slightlydi erent +o1.
"etwor #imensioning
Traffic Anal*sis Methods &omparedTraffic Anal*sis Methods &ompared
F 3quivalent 3rlangsF Optimistic i you use the smallest amplitude o trun; 6)>7
F $essimistic i you use the largest amplitude o trun; 6'/7
F $ost 3rlang-<F $essimistic 6''7
F Trun;ing e iciency improvement with magnitude ignored
F Campbell@s theoremF Middle band 65 - 5>7
F "i erent capacities required or di erent services - realisticF $re erred solution or dimensioning! but not ideal...
"etwor #imensioning
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&apacit* 2imensioning ,ith &%ellGs&apacit* 2imensioning ,ith &%ellGsTheoremTheorem
F ?n ortunately! we cannot now loo; up K(/&% nL in the 3rlang < tables.
F :e need to introduce a notional capacity per cell in terms o K1ervice /trun;sL.
F :e will assume that each cell has a capacity o )( such trun;s.
nnc210
028.3636m"an
t$a%%!co%%"$"d =×
==
"etwor #imensioning
&apacit* 2imensioning ,ith &%ellGs&apacit* 2imensioning ,ith &%ellGs
TheoremTheorem
F Considering the equation
> % i is prede ined as )(. a i depends on the service we use as ourKbenchmar;L.
F Choosing service ) as the Kbenchmar;L service ma;e a i equal to 5.
F There ore >.(' 6or! rather! >7 trun;s will service 5.)5 3rlangs.
ca% ii −= Ca ac!t
( )2.9
028.3432
3 =−=%
"etwor #imensioning
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Simple &o+erage and &apacit*Simple &o+erage and &apacit*2imensioning2imensioning
F 1imply carry out both coverage AN" capacitydimensioning and combine them! ta;ing the ma9imumvalue
F This should be carried out on a per environment basis@!pre erably per region.
"etwor #imensioning
&omplex &o+erage and &apacit*&omplex &o+erage and &apacit*
2imensioning2imensioningF In this case a lin; is made between the coverage and capacity
F The coverage is calculated rom an initial lin; budget. This lin;budget will include an assumption o Noise Rise
F Then the number o subscribers captured per cell is calculated
F The required loading to support the subscribers to the desired+o1 is calculated.
F This can be used to recalculate the Noise RiseWand ed bac; intothe lin; budget
"etwor #imensioning
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&omplex &o+erage and &apacit*&omplex &o+erage and &apacit*2imensioning @example2imensioning @example
F 0in; budget is created assuming 5 d< Noise Rise
F /(& Cells required.
F Analysis o tra ic orecast suggest each cell will e9perience ( d< Noise Rise
F Re-create lin; budget
F >& Cells required
F Analyse loading# ) d< Noise Rise
F Re-create lin; budget
F /&& Cells required
F Analyse loading# (.= d< Noise RiseWWW.
"etwor #imensioning
1enchmark Planning1enchmark Planning
F A irst pass@ nominal plan is created
F The problems o non-contiguous clutter and di raction are removed
F A capacity chec;@ is required to ensure that cells aren@t overloaded
F ery resource hungryW
F 1ensitivity analysis is impossible
"etwor #imensioning
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Category 1,ample DelayConversational Intera!tive 1a es 290 sIntera!tive e+ 6ro sing 4 s
Strea ing #tp trans issions ?0 s6a!%gro"nd e. ail K?0 s
I posing these li its on the delay res"lts in ore trans ission reso"r!e +eingre/"ired$ The /"e"ing delay is a #"n!tion o# the o##ered pa!%et tra##i!( the
a'i " n" +er o# lin%s availa+le and the ean holding ti e o# ea!h !all$ Therlang C #or "las are "sed to deter ine the pro+a+ility o# a delay o!!"rring( the
pro+a+ility o# s"!h a delay +eing larger than a !ertain ti e and also the eandelay$
As an e'a ple( !onsider a !ell that o##ers 29( ?2$2 %+ps ter inals$ *ata is sent in?000 +it pa!%ets$ e need to deter ine the n" +er o# rlangs o# tra##i! that !an+e servi!ed ith a ean delay o# ?0 s$
here P@K0 is the pro+a+ility o# there +eing any delayQ T 2 is the ean 3holdingti e @?000 +its divided +y ?2200 +its per se!ond in this e'a ple( e/"al to <2
s ) is the n" +er o# !hannels availa+le and A is the tra##i! servi!ed in rlangs$
The rlang C ta+le "st +e e'a ined to #ind a val"e o# A #or hi!h
1rlang C resultsA P @K0 P @K0 [email protected] 0$2?< 0$0442? 0$;0G 0$0G22 0$4;4 0$?49
7ro the a+ove ta+le it !an +e seen that appro'i ately 22 rlangs o# tra##i! !an+e servi!ed in this ay$ This !o pares ith ?G$9 rlangs o# !ir!"it s it!hedtra##i! ith a +lo!%ing pro+a+ility o# 2 $ This s"ggests that there is a gain intr"n%ing e##i!ien!y a##orded +y tolerating a ?0 s delay in trans ission$
One interesting #a!tor is that the ean delay depends on the ean holding ti e(hi!h in t"rn is proportional to the pa!%et si:e$ It ay see te pting to red"!e
the pa!%et si:e in order to red"!e the ean delay$ 5o ever( it "st +e +orn inind that signalling overheads ill gro proportionately as the pa!%et si:e
red"!es and also that the pa!%et si:e "st +ear a relationship to the in#or ation+eing sent$
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7or e'a ple( !onsider a re/"ire ent to send a digitised photograph via a pa!%ettrans ission syste $ I# the #ile is 20 %+its in si:e and is divided into 20 pa!%ets@ea!h ? %+it in si:e then the average delay o# a single pa!%et "st +e "ltiplied+y 20 to deter ine the delay o# the entire trans ission @ hi!h is( o# !o"rse( hat
interests the "ser $ Short essage servi!es o#ten li it a trans ission to ?2<alphan" eri! !hara!ters( hi!h ill re/"ire appro'i ately ? %+it o# data$ Thestandard orld ide e+ odel that as prod"!ed +y onitoring a!t"al "sage(has a standard pa!%et si:e o# ;<40 +its and a ean n" +er o# pa!%ets per !alle/"al to 29$
hat is !lear regardless o# the odel "sed is that any toleran!e o# delay illin!rease e##i!ien!y a+ove that e'perien!ed on !ir!"it s it!hed tr"n%s$
4- Erlang for shoppers-
V"e"ing and delay !an +e vis"alised in ter s o# shoppers aiting #or servi!e#ro !o"nter assistants in a shop$ S"ppose ; !o"nter assistants are on d"ty$
This represents the e/"ivalent o# ; tr"n%s +eing availa+le$ I# !"sto ers arrive atore than a given rate and ta%e ore than a !ertain ti e to +e served( then a
/"e"e ill #or $ It ill then +e possi+le to deter ine the average /"e"ing ti e#or !"sto ers$ I# the ti e !"sto ers ta%e to +e served @the 3holding ti e isli ited and !"sto ers ere sent to the +a!% o# the /"e"e( the average /"e"ingti e o"ld +e red"!ed +"t( as so e !"sto ers o"ld have to /"e"e severalti es( "ser satis#a!tion o"ld pro+a+ly not in!rease$
4-# Other Uses for Erlang It is also possi+le to "se the rlang C #or "la to deter ine the pro+a+ility thatthe delay does not e'!eed a !ertain val"e$ 7or the !ir!" stan!es stated @t enty.#ive( ?2$2 %+ps !hannels availa+le( ?000 +it pa!%ets giving a holding ti e o# <2
s the pro+a+ility o# !ertain delays +eing e'!eeded is as #ollo s$
*elay @ s Pro+a+ility? 24;2 ?;4< G
4 4?2< 0$;
)oti!e that these delays are proportional to the average holding ti e$ It is o#interest that the pro+a+ility o# :ero delay is independent o# the holding ti e +"t(on!e a non.:ero delay is esta+lished( any delays e'perien!ed are proportional tothe holding ti e$
4-/ Pro+isioning of hannels for Packet Traffic
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4-$ The effect on 3oise Rise of increasing %ase station)ser po,er
I# the +ase station po er !an +e in!reased( this !an lead to an in!rease in the)oise Rise on the do nlin% and hen!e to an in!rease in the thro"ghp"t$5o ever( the in!rease in the )oise Rise is not n" eri!ally e/"al to the in!reasein +ase station po er$ This is +e!a"se o# the !onstant level o# ther al noise thatis present$ In the #ollo ing analysis( the in!rease in )oise Rise #ro its originalval"e o# X d6 is deter ined hen the +ase station trans it po er is in!reased#ro B d6 to C d6 $
Consider the trans itter to possess a noise generator in addition to the "serpo er generator$ This ill si "late the e##e!t o# ther al noise and allo the
e##e!t o# the in!rease in +ase station po er to +e assessed$
Let the e##e!tive ther al noise po er +e A d6 ( the )oise Rise +e X d6 and theUser Po er +e B d6 $ e !an say that
Then( i# the User Po er is in!reased to C d6 ( e !an say that
)e )oise Rise D
Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation!©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004
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'$ Con!l"sion is that this !ell !o"ld a!!o odate an additional ;00 %+ps pa!%ets it!hed data on the "plin% and ?<E0 %+ps on the do nlin%$
4-6 Self9Assessment Exercises
?$
*eter ine the *elay Loss Pro+a+ility #or a !ell that o##ers the e/"ivalent o# 4tr"n%s( i# the +"sy ho"r tra##i! is 2 rlangs( the a!!epta+le delay ti e is ?0 sand the ean holding ti e is 9 s$
Ans er #ro rlang C ta+les)DAD
T?=T2DP@Kt D
Co pare this ith the n" +er o# tr"n%s re/"ired to provide a si ilar +lo!%ingpro+a+ility "sing the rlang 6 predi!tion$
2$
This e'er!ise "sing the ;1 tool ill !o pare t o servi!es$ One represents Cir!"itS it!hed voi!e( the other pa!%et s it!hed voi!e$ The e'er!ise sho"ldde onstrate that the thro"ghp"t !apa!ity #or the pa!%et s it!hed servi!e isgreater than that #or the !ir!"it s it!hed servi!e$ In pra!ti!e the additionaltr"n%ing e##i!ien!y o# pa!%et servi!es o"ld give a !onsidera+le #"rtheradvantage$
'a ine the 3Pa!%et Boi!e servi!e @"nder OptionsKServi!es-pa!%et s it!hedta+ and a%e s"re that yo" are !o #orta+le that the para eters des!ri+e apla"si+le voi!e servi!e$
)e't( e'a ine the t o Ter inal Types that "tilise these servi!es$ Jo" sho"ld#ind that they are spread identi!ally$
Spread the tra##i! #or +oth ter inal types "sing the tra##i! raster i:ard$
R"n the Monte Carlo si "lation @#or ea!h servi!e in t"rn #or the Ur+an Area only@this ill save ti e and !on!entrate the si "lation on the area o# greatestde and $
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Uplin% Pole Capa!ityCapa!ity #or 0 loading
A o"nt availa+le-ultiplying due to ! dB difference in1 4 o gi.es9
*o nlin% Pole Capa!ity
)oise rise and loading #ro 2E0 %+ps loadingAllo a+le in!rease in )oise Rise
Allo a+le in!rease in loading
*o nlin% pole !apa!ity at +=)o o# 2 d6
3&roug&put t&at represents increase inloading*
4$
Si "lating i'ed servi!es$ The e'a ple o# page E. s"ggests that pa!%et data!an +e added to an e'isting !ir!"it s it!hed servi!e ith little i pa!t on the CSservi!e$ The #ig"res predi!ted s"ggest that( i# a !ell is serving 20( ?2$2 %+pster inals @ ith ?00 a!tivity #a!tors and +=)o o# d6 then ?2 3pa!%etter inals "sing a servi!e re/"iring ?44 %+ps on the do nlin% and ?9 %+ps onthe "plin% !an +e added @again ?00 a!tivity #a!tor( +"t +=)o o# ?$9 d6 $
It is possi+le to spread ter inals des!ri+ed s"!h that they are !on#ined to a s allarea$( and served +y a single( isolated !ell$ Per#or a Monte Carlo si "lation
ith ,"st the spee!h servi!e( and then the spee!h pl"s pa!%et$ Co pare thereports( e'a ining the total thro"ghp"t$ 'peri ent ith di##erent n" +ers o#ter inals and ,"dge the res"lts$
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/"ations and Ta+les-
rlang C #or "las-
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( ) ( )
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#"cond#!nd"la "dcall#ond"la: "$ag"
#"cond#!ncall#allond"la: "$ag"#"cond#!nt!m"-hold!ng#"$ "$*"an
#"cond#!nd"la t!m":cc" ta/l"
$lang#!ng$otoo%%"$"dT$a%%!c
g$ota a!la/!l!-% ll!n#"$ "$#o% + m/"$
ang$"at"$ thd"lao% &$o/a/!l!t
@"$oang$"at"$ thd"lao% &$o/a/!l!t0'h"$"
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2ela* &ategories for UMTS2ela* &ategories for UMTS
&ategor* Example 2ela*
Conversational Interactive +ames Y('& msInteractive :eb <rowsing Y5 s1treaming tp transmissions Y/& s<ac;ground e-mail X/& s
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
Example Res)ltExample Res)lt
F (' KTrun;sL! each with /((&& bps capacity.
F Mean delay o /& ms acceptable.
F Result# (( 3rlangs o tra ic carried.
F Note# 3rlang < or &.&( +o1 would predict / .' 3rlangs carried.
F Accepting a delay increases trun;ing e iciency.
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
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ErlangErlang & for Shoppers& for Shoppers#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
.actors affecting the dela*.actors affecting the dela*
F "elay is proportional to the holding time.
F ,olding time proportional to pac;et siJe.
F Need to consider KsensibleL pac;et siJe.
F www model has standard pac;et siJe o )=5& bits.
F 1hort te9t message o /(= alphanumeric characters will require
appro9imately / ;bit o capacity.
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
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Pro%a%ilit* of the 2ela* exceeding a gi+enPro%a%ilit* of the 2ela* exceeding a gi+en+al)e-+al)e-
F The higher the delay! the lower the probability.F The curve is an e9ponential decay.
Pro%a%ilit* +s- 2ela*
&
'
/&
/'
(&
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)&
& (& 5& *& =& /&& /(& /5&
2ela* @ms
P r o % a %
i l i t * @ K A
0ine /
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
2imensioning Call packetD ser+ices2imensioning Call packetD ser+ices
F $ac;et tra ic may dominate demand in ?MT1.
F 3 iciency issues or pac;et data become very signi icant.
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
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2imensioning Call packetD ser+ices2imensioning Call packetD ser+ices
F Tolerance o delays implies tolerance o re-transmissions.
F Retransmission possibility allows or very low 3b%No
F Target 3b%No as low as / d< with (' 83R will provide ma9imum e iciency.
F)) e9tra demand due to retransmission more than o set by increasedcapacity.
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
2imensioning Call packetD ser+ices2imensioning Call packetD ser+ices
F I i &.'! 3b%No / d<! pole capacity ( Mbps.
F At '& loading actor! a capacity o / Mbps could be e9pected.
F '& ;bps o o ered tra ic will result in / Mbps carried iretransmission ratio is (' .
F ,igh trun;ing e iciency will result in very high levels o tra icserviced.
F "elay implications o retransmissions need to be addressed.
F 8rame period o /& ms signi icant.
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
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Effect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlinkEffect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlink3oise Rise3oise Rise
110
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The irst step in calculating the new noise rise is to assign a value to the powero the virtual noise source! A.
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
Effect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlinkEffect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlink
3oise Rise3oise Rise
( )+=
−10
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Then i the user power is increased rom B d<m to % d<m#
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
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Effect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlinkEffect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlink3oise Rise3oise Rise
39ample# Original Noise Rise ( d<. <ase 1tation Transmit $ower )*d<m.
Transmit $ower is increased to 5/ d<m.
Intermediate $arameter A )=.)) d<m
New Noise Rise is 5.'' d<.
6Noise Rise has increased by (.'' d< or a <ase 1tation power increase o' d<. This increase in Noise Rise represents an increase in loading actorand! hence! an increase in throughput.7
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
Pa)se for 1reathPa)se for 1reath
F +eneral Ideas#
F A small amount o e9tra capacity or C1 tra ic with high3b%No can be converted to a larger amount o tra ic ora service at a low 3b%No.
F39tra $ower available in the downlin; can be convertedto e9tra capacity by increasing the Noise Rise andhence the loading actor.
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
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&oncl)sions&oncl)sions
F Tolerating "elays increases trun;ing e iciency -e iciencies higher than =& can usually be assumed.
F Tolerating retransmissions reduces required 3b%No to aslow as / d<.
F $ac;et data that is heavily asymmetric in the downlin;
direction can be planned or at the lin;budget%dimensioning stage.
#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic
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(terati+e Spreadsheet 2imensioning(terati+e Spreadsheet 2imensioning
F Carry out lin; budget todetermine range 6remember
lin; budget assumes a NR7
F Assess loading o cell andpredict Noise Rise. This willdi er rom assumed NoiseRise.
F Re-calculate range usingpredicted Noise Rise.
F Re-assess the loading o thecell and re-predict the NoiseRise.
F Eeep Calculating Range andre-assessing Noise Rise.
F 8inally! the iterations shouldconverge so that the assumedand predicted values o NoiseRise agree.
$lanning a UMTS "etwor
>raphical Explanation>raphical Explanation
F Increasing Range causes more tra ic to be gathered.F +athering More tra ic increases Noise Rise and reduces Range.
Range/PathLoss
Number of active users
nt"$#"ct!on g! "# th"o "$at!ng o!nt
$lanning a UMTS "etwor
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Coverage Area ?000 % 2
Tra##i! to +e Served 4000 rlangsMo+ile Trans it Po er 2? d6Cell )oise 7loor .?02 d6
Path Loss Model- Loss D ?;G ;9log@R d6
The res"lt is that <2 sites o"ld +e re/"ired$ The )oise Rise li it sho"ld +e setto ;$E d6 in order to aintain !ontin"o"s !overage$
Example O)tp)tExample O)tp)t
F 8or voice service over an area o /&&& ;m ( o ering 5&&& 3rlangs o Tra ic#
F=( sites with (5* cells were required.
FNoise Rise 0imit o ).> d< was required to maintaincontinuous coverage .
$lanning a UMTS "etwor
It is possi+le at this stage to pla!e sites on a ap s"!h that !ontin"o"s !overage!an +e aintained$ 5o ever( it is highly li%ely that the a!t"al lo!ation o# sites
ill not +e as re/"ired$ 7"rther( ass" ptions ade hen !reating thespreadsheet ay not +e a!!"rate in pra!ti!e$ 7or these reasons( and #or otherin!l"ding those listed +elo ( it is ne!essary to "tilise a planning tool that ill!onsider pra!ti!al variations #ro the initial +road ass" ptions ade$
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S)mmar* of (nitial Res)ltsS)mmar* of (nitial Res)ltsF $arameters#
F 3b%No d< 6Incorporating 3b%No and $ower Control7
F 1.". d<
F 5&&& Terminals
F NR limit ).> d<
F Results#F Coverage $robability >=.&
F Almost all ailures due to Noise Rise
$lanning a UMTS "etwor
Action takenAction taken
F ).> d< NR limit provides continuous coverage even when all cells aresimultaneously at their ma9imum load.
F In reality not all cells would besimultaneously at their ma9imumloading. The neighbour can o tenKassistL an overloaded cell.
F Noise Rise limit can be raised.
F Noise Rise was raised to ' d<.
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S)mmar* of Res)ltsS)mmar* of Res)ltsF $arameters#
F 3b%No d< 6Incorporating 3b%No and $ower Control7
F 1.". d<
F 5&&& Terminals
F 3R limit !-0 d1
F Results#F Coverage $robability >>. 6c. . >=.& 7
F 3ven split o ailures between NR and ?0 3b%No
$lanning a UMTS "etwor
3ext Step3ext StepF As Noise Rise limit was raised without any apparent gaps in coverage
appearing! it should be possible to raise the amount o tra ic served.
F Tra ic spread raised to 5*&& terminals.
F Results#F Coverage $robability >=. 6c. . >>. 7
F =) NR and / ?0 3b%No.
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5- Sim)lating the Effect of (mperfect Site ocationand 8igh Sites
Sim)lating the Effect of Pro%lemsSim)lating the Effect of Pro%lemsF Imper ect location o sites.
F '& o sites moved randomly byup to / ;m rom ideal position.
F +aps appear in coverage.
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S)mmar* of Res)ltsS)mmar* of Res)ltsF $arameters#
F 3b%No d< 6Incorporating 3b%No and $ower Control7F 1.". d<
F 5*&& Terminals
F 3R limit !-0 d1
F Results#
F Coverage $robability > .' 6c. . >=. 7F = NR and (( ?0 3b%No
F ?neven distribution o ailures
F Results#
F K$roblem areaL gives >'coverage probability 6c. . > .' orwhole area7.
$lanning a UMTS "etwor
Action takenAction takenF Antennas were re-pointed in an attempt to restore coverage.
F Improvement was marginal 6>*.& c. . >'.= 7
F $roblem is uneven distribution o loaddue to improper placement o sites.Those sites with largest area su eredNoise Rise ailures.
F NR ailure occurs i more than appro9.(> terminals attempt to access a cell.
Average is /> terminals.
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Pro%lems ca)sed %* 8igh SitesPro%lems ca)sed %* 8igh Sites
F $robability o NR ailurevery high in high site area.
F 8R3 or high site 5=6*) average7
F Throughput or high site (* 3 6/= 3 average7
$lanning a UMTS "etwor
Action takenAction taken
F39cess coverage area reduced by down-tilting the antennas o the
high-sites.
F Result#
F Coverage probability increased to >'./ 6c. . = be oredown-tilting and >=. with Kper ectL sites7.
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Spotting a 8igh SiteSpotting a 8igh Site
F 39amining the <est 1erver by$ilot array on the (" view isin ormative.
F ?sing a KdummyL +1M terminaland e9amining tra ic captured ispossibly more in ormative as itconsiders tra ic distribution.
F 1ite)'C# +1M-"e ault /=.&>5*F 1ite)*A# +1M-"e ault /=.()&/F 1ite)*<# +1M-"e ault />.'&*'F 1ite)*C# +1M-"e ault /=.555F 1ite) A# +1M-"e ault /).> />F 1ite) <# +1M-"e ault /5.5>/'F 1ite) C# +1M-"e ault /=.(5/5F 1ite)=A# +1M-"e ault ) .&5 *F 1ite)=<# +1M-"e ault )=. *55F 1ite)=C# +1M-"e ault )*. (F 1ite)>A# +1M-"e ault /&.*/ )F 1ite)><# +1M-"e ault /=.>5/F 1ite)>C# +1M-"e ault /&./(&)
D ,igh 1ite
$lanning a UMTS "etwor
8igh Sites8igh Sites 99 a final ,orda final ,ord
FThere is no single de inition o a high site.
F "o not thin; that it is KwrongL to place ?MT1 base stations onhilltops.
F ,igh sites tend to gather uplin; inter erence generated by other users.
F$roblems occur as area becomes more heavily loaded 6i the tra icis reduced rom 5&&& terminals to (&&& terminals! coverage ise9cellent even with KuntreatedL high sites7.
F I coverage area is very lightly loaded - no problem.
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Opti ising a UMTS net or% is distin!tly di##erent #ro the opti isation o# a1SM net or%$ The #a!t that e have a single #re/"en!y on a !ell layer poses!hallenges #or the net or% planner$ 7or e'a ple( it is no longer possi+le to"se a #re/"en!y plan to help red"!e the i pa!t o# poorly position sites$7"rther( there is no #i'ed !apa!ity o# a TRF in a UMTS net or%$ Thethro"ghp"t possi+le depends on the servi!es +eing "tilised and the radioenviron ent$
The high level o# "t"al inter#eren!e +et een "sers and !ells leads to a trade.o## +et een !apa!ity and !overage$ As "se o# the net or% in!reases( so doesinter#eren!e$ This higher level o# inter#eren!e red"!es the a'i " path lossover hi!h a !onne!tion !an +e satis#a!torily ade$ Opti ising #or !overageand opti ising #or !apa!ity ill entail a di##erent approa!h( +oth to planningand to in#rastr"!t"re invest ent$
hen opti ising any net or%( it is vital that any i prove ents !an +e!on#ir ed +y eans o# eas"re ents ade on the net or%$ 7eed+a!% #rodrive.test eas"re ents and OMC reports "st +e in!orporated into a!ontin"o"s !y!le o# opti isation and onitoring$
Wh* is Optimising different for UMTS 7Wh* is Optimising different for UMTS 7
F 1ingle 8requencyF Cannot requency plan around problems
caused by KrogueL sites.
F 8le9ible structure sensitive to small changesin per ormance
F Air inter ace per ormance directly a ectscapacity and coverage.
O%timisation Overview
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e/"al to the re/"ired pro+a+ility$ 5o ever( in UMTS syste s the pheno enono# )oise Rise ill a##e!t the lin% +"dget$ It is nor al to add a )oise Rise @or3inter#eren!e argin into the lin% +"dget$ It is also "s"al to set this to theli it #or a parti!"lar !ell$ This eans that the !al!"lations ade ill res"lt in apath loss +eing o"tp"t that ill give a E0 !onne!tion @"plin% +=)opro+a+ility even i# the !ell is #"lly loaded$ At lo er loading levels thepro+a+ility ill +e greater$ Th"s( i# an average pro+a+ility is re/"ired( a lo erval"e o# )oise Rise sho"ld +e "sed$ This val"e o# )oise Rise !o"ld +e e/"al tothat prod"!ed "nder 3average rather than 3pea% loading !onditions$ Thedi##eren!e that this ill prod"!e ill again depend on the desired !apa!ity o#the !ell$ The ta+le sho s the di##eren!e +et een pea% and average )oise Riseand( #"rther( provides an esti ate in the di##eren!e this o"ld a%e in theesti ate o# !overage area$
Pea% )oise Rise Average )oise Rise !overage areadi##eren!e
2 d6 ?$; d6 E9 d6 ;$4 d6 ?E
?0 d6 9$< d6 4;
Ass" ptions- )R !a"sed +y voi!e tra##i! on !ell ith pole !apa!ity o# 9!onne!tions$ Cell provisioned #or average tra##i! on a 2 +lo!%ing pro+a+ility$Propagation e'ponent ass" ed to +e ;$9$
The Uniform 3et,orkThe Uniform 3et,ork
F An ideal situation.
F Issues
F Capacity%Coverage
Trade-o
F Ability to place sites
where they are
required.
Site Location Issues
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&apacit*"&o+erage Trade&apacit*"&o+erage Trade 99Off Off
F ?plin; $ole Capacity in ;bps
F Typical values give a pole capacity6voice /((&& bps! 3b%No 5.= d<! i &.*7as appro9imately *' voice connections6/&& activity7.
F Ta;ing the coverage possible or ' voiceconnections as a re erence it is possibleto compare coverage or other
capacities.
F Try the calculator! record area or 'users! then increase users and note areareduction.
( ))1
3840
0i N
E b +
≈
Site Location Issues
/&&
'&
(&
'
Number oConnections
='
5'
2imensioning Proced)res for UMTS2imensioning Proced)res for UMTSF +eneral Rule is to add in a slow
ading margin.
F In ?MT1 a NR margin mustalso be included.
F Result will be that coverageprobability is achieved at NRlimit.
F At lower values o NR!coverage is better thancalculated.
F $erhaps coverage probabilityshould be calculated at averagecell loading levels.
Site Location Issues
9&- α
9&- α
$6connect7
$6connect7
'.*
&
'&
* >&
'
$oint 0ocation $robability D the probability o beingable to connect at thispoint
Area 0ocation $robability D the probability oconnecting in the area ointerest
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2imensioning Proced)res for UMTS2imensioning Proced)res for UMTS
F Ratio o $ea; to Average Noise Rise is not constant.
F I voice tra ic 6pole capacity *' connections as be ore7is considered with an 3rlang < distribution! di erencesin coverage area predictions can be calculated ordi erent values o NR limit.
Site Location Issues
((. (
)/.)
5&.>>
Resulting Area
'.= d<
).5 d<
/.) d<
AverageNoise Riseusing3rlang <
5
(5
>
AreaIncrease
/).&/& d<
('.(5' d<
) .5( d<
Resulting Area
$ea; NoiseRise
<reathing
Mis9placed sites-An evenly loaded net or% is #airly straight#or ard to provision ith evenlyspa!ed sites$ A pro+le arises i# yo" are not a+le to pla!e the sites here yo"
o"ld li%e the to +e$ In this sit"ation a parti!"lar !ell ay have a !overagearea larger than the average$ Consider the e'a ple here a !ell "stin!rease its range #ro ?;00 etres to 2000 etres @a 90 in!rease $ Thisin!rease o"ld raise the path loss at the !ell edge +y appro'i ately d6$
This o"ld red"!e the pro+a+ility o# !onne!tion at the !ell edge #ro an initialval"e o#( typi!ally( G9 to less than 90 hen the noise rise e'perien!ed onthe !ell is !lose to the li it$ A!tion that !an +e ta%en o"ld +e to red"!e the)oise Rise li it$ Perversely( this red"!es the !apa!ity o# the !ell hen its!overage area has +een in!reased +"t it o"ld in!rease the pro+a+ility o#!onne!tion at the !ell edge$ Additionally( it o"ld +e possi+le to o##er red"!ed+itrate servi!es at the !ell edge$ ith voi!e servi!es( that o"ld lead to anin!rease in the a'i " path loss tolerated o# "p to 4 d6$
Another possi+ility to !onsider is the "se o# an a!tive repeater station$
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MisMis 99placed Sitesplaced Sites
F I sites cannot be placed
e9actly as required! thecoverage area o some siteswill increase.
F '& range increase leads topath loss increase o * d<.
F 6 )' Z log 6 /.' 7 *.( d< 7
F 0ocation probability willreduce! possibly to less than'& .
Site Location Issues
F0ocation $robability '
F0ocation $robability '&
MisMis 99placed Sites possi%le actionplaced Sites possi%le action
F Coverage helped by reducing NR limit.F This will reduce capacity o the cell.
F Reduction o bit rate o services o eredF /((&& bps reduced to 5 '& bps gives a 5 d< bene it.
F "eploy a repeater station.
Site Location Issues
FRepeaters can improve coverage to remote parts o the cell.
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Traffic 8otspotsTraffic 8otspots Accommodating &ots%ots
F In a ?MT1 networ; thea ect o a hotspotdepends on its location inrelation to the networ;cells.
Traffic 8otspots an anal*sisTraffic 8otspots an anal*sis
Accommodating &ots%ots
FThermal Noise $ower -/&( d<m
F$ower rom ,otspots -/&( d<m
FNR ) d<
F$0 /&& d<
F$0 /5' d<
FNoise $ower -/&(d<m
F$ower rom,otspots -/5 d<m
FNegligibleinter erence
F In a ?MT1 networ; thea ect o a hotspotdepends on its location inrelation to the networ;
cells.
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Traffic 8otspots an anal*sisTraffic 8otspots an anal*sis Accommodating &ots%ots
FThermal Noise $ower -/&( d<m
F$ower rom ,otspots -/&( d<m
FNR ) d<
F$0 /(/ d<
F$0 /(' d<
FNoise $ower -/&( d<m
F$ower rom ,otspots -/&* d<m
FNR /.' d< 6loadingactor o )& 7
F In a ?MT1 networ; thea ect o a hotspotdepends on its location inrelation to the networ;cells.
Traffic 8otspots an anal*sisTraffic 8otspots an anal*sis
F 1uppose the servingcell employs! ore9ample! uplin;diversity and thenallows the NR toreach =.* d<.
F Inter erence is nowvery damaging.
Accommodating &ots%ots
FThermal Noise $ower -/&( d<m
F$ower rom ,otspots ->5 d<m
FNR =.* d<
F$0 /(/ d<
F$0 /(' d<
FNoise $ower -/&( d<m
F$ower rom ,otspots ->= d<m
FNR '.' d<6loading actor o ( 7
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Dual slope propagation C&aracteristic* It has +een #o"nd that #or aparti!"lar environ ent and site !on#ig"ration the path loss !an +eappro'i ated +y the e'pression d k k log21 + here d is the distan!e in%ilo etres and % 1 and %2 are !onstants #or a parti!"lar environ ent and!on#ig"ration$ The para eter % 2 is related to the propagation e'ponent and is!r"!ial in deter ining the level o# inter.!ell inter#eren!e$ The lo er the val"eo# %2 the orse the inter.!ell inter#eren!e$ In a 1SM net or% that delivers atypi!al C=I val"e o# ?0 d6 hen the val"e o# % 2 is ;9 @an e'ponent o# ;$9 ( theval"e o# C=I ill red"!e to appro'i ately G d6 i# the val"e o# % 2 red"!es to 29@an e'ponent o# 2$9 $ In a UMTS net or%( the val"e o# the relative inter#eren!epara eter I( ill in!rease i# the e'ponent red"!es$ A typi!al val"e #or I in anevenly loaded net or% is 0$ #or an e'ponent o# ;$9$ 7or an e'ponent o# 2$9( it!an e'!eed ?$
The #a!t is that signal strength is ore a!!"rately odelled +y a d"al.slopegraph here %? and %2 have t o di##erent val"es- 3near and 3#ar $ The val"eo# %2 ) AR ill +e less than that o# % 2 7AR$ The point o# transition +et een the t oval"es is re#erred to as the %nee o# the graph$ The distan!e at hi!h the %nee
o!!"rs depends "pon the height o# the !ell antenna @it in!reases ith antennaheight $ Typi!ally( the %nee !o"ld +e e'pe!ted to o!!"r at a+o"t 900 etres#or an antenna height o# ?9 etres and ??00 etres #or an antenna height o#;0 etres$ This eans that the ore densely yo" atte pt to pa!% the sites(the lo er the e'ponent and the orse the inter.!ell inter#eren!e$
A!tion that needs to +e ta%en to ini ise the ad,a!ent !ell inter#eren!ein!l"des red"!ing the !ell height @to a%e the distan!e to the %nee s allerand to do n.tilt !ell antennas( /"ite severely$
hen sites are densely pa!%ed( !overage +e!o es a se!ondary iss"e +e!a"seo# the s all !ell +o"ndaries$ The !apa!ity o# the !ell e##e!tively e/"als its pole!apa!ity$ Cr"!ial in this pole !apa!ity is the val"e o# inter.!ell inter#eren!e$ I#
the !ell range is ?00 etres and the !ell antenna height is ?9 etres( a do n.tilt o# <$9 degrees ill point the ain lo+e at the edge o# the !ell$ Additionaldo n.tilt ill red"!e the signal strength at the !ell edge +"t ill have theadvantage that it ill also red"!e the a o"nt o# inter#eren!e gathered #road,a!ent !ells$ *o n.tilts o# greater than ?0 degrees !an +e e'pe!ted in s"!h!ir!" stan!es$
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(ncreasing Site 2ensit* Pro%lems(ncreasing Site 2ensit* Pro%lemsIncreasing Site #ensity
F :hat is the capacity o a ?MT1Cell
F K<allpar;L igures suggest thatappro9imately )( simultaneousvoice connections can beaccommodated. 6 /&& voiceactivity 7
F This has in luenced thehardware con iguration o cells.
F <ut! how densely can sites bepac;ed
)()(
)()(
)()(
)()(
)(
)( )( )(
)()(
)(
)(
(ncreasing Site 2ensit* Pro%lems(ncreasing Site 2ensit* Pro%lemsIncreasing Site #ensity
F As sites become moredensely pac;ed! inter-cellinter erence increases.
F 8requency reuse e iciency!8R3! decreases
F Two main reasons#F ?sing KnormalL levels o
down-tilt leads to the mainbeam penetratingneigbouring cells
F The dual-slope nature opath loss against distance.
)()(
)()(
)( )( )(
)()(
)(
)(
>i &.*
>i /.&
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Antenna 2o,nAntenna 2o,n 99tilttiltIncreasing Site #ensity
F 8or a given level odown-tilt! the level ointer-cell inter erencewill increase when thecell siJe reduces.
0arge cells# low level o inter-cell inter erence
1mall cells# high level o inter-cell inter erence
2)al2)al 99Slope &haracteristicSlope &haracteristicIncreasing Site #ensity
F $ropagation e9ponents quoted usually re er to the K arL slope.
F The e9ponent near to the base station is usually considerablyless 6(.& being a typical value7.
F Remember that up until now we have had ).'
F $athloss /) 4 )' 9 log 6R7
distance
0oss 6d<7
Near slope
8ar slope
<rea; point
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2)al2)al 99Slope &haracteristicSlope &haracteristic
F Increasing the e9ponent reduces inter erence and
increases networ; capacity.
F Reducing antenna height will lead to an increase inthe e9ponent. K8ar valueL o e9ponent typically 6urbanenvironment7
F Also reducing antenna height brings the Kbrea; pointLcloser to the <T1. 6brea; point )& 9 . BTS 7
F "own-tilting antennas will also reduce mutualinter erence.
Increasing Site #ensity
( ) BTS .10log66.0.4 ×−
(mplications for (ncreasing Site 2ensit*(mplications for (ncreasing Site 2ensit*
F As site density increases! inter erence will increase.
F Reducing <ase 1tation height and down-tilting antennaswill help to reduce this.
F 8or very small cell ranges! the amount o down-tilting willbe severe.
Increasing Site #ensity
FAt a range of '00 metresB a '! metre mast,ill ha+e to %e do,n9tilted %* 5-! degrees topoint at the cell edge-
Ftan 9' @'!"'00 J 5-! o
FAdditional do,n9tilting ,ill red)ce fieldstrength at the cell edge %)t also red)cem)t)al interference-
F?ertical %eam,idth of antenna is significant-
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?ertical Antenna?ertical Antenna 1eam,idth1eam,idthF 1ectored antennas with a typical horiJontal beamwidth o
=' degrees can have a variety o vertical beamwidths.F A high gain 6e.g. /= d<i7 antenna will have a vertical
beamwidth o only about ) degrees.F A lower gain 6e.g. /) d<i7 antenna will have a vertical
beamwidth o about /( degrees.F 0ower gain antennas are li;ely to cause ewer problems
when severely down-tilted.
Increasing Site #ensity
/= d<i antenna /) d<i antenna
'0-'8igh Sites
A high site is a site that has a lo er path loss at a parti!"lar distan!e than is3nor al #or !ells in the net or%$ I# 1SM lega!y is "sed #or esta+lishing aUMTS net or% any 1SM " +rella site is li%ely to a!t as a high site in a UMTSnet or%$ Re e +er that it is not possi+le to #re/"en!y plan yo"r ay o"t o#tro"+le in a UMTS net or%$ Jo" !annot isolate a rog"e site +y allo!ating aseparate !arrier to it$ The #a!t that the path loss is lo er to a high site eansthat it ill tend to do inate a net or% "nless a!tion is ta%en$ hen a o+ilesele!ts a !ell it eas"res the pilot !hannel po er$ The high site ill have alarger area o# !overage than its neigh+o"rs i# they are all trans itting thesa e pilot !hannel po er$ That ill lead to the !ell +e!o ing overloaded very/"i!%ly ith its )oise Rise li it +eing rea!hed$ 7"rther( the neigh+o"ring !ells
ill +e a##e!ted +y do nlin% inter#eren!e generated +y the high site$Many o# the pro+le s asso!iated ith a high site !an +e red"!ed +y !are#"lpara eter planning$ So eti es( ho ever( the res"lts !an +e a little strange$It is te pting to red"!e the pilot po er o# the high site in order to red"!e itstra##i!$ 5o ever( this o"ld lead to o+iles in!reasing their trans it po er asthey !onne!t to !ells ith a higher path loss$ In this ay( the high site inparti!"lar o"ld e'perien!e a higher noise rise than i# it a!t"ally served thetra##i!$ One aspe!t that "st +e !onsidered is( +e!a"se the path loss is lo (the noise rise li it !an +e raised hilst still aintaining !overage$ I# this isdone( the pilot po er !an +e red"!ed itho"t severe !onse/"en!e$ The sa earg" ent !an +e "sed to allo the red"!tion in do nlin% po er @total !ellpo er and !ontrol !hannel po er $ This ill red"!e the do nlin% inter#eren!e
e'perien!ed +y neigh+o"ring !ells$
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The presen!e o# the high site re ains "ndesira+le ho ever$ It ill +eoperating very near its pole !apa!ity ith the val"e o# inter.!ell inter#eren!ered"!ing this pole !apa!ity to odest levels$ Additionally( +e!a"se o# its highposition( the propagation e'ponent is li%ely to +e lo ith the res"lt that
"t"al inter#eren!e is #"rther enhan!ed$ It is !lear that !ontrolling theradiation #ro the !ells is !r"!ial in getting the a'i " per#or an!e #ro anet or%$ The per#or an!e o# a net or% !ontaining a high site ay +ei proved +y !are#"l do n.tilting o# the antennas$
S" arising( the #ollo ing para eters on a high site !an +e odi#ied toi prove the net or% per#or an!e
)oise Rise Li it In!reaseCell Po er *e!reasePilot ChannelPo er
*e!rease
Co on ChannelPo er
*e!rease
Antennas Consider *o n.tilting
The a o"nt o# in!rease or de!rease that sho"ld +e ade is appro'i atelye/"al to the a o"nt +y hi!h the path loss at a parti!"lar distan!e is lo erthan 3nor al $ 5o ever( this is not a !onstant and so e e'peri entation ill+e ne!essary in order to deter ine the opti " sol"tion$
8igh Sites8igh Sites
F The higher the site#F The lower the loss to a particular point 6o set /5 log /&Ph<T1 Q7
FRemember that it is the Ke ective heightL o the <T1 that isconsidered.
F The lower the propagation e9ponent 6o set &.** log /&Ph<T1 Q7
F Result#
F ,igh 1ites su er inter erence on the uplin; and generateinter erence on the downlin;.
&igh Sites
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'' .actors imiting apacit*
''-' ell Thro)ghp)t
.actors imiting &apacit*.actors imiting &apacit*F Cell Throughput is given by the simpli ied e9pressions or pole
capacity in ;bps multiplied by the loading actor [
F Crucial parameters are 3b%No! inter-cell inter erence i! \orthogonality and [ loading actor 6which is a ected by theNoise Rise limit7.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
( )
( )η
α
η
×+−
×+
i N E
i N E
b
b
1
3840
1
3840
0
0
F?plin;
F"ownlin;
''-'-' The Effect of Mo%ilit* on apacit*
A!hieving a high !apa!ity #ro a UMTS !ell is dependent "pon +eing a+le to
deliver a!!epta+le levels o# 6 R hilst operating at lo +=)0 val"es$ The "seo# a #ast( !losed.loop po er !ontrol te!hni/"e allo s the average val"e o#
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+=)0 to +e very near to the ini " a!!epta+le$ Typi!ally( the po ertrans itted in ea!h dire!tion @altho"gh it is "plin% !apa!ity that is osta##e!ted +y this te!hni/"e !an +e ad,"sted +y ? d6 every 0$ G s @?900 5: $
Th"s #ades o# "p to ?900 d6=s !an +e !o pensated #or$ The intention is thatthis ill allo the re!eiver to e'perien!e a !onstant signal level even hen the!hannel is e'perien!ing 3#ast #ading - that is( the o+ile is oving thro"gh a
"ltipath inter#eren!e pattern ith a spatial period o# the order o# aavelength @?9 ! $
.actors imiting &apacit* E.actors imiting &apacit* E %% "3 "3 00
F ,igh capacity levels depend on low levels o 3b%No beingused. 6 Note <3R must be acceptable 7.
F Achieving this relies on accurate! ast power control tocompensate or ast ading.
F 8ast ading occurs as a mobile moves through aninter erence pattern.
F Inter erence patterns develop due to re lections.
F Repetition distance depends on angle between incidentand re lected waves.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
θ( )θ λ co#2 ×
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.actors imiting &apacit* E.actors imiting &apacit* E %% "3 "3 00
F I the mobile cannot respond to power control commands!the ?3 will notice a variation in the received signal.
F This will lead to <3R variations that will cause the networ;to require a higher target 3b%No 6a K ast ading marginL orKpower control marginL will be required7.
F The e ect can be to increase the target 3b%No rom anormal value o perhaps 5 d< to /& d< or more or astmoving mobiles.
F This will reduce the capacity o a cell rom typically )(simultaneous connections to only = D a dramatic reduction .
F 0esson# the multipath environment and user mobility cana ect the target 3b%No and hence cell capacity.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
.actors imiting &apacit* .RE.actors imiting &apacit* .RE
F 8requency re-use e iciency is the name given to theproportion o received power that comes rom a cell@s ownusers rather than rom all users including other cells.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
11
11
c"ll!nt$ac"ll!nt"$
1
1c"ll!nt"$c"ll!nt$a
c"ll!nt$a
−=
+=+
=+=
FRE i
i FRE
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''- Maximising .re<)enc* Re9)se Efficienc*7re/"en!y Re."se ##i!ien!y is a %ey indi!ator o# ho ell the availa+le
spe!tr" is +eing "sed$ It sho s the per!entage o# po er that is re!eived atthe !ell @e'!l"ding ther al noise that !o es #ro "sers o# that !ell$ Any !ellhas a li it to the a o"nt o# )oise Rise that ill +e tolerated +e#ore nead ission atte pts are re#"sed$ O"t o# !ell po er ill !a"se noise rise ,"st as
"!h as in.!ell po er$ Inter#eren!e #ro o"tside the !ell ill there#ore red"!ethe !apa!ity o# that !ell$ In #a!t the 7re/"en!y Re."se ##i!ien!y #a!tor @7Rindi!ates the #ra!tion o# !ell reso"r!e that is availa+le #or "sers o# that !ell$7or an evenly loaded net or%( a val"e o# 9 is tho"ght to +e typi!al$
In a UMTS net or%( the pro+le is ade orse +y the #a!t that o+iles nearthe edge o# a !ell ill +e +oth trans itting at near a'i " po er and also ina lo!ation here the path loss to the ad,a!ent !ell is a ini " $
Unevenly loaded net or%s yield s"rprisingly lo val"es o# 7R $ I# areas o# hightra##i! density are near the edge o# a !ell( they ill prod"!e high levels o#inter#eren!e leading to a red"!tion in the !apa!ity o# neigh+o"ring !ells$Si ilarly( a !ell providing !overage over a large geographi! area that iss"rro"nded +y s aller !ells serving areas o# high "ser density ill e'perien!ehigh levels o# inter#eren!e ith the res"lt that its !apa!ity is adverselya##e!ted$
The ost e##e!tive ethods o# in!reasing 7R are- do n.tilting !ell antennashere appropriate and planning the lo!ation o# )ode 6s to try and ens"re that
they are pla!ed as !lose as possi+le to any predi!ted tra##i! hotspots$
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.actors imiting &apacit* .RE.actors imiting &apacit* .RE
F The ideal situation is where the receiving antenna can onlyKseeL its own users but not those o other cells. ie 8R3 /
F The power rom neighbouring mobiles close to the cellborder cause the biggest problems.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
,igh power mobiles close to
Cell border cause 8R3 reduction
.actors imiting &apacit* .RE.actors imiting &apacit* .RE
F A large cell serving a low subscriber density surrounded byseveral smaller cells serving high subscriber densities wille9perience a low value o 8R3.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
A 0arge cell will e9perience low 8R3
<ecause it is surrounded by
many users o other cells
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.actors imiting &apacit* .RE.actors imiting &apacit* .RE
F ,otspots near the cell border will cause more problems thatevenly distributed neighbouring cells
F A quantitative analysis is not always possible. A simulatoris e9tremely valuable in helping to develop a eel or theseriousness o potential problems.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
,ot spots near cell border cause8R3 reduction
.actors imiting &apacit* .RE.actors imiting &apacit* .RE
F Increasing 8R3 # the main weapon is to down-tiltantennas.
F This is most e ective when there is a large anglebetween the line rom the antenna to the cell edgeand the horiJontal.
F In the case o large cells! planning to avoid hotspotsnear the cell border will reduce the incidence o low8R3.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
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''-#2o,nlink apacit* and Orthogonalit*
The para eter %no n as 3orthogonality des!ri+es the a o"nt o# "t"alinter#eren!e that ill +e e'perien!ed +et een "sers o# the sa e !ell$ The #a!tthat do nlin% trans issions ithin a !ell are syn!hronised eans that theOBS7 !odes "sed provide inter#eren!e re,e!tion that is not possi+le on the"plin%$ In #a!t( an isolated !ell ith per#e!t orthogonality ill have an in#initepole !apa!ity @altho"gh the need #or "ltiple s!ra +ling !odes o"ld!o pro ise this $ The a o"nt o# inter#eren!e re,e!tion de!reases in
"ltipath environ ents$ e shall no analyse t o sit"ations in hi!h onlyorthogonality is !hanged$ The e##e!t on do nlin% po er re/"ire ents anddo nlin% !apa!ity ill +e e'a ined$
.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*
F "ramatic e ect on downlin; capacity.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
( )i+−
=α 1 +
3840 Ca ac!t&ol"
0 /
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.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*
F 39ample# 3b%No 5 d<! i &.*! /((&&bps
'a%acity Limiting Factors
('*=
/.&
/>(*
&.=
/'5//(=5//&&>*)$ole Capacity
&.*&.5&.(&Orthogonality
$ole Capacity6;bps7
'000
000
Orthogonality0-! '0
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.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*
F Answer#
F At an orthogonality o &.5! the pole capacity is ('*= ;bps.
F /&(5 ;bps represents a loading actor o )> .
F ,ence the Noise Rise would be appro9imately (./ d<.
F The e ective received tra ic power would be -/&5.&* d<m
F Actual received tra ic power is (.( d< higher 6-/&/.=* d<m7
indicating a transmit power o )*.' d<m 6lin; loss /)=.5 d<7.
F 5(. d<m would be able to deliver almost ( loading actor
and hence the throughput possible should be appro9imately
/=5* ;bps.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*
F Answer 6continued7#
F At an orthogonality o &.=! the pole capacity is >*5 ;bps.
F /&(5 ;bps represents a loading actor o /) .
F ,ence the Noise Rise would be appro9imately &.* d<.
F The e ective received tra ic power would be -//(.( d<m
F Actual received tra ic power is .& d< higher 6-/&'.( d<m7
indicating a transmit power o )).( d<m 6lin; loss /)=.5 d<7.
F 5(. d<m would be able to deliver almost )' loading actor
and hence the throughput possible should be appro9imately
( =) ;bps.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
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.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*
F Orthogonality degradation is caused by a multipath radio
propagation environment.
F Typically! it is o the order o &.* in an urban environment! higher
in rural environments.
F In an isolated cell! an indication o the orthogonality can be
obtained by measuring the pilot 1IR when the transmit powers o
all channels are ;nown.
F At low values o path loss! all inter erence power will be due to
inter erence rom other channels.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
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''-#-' Pilot S(R as an indicator of do,nlink capacit*
The po er o# the pilot !hannel does not vary ith ti e$ The val"e o# the ratio3Pilot to )oise pl"s Inter#eren!e @Pilot SIR indi!ates the /"ality o# thedo nlin% !hannel at a parti!"lar lo!ation$ 7or e'a ple( i# the pilot SIR is > d6then the SIR e'perien!ed +y a tra##i! !hannel o# the sa e po er as the pilot
o"ld also +e . d6$ I# the re/"ired +=)0 #or the +earer !arried on the tra##i!!hannel as( say( 4d6 then a pro!essing gain o# ?0 d6 o"ld +e needed$
This li its the thro"ghp"t to ;<4 %+ps$ The val"e o# the pilot SIR indi!ates the!apa!ity o# the do nlin% per "nit po er @+its per se!ond per illi att $ Thepilot SIR ill vary ith lo!ation and ith orthogonality and the a o"nt o#loading on the net or%$
.actors imiting &apacit* Pilot S(R.actors imiting &apacit* Pilot S(R
F Although a minimum value o pilot 1IR is a pre-requisite or any
communication between the ?3 and the Node <! its level will
indicate the quality o the user environment at any location.
F The 1IR o the pilot channel indicates the 1IR 63c%Io7 o any
channel with the same transmit power.
F I the target 3b%No o such a channel was ;nown then the
required processing gain! and hence user bitrate! could be
determined.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
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.actors imiting &apacit* 3R limit.actors imiting &apacit* 3R limit
F A small cell can have a higherNR limit D lower path loss.
F Cell selection determined by$ilot power.
F <oundary should be so thatmobile transmits with minimumpower.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
,ighNR limit
0ow NRlimit
Mobile at boundary
should require appro9equal T9 power to eithercell
.actors imiting &apacit* 3R limit.actors imiting &apacit* 3R limit
F Conditions on each cell vary.
F 3.g. i NR limit is ( d< on largecell! the average level o noiserise could be /.) d<. NR limito smaller cell o /& d<suggests an average o '.= d<
F 6 3rlang < calculator7.
F $ilot powers should be set sothat large cell pilot power is 5.'d< greater than that o thesmaller cell 6all other thingsbeing equal7.
'a%acity Limiting Factors
,ighNR limit
0ow NRlimit
Mobile at boundaryshould require appro9equal T9 power to eithercell
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' Antenna Selection
' -'Antenna >ain & o+erageIt is !o on to se!torise the !overage at a site +y eans o# e ployingseveral dire!tional antennas rather than a single( o ni.dire!tional antenna$*ire!tional antennas have a higher gain than an o ni$ Se!torising also hasthe e##e!t o# introd"!ing ore !ells per site and th"s a%es the deploy ent o#a !ell ore e!ono i!$ The !overage range is seen to in!rease +y typi!ally90 #or a ;.se!tor site and <0 #or a .se!tor site$ 5o ever( that ass" esthat the noise rise li it is not ad,"sted$ The noise rise li it is !r"!ial ini ple enting the 3!apa!ity=!overage trade.o## in UMTS net or%s$ It ay +ethat( rather than in!rease the !overage( site !apa!ity sho"ld +e in!reased +yraising the noise rise li it$ The a o"nt that this ill in!rease the !apa!itydepends on the setting o# the )R li it prior to it +eing in!reased as therelationship +et een thro"ghp"t and noise rise is non.linear$
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Antenna >ain and &o+erageAntenna >ain and &o+erage
/5//*=/&&5.&
/5=/=&/&&).'
/'=(&&/&&).&
)sector
*sector
Omnie9ponent
Antennas and Sectorisation
Omni# typical gain /( d<i
Three-sector antenna#
Typical gain /= d<i
1i9-sector antenna#
Typical gain (/ d<i
Relative range o di erent antennas
( )10" on"nt
12
1
2 10 ×−
= / /
R R
SectorisationSectorisation and .REand .RE Antennas and Sectorisation
#50/ k%ps
05! k%ps
$5# k%ps
Thro)ghp)t"site
!!K
$'K
$!K
.RE
$#/ k%ps
$6! k%ps
$5# k%ps
Thro)ghp)t"cell
'6 d1
'$ d1
'0 d1
3R limit
!65 k%ps
$ k%ps
#45 k%ps
Thro)ghp)t"cell
' d1$// k%ps0-5$
6 d14'! k%ps0-$/#
# d14$' k%ps0-!/'
3Rlimit
Pole&apacit*
i3 o ofsectors
F 1ectorising sites results in greater cell overlap at low path loss
levels and hence reduces 8R3 6bad7.
F ,owever or similar ranges! NR limit can be raised and cell
capacity can rise.
F "epends on initial conditions. eg 3b%No '.(d<! /(.(;bps
' - Repeaters The "se o# repeaters is a long.esta+lished ethod o# e'tending the !ell!overage area$ They are e'tensively "sed in 1SM net or%s to #ill gaps in!overage$ In a UMTS net or% they sho"ld +e "sed ith !are$ Altho"gh they!an in!rease !overage( and even lead to an i prove ent in the #re/"en!y re."se e##i!ien!y( they !an adversely a##e!t the !ell !apa!ity$ This is +e!a"se the
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presen!e o# the repeater ill inevita+ly add noise to the !hannel$ The res"lt o#this ill +e that the target +=)0 ill rise$ An in!rease o# +=)0 ill lead to ared"!tion in !apa!ity$
RepeatersRepeaters Antennas and Sectorisation
F Repeaters e9tend coverage. +ain provided in three ways#
F Repeater antenna is Hagi directed at the cell 6gain /= d<i7
F Repeater antenna is elevated w.r.t. mobile antenna 6gain estimated at /& d<7
F Repeater has an ampli ier o gain & d<
RepeatersRepeaters Antennas and Sectorisation
F Total gains typically /&& d<.
F I path loss to a point is /& d< more than ma9imum tolerated!
mobiles whose lin; loss to the repeater is less than >& d< can
be served.
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' -#Roll9o)t Optimised onfig)ration @RO The ROC !on#ig"ration has +een p"t #or ard +y vendors as a lo .!ost ethodo# providing !overage hilst ini ising in#rastr"!t"re !osts$ It is +ased on theass" ption that "plin% !overage is prioritised initially over do nlin% !apa!ity$
The te!hni/"e involves !reating three.se!tored sites and then sharing thepo er o# one po er a pli#ier +et een the three !ells on the do nlin%$ On the"plin%( ea!h !ell has a separate re!eiver th"s providing the sa e !apa!ity and!overage that o"ld +e e'pe!ted #ro a )ode 6 ith standard !on#ig"ration$
The red"!tion in po er availa+le to ea!h !ell on the do nlin% leads to thenet or% !apa!ity +eing appro'i ately e/"al in the "plin% and do nlin%dire!tions$
RollRoll 99o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO&o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO& Antennas and Sectorisation
F Coverage! rather than capacity! will be the initial priority.
F Coverage is e9pected to be uplin; limited.
F ROC provides a minimum con iguration that can be
upgraded in a straight orward manner.
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RollRoll 99o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO&o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO& Antennas and Sectorisation
F ROC is based on a )sectored site.
F ) TRGs are used in thereceive direction only withonly one TRG 6and henceonly one $A7 being usedon the downlin;.
TRG/ $A
To R9 o TRG/ To R9 o TRG)
To R9 o TRG/ To R9 o TRG)
(
(
RollRoll 99o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO&o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO& Antennas and Sectorisation
F ?plin; is the same asnormal )-sectored site.
F "0 coverage is reduced.
TRG/ $A
To R9 o TRG/ To R9 o TRG)
To R9 o TRG/ To R9 o TRG)
(
(
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RollRoll 99o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO&o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO& Antennas and Sectorisation
F I $A is (& :! only *. : goes to each
antenna.
F O that *. :! two-thirds will be or usersoutside the sector.
F Only (.( : is use ul power.
F $ower or a user in any sector istransmitted to all three sectors.
F 39ample# Assume a user requires &.(':!
then the site must send )9&.(': toprovide power in the speci ic sector.
F There ore only ( users can be providedor! instead o the =& e9pected.
:anted power or userin this sector is alsotransmitted to the othertwo sectors.
RollRoll 99o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO&o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO& Antennas and Sectorisation
F The e ect on "0 capacity dependson the path loss.
F 8or small values o path loss thee ect on "0 capacity could besmall.
F 8or large values o $0 thedi erence could be substantial.
F A actor o /#5 6ROC vs. /4/4/7 isappropriate i coverage is planned
or /(.( ;bps voice. <oundary problems mayoutweigh any saving
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'# Soft 8ando+er (ss)es
'#-'Macro9di+ersit* & Maximal om%ining >ain
So#t 5andover is a ne!essity in any single.#re/"en!y !ell"lar net or%$ In a"lti.#re/"en!y te!hnology( s"!h as 1SM( the possi+ility e'ists to ens"re that
the 3ne !onne!tion has a signi#i!antly lo er path loss than the 3old!onne!tion +e#ore handover ta%es pla!e$ In a single #re/"en!y net or%( theres"lting inter#eren!e on the 3ne !ell o"ld drasti!ally red"!e the !apa!ity
o# the net or%$ So#t handover entails the o+ile si "ltaneo"sly !onne!tingith ore than one !ell$ Altho"gh the ost signi#i!ant p"rpose o# introd"!ingSo#t 5andover as to red"!e "plin% inter#eren!e( there are other +ene#i!iale##e!ts$ 7irstly( hen ore than one path is provided #or the radio lin%( adiversity gain is o+tained$ There is a lo pro+a+ility o# +oth !hannels s"##eringa +ad #ade si "ltaneo"sly$ Th"s there is a red"!ed need #or a argin toa!!o odate s"!h #ades$ In this ay( the target +=)0 val"e !an +e red"!ed
hen in so#t handover$ This is tr"e o# +oth the "plin% and the do nlin%$
In addition to the diversity @or 3 a!ro.diversity gain a##orded( the re!eiver inthe o+ile @and the re!eiver at a )ode 6 that is "sed hen t o !ells #ro thesa e )ode 6 are in so#t( or rather 3so#ter handover pro!esses the "ltiplere!eived signal to prod"!e and o"tp"t that is o# higher /"ality than any
individ"al signal$ The res"lt on the "plin% is that the trans it po er o# theo+ile !an +e s"+stantially red"!ed hen in so#t handover > having +ene#i!iale##e!ts #or !overage and inter#eren!e$ On the do nlin%( providing additionalhandover !hannels pla!es a po er +"rden on the !ell$ This is partially @+"t"s"ally not #"lly o##set +y red"!tion in the target +=)0 val"e$ The general!on!l"sion is the So#t 5andover assists the "plin% +"t pla!es an additional+"rden on the do nlin%$ The a o"nt o# "se ade o# so#t handover a##e!ts therelative !apa!ities o# the t o dire!tions$
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Soft 8ando+er Soft 8ando+er
F As well as providing vital power control unctionality! 1o t ,andoverimproves the quality o the channel by means o two methods.
F Macro-diversity +ain
F Ma9imal Combining +ain
Soft &andover
MacroMacro 992i+ersit* >ain2i+ersit* >ain
F I the mobile communicates withmore than one cell! protectionagainst ailure is provided as this
ailure would have to occur on alllin;s to cause a call to drop.
F As the better quality lin; can beselected! there is less variation inoverall channel quality.
F This leads to a reduction in $owerRise D the increase in averagetransmit power that occurs as amobile responds to power controlcommands.
9!
0
!
'0
'!
0
!
Mo%ile Tx P,r A+erage 3on9fading
Po,er Rise
Soft &andover
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MacroMacro 992i+ersit* >ain2i+ersit* >ain
F The reduction in $ower Risehelps to increase uplin;capacity as the average T9power is reduced.
9!
0
!
'0
'!
0
!
Mo%ile Tx P,r A+erage 3on9fading
Red)ced Po,er Rise follo,ing Macro 2i+ersit* >ain
Soft &andover
Soft 8ando+erSoft 8ando+er L L &om%ining the Signals&om%ining the Signals
F On the ?plin; there are two possible methods o combining the two6or more7 signals.
F :hen the two cells are on separate sites 6conventional Kso tLhandover7! the RNC simply selects the better o the two signals.
F :hen the two cells are on the same site 6Kso terL handover7!ma9imal combining o the two signals can be implemented.
F Ma9imal combining leads to an output that is o better quality 6 lessnoisy 7 than either o the individual signals.
F Ma9imal combining is implemented in the mobile to combine thedownlin; signals.
F Macro-diversity gain and Ma9imal combining gain combine toproduce 1o t ,andover +ain.
Soft &andover
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Soft 8ando+erSoft 8ando+er L L Maximal &om%iningMaximal &om%ining
F Consider the case where two signals arrive at the inputs to acombiner. One is KgoodL 6e.g. 3b%No = d<7 and the other is KpoorL63b%No / d<7.
F It is possible to combine the signals such that the output has an3b%No greater than = d<. This requires correct 6Kma9imalL7 weightingo the two signals.
F3b%No =d<
F3b%No /d<
F
Soft &andover
Soft 8ando+erSoft 8ando+er L L Maximal &om%iningMaximal &om%ining
F The 3b%No at the output when the inputs are ma9imallycombined is given by the simple ormula.
F It must be noted that 3b%No is quoted as a ratio 6not in d<7.
F = d< corresponds to *.) as a ratio.
F / d< is a ratio o /.(*.
F These sum to .'* which is =.= d<.
20100
+
=
N E
N E
N E bb
o&t
b
Soft &andover
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'#-'-' Exercise 'hat +=)o i prove ent is o##ered hen t o signals o# e/"al /"ality are
!o +ined 8
Ans er -.
'#-'- Exercise hat is the +=)o at the o"tp"t o# a !o +iner i# the inp"t is !o posed o# t o
signals one ith an +=)o o# d6 and the other ith and +=)o o# .2 d68
Ans er-
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'#- Optimising Soft 8ando+er Parameters
Optimising Soft 8ando+er ParametersOptimising Soft 8ando+er Parameters
F The parameter o most signi icance is the 1o t ,andoverKAddL and KRemoveL :indows.
F They in luence the number o terminals in so t handover.
F +enerally! the larger the window is made! the lower theloading on the uplin; and the higher the loading on thedownlin;.
F The path loss at the cell edge will in luence the optimumvalue o the 1,O window.
F The lower the path loss the larger the value can be 6as thedownlin; will probably have plenty o spare power available7.
Soft &andover
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Optimising Soft 8ando+er ParametersOptimising Soft 8ando+er Parameters
F The amount o improvement on the uplin; and loading on thedownlin; depends on the amount o so t handover gainachieved.
( d<window
5 d<window
Soft &andover
Optimising Soft 8ando+er ParametersOptimising Soft 8ando+er Parameters
F 1uppose each terminal shown above represents a *5 ;bps5 d< 3b%No connection.
( d<window
5 d<window
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Estimating .REEstimating .RE
F 1uppose the terminals are arranged ingroups o 5 with the path loss to the twoNode <s changing in / d< increments.
F The red terminals will each cause aninter erence level / d< less than the wantedsignals# equivalent to the load o )terminals.
F The orange terminals will each cause an
inter erence level ) d< less than the wantedsignals# equivalent to ( terminals.
F Total inter erence load# ' equivalentterminals. 8R3 *(.' 6'%=7
( d<window
5 d<window
Soft &andover
Estimating .RE and oadingEstimating .RE and oading
F 3b%No is 5 d<
F $ole Capacity >>' ;bps
F 0oading '5 6NR ).5 d<7
F On "0! i 0in; 0oss /(' d<! each
terminal will require appro9imately/' d<m o power! a total level o (5d<m tra ic power.
( d<window
5 d<window
Soft &andover
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Estimating The Effect of S8O &oncl)sionEstimating The Effect of S8O &oncl)sion
F 1etting the window to the optimum siJe canbalance the uplin; and downlin; in a networ;.
F Note that e9ample here is with symmetricalloading. 39cessive 1,O reduces the ability orthe "0 to serve asymmetric users.
F Note also that 1,O requires additionalhardware in the Node < to provide thenecessary bearers.
( d<window
5 d<window
Soft &andover
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'/ Parameter Planning
'/-'(ntrod)ction The per#or an!e o# a net or% !an +e in#l"en!ed +y the setting o# para eters(parti!"larly at the )ode 6$ This se!tion reports on re!o ended val"es #orvario"s para eters s"!h as Pilot Po er and Syn!hronisation Channel po er asa proportion o# the a'i " po er availa+le #ro a !ell$ Additionally( the
a'i " po er that a single "ser is per itted to "se in#l"en!es thethro"ghp"t availa+le to s"!h a "ser and also ens"res that a !ertain !apa!ity is%ept availa+le$
Parameter PlanningParameter Planning
F :e have already e9amined ad usting the Noise Rise limit and 1,Oparameters.
F $robably the most signi icant parameter is the $ilot channel power.
F The pilot is vital to be able to synchronise the channel sound thechannel select the serving cell.
F :ithout pilot coverage! there is no coverage.
$arameter $lanning
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'/- Pilot hannel Po,er
Parameter Planning Pilot &hannelParameter Planning Pilot &hannel
F ,owever! there is no point in providing pilot coverage inareas where it is not possible to establish a tra ic channel.
F The pilot channel power needs to be decided in con unctionwith other cell parameters.
F 1ynchronisation channel power
F Ma9imum power
F Ma9imum power per user
$arameter $lanning
Parameter Planning Pilot &hannelParameter Planning Pilot &hannel
F 1ynchronisation channel power# this is the channel themobile initially loc;s onto. It ma;es sense or the cell withthe strongest 1C, to also be the best pilot.
F Ma9imum power pilot power is related to ma9imum cellpower D it is pointless using a large raction o the totalavailable power in the pilot leaving little or the userchannels.
F Ma9imum power per user. This is again related to the pilotpower and dictates the ma9imum user data rate that can beprovided in di erent environments 6e9periencing di erentlevels o pilot 1IR7.
$arameter $lanning
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Parameter Planning Pilot &hannelParameter Planning Pilot &hannel
F Typical alues#
)& d<mMa9imum power%user
(= d<m1C, $ower 6$rim%1ec-1C,7
)) d<m$ilot $ower
5) d<mMa9imum $ower
$arameter $lanning
'/-#Maxim)m Po,er per User
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Parameter Planning Maxim)m po,er")ser Parameter Planning Maxim)m po,er")ser
F 1uppose planning o pilot coverage aims or a minimum valueo pilot 1IR to be -/( d<.
F 1IR D 1ignal to Inter erence Ratio
F I the ma9imum power per user equals the pilot power thenthe 3c%Io e9perienced in these areas will also be -/( d<.
$arameter $lanning
Parameter Planning Maxim)m po,er")ser Parameter Planning Maxim)m po,er")ser
F I required 3b%No is! or e9ample! 5 d< then a processinggain o /* d< will be needed. This corresponds to athroughput o appro9imately >* ;bps.
F Note that the throughput will be higher or the same transmitpower in regions with a better 3c%Io.
F I ma9imum power per user is reduced to! say 5 d< belowpilot! then ma9imum throughput will be reduced to )= ;bps atthe cell edge.
$arameter $lanning
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'/-/ ommon hannel Po,ers
Parameter Planning other parametersParameter Planning other parameters
F KRules o ThumbL or other parameters to equalise coverage or allvital channels.
-' d< relative to pilot power 1-CC$C,
- = d< relative to pilot power AIC,
-= d< relative to pilot power $IC,
-' d< relative to pilot power $-CC$C,
$arameter $lanning
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'!- Micro9cells targeting hot spots
MicroMicro 99cell planningcell planning
F Micro-cells can provide coverage or areas o high subscriber density.
F They are usually targeted at Khot spotsL.
F The micro-cell layer may not provide continuous coverage. In thiscase continuous coverage is provided by the macro-cell layer.
Macro cell layerprovidingcontinuouscoverage Micro cells
serving hotspots.
Micro-cell $lanning
MicroMicro 99cell planningcell planning
F In this situation the micro-cell layer must be allocated a di erentcarrier requency to the macro-cell layer.
F I they are allocated the same requency! uplin; inter erence on themacro-cell will prevent coverage rom being continuous.
Macro cell layerprovidingcontinuous
coverageMicro cellsserving hotspots.
Micro-cell $lanning
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MicroMicro 99cell planningcell planning
F As the path loss on micro-cells is small! they tolerate high Noise Rise.
F I the macro-cell uses the same requency as the micro-cell! this NoiseRise will appear on the macro-cell either triggering NR limit ailures orreducing coverage to a similar range to that o a micro-cell.
$ower rom mobiles served bymicro-cell generate Noise Rise onthe macro-cell i they share thesame requency.
Micro-cell $lanning
MicroMicro 99cell planningcell planning
1mall! Kmicro-cellsL orming parto the macro-cell layer.
F The capacity o the macro-cell layer can be ma9imised by ma;ing thecells small. ,owever! it is essential that these very small Kma cro-cellsLprovide complete coverage.
F The larger macro-cells will probably e9perience a low 8R3 requencyre-use e iciency 6i will be large7 leading to poor per ormance.
Micro-cell $lanning
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MicroMicro 99cell planning explanation of lo, .REcell planning explanation of lo, .RE
i
i
+==
11
F
o'"$c"llo'n
o'"$c"lloth"$
,igh subscriber density inneighbouring cell leads to highvalue o i, lo' F .
Micro-cell $lanning
MacroMacro 99cell microcell micro 99cell interferencecell interference
0in; loss to serving macro-cellappro9imately /5& d<. To maintainrequired 3b%No! the mobile musttransmit at appro9imately 4(& d<m.
0in; loss to micro-cell on ad acentcarrier as low as =& d<. )) d<protection insu icient to prevent NR
ailure.
F The so-called Knear- arL problem includes the situation where amobile being served by the macro-cell layer gets very close to amicro-cell on the ad acent carrier.
F Inter ering receive levels@ as high as - ' d<m are theoreticallypossible.
F "ropped calls will result.
Micro-cell $lanning
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Sol)tions to (nterference Pro%lemSol)tions to (nterference Pro%lem
F Hou can physically prevent path losses as low as =& d< occurring.
F Hou could per orm hard handover to micro-cell layer.
F Hou could raise the Noise 8loor o micro-cell receiver.
F -=' d<m inter erence power is less serious i the noiseloor is -=& d<m.
F Micro-cell lin; budgets will o ten be able to withstand aNoise Rise o /' d< above a noise loor o -=& d<m.
Micro-cell $lanning
&hallenging the Ass)mptions&hallenging the Ass)mptions
F Conventional wisdom suggests that micro-cells need aseparate layer 6i.e. a separate carrier requency7 because#
F They serve a high user density
F They operate at high Noise Rise limits
F ,ence generate high levels o noise rise inneighbouring cells
F ,ence would Kwipe outL the macro-cell i it wassharing the same requency
Micro-cell $lanning
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&hallenging the Ass)mptions&hallenging the Ass)mptions
F Recent research wor; 6K)g (&&(L! I33! 0ondon! May (&&(7suggests that it may sometimes be bene icial to employ amicro-cell sharing the same requency as a macro-cell.
F :hat has changed :hat is the secret
Micro-cell $lanning
&hallenging the Ass)mptions&hallenging the Ass)mptions
F 1uccess o the requency-sharing strategy depends on controllingthe pilot power o the micro-cell and macro-cell to balance theloading o the two cells to the required level.
F 8or the strategy to be a KsuccessL#
F Overall uplin; power must be reduced or similar tra ic loading.
F Capacity must be increased Ksigni icantlyL.
Micro-cell $lanning
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&hallenging the Ass)mptions&hallenging the Ass)mptions
F Overall power reduction#.
:ithout a micro-cell! the powerlevels will converge so thatsatis actory 1NR is achieved.
:ith a micro-cell 6at the samerequency7! the power levels o
mobiles near the new cell will reduce.
<ut how much e9tra capacity couldthis generate
Micro-cell $lanning
&an s)ch micro&an s)ch micro 99cells cope ,ith ChotspotsDcells cope ,ith ChotspotsD
F The purpose o micro-cells is to service areas o higher thannormal tra ic density.
Micro-cell $lanning
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&an s)ch micro&an s)ch micro 99cells cope ,ith ChotspotsDcells cope ,ith ChotspotsD
F Consider a macro-cell whose noise rise limit is set so as to limit the number
o simultaneous voice connections to )&. This will service (( 3rlangs otra ic.
F A hotspot o /& e9tra 3rlangs o tra ic is produced by a small area.
Micro-cell $lanning
&an s)ch micro&an s)ch micro 99cells cope ,ith ChotspotsDcells cope ,ith ChotspotsD
F Ma or issues#
F $ilot $ower
F NR limit on Micro-cell
FMacro9cell
FMicro9cell
Micro-cell $lanning
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Ma:or Planning (ss)esMa:or Planning (ss)es
F $ilot $ower#F "etermines Kcapture areaL.
F Mobiles at cell edge will transmitdi erent powers on either side oKborderL.
F Macro-cell mobile will cause more
NR on micro cell than it will onserving cell.
Micro-cell $lanning
Ma:or Planning (ss)esMa:or Planning (ss)es
F NR limit#
F NR limit can be increased so thatNR rom ad acent cell does notcause ailures.
F Critical that it is not made so highthat 3b%No ailures result or T9
powers rise so as to cause NRailures in macro-cell.
Micro-cell $lanning
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&ritical Parameters&ritical Parameters
F 1iJe and position o hotspot#
F Micro-cell tra ic cannot approach that o macro-cell.
F $hysical siJe o coverage o micro-cell should be ;eptsmall or best per ormance.
F $hysical distance between two cells helps with isolation.
F Tailoring o radio environment so that path loss increasesrapidly outside micro-cell coverage area helps considerably.
Micro-cell $lanning
&ase St)d* Res)lts&ase St)d* Res)lts
F Original Macro-cell (( 3rlangs # &.(' ailure
F Introduce /& 3rlang hotspot# /) ailure
F Cover hotspot with identical cell# * ailure 6only /-( e9traterminals served7.
F Reduce pilot power o micro-cell by /& d<! increase NR limit ormicro-cell by /& d<# &.= ailure.
Micro-cell $lanning
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&oncl)sions&oncl)sions
F K1ame requencyL micro-cells can service wea; hotspots.
F This ma9imises the service achieved rom a single carrier but#
F 1ervice per cell drops signi icantly 6e.g. )) increase intra ic served or /&& increase in cells7.
F Cost o micro site is substantially cheaper
F I short on spectrum! ie only / carrier provides or growth intra ic
Micro-cell $lanning
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'$ o+erage & apacit*
'$-' (ntrod)ction
(ntrod)ction(ntrod)ction
F Coverage and CapacityF :hat are the limiting actors
F ,ow can you spot uplin; limited coverage
F ,ow can you tell downlin; limited coverage
F Tra ic Mi9F Application dependent 6 will alter with time 7
F ,igh degree o data rate mi9ing
F ?MT1 is not optimised or voice
'overage versus 'a%acity
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Techni<)es for impro+ing co+erageTechni<)es for impro+ing co+erage
F In general coverage is ?plin; limited
F "ownlin; limited situations are possible or e9ample#F Asymmetric data rates 4
F Mast head ampli iers
F 0ow base-station power
F ?0 "iversity employed
F ?sers positioned at high path loss
F 0in; budgets provide a method or calculating initial cellrange.
F Improving coverage may result in reductions in capacity
'overage versus 'a%acity
imiting S*stemsimiting S*stems
F ?plin; 0imited
F Noise Rise ailures! caused by the number o attachedmobile terminalsF Capacity i9ed by 0oading 8actor F Ma9imum coverage in luenced by Noise Rise limitF ?plin; 3b%No ailures
F "ownlin; 0imitedF "ownlin; 3b%No ailuresF Caused by the Node < power limit being reachedF Capacity variable due to mobile positions in cell
F Ma9imum uplin; coverage de ined by Noise Rise limit!3b%No! data rate and mobile transmit power.
'overage versus 'a%acity
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oad E<)ationoad E<)ation
F :e will use separate ?plin; and "ownlin; 0oad 3quations
F <oth IncludeF 3b%No
F $rocessing +ain D eg ()dB for voi$e at *(+(%,ps
F Activity 8actor
F Inter-cell Inter erence
F 1o t ,andover +ain
F 1peci ic to "ownlin;F Orthogonality actor D t pi$all 0+-
'overage versus 'a%acity
Up inkUp ink &ell oad&ell oad
F Capacity 0imited
F Capacity is directly proportional to ma9imum uplin; cell load
F "etermined by Noise Rise limit
F 3 ective Noise 8loor rises e9ponentially with cell load
F $ole Capacity is never reached due to inite power o mobile terminals
F )& cell load produces /.' d< noise rise
F & cell load produces '.( d< noise rise
'overage versus 'a%acity
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Up inkUp ink &ell oad&ell oad
F Capacity 0imited
F Capacity is directly proportional to ma9imum uplin; cell load
F "etermined by Noise Rise limit
F $ath 0oss rises e9ponentially with cell load
F $ole Capacity is never reached due to inite power o mobile terminals
F )& cell load is /.'d< noise rise
F & cell load is '.(d< noise rise
'overage versus 'a%acity
'$- 2o,nlink imited
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2o,nlink imited2o,nlink imited
F Increase cell loading Increase in cell capacity
F Range o cell is reduced 6 cell breathing 7
F $ower per user is less due to smaller path loss
F $N< $ users 4 $ pilot 4 $ common
'overage versus 'a%acity
3ode 1 Transmit Po,er 3ode 1 Transmit Po,er
F The Node < must provide power or each active user in eachcell! including those connected in so t-handover.
F The Node < must also support the pilot! control andsynchronisation channels
F I we assume (& o the cell power is assigned to these
'overage versus 'a%acity
8igh propagation loss scenarios/$ d1m
Standard operation/# d1m @ 0W
Medi)m capacit*B look at )sing carriers at'0W instead of ' carrier at 0W
/0 d1m @'0W
o, capacit*B mainl* ser+ice co+erage#4 d1m @!W
Application3ode 1 Tx Po,er per cell per carrier
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Propagation oss + &ell Transmit Po,er Propagation oss + &ell Transmit Po,er
F$ilot set at ))d<m! Common Channel set at ))d<m
FOrthogonality set at &.''! Inter-cell Inter erence set at &.'! 3b%No set at *.' d<
'overage versus 'a%acity
&
/&
(&
)&
5&
'&
*&
&
=&
/5& /5' /'& /'' /*& /*' / &
Maxim)m Allo,ed Propagation oss @ d1
3 ) m
% e r o
f S p e e c h
U s e r s
Node < $ower ) d<m
Node < $ower 5& d<m
Node < $ower 5) d<m
Node < $ower 5* d<m
&
/&
(&
)&
5&
'&
*&
&
=&
/5& /5' /'& /'' /*& /*' / &
Maxim)m Allo,ed Propagation oss @ d1
3 ) m
% e r o
f S p e e c h
U s e r s
Node < $ower ) d<m
Node < $ower 5& d<m
Node < $ower 5) d<m
Node < $ower 5* d<m
Propagation oss + &ell Transmit Po,er Propagation oss + &ell Transmit Po,er
F I we assume that path loss is /'&d<
F Number o users or each power level is
(5*
*=5)
*&5&
)&)
?sers$ower 6d<7
'overage versus 'a%acity
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Re<)iredRe<)ired TxTx Po,er + 3)m%er of Speech UsersPo,er + 3)m%er of Speech Users
F Note as loading actor! [! tends to /!
Node < power tends to in inity
F )*d<m pilot 4 common power
common pi!ot R
W N
E
LW N
Tx"o0er DL
N
o
b
rf
++−
××××
=∑
=
η
ν
1
1
'overage versus 'a%acity
( )
N
o
b
DL i R
W N
E
+−××= ∑=
α ν η 11
)&
)(
)5
)*
)=
5&
5(
55
5*
5=
'&
'(
'5
'*
'=
*&
) &
) (
) 5
) *
) =
5 &
5 (
5 5
5 *
5 =
' &
' (
' 5
' *
' =
* &
* (
* 5
* *
* =
. &
. (
. 5
3)m%er of SpeechUsers
T x P o , e r @ d 1 m A
/5'd</'&d</''d</*&d<
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'$-#Predicting the apacit* of the 2o,nlink
An example Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*An example Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*
F I a single e9tra user is
introduced! and this new user
demands downlin; data! it is
possible to predict the amount
o power required to deliver a
certain amount o data.
F This is an iterative process
and the result will depend on
the speci ic user environment.
F Is it possible to predict the
e9tra downlin; capacity o a
cell in general
'overage versus 'a%acity
F Actual Tra ic $ower# )* d<m
FMa9imum# 5( d<m
F Actual Tra ic $ower# )= d<m
FMa9imum# 5( d<mF Actual Tra ic $ower# )5 d<m
FMa9imum# 5( d<m
Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*
F The Noise Rise
e9perienced by a mobile
depends on the
throughput! the pole
capacity and the loading
actor.
F ,owever! pole capacity
and loading actor are
parameters that are
speci ic to a particular
user.
F The general e9pressionor pole capacity is given
here.
'overage versus 'a%acity
( )i N E b +−α 1
3840
0
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Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*
F I general values or
orthogonality and i are
assumed 6e.g. bothequal to &.*7 then the
pole capacity can be
estimated or a given
value o 3 b%N&.
F I 3b%N& is ' d< 6)./* as
a ratio7 then the pole
capacity would be /(/5
;bps.
F I the throughput was hal
o this then the Noise
Rise e9perienced by atypical user can be
estimated to be ) d<.
'overage versus 'a%acity
( )i N E b +−α 1
3840
0
F 1o! cells serving '&
voice terminals at an3 b%N& value o ' d<
could be e9pected to
generate a Noise Rise
o ) d< on the
downlin;.
'overage versus 'a%acity
Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*
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F In order to answer the questionK,ow much e9tra capacity is
available L it is necessary to
;now how much power is
available.
F 1uppose serving these users
required a tra ic power o )
d<m rom a ma9imum available
o 5( d<m.
'overage versus 'a%acity
Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*
Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*
F The question now
becomes# KI ) d<mproduces ) d< o noise
rise! how much noise
rise 6and hence
loading actor7 will 5(
d<m produce L.
'overage versus 'a%acity
3oise Rise +s- Thro)ghp)t
&.&&(.&&5.&&*.&&=.&&
/&.&&/(.&&/5.&&/*.&&/=.&&(&.&&
/ ( ) 5 ' * = > /& // /( /) /5 /'
Thro)ghp)t @x'00k%ps
3 o i s e
R i s e
1eries/
) d<m produces) d< NR
,ow much NR will5( d<m produce
:hat will be theincrease inthroughput
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Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*
F The analysis involves
imagining that the cell
transmits not only user
power but also some
KNoise $owerL and the
mobile e9ists in a
noise- ree environment.
'overage versus 'a%acity
?ser $ower B d<m
Noise $ower A d<mΣ
F 8or e9ample! i the Noise
Rise was ) d< and the ?ser
$ower transmitted was )
d<m then the Noise $ower
would also be ) d<m.
Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*'overage versus 'a%acity
?ser $ower B d<m
Noise $ower A d<mΣ
F +enerally#
( )
dBm 110
10log10
10
10 o'"$ #"$
−= NR A
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Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*'overage versus 'a%acity
?ser $ower C d<m
Noise $ower A d<mΣ
F I the user power is
increased! the new
Noise Rise can ound.
( )dBm 101log10 10+=
− A% NR
?ser $ower increased
Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*
( )dBm 101log10 10+=
− A% NR
( )
dBm 110
10log10
10
10 o'"$ #"$
−= NR A
10101 NR−
−=η
'overage versus 'a%acity
F Noise Rise leads to loading
actor which leads to
throughput.
( )η
α i N
E b +−=
1
3840th$o gh t
0
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Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*'overage versus 'a%acity
F In the e9ample discussed.
F ) d<m o user power
produced ) d< noise rise.
F 5( d<m o user power would
there ore produce *.( d< o
NR.
F 0oading actor is now *
F $otential throughput is now
>(( ;bps at 3 b%N& o ' d<.
( )dBm 101log10 10+=
− A% NR
( )
dBm 110
10log10
10
10 o'"$ #"$
−=
NR A
10101 NR−
−=η
( )η
α i N E b +−
=1
3840th$o gh t
0
Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*'overage versus 'a%acity
F This e9tra capacity o )/' ;bps at an
3 b%N& o ' d< can be used to deliver a
much higher throughput at a lower3 b%N&.
F 8or e9ample! i the e9tra capacity was
used by a pac;et bearer that required
an 3 b%N& o only / d<! >& ;bps would
be achievable.
39tra Capacity)/' ;bps at ' d<3b%No
39tra Capacity>& ;bps at / d<
3b%No
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Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*'overage versus 'a%acity
F This e9tra capacity o )/' ;bps at an
3 b%N& o ' d< can be used to deliver amuch higher throughput at a lower
3 b%N&.
F 8or e9ample! i the e9tra capacity was
used by a pac;et bearer that required
an 3 b%N& o only / d<! >& ;bps would
be achievable.
39tra Capacity)/' ;bps at ' d<3b%No
39tra Capacity>& ;bps at / d<
3b%No
S)mmarisingS)mmarising --'overage versus 'a%acity
F 39tra capacity has been predicted by
ma;ing general assumptions! in
particular regarding a global value o
the pole capacity on the downlin;.
F Method requires validation.
F 3nterprise )+! AIRCOM@s ?MT1
planning tool was used to veri y the
method.
39tra Capacity)/' ;bps at ' d<3b%No
39tra Capacity>& ;bps at / d<
3b%No
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?erif*ing -?erif*ing -'overage versus 'a%acity
F 3nterprise )+ will predict the
per ormance o the networ; under a
particular de inable load by simulating
the action o the networ; as mobile
users request a service and succeed
or ail as appropriate.
F Critical parameters such as downlin;
tra ic channel power are recorded or
each cell in the networ;.
39tra Capacity)/' ;bps at ' d<3b%No
39tra Capacity>& ;bps at / d<
3b%No
?erif*ing?erif*ing'overage versus 'a%acity
F A networ; was dimensioned and ully
loaded with symmetric voice tra ic.
F Throughput per cell appro9imately
((& ;bps
F 3stimated Noise Rise on downlin; is
(.( d<.
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?erif*ing?erif*ing'overage versus 'a%acity
F Report shows that downlin; tra ic
channel power is about )5 d<m.
F Ma9imum tra ic power o 5( d<m can
lead to a ./ d< downlin; noise rise.
F Throughput on downlin; can be
doubled.
?erif*ing?erif*ing'overage versus 'a%acity
F The simulator was run once morehaving added the appropriate amount
o downlin; only tra ic.
F 1imulation supports analysis. Tra ic
was served and downlin; tra ic power
was at near-ma9imum value.
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&ontemplating&ontemplating'overage versus 'a%acity
F The input parameters were#
FMa9imum Tra ic Channel $ower
F3stimate o $ole Capacity
FReport o throughput and tra ic
channel power or a ;nown amount
o symmetric tra ic.
F It is this last requirement or which
3nterprise )+ simulation unctionality
is needed. Could we estimate thisW
"ownlin; T9$ower ) d<m
"ownlin; T9$ower 5( d<m
.)rther Anal*sis.)rther Anal*sis'overage versus 'a%acity
F 8actors that a ect the amount o
downlin; power required or a given
amount o tra ic#
F$athloss
F Antenna Characteristics
F$ilot and Common channel powers
FOrthogonality
FOut o Cell Inter erence
"ownlin; T9$ower ) d<m
"ownlin; T9$ower 5( d<m
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.)rther Anal*sis.)rther Anal*sis'overage versus 'a%acity
F "etermining the power required or
one particular user is relativelystraight orward.
F "etermining the power required or
users evenly spread across the
coverage area is more di icult.
F "etermining the power required or
users unevenly spread across the
coverage area is ne9t to impossible.
1ingle user# easy
3venly spread users#not so easy
?nevenly spreadusers# very di icult
The e+enl* loaded cellThe e+enl* loaded cell'overage versus 'a%acity
F The big question is Kis there a magic
location such that the downlin; power
is the same as i all mobile were
located at that point L.
F :hat is the path loss to this point
F The problem is that path loss is not the
only variable. Inter erence also varies
signi icantly.
,igh $ath 0oss!,igh Inter erence
0ow $ath 0oss!0ow Inter erence
Magic 0ocation
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The e+enl* loaded cellThe e+enl* loaded cell'overage versus 'a%acity
F A rule o thumb.
F The Cmagic spotD has a path loss 5 d<
less than the cell edge.
F :here did this igure come rom
FAnal*sis making s)ita%le
ass)mptions pl)s
FExperimentation )sing the
Enterprise #> sim)latorN
F Either ,a* the sim)lator is in+al)a%le-
,igh $ath 0oss!,igh Inter erence
0ow $ath 0oss!0ow Inter erence
Magic 0ocation
An exampleAn example'overage versus 'a%acity
F 1uppose the lin; loss to the cell edge is
/)' d< .
F The lin; loss to the magic spot is /)/ d< .
F Common Channel plus pilot power is )*
d<m Noise 8loor is -/&( d<m
orthogonality is &.*.
F :hat Noise Rise can be produced by a
tra ic channel power o 5( d<m
F 1olution# equivalent Knoise plus
inter erenceL -> .( d<m .
Magic 0ocation
F Received Tra ic Channel $ower -=>
d<m. Noise Rise '.* d<. 0oading
8actor ( .
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Another exampleAnother example'overage versus 'a%acity
F 1uppose the lin; loss to the cell edge is
/5' d< .
F The lin; loss to the magic spot is /5/ d< .
F Common Channel plus pilot power is )*
d<m Noise 8loor is -/&( d<m
orthogonality is &.*.
F :hat Noise Rise can be produced by a
tra ic channel power o 5( d<m
F 1olution# equivalent Knoise plus
inter erenceL ->>.' d<m .
Magic 0ocation
F Received Tra ic Channel $ower ->>
d<m. Noise Rise /.* d<. 0oading
8actor )/ .
The Stor* so .ar The Stor* so .ar 'overage versus 'a%acity
F It is possible to ma;e Kball par;L estimates o the capacity on the
downlin;.
F The irst step is to estimate a nominal pole capacity
F Then estimate the noise rise that can be produced at the Kmagic spotL.
F ,ence deduce loading actor.
F This is a use ul K irst passL planning calculation to per orm.
F ,owever! it does not consider an unevenly loaded networ;! nor does it
help us optimise networ; per ormance.
( )i N E b +−α 1
3840
0
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'$-#-' Example '$-/
As an e'a ple( !onsider the sit"ation here a net or% has +een di ensioneds"!h that the lin% loss to the edge o# ea!h !ell is ?;; d6$ All sites have threese!tors$ The pilot and !o on !hannel po ers are to represent 20 o# thetotal !ell po er$ sti ate the pole !apa!ity #or an +=)0 val"e o# 4 d6ass" ing that i D 0$9 and α D 0$ $
7"rther( esti ate thro"ghp"t possi+le on the do nlin% per !ell @#or an +=)0
val"e o# 4 d6 i# the total !ell po er is a 4; d6 and + ;G d6 $ Ass" e thatthe noise #loor o# the o+ile is .?0? d6 $
Sol"tion$ Pole Capa!ity D ( )i N E b +−α 1
3840
0
D?G00 %+ps
7or a se!tored !ell 3 agi! spot has a lin% loss o# appro'i ately ?2 d6$
I# total po er is 4; d6 ( then Co on pl"s pilot ill +e appro'i ately ;d6 $ This ill +e re!eived at a level o# .E0 d6 +"t ill have an e##e!tivelevel o# .E4 d6 @d"e to orthogonality $ I# this is added to the noise #loor o#the o+ile( the overall level o# noise pl"s inter#eren!e ill +e .E;$2 d6 $ The!ell ill have 42 d6 availa+le #or tra##i! po er$ In order to esti ate the )oiseRise prod"!ed( the e##e!tive po er ill +e ;< d6 hi!h ill +e re!eived at alevel o# .<< d6 $ The )oise Rise ill +e appro'i ately $; d6 hi!h!orresponds to a loading #a!tor o# GG allo ing the thro"ghp"t to +eesti ated at ?;00 %+ps$
I# total po er is ;G d6 ( then Co on pl"s pilot ill +e appro'i ately ;0d6 $ This ill +e re!eived at a level o# .E d6 +"t ill have an e##e!tivelevel o# .?00 d6 @d"e to orthogonality $ I# this is added to the noise #loor o#the o+ile( the overall level o# noise pl"s inter#eren!e ill +e .EG$9 d6 $ The!ell ill have ; d6 availa+le #or tra##i! po er$ In order to esti ate the )oiseRise prod"!ed( the e##e!tive po er ill +e ;2 d6 hi!h ill +e re!eived at alevel o# .E4 d6 $ The )oise Rise ill +e appro'i ately 9$? d6 hi!h!orresponds to a loading #a!tor o# E allo ing the thro"ghp"t to +eesti ated at ??G0 %+ps$
The di##eren!e ay not +e regarded as dra ati!$ The e##e!t o"ld +e orenoti!ea+le at higher levels o# path loss$
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'4 Anal*sis and Optimisationof 2o,nlink apacit*-
Analysis o# the do nlin% o# a UMTS net or% is signi#i!antly ore !hallengingthan that #or the "plin%$ hen the !apa!ity in ter s o# si "ltaneo"s "sers is!al!"lated( it is "s"al to re#er to 3identi!al "sers $ 7or "sers to +e identi!al onthe "plin% they sho"ld have the sa e +itrate and 0 N E b $ On the do nlin%(the "sers sho"ld additionally e'perien!e identi!al lin% loss( o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e and orthogonality$ 7"rther( there is no noise rise li it on the
do nlin%$ Rather( the do nlin% trans it po er !an +e tho"ght o# as !apa+leo# delivering a parti!"lar loading #a!tor$
)evertheless( the sit"ation here the do nlin% o# a !ell is !apa+le o#a!!o odating a greater thro"ghp"t than the "plin% is e'pe!ted to +e typi!al$
This is largely d"e to t o #a!tors- ore po er is "s"ally availa+le on thedo nlin%Q orthogonality provides greater inter#eren!e red"!tion on thedo nlin%$ This paper presents an analysis o# the do nlin% that allo s rapidesti ates o# do nlin% !apa!ity to +e ade #or di ensioning p"rposes$ Aninitial analysis involving identi!al "sers is e'tended to one #or an evenly loaded!ell and( #"rther( to an evenly loaded net or%$ Unevenly loaded net or%s areta!%led +y e'plaining ho a report #ro a Monte Carlo si "lation at one levelo# loading !an +e "sed to esti ate the a'i " loading s"staina+le on thedo nlin%$ Additionally( it is e'plained ho a report on the /"ality o# the pilotsignal at vario"s lo!ations !an +e "sed as an indi!ation o# the ease ith hi!hparti!"lar data rates !an +e a!hieved at that lo!ation$ This has i pli!ations
hen a'i ising !ell !apa!ity #or a parti!"lar tra##i! distri+"tion$
'4-'Anal*sis of (dentical UsersAs an e'a ple o# a !ell that is #"lly loaded ith sy etri! tra##i!( !onsider a!ell ith a noise rise li it o# ; d6 and an o"t o# !ell to in !ell inter#eren!e ratio(i( o# 0$ $ This !ell is loaded ith tra##i! ith an 0 N E b o# d6$ The pole!apa!ity is appro'i ately 00 %+it=s hi!h( ith the loading #a!tor o# 90i posed +y the noise rise li it( eans that the "plin% !apa!ity ill +e ;00
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%+it=s$ This !an +e ta%en to +e e/"ivalent to appro'i ately 29 si "ltaneo"s#"ll rate voi!e !onne!tions$ The !ell range on the "plin% is in#l"en!ed +y thetrans it po er$ I# the "plin% po er is ass" ed to +e 24 d6 @per "ser andthe noise #ig"re o# the re!eiver is ; d6( then the 29 d6 pro!essing gainavaila+le ill res"lt in the a'i " lin% loss @ hi!h is de#ined as thedi##eren!e +et een the trans itted and re!eived po er levels tolerated +eing?4< d6( ass" ing a ther al noise level o# >?0< d6 $In deter ining the do nlin% trans it po er re/"ired to at!h the "plin%loading( it is ne!essary to a%e ass" ptions regarding the val"e o# the pilotpo er( and o# other do nlin% !o on !hannels( as ell as lin% loss( o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e( orthogonality and noise #ig"re o# the o+ile re!eivers$ Therelevant e/"ations are-
( )
( ) D
)1(
D)1(1
D)1(
!nt α
α α
−+=
−−=−=
i " " "
L " N
" L
" "
Rot. Rcom R
L
&ser Rot.
L
Tcom Rcom
( ) RW
" " " " L
"
N
E
R Rot. Rcom N L
&ser b
!nt0 +++=
here L L is the lin% lossQ N " is ther al noise po erQ Tcom " is the trans ittedpo er o# !o on !hannels @in!l"ding pilot Q &ser " is the trans itted po er #oran individ"al tra##i! !hannel @!onsidered the sa e #or ea!h "ser Q Rot. " is theinter#eren!e po er e'perien!ed +y one "ser as a res"lt o# po er +eingtrans itted to @).? other "sersQ Rcom " is the re!eived level o# !o on!hannel po er having +een e##e!tively red"!ed d"e to orthogonality @#a!tor α
Qi is the o"t o# !ell to in !ell inter#eren!e ratio$
The total trans it po er needed to deliver the re/"ired 0 N E
b to ) "sers isthen given +y ( )Tcom&ser " N" + $ It is no possi+le to deter ine the total trans itpo er re/"ired to servi!e ) si "ltaneo"s !onne!tions or( alternatively( topredi!t the a'i " n" +er o# !onne!tions that !an +e servi!ed +y a given
a'i " trans it po er$
The #ollo ing ta+le sho s ho the total trans it po er #or 29 voi!e!onne!tions and the a'i " total n" +er o# possi+le e/"ivalent !hannels#or a trans it po er o# 4; d6 vary ith lin% loss ass" ing
dBD6D6.0D6.0 0 === N E i bα o+ile re!eiver noise #ig"re D d6Q !o on!hannel po er D ; d6 $
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TA6L ? > Bariation o# *o nlin% Po er and Capa!ity ith Lin% Loss
Lin% Loss@d6
Total T'Po er #or29 "ser!hannels@d6
Ma'i "total!apa!ity #or
T' Po er o#4; d6@identi!al"ser!hannels
??0 ;G$ 2 4?29 ;G$ E 4?40 ;E$;; 4E?49 4?$ ; ;;?90 49$2 ?
It is seen that( #or lo val"es o# lin% loss( there is not "!h variation o#re/"ired trans it po er or do nlin% !apa!ity$ 5o ever( as the lin% lossrea!hes levels here signi#i!ant tra##i! !hannel po er is re/"ired to over!o ether al noise( the !apa!ity then de!reases dra ati!ally as lin% loss rises$
A si ilar analysis !an +e "nderta%en to sho the e##e!t o# di##erent levels o#orthogonality and o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e$
This straight#or ard analysis provides a "se#"l insight to the ay in hi!hdo nlin% !apa!ity is in#l"en!ed +y the para eters dis!"ssed$ 5o ever( the#a!t that the "sers are all ass" ed to +e identi!al leads to /"estions +eingas%ed regarding the general appli!a+ility$ It is largely #or this reason that theMonte Carlo analysis ethod has +e!o e "+i/"ito"s$ 6"t this tool has adanger o# en!o"raging a 3try it and see approa!h( rather than a ethodi!alapproa!h to di ensioning or initial planning o# the do nlin%$ ven i# the "sers
are evenly distri+"ted( a Monte Carlo si "lator o"ld still +e "sed$ A ethodo# predi!ting the do nlin% !apa!ity in the evenly loaded !ase o"ld +e o#interest as o"ld that o# predi!ting the e'tra do nlin% !apa!ity i# it is to +edistri+"ted proportionately to an e'isting sy etri! loading$
'4- ?erification Using A Monte arlo Sim)lator -In order that !on#iden!e !o"ld +e pla!ed in the predi!tion ethod des!ri+ed(and in the Monte Carlo si "lator ithin the AIRCOM ;g planning tool( #irstly 29"sers ere pla!ed at a position here the lin% loss as ?40 d6$ The !ell as
%ept isolated @i D 0 in order to aintain !ontrol over the sit"ation so that a!o parison !o"ld +e ade "nder !ontrolled !onditions$ The orthogonality#a!tor as set to 0$ $ It as #o"nd that ;4 d6 o# tra##i! po er as re/"iredto aintain an 0 N E b val"e o# G d6 at ?2$2 %+it=s i# the noise #ig"re o# the
o+ile re!eiver as 4 d6$ This agrees e'a!tly ith the predi!tion +y thesi pler ethod$ The Monte Carlo si "lator as then "sed to predi!t thedo nlin% po er re/"ired hen the tra##i! as evenly spread over a !ell!overage area$ It as #o"nd that( i# tra##i! as spread "ni#or ly over an area
ith a a'i " lin% loss o# ?44 d6( the do nlin% tra##i! po er re/"ired asagain ;4 d6 $ 7ig"re ? sho s the !overage area ith the lin% loss +eingindi!ated in ? d6 steps "p to a a'i " o# ?44 d6$ Th"s the e##e!t on thedo nlin% o# a gro"p o# "sers all at a lin% loss o# ?40 d6 as the sa e as thatevenly spread ith lin% losses varying #ro very s all val"es to ?44 d6$ It isas tho"gh the 3typi!al "ser as positioned at a loss 4 d6 #ro the edge o# the!ell$ In +oth !ases the Monte Carlo si "lator agreed ith the si ple
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predi!tion ethod in predi!ting that 42 d6 @the a'i " availa+le tra##i!po er o"ld servi!e <9 si ilar do nlin% !hannels$ Th"s the t o!on#ig"rations @all at ?40 d6 path loss or spread "p to a a'i " lin% loss o#?44 d6 again prod"!ed the sa e loading on the do nlin%$ This as veri#iedat an orthogonality o# :ero( here ;G$0 d6 o# tra##i! po er as re/"ired toa!!o odate 29 ?2$2 %+it=s "sers and 42 d6 as !apa+le o# servi!ing 4"sers$
Coverage area o# test !ell ith lin% loss sho n varying in ? d6 steps$
'4-# A Rapid Method for Estimating 2o,nlink apacit*
'4-#-' (solated ells
6y in!l"ding the po er o# the anted signal ith the noise rise( it is possi+le todevelop a very rapid !al!"lation ethod #or the !apa!ity on the do nlin%$S"!h an appro'i ation is reasona+ly valid i# the !apa!ity is to +e shareda ongst any "sers( ea!h ith a odest thro"ghp"t @rather than very #e"sers ea!h ith a large thro"ghp"t $ The relevant e/"ations are-
Pole Capa!ity( PC D( )i N
E b +−α 1
3840
0 %+it=s
Potential )oise Rise( )RD
( )( )i " L "
L " i "
Tcom L N
L N T
+−+++−
α α
1
1ma=
Then- ( )/!t #
1.
3840
11ca ac!t
ma=
ma=
0 L N T
TcomT
b L " i "
" "
N E
NR "%
++−−=
−=
α
here ma=T " is the a'i " total trans it po er o# the !ell$ The advantageo# the appro'i ate ethod is that it allo s the rapid prod"!tion o# graphs thatde onstrate the e##e!t o# 6TS po er( lin% loss( orthogonality and o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e on the !apa!ity o# the do nlin%$
The e##e!t o# lin% loss on !apa!ity$ 7ig"re 2 sho s the e##e!t o# lin% loss #orvario"s 6TS po ers$ It is ass" ed that the o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratio( i( D
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0$ $ The orthogonality #a!tor D 0$ ( 0 N E b D 9 d6$ The level o# !o on!hannel po er is ass" ed to +e G d6 less than the a'i " po er$ It !an +eseen that there is a de#inite a'i " !apa!ity regardless o# po er level$ This
a'i " !apa!ity is rea!hed hen ther al noise is negligi+le !o pared iththe po er re!eived #ro the net or%$ Then-
TcomT " "
NR ma= and
Capa!ity D( )
−
+− ma=0
11
3840
T
Tcom
b " "
i N E α
%+it=sI# Tcom " is ta%en to +e G d6 +elo ma=T " then the a+ove e/"ation !an +e #"rthersi pli#ied to give
Capa!ity D( )
−
+− ma=0
11
3072
T
Tcom
b " "
i N E α
%+it=s$
&
(&&
5&&
*&&
=&&
/&&&
/(&&
/(& /)& /5& /'& /*&
ink oss @d1
& a p a c
i t * @ k % i t " s
4) d<m 45& d<m 45) d<m 45* d<m
The e##e!t o# lin% loss on do nlin% !apa!ity #or vario"s val"es o# 6TS po er$
$
The e##e!t o# varying orthogonality is no ined #or the sa e !onditionse'!epting that lin% loss is no #i'ed at ?49 d6 and orthogonality is varied+et een :ero and "nity$ It is noted that variation o# orthogonality has the
ost ar%ed e##e!t hen the 6TS po er is high$ At lo er levels o# 6TS po er(ther al noise @ hi!h is not a##e!ted +y orthogonality do inates the o+ilere!eive po er$
&
(&&
5&&
*&&
=&&
/&&&
/(&&
& &.( &.5 &.* &.= /
Orthogonalit*
& a p a c
i t * @ k % i t " s A
<T1 $ower# ) d<m 5& d<m 5) d<m 5* d<m
The e##e!t o# orthogonality on do nlin% !apa!ity #or vario"s val"es o# 6TSpo er$
7inally( the e##e!t o# varying the o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratio( i( %eeping lin%loss #i'ed at ?49 d6 and the orthogonality #i'ed at 0$ as e'a ined$ Again(the e##e!t as ost noti!ea+le hen the 6TS trans it po er as high$ It !an+e seen that o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e and the val"e o# orthogonality +oth have asigni#i!ant i pa!t on the !ell !apa!ity$
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&(&&5&&*&&=&&
/&&&/(&&/5&&
& &.5 &.= /.( /.* (
O)t of &ell (nterference
& a p a c
i t * @ k % i t " s
<T1 $ower# ) d<m 5& d<m 5) d<m 5* d<m$
The e##e!t o# o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratio( i( on do nlin% !apa!ity #or vario"sval"es o# 6TS po er$
'4-#- An E+enl* oaded 3et,ork
The analysis has +een !ond"!ted #or vario"s val"es o# orthogonality #a!tor( α (
and o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratio( i$ 5o ever( +oth o# these val"es have +eenass" ed to +e !onstant$ In pra!ti!e( the val"e o# i in parti!"lar ill varydra ati!ally a!ross the net or%( #ro very lo val"es !lose to the 6TS toval"es typi!ally approa!hing 2 at the edge o# the !ell$ This is in !ontrast to the"plin% here ea!h !ell ill e'perien!e si ilar levels o# o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e(typi!ally in the region o# 0$ $ hen the ethod #or identi!al "sers as!he!%ed against an evenly loaded isolated !ell( it as #o"nd that the loadingon the do nlin% as appro'i ately e/"al to that !a"sed +y identi!al "sersea!h ith a lin% loss 4 d6 less than the !ell edge$ The /"estion !an +ee'tended to as% 3is there an aggregate average val"e o# i that !an +e "sed torapidly esti ate do nlin% load and !apa!ity8 $ The !a"se o# o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e in +oth dire!tions is overlap o# the radiation patterns o# antennason neigh+o"ring !ells$ 7"rther( the "sers at the !ell edge are the prin!ipalprod"!ers o# "plin% inter#eren!e and vi!ti s o# do nlin% inter#eren!erespe!tively$ To gain !on#iden!e in any val"e +eing ta%en as appropriate #or"se in the predi!tion e/"ations( the Air!o nterprise ;g Monte Carlosi "lator as again "sed$ A net or% as !reated s"!h that <2 sites @24!ells !overed an area o# ?000 % 2$ The lin% loss to the !ell edge as ?;; d6$
The a'i " do nlin% !apa!ity ith a a'i " trans it po er o# 4; d6as #o"nd to +e 4 0 %+it=s at a val"e o# 0 N E b o# G d6$ In !o paring this
predi!tion ith that ade "sing the rapid !al!"lation ethod ith an ass" edlin% loss o# 4 d6 +elo the a'i " val"e( agree ent as a!hieved i# a val"e#or i o# 0$<9 as ta%en$ This agree ent held "p ell #or vario"s val"es o#loading and lin% loss$
This allo s a rapid appro'i ate ethod to +e developed here+y thedo nlin% !apa!ity o# a !ell !an +e esti ated #or initial di ensioning p"rposes$1iven the a'i " 6TS po er( the lin% loss to the !ell edge( orthogonality(the noise #a!tor o# the o+ile re!eiver( )7( and the re/"ired 0 N E b val"e o#
the servi!e-( ) ( )
−+××
−= − α 8,.1106
3840 Ca ac!t
1,ma=
0Tcom L
comT
b " L NF
" "
N E
I# typi!al val"es o# orthogonality @D 0$ ( ( ),ma=T Tcom " " = and )7 @D 4 are p"tinto the e/"ation
Capa!ity D ( )ma=
14
0
ma=
104.2
24,8
T Lb
T
" L N
E "
+× −
%+it=s
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This tends to a a'i " o# 024,8
N E b %+it=s at negligi+le levels o# lin% loss$ The level at hi!h lin% loss +e!o es signi#i!ant in red"!ing !apa!ity dependson 6TS po er as ill"strated in #ig"re 2$
'4-#-# Uplink9do,nlink %alance-
The appro'i ate e/"ation #or a'i " thro"ghp"t on the do nlin% isre ar%a+ly si ilar to the pole !apa!ity on the "plin%$ The #a!t is that it ispossi+le to a!hieve higher levels o# loading #a!tor "nder typi!al @"plin% li itedlin% loss val"es on the do nlin%$ This sit"ation ay ell !hange as !ells+e!o e ore densely pa!%ed ithin a net or% and "plin% noise rise li its arein!reased to levels o# ?0 d6 or ore$ Then the "plin% and do nlin% !apa!ity
o"ld +e ore nearly e/"al$ 7eat"res s"!h as "plin% diversity and thei ple entation o# ast.head( lo .noise a pli#iers #"rther #avo"r the "plin%$
'4-/(nterim oncl)sion/"ations have +een developed that ill allo the !apa!ity o# a net or% in the
do nlin% dire!tion to +e esti ated #or di ensioning p"rposes$ Analysis has+een li ited to sit"ations here the geographi! distri+"tion o# "sers has +eenass" ed to +e "ni#or $ The ne't se!tion de onstrates ho reports #ro aMonte Carlo si "lation !an +e "sed to esti ate the do nlin% !apa!ity #or an"nevenly loaded net or%$
'4-!Sim)lator9aided Prediction for Une+enl*9loaded3et,orks
As an e'a ple o# the di##erent e'perien!es o# "sers on the do nlin%( !onsiderthe sit"ation here "sers are divided into t o gro"ps- one gro"p o# ?2 "sers
ith a lin% loss o# ?20 d6 and an o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratio o# 0$;Q the othergro"p o# ?2 "sers ith a lin% loss o# ?40 d6 and an o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratioo# ?$0$
An analysis reveals that the "sers !loser to the do nlin% trans itter @?20 d6lin% loss o"ld ea!h re/"ire a "ser po er ?G$ d6 hereas 22$0 d6 isre/"ired +y ea!h "ser at ?40 d6 lin% loss$ The #a!t that "sers are at di##erentlin% losses and e'perien!e di##erent levels o# o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e leads tothe di##erent "sers e'perien!ing a di##erent noise rise$ The "sers near to thetrans itter o"ld e'perien!e a noise rise o# 2$? d6 hereas the "sers at ?40d6 lin% loss o"ld e'perien!e a noise rise o# ?$4 d6$ )ote that noise rise isde#ined as the rise in e##e!tive noise level d"e to the presen!e o# tra##i!!hannel po er$ The !ontri+"tion to the overall inter#eren!e level d"e to!o on !hannel po er @that is at a !onstant level is !onsidered to +e part o#the original noise level and not part o# the noise rise$ The !r"!ial /"estionregarding the !apa!ity on the do nlin% is very "!h dependent on theenviron ent o# the individ"al "sers$ In the a+ove sit"ation( a total trans itpo er o# 4; d6 o"ld a!!o odate an e'tra 9; "sers i# they ere at a lin%loss o# ?20 d6 +"t only an e'tra 24 "sers i# they are at a lin% loss o# ?40 d6$ I#the in!rease is evenly divided +et een the t o !ategories( an e'tra ;2 "sers!an +e a!!o odated$
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The analysis o# this( still over.si pli#ied( s!enario is not itho"t di##i!"lty and isnot in !losed #or $ 7or ore general sit"ations here tra##i! densities arede!lared on the +asis o# land "sage @!l"tter !ategories ( a Monte Carlosi "lator o"ld +e "sed$ 5o ever( there is a tenden!y to predi!t !apa!ity ona 3trial and error +asis( hi!h is so e hat ti e !ons" ing and generally"nsatis#a!tory$A pro!ed"re is no reported here+y the !apa!ity !an +e rapidly esti ated#ro the res"lts o# one si "lation$ It relies on an esti ation o# the pole
!apa!ity o# the !ell ( )
+− /!t #13840
0 i N E b α $ The val"e o# i sho"ld +eesti ated #ro the stati! analyser or( alternatively( a general val"e o# 0$<9"sed$ A single si "lation ill res"lt in a report o# the thro"ghp"t$ This !an +edes!ri+ed as a loading #a!tor that !an in t"rn +e "sed to predi!t the noise risee'perien!ed +y a representative "ser on the do nlin%$ It is then possi+le topredi!t the noise rise that o"ld +e prod"!ed i# the a'i " tra##i! po er
ere applied to the do nlin%$
As an e'a ple( a si "lation as !ond"!ted #or a loading o# 29 @?2$2 %+it=svoi!e "sers per !ell at an 0 N E b val"e o# d6$ The tra##i! !hannel po erre/"ired #or a parti!"lar !ell re/"ired as #o"nd to +e ;;$E? d6 $ It ispossi+le to !al!"late the loading #a!tor +ased on ass" ptions that the pole
!apa!ity is given +y ( ) 77213840
0=+− i N E b α %+it=s i#α D 0$ ( i D 0$<9$ Th"s
;00 %+it=s thro"ghp"t o"ld res"lt in a loading #a!tor o# ;E that o"ldprod"!e a noise rise o# 2$?4 d6$ The po er availa+le #or tra##i! is 42$0; d6 $In order to or% o"t the e'tra !apa!ity possi+le( it is ne!essary to ans er the/"estion- 3i# ;;$E? d6 !an prod"!e a noise rise o# 2$?4 d6( hat noise rise
o"ld +e prod"!ed +y a tra##i! po er o# 42$0; d6 8 $ It "st +e +orne in
ind that the tra##i! !hannel po er o# ;;$E? d6 ill +e re!eived as ane/"ivalent o# 88.34)1log(1091.33 =+−+ iα d6 $ This ne noise rise !an +e!onverted to loading #a!tor and( hen!e( to thro"ghp"t$ A si ple ethod o#!al!"lating the ans er to this /"estion involves !al!"lating the e/"ivalenttrans itted po er o# the noise( hi!h in this !ase is e/"al to
84.36110log1088.34 1014.2 =−− d6 $ Th"s a tra##i! po er o# 42$0; d6 @re!eivedas an e/"ivalent po er o# 4;$00 d6 on!e o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e andorthogonality have +een !onsidered o"ld res"lt in a noise rise o#
( ) 10.7101log10 1084.3643 =+ −d6$ This o"ld !orrespond to a loading #a!tor o#
<0$9 ( s"ggesting a possi+le thro"ghp"t o# 22 %+it=s e/"ivalent to 92 "sers$ This is the thro"ghp"t possi+le i# the additional "sers possess a si ilar
distri+"tion o# "ser density to those in the original si "lation$ This ethodhas +een #o"nd to !orrespond !losely to that deter ined +y si "lationethods e'!epting those sit"ations here the loading is do inated +y "sers
that e'perien!e o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e val"es signi#i!antly di##erent #ro 0$<9$ This !an +e pre.deter ined +y e'a ination o# the stati! analysis o"tp"t$
'4-$Optimisation (ss)esIt is !lear that the !apa!ity on the do nlin% is heavily in#l"en!ed +y o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e on the do nlin%$ )et or% !apa!ity !an +e enhan!ed +y ens"ring
that any areas o# high de and are in lo!ations here the o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e is a ini " $ One o"tp"t that !an +e o+tained +y !ond"!ting a
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si "lation is the 3pilot SIR ( that is the /"ality o# the pilot signal on!einter#eren!e #ro other !hannels on the sa e !ell has +een red"!ed thro"ghorthogonality$ 7ig"re 9 gives an e'a ple o# a plot o# Pilot SIR #or a net or% #or
hi!h the total !ell do nlin% po er as 42 d6 and the pilot po er as ;;d6 $
Pilot SIR #or a heavily loaded net or%$
Bal"es o# pilot SIR o# the order o# >9 d6 ere reported #or areas dire!tly in#ront o# one o# the antennas( "p to a distan!e o# a+o"t hal# the !ell !overagerange$ The val"e then red"!ed to appro'i ately >?2 d6 at the edge o# the!ell$ It is o# note that this is the sa e SIR that o"ld +e o+tained +y any tra##i!!hannel ith a trans it po er e/"al to the pilot @2 $ The data rate that this
!hannel !o"ld s"stain depends on the re/"ired 0 N E
b and is e/"al to0
3840 N E
SIRb
× %+it=s$ Th"s the pilot SIR array !an +e interpreted as the
thro"ghp"t possi+le at a parti!"lar val"e o# 0 N E b #or "nit po er$ This !an +ee'pressed as 3+its per se!ond per att @or +its=,o"le $ The +its per ,o"le
possi+le at any one lo!ation is given +y( )0
3840000 N E "
SIR
bTpi!ot ××
This e'pression hasthe advantage o# +eing valid #or any level o# do nlin% loading altho"gh ostinterest o"ld pro+a+ly +e paid to levels o# thro"ghp"t possi+le "nder highloading !onditions$ In pra!ti!e( an orthogonality val"e o# 0$ o"ld red"!e thee##e!t o# o n !ell inter#eren!e on the pilot SIR +y 4 d6$ Th"s the +est val"e o#
SIR that !an +e o+tained @ hen o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e and ther al noise areat negligi+le levels is >4$4 d6$ This s"ggests that val"es o# appro'i ately 220%+it= at an 0 N E b val"e o# 9 d6 are a!hieva+le in the ost #avo"ra+lelo!ations$ hat is o# !onsidera+le interest #ro a !apa!ity enhan!e entvie point is that the val"e o# SIR varies +y appro'i ately 9 d6 ith a:i "th#or a !onstant range$ Th"s( the thro"ghp"t possi+le per "nit po er !an +ee'pe!ted to vary +y a #a!tor o# ; or ore$ The lo!ation o# areas o# high "serdensity sho"ld +e served +y a )ode 6 that is not only in !lose pro'i ity +"t(#"rther( !are sho"ld +e ta%en ith regard to the a:i "th o# the antennas o#ea!h !ell to ini ise the o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e e'perien!ed in these areas$
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'4-4 oncl)sions/"ations here+y the !apa!ity o# the do nlin% o# a UMTS net or% !an +e
esti ated #or di ensioning p"rposes have +een p"t #or ard$ These e/"ationshave +een validated +y !o paring esti ates ith val"es o+tained "sing aMonte Carlo si "lator$ sti ates !an +e o+tained #or !ells here either all"sers are identi!al or( alternatively( the "ser distri+"tion is "ni#or thro"gho"tthe net or%$ In !ases here the "ser distri+"tion is non."ni#or ( theesti ates are li%ely to +e!o e less a!!"rate$ An additional ethod that is
ore s"ita+le #or these sit"ations has +een e'plained$ This involves "singin#or ation #ro a Monte Carlo si "lator in order to esti ate the possi+lethro"ghp"t hen the tra##i! !hannel po er on the do nlin% is a a'i " $
.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink'overage versus 'a%acity
FThe concept o the Kidentical userL.
Identical#
F<it Rate
F3b%NoF$ath loss
FOrthogonality
FInter erence
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.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink
( ) ( )!nt
11 R
L
Tcom
L
&ser N "
L "
L N"
" +−+−+ α α
'overage versus 'a%acity
F$ower Received by each user#
$ Tcom
$ user
N-/KotherusersL
<it Rate
3b%No
$ath loss
Orthogonality
$ Rint
i L
N" "
L
&ser Tcom +=
.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink
( ) ( ) ( ) RW
" L " N
L "
" L
" N E
R L&ser LTcom N L
&ser b
+−−
+−
+
=!nt0
111 α α
'overage versus 'a%acity
F3b%No delivered to each user#
Total Transmitted $ower
Tcom&ser " N" +
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&apacit* +s- ink oss&apacit* +s- ink oss
/*5'.(*/'&
))
5>
*5
*5
Ma9imumusers or 5)
d<m T9$ower
5/.*)/5'
)>.))/5&
) .*>/('
) .*(//&
T9 $ower or(' users
6d<m7
0in; 0oss6d<7
dBm102 D /!t #12200 dBmD36
dBD6 + D6.0 D6.0 0
−===
=== N Tcom
b
" R "
E iα
#ownlin Analysis
RapidB Approximate MethodRapidB Approximate Method
F As $ user is allowed to approach in inity#
( )i N E
W RN b +−
≈α 1
0
FThe K$ole CapacityL.
#ownlin Analysis
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RapidB Approximate MethodRapidB Approximate Method
FIdentical ?sers will e9perience identical noise rise.
F Noise rise can be converted to throughput.
F :e can predict the noise rise or given circumstances.
&
'
/&
/'
(&
('
& &.( &.5 &.* &.= / /.(
#ownlin Analysis
RapidB Approximate MethodRapidB Approximate Method
( )( )i " L "
L " i "
Tcom L N
L N T +−+
++−α
α 1
1ma=
:e can predict the noise rise or given circumstances.
The ma9imum noise rise that can be produced is
Then! capacity is given by
( )( ) L N T
TcomT
b L " i " " "
N E W
"% ++−
−=−α 1
.!#" +o!#"11
ma
ma
0
#ownlin Analysis
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Effect of ink oss on &apacit*Effect of ink oss on &apacit*
There is a ma9imum capacity at low levels o lin; loss.
,igh transmit power allows this capacity to be
approached at signi icant levels o lin; loss.
&
(&&
5&&
*&&
=&&
/&&&
/(&&
/(& /)& /5& /'& /*&
ink oss @d1
& a p a c
i t * @ k % i t " s A
4) d<m 45& d<m 45) d<m 45* d<m
#ownlin Analysis
Maxim)m &apacit*Maxim)m &apacit*
At negligible levels o lin; loss! the e9pression or noise
rise becomes
TcomT
" " ma=
( )/!t #1.
1
3840
ma0
−
+− T
Tcom
b " "
i N E α
And capacity can be estimated rom
#ownlin Analysis
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Maxim)m &apacit*Maxim)m &apacit*
I is ta;en to be i9ed at! or e9ample! '!
then capacity is given by
Tcom
T
"
" ma=
( )/!t #
1
3072
0i N
E b +−α
And ma9imum capacity can be estimated rom
#ownlin Analysis
Effect of Orthogonalit*Effect of Orthogonalit*
+raph shows the e ect o orthogonality on the
downlin; capacity or a lin; loss o /5' d< and i set at
&.*.
&
(&&
5&&
*&&
=&&
/&&&
/(&&
& &.( &.5 &.* &.= /
Orthogonalit*
& a p a c
i t * @ k % i t " s A
<T1 $ower# ) d<m 5& d<m 5) d<m 5* d<m
#ownlin Analysis
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Effect of O)tEffect of O)t 99of of 99&ell (nterference&ell (nterference
+raph shows the e ect o variations in the value o i on
the downlin; capacity or a lin; loss o /5' d< and
orthogonality o &.*.
&(&&5&&*&&=&&
/&&&/(&&/5&&
& &.5 &.= /.( /.* (
O)t of &ell (nterference
& a p a c
i t * @ k % i t " s A
<T1 $ower# ) d<m 5& d<m 5) d<m 5* d<m
#ownlin Analysis
Extending the ?alidit*Extending the ?alidit* L L The E+enl*The E+enl* 99loaded 3et,orkloaded 3et,ork
1o ar! Kidentical usersL have been considered.
Consideration is now given to an evenly loaded
networ;.Crucially! is there a
representative value
o lin; loss and out-o -
cell inter erence that
can be used to
estimate downlin;
capacity
#ownlin Analysis
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Extending the ?alidit*Extending the ?alidit*
39perimentation with Monte
Carlo simulation suggeststhat#
The e ective value o lin; loss
is 5 d< less than that to the
edge o the cell.
The e ective out-o -cell
inter erence ratio is &.='.
Ma9 throughput /!t #24 8
0 N E b
#ownlin Analysis
Extending the ?alidit*Extending the ?alidit* 99 An ExampleAn ExampleNetwor; o cells with lin;
loss to edge o /)) d<.Ma9imum throughput on
downlin; at 3b%No o d<is 5*& ;bit%s or 5) d<mtransmit power.
Note#
$ole Capacity */) ;bit%s
I (& o power is orcommon channels then
Ma9 throughput 5>& ;bit%s
#ownlin Analysis
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UplinkUplink 992o,nlink 1alance2o,nlink 1alance
/!t #24 8
0 N E b Appro9imate "ownlin; $ole Capacity
Appro9imate ?plin; $ole Capacity
Initial e9pectation is that loading actors will be higheron the downlin;.
?plin; "iversity and M,A will avour the uplin;.
/!t #2400
0 N E b
#ownlin Analysis
The Une+enl*The Une+enl* 99loaded 3et,orkloaded 3et,ork
The situation is complicated by the act that di erent
users e9perience di erent levels o noise rise.
8or e9ample! consider the case where there are (5
voice users! split into two! equal groups.
F0in; loss /(& d<
Fi &.)FNR (./ d<
F0in; loss /5& d<
Fi /.&FNR /.5 d<
#ownlin Analysis
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The Une+enl*The Une+enl* 99loaded 3et,orkloaded 3et,ork
8or a more general
situation! the
ma9imum capacity is
o ten determined
using a Monte Carlo
simulator on a trial
and error basis.
#ownlin Analysis
The Une+enl*The Une+enl* 99loaded 3et,orkloaded 3et,ork
,owever! i the pole capacity is estimated rom
Then a single simulation result can be used to estimate
the ma9imum downlin; capacity.
Reports rom the simulation include downlin; tra ic
channel power and throughput.
( )i N E b +−α 1
3840
0
#ownlin Analysis
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The Une+enl*The Une+enl* 99loaded 3et,orkloaded 3et,ork
As an e9ample! it was ound that a cell supported )&&
;bit%s at an 3b%No value o * d< using )).> d<m otra ic channel power.
$ole Capacity estimated at ( ;bit%s.
,ence representative noise rise estimated as (./5 d<.
5( d<m o tra ic channel power is available.
:hat noise rise 6and hence throughput7 would this
cause
#ownlin Analysis
The Une+enl*The Une+enl* 99loaded 3et,orkloaded 3et,ork
I )).> d<m causes (./5 d< o noise rise then 5( d<m
would cause ./ d< o noise rise.
0oading actor o =& .
Resulting throughput o *(( ;bit%s at an 3b%No value o *
d<.
Tested with Monte Carlo simulation and ound to be
valid or general situations where the distribution o the
new load was similar to the e9isting load.
#ownlin Analysis
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The Une+enl*The Une+enl* 99loaded 3et,orkloaded 3et,ork
8or heavily concentrated Khot spotL situations. A static
analysis can result in an estimate or downlin; valueso i.
#ownlin Analysis
Optimising Thro)ghp)tOptimising Thro)ghp)t L L )sing Pilot S(R)sing Pilot S(R
The value o i in luences
throughput. Any hotspots
should be located where i islow. 39amining the $ilot
1IR as part o a static
analysis when the networ;
is heavily loaded will
indicate the throughput
possible.
#ownlin Analysis
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Optimising Thro)ghp)tOptimising Thro)ghp)t L L )sing Pilot S(R)sing Pilot S(R
I the pilot is at 4)) d<m! the 1IR
reported will be that or any tra icchannel with the same power.
This in luences throughput.
3.g. 1IR -* d< target 3b%No 5 d<
Ma9imum throughput or )) d<m
)=5 ;bit%s.
/>( ;bit%s%watt 6/>( ;bit%V7.
#ownlin Analysis
Optimising Thro)ghp)tOptimising Thro)ghp)t L L )sing Pilot S(R)sing Pilot S(R
$ilot 1IR varies between -'
d< and -/( d<.
;bit%V parameter varies by a
actor o '.
Re-directing antennas can
cause variation by a actor
o ) or more.
#ownlin Analysis
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&oncl)sions&oncl)sions
F "ownlin; capacity can be estimated or dimensioning
purposes.
F 3stimates compared with Monte Carlo simulator
predictions.
F 3stimates less accurate where networ; is not evenly
loaded. 1imulations can lead to a more accurate
estimate.
F 1ite location and antenna aJimuth have ;ey role in
optimising downlin; throughput.
#ownlin Analysis
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'5 Practical Sim)lation
'5-' Exercise )sing M8AGs
&ase St)d*&ase St)d* 99 M8AM8A
F Networ; Cluster o sites! large regionputting pressure on coverage
F ) sector sites
F 1tandard voice users
F 1ite AF ?plin; limited
F Noise Rise not pressured
F Node < power plenty
'ase Study - Advanced
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'5-'-' 3et,ork ,ith no M8AGsUplin% +=)o #ail"res denote high pathloss #or U s$
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'5-'- (nsert M8A at centre of net,ork*e#ined !entral area$
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'5-'-# All sites ,ith M8AGs
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'5- 2o,nlink imited case L M8AGs
'5- -' 2o,nlink limited case for net,ork ,itho)t M8AGs
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'5- - M8A applied to all sites
)o sol"tion #or this type o# pro+le
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'5-# Transmit 2i+ersit*
'5-#-' ?oice Traffic L 3O Tx di+ersit*
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'5-#- $/k%ps Ser+ice L 3O Tx di+ersit*
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'5-#-# Tx 2i+ersit* ?oice Ser+ice
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'5-#-/ Tx 2i+ersit* $/k%ps Ser+ice
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'5-#-! Tx and Rx 2i+ersit* Applied L ?oice Ser+ice
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'5-#-$ Tx and Rx 2i+ersit* Applied to $/k%ps Ser+ice
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'6 Meas)ring S)ccess
'6-' )stomer .oc)s
&)stomer .oc)s&)stomer .oc)sF Residential Customer
F Important to get the message delivered
F Always on Internet
F 1implicity o use o application
F <usiness Customer F "etailed service level agreements! 10A@s
F Availability or coverage de ined
F Customisation o inter ace
F Customer mi9%clutter will become highly diversi ied
($I
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&)stomer Experience >ap&)stomer Experience >ap
F The customer e9perience gap is the di erence between
what the customer wanted and what they got.
F There is a semantic disparity between what is good or theservice provider and what is good or the customer.
F The problem is#
F $arameters that are easy or networ;s to measure do nottranslate well into parameters that are understood by thecustomer
F $arameters that are readily understood by the customer arenot easy or the networ; specialist to measure.
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'6- He* ;)alit* (ndicators H;(Gs
He* ;)alit* (ndicatorsHe* ;)alit* (ndicators L L H;(GsH;(GsF E2I@s provide a measurement o a speci ic aspect o per ormance
F The E2I measurement draws onF Eey $er ormance Indicators E$I@s
F E2I@s provide or an end-to-end service measurement
F Reasons or end-to-endF Retain high value customers
F Regulation requires a measure on quality 6 end-to-end 7
F 1ervice levels are being set by regulators
F Introduction o value added services! require these ) rd party vendors tobe monitored.
($I
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He* ;)alit* (ndicatorsHe* ;)alit* (ndicators L L H;(GsH;(GsF E2I@s can be divided into ( types
F 1ervice E2I@s
F $roduct E2I@s
F Networ; 3lements provide networ; per ormance data
F This data is collected to orm E$I@s
F The E$I@s are used to produce 1ervice E2Is
F 1ervice E2Is are used as primary input or internal%partner 10As
F 1ervice E2Is provide the main source o data or $roduct E2Is
F $roduct E2Is support the contractual 10As with the customer
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'6-# He* Performance (ndicators HP(Gs
He* Performance (ndicatorsHe* Performance (ndicators L L HP(GsHP(Gs
F E$I@s are calculated rom active measurements
F )+$$ standards de ine the ?3 and ?TRAN measurements ta;en
F E$I@s will gather these measurements and calculate an average valueF Average ?plin; 0oad
($I
∑∑= RSSI
" Load #p!ink Avera/e tx
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'6-/ Meas)rements
Meas)rementsMeas)rementsF The ?TRAN may control a measurement in the ?3 either
F <y broadcast o 1H1T3M IN8ORMATIONF And%or by transmitting a M3A1?R3M3NT CONTRO0 message.
F The ollowing in ormation is used to control the ?3 measurements
F Meas)rement identit* # A re erence number that should be used bythe ?TRAN when setting up! modi ying or releasing the measurementand by the ?3 in the measurement report.
F Meas)rement command # / o ) di erent measurement commands.F 1etup# 1etup a new measurement.F Modi y# Modi y a previously de ined measurement! e.g. to
change the reporting criteria.F Release# 1top a measurement and clear all in ormation in the
?3 that are related to that measurement.
F Meas)rement t*pe
($I
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Meas)rement T*peMeas)rement T*peF (ntra9fre<)enc* meas)rements
F downlin; physical channels at the same requency as the active set.F (nter9fre<)enc* meas)rements
F downlin; physical channels at requencies that di er rom the requency o the activeset and on downlin; physical channels in the active set.
F (nter9RAT meas)rements
F downlin; physical channels belonging to another radio access technology e.g. +1M.
F Traffic +ol)me meas)rements
F uplin; tra ic volume.
F ;)alit* meas)rements
F downlin; quality parameters! e.g. downlin; transport bloc; error rate.
F A measurement ob ect corresponds to one transport channel in the case o <03R.
F UE9internal meas)rements
F ?3 transmission power and ?3 received signal level.
F UE positioning meas)rements
F A measurement ob ect corresponds to one cell.
($I
Meas)rement &ontrol MessagesMeas)rement &ontrol Messages
F :ithin the measurement reporting criteria ield in theMeasurement Control message the ?TRAN noti ies the ?3 whichevents should trigger a measurement report.
F The listed events are the toolbo9 rom which the ?TRANF the reporting events are needed or handover evaluation unction!
F or other radio networ; unctions.
F The measurement quantities are measured on the monitoredprimary common pilot channels 6C$IC,7 o the cell de ined in themeasurement ob ect.
($I
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UE Meas)rementsUE Meas)rementsF The re erence point or these measurements is at the antenna connector o
the ?3
F Antenna +ain
F <ody 0oss
F C$IC, R1C$ 6 Received 1ignal Code $ower 7 -//5 d<m
F $CC$C, R1C$ 6 handover to T"" only 7
F ?TRA carrier R11I 6 Received 1ignal 1trength Indicator 7
F Reporting range -/&& to -(' d<m
F +1M carrier R11IF Range as speci ied in T1 5'.&&=! RG03 at - &d<m
F C$IC, 3c%Io
F Reporting range -(5 to & d<
($I
#>PP TS !-'## +ersion /-6-0 Release / page !$95'
&alc)lated 2&alc)lated 2 PathlossPathloss
F $athloss in d< $rimary C$IC, T9 power - C$IC, R1C$.F $rimary C$IC, T9 power the unit is d<m.
F C$IC, R1C$ the unit is d<m.
F I necessary $athloss shall be rounded up to the ne9t higher integer.F Results higher than /'= shall be reported as /'=.
F Results lower than 5* shall be reported as 5*.
($I
So)rce TS !-##' section '/-'
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UE Meas)rementsUE Meas)rementsF Transport Channel <03R
F 3stimate o the transport channel bloc; error rate.
F CRC chec;ing
F 3stimated over time D range & to /
F 1ynchronisation
F 18N-C8N observed time di erence! range & to >=)&5&& chip
F 18N-18N observed time di erence! range & to >=)&5&& chip
F ?3 R9-T9 time di erence! range *= to /(=& chip
F ?3 Transmitted $ower 6 Total on one carrier 7
F Range -'& to 4)) d<m
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UE Transmitted Po,er TestUE Transmitted Po,er TestF 39ample o test procedure speci ied in
F T1 ('./)) version 5.>.& Release 5 page /)=
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&.&/Target quality value on "TC, <03R
On$ower Control
"0 Re erence Measurement - Channel /(.( ;bps"C, parameters
?al)eParameter
A:+N$ropagation Condition
-/) d<C$IC,]3c%Io
- &dBm 3.84*E@oc
& d<o$ oc
OCN1 other cell noise source Note (
"$C,]3c%Ior Note/
-/' d<$IC,]3c%Ior
-/( d<1C,]3c%Ior
-/( d<$CC$C,]3c%Ior
-/& d<C$IC,]3c%Ior
&ell 'Parameter
Note /# The "$C, level is controlled by the power control loopNote (# The power o the OCN1 channel that is added shall ma;e t he totalpower rom the cell to be equal to I or
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UE Transmitted Po,er TestUE Transmitted Po,er Test
F 1et the ?3 power and Ma9imum allowed ?0 TG power to
the ma9imum power or that ?3 power class.
F 1end continuously during the entire test ?p power controlcommands to the ?3.
F Measure the output power o the ?3. The output powershall be averaged over the transmit one timeslot.
F Chec; that the reported ?3 transmitted power is within thespeci ied range.
F "ecrease the Ma9imum allowed ?0 TG power with / d<and signal the new value to the ?3.
F Repeat rom step )7 until the entire speci ied range or the?3 transmitted power measurement has been tested!F the accuracy requirement or the ?3 transmitted power
measurement is speci ied /&d< below the ma9imum poweror the ?3 power class.
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UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rementsF Received total wide band power
F I receive diversity is being used then ta;e the average o the power
F Measurement period /&&ms
F Range is -//(d<m to -'&d<m
F 1ignal to Inter erence Ratio 1IR
F Measured on a "$CC, D "edicated $hysical Control Channel
F 6R1C$ % I1C$7 9 18F R1C$ - Received 1ignal Code $ower 6o one code7
F I1C$ - Inter erence 1ignal Code $ower
F 18 D 1preading 8actor ('*
F Measurement period =&ms
F Range -// to (& d<
($I
So)rce TS !-'##
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UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rements
F 1ignal to Inter erence Ratio 1IR
F Measured on a "$CC, D "edicated $hysical Control Channel
F 6R1C$ % I1C$7 9 18
F R1C$ - Received 1ignal Code $ower 6o one code7
F I1C$ - Inter erence 1ignal Code $ower
F 18 D 1preading 8actor ('*
F Measurement period =&ms
F Range -// to (& d<
($I
Measuredquantity value
Reported value
(&.& = 1IR d<?TRAN]1IR]*)
/>.' = 1IR Y (&.& d<?TRAN]1IR]*(
/>.& =1IR Y />.' d<?TRAN]1IR]*/
WW.
-/&.' =1IR Y -/&.& d<?TRAN]1IR]&(
-//.& = 1IR Y -/&.' d<?TRAN]1IR]&/
1IR Y -//.& d<?TRAN]1IR]&&
UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rementsF 1IR error 1IR D 1IR target
F Measurement period =&ms
F Accuracy ^)d<
F Range -)/ to )/ d<
($I
)/.& = 1IR error d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]/('
)&.' = 1IR error Y )/.& d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]/(5
)&.& = 1IR error Y )&.' d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]/()
W W W
&.&= 1IR error Y &.' d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]&*)
-&.' = 1IR error Y &.& d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]&*(
W W W
-)&.' = 1IR error Y -)&.& d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]&&(
-)/.& = 1IR error Y -)&.' d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]&&/
1IR error Y -)/.& d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]&&&
Meas)red <)antit* +al)eReported +al)e
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UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rementsF Transmitted carrier power
F Ratio o total transmitted power on one "0 carrier to the ma9imum possible
power o this "0 carrier! range & to /&&
F Measurement period /&&ms
F Transmitted code power
F Measurement o the "$CC, ield o any dedicated radio lin;
F Measurement period /&&ms
F Range -/& to 5* d<m
F Re lects the power on the pilot bits o the "$CC, ield
F Transmitted channel <3R D range & to /
F $hysical channel <3R D range & to /
($I
UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rements
($I
F 18N-18N observed time di erence D 1ynchronisation
F Measurement period /&& ms
F Range -/>(&& to />(&& chip
F Round trip time
F RTT T r9 D Tt9
F Tr9 D time o reception o "$CC,%"$"C, rom ?3
F Tt9 D time o transmission o "0 "$C, to a ?3
F Measurement period /&&ms
F Range = *.&&&& to (>().= '& chip
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UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rements($I
F$RAC,%$C$C, $ropagation delay
F One-way propagation delay o either $RAC, or $C$C,
F $rop "elay 6T r9- Tt9 D ('*&7%(
F Tr9 D time when $RAC, message rom ?3 arrives! a ter
AIC, arrives
F Tt9 D time when AIC, is transmitted
F ('*& length o AIC,
F "ivide by ( gives one-way propagation
F Only RAC, messages with correct CRC will be considered
F Range & to *' chip
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0 2ri+e Test Meas)rements
0-' The concept of 2ri+e Testing
2ri+e Test2ri+e TestF $re-construction phase
F $rimary use o drive testing is to validate a propagation model
F $ost-constructionF Test or coverage
F Measure $ilot strength
F Inter-cell Inter erence D i
F Number o so t handover channels 6 active set siJe 7
F 3 ective loading o cells
F <ig problem
#rive Test Measurement
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2ri+e Test E<)ipment2ri+e Test E<)ipment
F 1ome equipment suppliersF Anritsu
F http#%%www.eu.anritsu.com
#rive Test Measurement
F$ortability and ease o setup prove to be thestrongest points o the Anritsu scanner.
FThe Anritsu scanner was very simple to set up
FThe in ormation collected! although limited toR1C$! 3c%Io and 1IR measurements or up to )(received scrambling codes.
FThe receiver sensitivity was ound to be betterthan that o the Agilent scanner- measuring R1C$signal levels as low as -/((d<m.
2ri+e Test E<)ipment2ri+e Test E<)ipment
F 1ome equipment suppliersF Agilent
F http#%%we.home.agilent.com%
#rive Test Measurement
FThe e9tensive amount o output in ormation
F Although more complicated in terms o setup
F Agilent scanner provides the user with moremeasured in ormation and additional graphical
unctionality.
F A strong solution but has limited sensitivity andis not hand portable.
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2ri+e Test Planning2ri+e Test Planning
F $re-planning o drive test routesF Enowledge o networ;
F1ite location
F1ite con iguration
F Enowledge o location
FTowns
FTerrain
F Operator ;nown issues
F+1M problem areas
#rive Test Measurement
0- Test mo%ile Meas)rementsPre.planning o# drive test ro"tes is essential prior to any a!tive testing$ Lo!al
%no ledge o# the environ ent( ith pro+le areas highlighted ill prod"!e+etter res"lts$ Ta%e noti!e o# terrain( and pop"lation density ie to ns$ Cons"ltprevio"s or% ay+e #or 1SM drive tests( and pi!% o"t relevant areas$
*rive tests ill have to +e repeated at di##erent ti es o# day and days o# theee% i# a!!"rate i pressions o# the tra##i! and radio !hara!teristi!s are to +e
gained$ Jo" ay also need to repeat drive tests i# +"ilding or% is on.goingand seasonal variations in tra##i! is e'pe!ted$ 7or e'a ple to"rists and spe!ialevents ill !hange ho the net or% is loaded$
;g > UMTS=C*MA is a "lti.appli!ation plat#or and as s"!h varying de andsare pla!ed on the net or% hen di##erent appli!ations are "sed$
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TestTest 99mo%ile Meas)rementsmo%ile Meas)rements
F A ;nown C$IC, transmit power incon unction with the C$IC, R1C$ and?TRA carrier R11I would allow thecalculation o pathloss to the cell andallow an estimation o cell dominance inidle mode.
F 3stimate o the orthogonality o thedownlin; is still problematic
F "rive test data is essential to validatepropagation models.
#rive Test Measurement
2ri+e Test Meas)rements2ri+e Test Meas)rements
F $rediction AssessmentF Test Site &omparison
F Comparison o model against drive test measurements o site not used inthe calibration process
F 2ri+es +s- Predicted 1est Ser+er F Comparison between predicted and measured best servers
F 2ri+es +s- Predicted Pilot Poll)tionF Comparison between predicted and measured pilot pollution
#rive Test Measurement
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F Test 1ite Comparison
F "rive Test data compared with )g calibration tool
F Analysis should provide both mean and standard deviation agreement
F 8or e9ample D Mean error o /.=d< D 1." o .> D Is a good practical it
F "rives vs. $redicted <est 1erver F 39poses discrepancies with map data and local eatures
F Mud ban;s! roc;s!
F 39poses limitations in antenna models and propagation model
F "rives vs. $redicted $ilot $ollutionF :ill highlight regions o multipath inter erence! di icult to calculate
#rive Test Measurement
2ri+e Test Meas)rements Anal*sis2ri+e Test Meas)rements Anal*sis
F 1uggested Improvements
F ?se o multiple propagation models or terrain.
F 8lat areas
F ,illy areas
F ?rban areas
F Accurate clutter de inition
F "rive test to be repeated in some areas where ma or discrepancies occur
#rive Test Measurement
2ri+e Test Meas)rements Anal*sis2ri+e Test Meas)rements Anal*sis
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TestTest 99mo%ile Meas)rementsmo%ile Meas)rementsF The commonly identi ied E$Is are not in themselves appropriate or
pre-launch optimisation and acceptance
F Test-mobile measurements! depending on the availability oengineering mobiles! should allow measurement o #
F C$IC, and $-CC$C, availability
F "C, - "edicated channel "0 per ormance
F Cell dominance
F Active set siJe
F Required ?0 T9 $ower
F These measurements would be possible under both loaded andunloaded conditions
#rive Test Measurement
0-#(nterpretation of Meas)rements
It is not s"##i!ient to %no hat eas"re ents !an +e ade$ The opti isationengineer needs to +e a+le to interpret eas"re ents to identi#y pro+le s(!hoose the ost appropriate eas"re to re!ti#y the pro+le ( and identi#y the+est ethod #or enhan!ing net or% per#or an!e$ This ill o#ten entail ta%ing an" +er o# HPI s in !on,"n!tion$ 7or e'a ple( it is o#ten ne!essary to %no the!ondition o# the "plin% and o# the do nlin% hen !hoosing +et een alternativeproposed ethods o# net or% opti isation$
7or e'a ple( a drive test in "nderta%en d"ring the +"sy ho"r in a live net or%$ The test ro"te is ?00 etres in length along a ro"te s"!h that the distan!e to thenearest !ell re ains appro'i ately !onstant$ The #ollo ing HPIs are e'tra!ted#ro the eas"red data$
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!=)o Serving Cell .?? d6!=)o )eigh+o"r ? .20 d6!=)o )eigh+o"r 2 .22 d6
Average Uplin% Channel Po er 2?$4 d6Average *o nlin% Total Tra##i! Channel Po er ;E$ d6
)ote the a'i " "plin% !hannel po er is 2; d6 and the a'i " totaldo nlin% !hannel po er is 42 d6 $
hat !an an intelligent loo% at s"!h res"lts reveal8 7irstly( the !ell is "nderstress @ hi!h is pro+a+ly hy the drive test as per#or ed $ e !an see #rothe pilot eas"re ents that there is only one do inant serving !ell$ e arenear the edge o# the !ell #ro the "plin% !overage vie point @dangero"sly near
,"dging +y the "plin% po er levels re!orded $ Let "s ass" e that the reason #or
!arrying o"t the drive test as +e!a"se !overage levels ere reported as poor inthis parti!"lar road$ hat ethods o"ld yo" re!o end #or i proving this!overage8
e sho"ld !onsider the !ost.+ene#it i pli!ations o# any possi+le sol"tions-
Additional Site Bery e'pensive > last resortMast 5ead A pli#ier Cheapest Sol"tion > pro+a+lyUplin% *iversity More e'pensive than M5A +"t
!apa!ity +ene#its
I# e narro do n the possi+ility to either installing an M5A or i ple enting"plin% diversity e need to esta+lish the +ene#its that ea!h o"ld +ring$ hen!onsidering UL diversity( the possi+ility o# in!reasing !apa!ity "st +e assessed$In this !ir!" stan!e a load ill +e trans#erred to the do nlin%$ 5o ever( thedata re!eived sho s that the do nlin% tra##i! po er is near its li it and that thedo nlin% o"ld +e!o e the li iting #a!tor i# UL diversity as i ple ented$ TheM5A appears to +e an attra!tive( rapid( relatively !heap sol"tion > +"t > o"ld it
or%8 It is possi+le #or the M5A to o##er no i prove ent at all$ Re e +er thata M5A only o##ers i prove ent i# there is a noise pro+le to start ith( pro+a+ly!a"sed +y high #eeder loss$ I# s"!h !ir!" stan!es e'ist( then an i prove ent o#a+o"t 2 d6 !an +e e'pe!ted @an e'a!t !al!"lation is possi+le $ This level o#i prove ent sho"ld reveal itsel# thro"gh a s"+se/"ent drive test ith the U
trans it po er +eing lo er than +e#ore the M5A as installed$
Alternative sol"tions- a still.!heaper sol"tion o"ld +e to si ply red"!e the)oise Rise li it o# the !ell +y 2 d6 or so$ It is signi#i!ant that the test as done atthe +"sy ti e o# day hen the !ell )oise Rise level o"ld +e at or near its li it$Red"!ing the li it ill have a !overage +ene#it +"t ill red"!e the !apa!ity$ It isi portant to realise that the a o"nt +y hi!h it red"!es the !apa!ity depends onthe original setting$ I# the original setting as ; d6 then red"!ing it +y 2 d6
o"ld red"!e the a'i " loading #a!tor #ro 90 to 2? $ I# ho ever theoriginal setting as ?0 d6 then the loading #a!tor red"!tion o"ld +e #ro E0to <4 ( a "!h less severe red"!tion$ I# !overage is !r"!ial to the area "ndertest and is +eing ,"dged as "nsatis#a!tory( this ight ell +e the short ter
sol"tion to adopt hilst an M5A is ordered and installed$
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(nterpretation of Meas)rements(nterpretation of Meas)rements
F It is not su icient to ;now what measurements can be made.
F The optimisation engineer needs to be able to interpret measurements
F This will o ten entail ta;ing a number o E$I@s in con unction.
F 8or e9ample! lets imagine a drive test
F The test route is /&& metres in length along a route such that the distance to thenearest cell remains appro9imately constant.
F The ollowing E$Is are e9tracted rom the measured data.
#rive Test Measurement
;E$ d6Average *o&nlin% Total Tra##i!Channel Po&er
2?$4 d6Average Uplin% Channel Po&er.22 d6!= )o )eigh+o"r 2
.20 d6!= )o )eigh+o"r ?
.?? d6!= )o Serving Cell
Fma9imum uplin; channel power is () d<m
Fma9imum total downlin; channel power is 5( d<m.
(nterpretation of Meas)rements(nterpretation of Meas)rementsF The cell is under stress
F ?plin; power is close to ma9imum
F There is only one dominant serving cell.
F $ilot levels o other cells are much lower than main cell
F :e are near the edge o the cell rom the uplin; coverage viewpoint
F ?plin; power is close to ma9imum
F 0et us assume that the reason or carrying out the drive test was because
coverage levels were reported as poor on this particular road.
F :hat methods would you recommend or improving this coverage
#rive Test Measurement
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(nterpretation of Meas)rements(nterpretation of Meas)rementsF Mast head Ampli ier
F Only reduces eeder loss and can introduce "0 problems due to insertion loss
F Transmit "iversity
F :ill increase load on "0 and with ast moving tra ic has little e ect.
F Additional 1ite
F ery e9pensive option and should be last on list
F Reduce Noise Rise 0imit
F Reduction o noise rise limit will increase coverage but will reduce total
capacity.
#rive Test Measurement
0-#-' Using Meas)rements to ?alidate (mpro+ementsLet "s no !onsider a di##erent sit"ation$ S"ppose e are +"ilding a net or% to!over a !ity.!entre area$ Site density is going to +e high and so !overage ill not+e a pro+le $ e are in an inter#eren!e.li ited sit"ation$ 6e#ore the net or% iss it!hed on( it is s"ggested that the i prove ent that !an +e e'pe!ted #roi ple enting "plin% diversity sho"ld +e investigated$ A!!ordingly( a drive test is!arried o"t itho"t diversity and then repeated ith diversity a!tivated on the"plin%$ e are to !on#ir that the diversity re!eiver is or%ing !orre!tly and(#"rther( e are to !o ent on the i prove ent that ill +e o##ered +y s"!h anet or%$
The pro+le is one o# !he!%ing that a red"!tion in "plin% T' po er res"lts #roena+ling diversity( then "sing s"!h res"lts to predi!t an in!rease in !apa!ity$ I#
e are in a sit"ation here !overage is not an iss"e( then the i prove ent in"plin% !apa!ity ill +e in proportion to the red"!tion in re/"ired trans it po er$7or e'a ple( i# the red"!tion is an average o# ;$9 d6( then e !an ass" e thatthe target +=)o red"!tion is also ;$9 d6$ This is a ratio o# 2$2 and a !apa!ityi prove ent +y a #a!tor o# 2$2 !o"ld +e e'pe!ted$ Re e +er( M5A s o"ld dono good hatever in this sit"ation as they do not in!rease the pole !apa!ity$5o ever( the /"estion "st +e as%ed regarding the do nlin% !apa!ity$ O"rprevio"s analysis @se!tion ?2 s"ggests that the do nlin% ay ell prove to +ethe li iting #a!tor in s"!h a sit"ation$ Again( do nlin% eas"re ents !an +e p"tto good "se$
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0-#- omparing Uplink and 2o,nlink apacit*I# the net or% is /"iet( then the "plin% loading #a!tor eas"red +y the UTRA)sho"ld +e a relia+le indi!ator o# "plin% !apa!ity in ter s o# si ilar "sers to thesingle "ser !ond"!ting the drive test$ On the do nlin%( it !an +e ass" ed thatthe do nlin% T' po er as re/"ired to over!o e the inter#eren!e e##e!t o# the!o on and pilot po ers$S"ppose the data availa+le( hen there is a single "ser present on the net or%(sho ed the #ollo ing average levels @ itho"t diversity +eing i ple ented $
*o nlin%-
o Pilot ;; d6
o Tra##i! Channel 20 d6
o Total Trans it po er ;G d6
Uplin%-o Loading #a!tor 4
The "plin% re!ord si ply s"ggests that( at pole !apa!ity( 29 !onne!tions !o"ld +eade$ On the do nlin%( at lo levels o# path loss it is reasona+le to ignore
ther al noise$ The tra##i! !hannel po er to total trans it po er ratio is .?G d6$?G d6 is 90 as a ratio$ This p"ts a pole !apa!ity o# 90 !hannels on the do nlin%$5o ever( i# e have a !onstant trans ission at ;G d6 ( and the a'i "total trans it po er is 4; d6 ( then the a'i " noise rise on the do nlin% ill+e d6 and the a'i " loading #a!tor G9 $ This p"ts a li it o# ;<si "ltaneo"s !onne!tions$I# this as the !ase( e !an say that e are in an "plin%.li ited sit"ation @i#si "ltaneo"s tra##i! is to +e "sed +"t i ple enting UL diversity ight ell leadto a do"+ling o# "plin% !apa!ity that o"ld reverse the sit"ation and a%e itdo nlin% li ited$
0-/ Using Meas)red 2ataOne o# the +iggest ;1PP do!" ents is TS29$;;? v4$?0 Release 4( RadioReso"r!e Control RRC proto!ol spe!i#i!ation$ At E42 pages this isn t ado!" ent that yo" print o"t and have sitting on yo"r des%$ e are going to"se this do!" ent as an online re#eren!e and investigate drive test essage#lo data$
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S*stem (nformation Str)ct)reS*stem (nformation Str)ct)re
F Measurement data which can be recorded are in the orm o message lows.
F These message lows indicate which bloc;s o in ormation have beentransmitted and rom which channel.
F <roadcasy In ormation is organised into a structure
F Master In ormation <loc; MI<F 1cheduling <loc; 1<
F 1ystem In ormation <loc; 1I<
#rive Test Measurement
1C,3"?0IN+]<0OCE]/<CC,/7#(5.''5RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/7#(5.'&5RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3]/<CC,/7#(5.5'5RRC"
MA1T3R]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE<CC,/7#(5.5/5RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/7#(5.)=5RRC"
S*stem (nformation 1locksS*stem (nformation 1locks S(1GsS(1Gs
F /= 1I<@s de ined by 3T1I T1 ('.))/ Release 5F Type /
F NA1 system in ormation as well as ?3 Timers and counters
F Type (F ?RA identity
F Type )F $arameters or cell selection and re-selection
F Type 5
F 1ame as Type ) but in connected modeF Type '
F $arameters or con iguration o common physical channels
F Type *F 1ame as Type ' but in connected mode
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S*stem (nformation 1locksS*stem (nformation 1locks S(1GsS(1Gs
F /= 1I<@s de ined by 3T1I T1 ('.))/ Release 5F Type
F 8ast changing parameters or ?0 inter erence
F Type =F Only or 8"" D static C$C, in ormation to be used in the cell
F Type >F Only or 8"" -- C$C, in ormation to be used in the cell
F Type /&F Only 8"" D ?sed by ?3@s having their "C, controlled by a "RAC.
F "RAC
F Type //
F Contains measurement control in ormation to be used in the cell
F Type /(F 1ame as Type // but in connected mode
#rive Test Measurement
S*stem (nformation 1locksS*stem (nformation 1locks S(1GsS(1GsF /= 1I<@s de ined by 3T1I T1 ('.))/ Release 5
F Type /)F ?sed or AN1I-5/
F Type /5F Only T""
F Type /'F ?3 positioning method or e9ample +$1
F Type /*
F Radio bearer! transport channel and physical channel parameters to bestored by ?3 or use during ,andover ,O
F Type /F Only T""
F Type /=F Contains $0MN identities o neighbouring cells
#rive Test Measurement
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Example #g Message .lo,Example #g Message .lo,
F 39erciseF Chec; the 1I<@s with the descriptions in the 3T1I T1 ('.))/ document
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/7#('.&)'RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/7#(5.>='RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/7#(5.>)'RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3]/=<CC,/7#(5.=='RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3]<CC,/7#(5.=''RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3])<CC,/7#(5.=('RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3](<CC,/7#(5. >'RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/7#(5. 'RRC"
1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3]/<CC,/7#(5. ('RRC"
MA1T3R]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE<CC,/7#(5.* 'RRC"
#rive Test Measurement
Example #g Message .lo,Example #g Message .lo,
F In this segment a call is establishedF Chec; the 1I<@s with the descriptions in the 3T1I T1 ('.))/ document
RA"IO]<3AR3R]13T?$]COM$03T3"CC,/&#)*#)/.555RRC?
RA"IO]<3AR3R]13T?$"CC,/&#)*#)&. ))RRC"
"O:N0INE]"IR3CT]TRAN183R"CC,/&#)*#)&./*(RRC"
CA00]$ROC33"IN+"CC,/&#)*#)&./*(0)"?$0INE]"IR3CT]TRAN183R"CC,/&#)*#(>.=*(RRC?
13T?$"CC,/&#)*#(>.=*(0)?
"O:N0INE]"IR3CT]TRAN183R"CC,/&#)*#(>.=5(RRC"
CM]13R IC3]ACC3$T"CC,/&#)*#(>.=5(0)"
INITIA0]"IR3CT]TRAN183R"CC,/&#)*#(>.')/RRC?
CM]13R IC3]R32?31T"CC,/&#)*#(>.')/0)?
"CC,]RRC]CONN3CTION]13T?$]COM$03T3"CC,/&#)*#(>.5*/RRC?
RRC]CONN3CTION]13T?$CCC,/&#)*#(=.**&RRC"
RRC]CONN3CTION]R32?31TCCC,/&#)*#(=.)(&RRC?
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Example #g Message .lo,Example #g Message .lo,
F "uring Call is message low is repeated over and over
M3A1?R3M3NT]CONTRO0"CC,/&#)=#5>.5&)RRC"
ACTI 3]13T]?$"AT3]COM$03T3"CC,/&#)=#5=.>)(RRC?
ACTI 3]13T]?$"AT3"CC,/&#)=#5=.>((RRC"
M3A1?R3M3NT]R3$ORT"CC,/&#)=#5=.*'/RRC?
RRC]CONN3CTION]R303A13]COM$03T3"CC,/7#(5.&)5RRC?
RRC]CONN3CTION]R303A13]COM$03T3"CC,/7#().==5RRC?
RRC]CONN3CTION]R303A13]COM$03T3"CC,/7#(). ')RRC?
RRC]CONN3CTION]R303A13"CC,/7#(). /)RRC"
?$0INE]"IR3CT]TRAN183R"CC,/7#().5))RRC?
IM1I]"3TAC,]IN"ICATION"CC,/7#().5))0)?
F Call detach sequence
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' 3eigh%o)r Planning
'-'3eigh%o)r ists
3eigh%o)r Planning3eigh%o)r Planning"eigh)our $lanning
F 8or )+ cells! neighbour lists can consist o upto
F )( co requency neighbours
F )( ad acent requency neighbours
F )( gsm neighbours
F The RAN broadcasts the initial neighbour cell lists o a cellin the system in ormation messages on the <C,.
F In 1,O state! neighbour lists rom the active sets arecombined in the RNC and sent to the ?3 on the "CC,.
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3eigh%o)r Planning3eigh%o)r Planning"eigh)our $lanning
F To identi y a ?MT1 neighbour cell! this list includes the
ollowing in ormation#F +lobal RNC identi ier 6$0MN identi iers! RNC identi ier7
F Cell identi ier
F 0AC
F RAC
F Channel Number
F 1crambling code o the $rimary Common $ilot Channel6$-C$IC,7
F 8or a +1M neighbouring cell! the ollowing in ormationis sent#
F Cell +lobal Identi ication! C+I MCC4MNC40AC4CI
F <CC, 8requency
F <1IC
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'-'-' (nitial 3eigh%o)r ist >eneration
(nitial 3eigh%o)r ist >eneration(nitial 3eigh%o)r ist >eneration"eigh)our $lanning
F The initial neighbour lists or a new system or portion o a system canbe generated as ollows#
F generate a best server array plot
F run the neighbour creation.
F :hile carrying out post analysis! the neighbour lists or each cell canbe prioritised according to the boundary lengths 6longest boundary
irst7.
F "o not be tempted to add more distant sites to the neighbour list K ustin caseL.
F The ob ective is to ;eep the neighbour lists to the minimum length andhence reduce search times.
F 8or intra- requency neighbours! where 1,O and so ter handover arealso possible! ;eeping neighbour list to a minimum can also help inreducing the overall networ; load by avoiding unnecessary 1,O.
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'-'- Optimisation of 3eigh%o)r lists
Optimisation of 3eigh%o)r istsOptimisation of 3eigh%o)r ists"eigh)our $lanning
F Neighbour lists should be made as accurate as possible.F <ecause i there is a situation when the mobile detects a
candidate cell! which is not! de ined in the neighbouring cell.
F Then the mobile has to decode the cell! to identi y the cell andreport it bac; to RNC.
F 1econdly! handovers can only be per ormed rom one cell toanother i the target cell is a neighbour to the serving cell.
F 1o! even i a mobile receives pilot signal rom a neighbouringcell which is ul illing the handover criteria but that cell is notde ined in the neighbour list o the serving cell! handover willnever occur.
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Optimisation of 3eigh%o)r istsOptimisation of 3eigh%o)r ists"eigh)our $lanning
F "i erent approaches can be used or di erent areasdepending on the importance o the area and thecomple9ity o the networ;.
F 8or most critical areas! pilot strength measurementmessages sent by ?3 to the networ; can be accessedthrough OMC.
F These measurements can be ta;en over a speci iedperiod o time and can be analysed on cell by cell basis.
F Overall trend 6more requently occurring7 o the cellsreported by the mobile can be compared with the originalneighbour lists.
F <y removing the discrepancies in the two lists! anaccurate neighbour plan can be obtained.
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'-'-# (nter9fre< & (nter9s*stem 3eigh%o)r Planning
Inter Inter -- requencyrequency BB Inter Inter --system Neighbour $lanningsystem Neighbour $lanning
"eigh)our $lanning
F Inter- requency and inter-system neighbour measurements aretriggered by RNC.
F "epending on the networ; con iguration 6 requency%carrierallocation! neighbour cell de initions! cell layers etc7! the RNCrecognises the possibility o an inter- requency or inter-systemhandover.
F ,andovers to inter- requency and inter-system neighbours can bebased on the imperative situations! which can arise when
F Average "0 transmission power o radio lin; ma9imum "0 power.
F 2uality deterioration report rom uplin; outer-loop control is generated.
F 2uality deterioration report rom M1 is generated.
F ?nsuccess ul 1,O procedure.
F ?nsuccess ul radio access bearer setup
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Inter Inter -- requencyrequency BB Inter Inter --system Neighbour $lanningsystem Neighbour $lanning
"eigh)our $lanning
F To avoid requent 1,O! disabling 1,O capability in certain cells can beper ormed.
F 0oad sharing and best use o the resources can be obtained through thehandover criteria between neighbours.
F 8or instance! when the coverage areas o ?MT1 and the +1M systemoverlap each other! speech connections can be handed over to the (+system.
F In a similar ashion! or di erent requencies in )+! load sharing can be
controlled through neighbour planning. "i erent weight values can be usedto direct tra ic to speci ic cells.
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A)tomation Topics
-' Modelling
A)tomation of 3et,ork ModellingA)tomation of 3et,ork ModellingF "ynamic nature o )g networ;s
F Many new services
F "i erent data ratesF "i erent terminals
F Rapid operational optimisation
F Increase in comple9ity D increases the time oranalysis
F 1hould the process be automated
Automation
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A)tomation of 3et,ork ModellingA)tomation of 3et,ork Modelling
F ,ow can we automate
F :hat can we tune
F ,ow do we validate the results
Automation
8o, can ,e a)tomate 78o, can ,e a)tomate 7
Automation
F "e ault parameters provided by manu acturers 6 starting point 7
F Hou then optimise cell by cell! within clusters
F Ta;e the E2I D E$I history! and 2o1 targets
F Alter parameters in the RNC and Node <
F 8eedbac; o new E$I@s will enable the quality manager toevaluate new 2o1
F This cycle can be automated.
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What can ,e t)ne7What can ,e t)ne7
F Total $ower
F $-C$IC, power
F "edicated NRT%RT capacity
Automation
Total Po,er TargetTotal Po,er Target
F $ower t9]target
F Transmitter target power
F $ower r9]target
F Receiver target power
F $ower total]t9
F Total transmitter power
F $ower total]r9
F Total receiver target power
F 1ets the capacity%coverage o the cell
F "etermines the admission o users
Automation
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- Total Po,er Targets
Total Po,er TargetTotal Po,er TargetF Call accepted i
F 0oad control and admission control say Ko;L
F $ower total]r9 Y $ower r9]target
F 1o higher the $ower r9]target the greater the capacity othe cell
F 1etting a lower $ower r9]target will provide greatercoverage! due to lower inter erence.
Automation
Total Po,er TargetTotal Po,er Target
F Optimisation can occur between $ower r9]target and Inter erence Margin
Automation
Po,er Rece i+e Target
3ode 1 Po,er
P o , e r
2 i s t r i % ) t i o n
(nterferenceMargin
Po,er rx total
1lockingPro% 6!K
Po,er rx target
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Total Po,er TargetTotal Po,er Target
F 1etting the inter erence margin de ines thecoverage%capacity
F I we set $ower r9]target below the inter erence margin
F Coverage is reduced
F Capacity is reduced
Automation
Total Po,er TargetTotal Po,er TargetF Including NRT tra ic pushes the $ower r9]total to the right
Automation
Po,er Recei+e Target
3ode 1 Po,er
P o , e r
2 i s t r i % )
t i o n
(nterferenceMargin
Po,er rx total @RT 3RT
1lockingPro% 6!K
Po,er rx target
Packet oad
Packet &apacit*
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# .rom (nitial Roll9O)t toMat)re 3et,ork
Opti isation pro!ed"res sho"ld +e in!orporated into every stage o#develop ent o# a UMTS net or%$ 6earing in ind the di##erent priorities thatare li%ely to a##e!t the di##erent stages( it is possi+le to +e alert toopport"nities to i ple ent the +est possi+le net or% in all !ir!" stan!es#ro the initial roll.o"t to targeting spe!i#i! servi!es and tra##i! loads in a
at"re net or%$ This se!tion #ollo s the develop ent o# a net or%highlighting the possi+le di##erent strategies that !an +e e ployed$
#-'(nitial Roll9O)t5ere the priority is pro+a+ly to o+tain the a'i " !overage as /"i!%ly aspossi+le #or a ini " invest ent$ 1SM operators ill ant to a%e the +est"se o# e'isting sites$ The iss"es here ill +e-
*oes operator have 1SM ?<00net or%8
I# yes( possi+le to providegood !overage at 4 %+ps$
Is 1SM net or% E00 M5:8 Coverage pro+le s need to+e addressed$
hat is the 3+en!h ar%servi!e8
*ata rate and +=)o illa##e!t !overage$
V"estions that have to +e ans ered in!l"de-
5o any antennas per site ?( ; or 8hat !apa!ity !an I e'pe!t per
!ell8Initially ;00.400 %+ps +"theavily dependent onservi!e and !on#ig"ration$
Sho"ld I deploy M5As8 ill help ith UL !overageSho"ld I "se the 3Opti isedCon#ig"ration #or Roll.o"t 8
Can lead to !overage +eing*L li ited$
Sho"ld I "se diversity or S artAntennas8
These ill add s"+stantiallyto !ost and ill pro+a+ly +ele#t "ntil de and ,"sti#ies
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the $Sho"ld I plan to provide #orasy etri! servi!es8
This ill in!rease the !ellpo er re/"ire ent$
#-'-' The (nitial PlanInitially( !overage ill +e di!tated +y the li itations o# the "plin%$ Heypara eters are the trans it po er o# the o+ile( +=)0( +itrate( antenna gains(noise rise li it$ 5o ever( hen planning a UMTS net or% it "st +e +orn in
ind that the !apa!ity o# the net or% ill +e in#l"en!ed +y the lo!ation o# the"sers$ I# the tra##i! density is "ni#or ( then there isn t a pro+le $ 6"t( i# thereare !learly identi#ia+le hotspots ithin a net or% then the position o# sites ithrespe!t to these hotspots ill a##e!t the !apa!ity s"+stantially$
A hotspot that is lo!ated very !lose to the )ode 6 ill-a +e a+le to !o "ni!ate ith the )ode 6 ith lo levels o# UL po er$ This
ill lead to a high val"e o# 7re/"en!y Re."se ##i!ien!y +eing realised$+ re/"ire only lo levels o# *L po er th"s in!reasing the !apa!ity in thisdire!tion and also red"!ing *L inter#eren!e$O#ten( it is not possi+le to relo!ate a )ode 6 to assist in this atter$ 5o ever(it sho"ld +e noted that erely re.dire!ting antennas !an help in this sit"ation$
The di##eren!e +et een the lin% loss to a lo!ation at the +order +et een t o(!o.lo!ated( !ells and the loss to a lo!ation at the sa e distan!e +"t in theprin!ipal dire!tion o# the antennas ill +e as "!h as d6$ This ill allo the
o+ile po er and !ell po er to +e red"!ed$ Additionally( +e!a"se the "sersill +e e'perien!ing "!h less @do nlin% inter#eren!e( the pole !apa!ity on
the do nlin% ill in!rease$
Uplin% !overage pro+le s !an +e over!o e +y-
• Red"!ing the )oise Rise li it$• Installing M5As$• Using lo er loss #eeder$• I ple enting diversity re!eption at the !ell$• I ple enting M"lti.User *ete!tion at the !ell$• Using higher gain !ell antennas$• Red"!ing +itrate and=or +=)0 val"e o##ered$• Using a se!ond !arrier to allo #"rther red"!tion in )R li it$
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#- E+ol)tion of the 3et,ork The res"lt o# the initial plan sho"ld +e to provide !ontin"o"s !overage over aspe!i#ied area #or a spe!i#ied servi!e$ The ne't stages in net or%
develop ent ill +e to-In!rease net or% !apa!ity$In!rease !overage range #or higher reso"r!e servi!es$Provide spe!i#i!ally #or provision o# asy etri! servi!es$
)et or% !apa!ity !an +e in!reased +y-• Se!torising sites @? to ;Q ; to $• I ple enting M5As to allo )R li it to +e in!reased$• I ple enting diversity re!eption and trans ission$• I ple enting M"lti.User *ete!tion$• In!reasing !ell trans it po er$• Adding i!ro.!ells$• In!orporating e'tra sites into a a!ro.!ell layer$• Adding e'tra !arriers$• Red"!ing "t"al inter#eren!e +et een !ells$
Coverage range #or higher.reso"r!e servi!es !an +e in!reased +y• Red"!ing the )oise Rise li it$• Installing M5As$• Using lo er loss #eeder$• I ple enting diversity re!eption at the !ell$• I ple enting M"lti.User *ete!tion at the !ell$• Using higher gain !ell antennas$
Provision spe!i#i!ally #or asy etri! servi!es !an +e helped +y-• ns"ring e'ternal inter#eren!e is a ini " at tra##i! hotspots$• Planning to ini ise lin% loss to tra##i! hotspots$• In!reasing !ell po er$• I ple enting trans it diversity at the !ell$
6eing a+le to /"anti#y the i prove ents that ill res"lt #ro a spe!i#i!strategy is !r"!ial to +eing a+le to eval"ate alternative approa!hes$ The endres"lt sho"ld +e the +est val"e #or oney and the +est ret"rn on invest ent$
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3et,ork (mplementation and E+ol)tion3et,ork (mplementation and E+ol)tion
F Optimisation is about underta;ing every tas; so as toachieve the ma9imum bene it or a given investment oresource.
F This applies to the initial networ; implementation asmuch as it does to deciding on micro-cellimplementation strategies.
F :e should be aware o the possible alternativeapproaches to solving problems and be able toevaluate these alternatives.
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
(nitial Roll(nitial Roll 99o)to)t
F Issues#F Is there an e9isting +1M networ;
F Is it /=&& M,J or >&& M,JF :hat is the Kbenchmar;L service
F 2uestionsF ,ow many cells per site
F :hat will be the capacity per cell
F 1hould M,As be deployed
F :hat about Optimised Con igurationor Roll-out 6OT1R7
F 1hould diversity or even KsmartLantennas be used
F 1hould we plan or asymmetricservices
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
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(nitial Roll(nitial Roll 99o)to)t
F Initial $riorities#
F Coverage# determined by ?0 budgetF Eey parameters#
F T9 $ower o Mobile
F NR limit
F Antenna gains
F 3b%No
F <itrate
F Capacity issues arise#F ,ow can mutual inter erence be
minimised
F Is the subscriber density uni orm
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
•
Optimising the (nitial RollOptimising the (nitial Roll 99o)to)t
F Minimising mutual inte erence
F $ay care ul attention to the radiation
rom each cell.
F "owntilting o antennas.
F Minimise the lin; loss to tra ic
hotspots.
F I the loss is low! ?0 power will be low
8R3 will be high.
F Requirement on "0 power will be low!
thus increasing "0 capacity.
,igh 0in; 0oss# ,igh T9 power
0ow "0 capacity 0ow 8R3.
0ow 0in; 0oss# 0ow T9 power
,igh "0 capacity ,igh 8R3.
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
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Optimising the (nitial RollOptimising the (nitial Roll 99o)to)t
F Optimising the situation is
possible without movingsites.
F Re-directing the antennas
on a site can a ect the lin;
loss by up to about * d<.
F Also! i there is one
dominant serving cell!
mutual inter erence is
reduced.
,igh 0in; 0oss# ,igh T9 power0ow "0 capacity 0ow 8R3.
0ow 0in; 0oss# 0ow T9 power
,igh "0 capacity ,igh 8R3.
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
Optimising the (nitial RollOptimising the (nitial Roll 99o)to)t
F Overcoming coverage problems.
F Reduce NR limit
F Install M,As
F ?se lower loss eeder
F Implement diversity reception
F Implement M?"
F ?se higher gain cell antennas
F Reduce bitrate
F Reduce 3b%No
F ?se a second carrier to aid in NR limit
reduction
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
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3et,ork E+ol)tion3et,ork E+ol)tion
F As networ; evolves! we
need to#
F Increase networ;
capacity.
F Increase coverage range
or higher-resource
services.
F $rovide speci ically or
asymmetric services.
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
Optimising &apacit*Optimising &apacit*F Capacity can be increased by#
F 1ectorising sites
F Implementing M,As to allow NR
limit to rise.
F Implementing diversity in both
directions
F Implementing M?"
F Increasing cell T9 power
F Adding Micro-cells
F Incorporating e9tra sites into a
macro layer
F Adding carriers
F Reducing mutual inter erence
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
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Optimising &o+erage Range for 3e, UsersOptimising &o+erage Range for 3e, Users
F Increasing coverage range or
higher resource users.
F Reducing NR limit.
F Installing M,As.
F ?sing lower loss eeder.
F Implementing diversity reception.
F Implementing M?".
F ?sing higher gain antennas.
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
As*mmetric Ser+icesAs*mmetric Ser+ices
F $rovision or Asymmetric
1ervices
F 39ternal inter erence at hotspots
is ;ept to a minimum.
F Minimise lin; loss to hotspots.
F Increase cell power.
F Implement transmit diversity.
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
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OptimisingOptimising the 3et,orkthe 3et,ork
F "emand or downlin;-dominated
services are not li;ely to be uni ormly
spread.
F The ease with which demand can be
met is very dependent on the
location o the mobile user.
F It is important! when networ;
planning! to be able to identi y the
KgoodL and the KbadL areas quic;ly.
ariations in Tra ic "ensity
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
OptimisingOptimising the 3et,orkthe 3et,ork
F :e need an indicator that will predict
downlin; per ormance and is quic; and
easy to predict.
F The Kpilot 1IRL 63 c%I&7 serves as a
suitable indicator.
F I the pilot power is 4)) d<m! the pilot
1IR shows the 1IR or any tra ic
channel that is given )) d<m o power.
F 8or a given 3 b%N& value! the necessary
processing gain and hence ma9imum
bitrate can be ound.
Pilot Po,er
Traffic Po,er
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
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OptimisingOptimising the 3et,orkthe 3et,ork
F As an e9ample! suppose the pilot 1IR at a point is ound to
be -/( d<.F I the 3 b%N& required is 45 d<! then /* d< o processing
gain will be necessary.
F The ma9imum bitrate possible or a power o 4)) d<m is
then >* ;bps.
F I the pilot 1IR is -* d< then )=5 ;bps would be possible.
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
2etermining pilot S(R2etermining pilot S(R
F AIRCOM@s )g tool allows you to
display pilot 1IR or various
levels o networ; loading.F The display predicts the result
o a drive test through a
networ;! e9amining each pi9el
in the coverage area.
F $ilot 1IR is seen to be very
dependent on location and the
loading level o the networ;.
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
0ightly 0oaded networ;
6Tra ic $ower )' d<m7
$ilot 1IR -/ d<
$ilot 1IR - d<
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2etermining pilot S(R2etermining pilot S(R
F :e are probably more
interested in the situation with a
heavily loaded networ;.
F ariations in pilot 1IR at a given
distance can be as much as *
d<.
F This represents a actor o 5 in
the Kbits per second per
milliwattL possible on the
downlin;.
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
,eavily 0oaded networ;
6Tra ic $ower 5/ d<m7
$ilot 1IR -' d<
$ilot 1IR -// d<
2etermining pilot S(R2etermining pilot S(R
F Over the coverage area o a cellthe pilot 1IR varied by about /&d<.
F Thus the Kbits per second permilliwattL actor would vary by a
actor o /& or more.
F The implications or cell sitingand antenna orientation areclear.
F Note# simply re-orientatingantennas can improvethroughput by a actor o 5.
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
,eavily 0oaded networ;
6Tra ic $ower 5/ d<m7
$ilot 1IR -5 d<
$ilot 1IR -/5d<
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imiting .actorsimiting .actorsF 3ven i there is Jero pathloss!
pilot 1IR will be limited by the
inter erence e ect o the otherchannels! mainly the tra icchannel power.
F Tra ic channel power o 5/d<m reduced to e ectiveinter erence power o ) d<m ithe orthogonality is &.*.
F Comparing this with )) d<mpilot power suggests that thema9imum value o pilot 1IR willbe -5 d<.
,eavily 0oaded networ;
6Tra ic $ower 5/ d<m7
$ilot 1IR -5 d<
$ilot 1IR -/5d<
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
imiting .actorsimiting .actors
F I orthogonality is &.>! the pilot 1IR is
improved by appro9imately 5 d<
relative to a value o &.*.
F I orthogonality is &.(! the pilot 1IR is
worsened by appro9imately ) d<
relative to a value o &.*.
F This d< swing represents a capacity
variation by a actor o '.
F 8urther wor;# site location so as to
optimise orthogonality
,eavily 0oaded networ;
6Orthogonality &.>7
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
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S)mmar*S)mmar*F Appro9imate methods o
predicting networ; downlin;capacity can be used inpreliminary planning stages.
F The accuracy can be enhancedi simulations are available or a;nown data throughput.
F Rapid analysis methods using AIRCOM@s )+ planning tool willallow a nominal plan to beassessed and optimised.
F Improvements in capacity by aactor o /& are possible by
correctly locating sites andpointing antennas.
,eavily 0oaded networ;
6Tra ic $ower 5/ d<m7
"etwor Im%lementation and *volution
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/ S)mmarising ase St)d*
(ntrod)ction)o that e have asse +led a "se#"l 3tool%it o# %no ledge and dis!"ssedvario"s te!hni/"es involved in advan!ed planning ethods and opti isationpro!ed"res( it is possi+le to p"t o"rselves in a 3real orld sit"ation andde onstrate o"r !apa+ilities$ The advan!ed net or% planner and opti isersho"ld +e a+le to de onstrate analyti!al and pro+le solving !apa+ilities #or aUMTS net or%$ Pro+le areas !an +e identi#ied and re edies re!o ended$As a starting point e ill !onsider the sit"ation here a UMTS net or% has+een !onstr"!ted and is a!tive$ 7"rther e shall ass" e that it is notopti ised$ Pro+le s ith the net or% ay #all into a n" +er o# !ategories
• Calls dropped• )o !overage• Poor !apa!ity• Slo do nload ti es
Any pro+le s reported +y !"sto ers or +y net or% onitoring pro!ed"ressho"ld +e analysed to see hether opti isation pro!ed"res !an help thesit"ation as opposed to si ply investing heavily in ore in#rastr"!t"re$
Rather than ait #or !o plaints a+o"t net or% per#or an!e to arrive( theopti isation engineer sho"ld +e a+le to identi#y pro+le areas( e'plain hythey are li%ely to +e pro+le areas and identi#y possi+le sol"tions$ *rive test
eas"re ents are going to +e val"a+le in this a!tivity and sho"ld +e "sed in!on,"n!tion ith a planning tool$
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S)mmarisingS)mmarising &ase St)d*&ase St)d*F :e have put together a use ul Ktool ;itL o ;nowledge
F 8urther! we have e9amined e9amples o drive test data
F :e should be able to analyse such drive test data and
FPredict net,ork performance
F(dentif* pro%lem areas
FS)ggest correcti+e action
F :hen analysing such data we should thin; terms o
F&o+erage
F(nterference
F&apacit*
Summarising 'ase Study
S)mmarisingS)mmarising &ase St)d*&ase St)d*
F Rather than wait or complaints toarrive rom the public! a rigorousanalysis o drive test data should beused to identi y problem areas andrecommend corrective action.
F A planning tool can be used to predictthe e ect o alternative correctiveactions.
Summarising 'ase Study
The initial sit)atione shall ass" e that-
• e have a net or%• It has not +een opti ised• e need to assess the /"ality o# the net or% in an e##i!ient anner and
report +a!%$
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• The report sho"ld +e a+le to predi!t areas here !overage and !ongestionpro+le s are going to o!!"r$
Making the meas)rements*rive test eas"re ents are going to +e ade "sing a proprietary s!anner ortest o+ile$ These ill +e a+le to provide a great deal o# data$ Initially( it isi portant to #o!"s on a #e ( highly relevant para eters$ A s!anner ill reporton pilot strength @ ! and also pilot !=Io @altho"gh the val"e o# Io dependpartly on the /"ality o# the re!eiver itsel# $ A test o+ile ill additionally +ea+le to a!!ess the net or% and report on "plin% trans it po er$ These
eas"re ents alone are s"##i!ient to +e a+le to !o ent on-
?$ Coverage2$ Inter#eren!e;$ *L !apa!ity
?ital Meas)rements?ital Meas)rements
F A scanner can report on downlin;measurements in particular 3c and3c%Io or the pilot channel.
F A test mobile can additionally report oncall success and uplin; transmit powerrequirements.
F These measurements can beinterpreted to give use ul predictions o
FCoverage
FInter erence
F"ownlin; Capacity
Summarising 'ase Study
Anal*sing Meas)rements
o+erage
Pilot strength alone is a good indi!ator o# +asi! !overage$ As ell as indi!atinghether the pilot is strong eno"gh #or a typi!al o+ile to syn!hronise ith(
pilot strength indi!ates the path loss$ This in t"rn !an +e "sed to predi!t"plin% !overage$ As an e'a ple !onsider a servi!e #or hi!h the re/"ired
+=)o val"e is 9 d6$ I# it ass" ed that-
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Cell pilot strength D ;; d6)oise 7ig"re o# Cell Re!eiver D 4 d6
then the pilot strength !an +e "sed to indi!ate the a'i " pathloss #or agiven noise rise li it @)R d6 $
Ma'i " lin% loss @UL D Pt ?0< > 4 .9 ?0log@;<40=+itrate > )R$
Th"s at +it rate o# ?2$2 %+it=s and a noise rise li it o# ; d6( the a'i " lin%loss is ?42 d6 i# the o+ile trans it po er is a a'i " o# 2? d6 $ I# thepilot strength is ;; d6 ( this area is indi!ated +y a pilot strength o# .?0E d6 $In pra!ti!e a argin #or #ading o"ld +e e'pe!ted and a ini " level o#appro'i ately .?09 d6 o"ld +e so"ght$ This poli!y o# applying argins isvery ne!essary i# the drive testing is !arried o"t e'!l"sively o"t o# doors andindoor !overage is re/"ired$ 7"rther( higher reso"r!e +earers !annot s"stainas high a path loss as voi!e and a stronger pilot o"ld +e re/"ired to indi!ate"plin% !overage$ A typi!al set o# thresholds o"ld +e
Servi!e Re/"ired Pilot StrengthO"tdoor Boi!e .?09 d6In Car Boi!e .E d6Indoor Boi!e .< d6Indoor 5S* .<0 d6
Things to !he!%- are the ass" ptions ade !orre!t8
• )oise Rise Li it• )oise 7ig"re o# Cell Re!eiver @M5A !an a##e!t this• Pilot Strength
Using Pilot Strength to predict &o+erageUsing Pilot Strength to predict &o+erageF Measurements o pilot strength can be a very use ul predictor o uplin;
coverage.
F Other parameters need to be ;nown#
FT9 $ilot $ower
FNR limit and Noise 8loor o cell.
F<it rate and 3b%No o service or which coverage is being predicted.
Summarising 'ase Study
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Using Pilot Strength to predict &o+erageUsing Pilot Strength to predict &o+erageF 8or e9ample
FNR limit set to ) d< Noise 8loor o Cell -/&5 d<m
F3b%No required ' d< bitrate /((&& bits per secondF$ilot $ower )) d<m
FMa9imum mobile power (/ d<m
Summarising 'ase Study
F Calculations
F$rocessing +ain (' d< Required 1NR -(& d<
FMa9imum Noise 8loor -/&/ d<m
FRequired 1ignal 1trength -/(/ d<m
FMa9imum lin; loss /5( d<
F$ilot 1trength -/&> d<m
Using Pilot Strength to predict &o+erageUsing Pilot Strength to predict &o+erage 99marginsmargins
F I -/&> d<m was actually measured! coverage could not be con identlyassumed.
F Margins would be required.
F This is especially true i measurements were made out o doors toindicate indoor coverage.
F The margins required depend on the characteristics o the buildings inquestion.
FTypical required minimum values# D Outdoor# -/&' d<m D In Car# ->* d<m D In <uilding# -=* d<m D ,1" In <uilding# -=& d<m
F Note that these are measured values# not predicted.
F $redicted values must additionally consider errors in the path lossmodel.
Summarising 'ase Study
Using )plink meas)rements
Altho"gh( i# the !ell para eters are %no n a!!"rately( relia+le predi!tions o#"plin% !overage !an +e o+tained #ro do nlin% eas"re ents( it is desira+leto have eas"re ents o# "plin% trans it po er #or a parti!"lar servi!e so thata !he!% !an +e ade on the !overage provided on the "plin%$ This is +e!a"se
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"sing only do nlin% eas"re ents relies on ass" ptions #or the "plin% +=)oand inter#eren!e levels to +e assessed$ Using a test o+ile and onitoringthe "plin% trans it po er ill a"to ati!ally ta%e into a!!o"nt the e##e!t o# arise in the target +=)o d"e to adverse propagation !onditions or e'tra po er+eing re/"ired +e!a"se o# the presen!e o# "plin% inter#er#en!e$ 5o ever( it
"st +e +orne in ind that the "plin% ight not +e e'perien!ing "plin% noiserise at the designed level th"s giving o+ile po er levels that are 3%ind $ I#the net or% is /"iet( the "plin% noise rise ill +e very lo $ More realisti!val"es o# re/"ired "plin% trans it po er ill +e o+tained i# the noise level atthe !ell is raised arti#i!ially$ This !an +e a!hieved +y raising the e##e!tive noise#ig"re o# the !ell @TRF re!eiver$ This !an +e done +y inserting an atten"ator+e#ore the re!eiver$ Care "st +e ta%en i# a M5A is "sed to pla!e theatten"ator +e#ore the M5A rather than +et een the M5A and the TRF re!eiver$
It is li%ely that the eas"re ents ill +e ade as a res"lt o# drive tests"nderta%en o"tdoors$ As ith the do nlin% eas"re ents( appropriate
argins "st +e added #or penetration loss and in!reased levels o# shado#ading$
Predicting &o+erage @contin)edPredicting &o+erage @contin)ed L L the +al)e ofthe +al)e of)plink @test mo%ile meas)rements-)plink @test mo%ile meas)rements-
F The prediction o coverage using pilot strength as an indicator madesome assumptions#
F3b%No required.
F?plin; inter erence e9perienced.
F A record o the uplin; power needed or a particular service willautomatically account or these actors.
F I a mobile has a ma9imum transmit power o 4(/ d<m then theollowing conclusions can be drawn#
FRequired T9 $ower X / d<m# Coverage unreliable outdoors
FRequired T9 $ower X = d<m# Outdoor coverage only
FRequired T9 $ower X -( d<m# In Car coverage
FRequired T9 $ower Y -( d<m# Indoor coverage
Summarising 'ase Study
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Sim)lating the effect of U 3oise RiseSim)lating the effect of U 3oise Rise
F I the networ; isKquietL when thetests are conducted!the results will beoptimistic.
F A noise rise can besimulated byincreasing the Noise8igure o the cellreceiver. This canbe achieved simplyby adding anattenuator in the
eeder.
Summarising 'ase Study
FTR9 FTR9
# d1
3. J ! d1 3. J 5 d1
Sim)lating the effect of U 3oise RiseSim)lating the effect of U 3oise Rise
F I the cell has a M,Aitted! the attenuator
must be itted abovethe M,A.
F Otherwise! the M,Awill reduce the e ect othe attenuator.
Summarising 'ase Study
TRx TRx
# d1
(nterference
Pilot Strength alone is not a s"##i!ient indi!ator o# pilot !overage$ The pilot!hannel is vital #or !ell sele!tion( !hannel so"nding and syn!hronisation
p"rposes$ The 3pilot SIR ratio "st +e a+ove .?9 d6$ Un#ort"nately pilot SIRis not eas"red dire!tly$ 7"rther it is very dependent on the loading levels on
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the do nlin%( and also on the /"ality o# the U re!eiver @its noise #ig"re $5o ever( the eas"re ents ade !an +e "sed to esti ate hether the pilotSIR ill +e s"##i!iently high #or dete!tion p"rposes$ The s!anner ill not reportonly on the +est @or strongest pilot +"t ill report on all dete!ta+le pilots$
This in#or ation( !o +ined ith so e ass" ptions( !an +e "sed to esti atethe pilot SIR at di##erent lo!ations$ As an e'a ple( let "s !onsider the sit"ation
here #o"r pilots have +een dete!ted$Pilot ? .<0 d6Pilot 2 .<4 d6Pilot ; .<G d6Pilot 4 .E0 d6
In order to esti ate the /"ality o# the pilot( it is ne!essary to esti ate the totale##e!tive level o# noise pl"s inter#eren!e$ This "st +e done +y !onsidering!onditions o# heavy loading$ It is possi+le to arti#i!ially load the do nlin% +"tthis is not a+sol"tely ne!essary$ I# e regard the .<0 d6 pilot as the servingpilot( e need to a%e an ass" ption regarding the a'i " do nlin%po er and the pilot levels$ I# the a'i " total trans it po er is ?0 d6 orethan the pilot then the three eas"red inter#ering pilots !an +e regarded as!arrying potential inter#eren!e levels o# .G4 d6 ( .GG d6 and .<0 d6respe!tively$ Indeed( it !an +e e'pe!ted that there ill +e .G? d6 o#inter#ering po er e anating #ro the serving !ell( altho"gh orthogonality
o"ld +e e'pe!ted to red"!e this to an e##e!tive level o# .G9 d6 $ Thether al noise level( even #or a poor /"ality re!eiver o"ld not +e e'pe!ted toe'!eed .?00 d6 @negligi+le in this !ase $ I# the e##e!tive levels o#inter#eren!e are added the res"lt is a total e##e!tive inter#eren!e po er o# .G0d6 $ Th"s a pilot SIR o# .?0 d6 o"ld +e a reasona+le esti ate$ Anythingless than ?2 d6 sho"ld +e regarded as a !a"se #or !on!ern$
The pilot !=Io @ hi!h is eas"red does not in!l"de orthogonality and( in #a!t(
in!l"des the anted( 3+est ( pilot po er ithin the overall level o# Io$ In thea+ove !ase( the val"e o# !=Io "nder #"lly loaded !onditions o"ld +e .?2 d6$ The eas"red val"e is re!orded as .9$G d6 s"ggesting that the do nlin% asnot heavily loaded hen the eas"re ents ere ade$ This #a!t "st +e!onsidered hen assessing the /"ality o# the do nlin%$
The a+ove analysis( altho"gh not too onero"s( is so e hat ti e.!ons" ing$It is possi+le( ith e'perien!e( to adopt an appropriate threshold level o# !=Io
ith hi!h to highlight pro+le areas on the do nlin%$
It is !lear that a lo level o# !=Io ill +e d"e to a !o +ination o# 3lo !and=or 3high Io $ 3lo ! pro+le s are d"e to high path loss$ 35igh Iopro+le s are d"e to a high n" +er o# pilot signals that are o# nearly e/"al
strength$ It ay +e that a high n" +er o# dete!ta+le pilots @K4 is alone as"##i!ient indi!ator o# potential pro+le s ith do nlin% inter#eren!e$ I# it isseen to +e a relia+le indi!ator( this ill speed "p analysis !onsidera+ly$
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(nterference(nterference
F $ilot 1trength alone is
not a su icientindicator o pilotcoverage.
F The K$ilot 1IRL mustbe better thanappro9imately -/' d<
or the pilot to beusable.
Summarising 'ase Study
(nterference(nterference L L Pilot S(RPilot S(RFThe Inter erence 4 noise
e9perienced comes rom#
FOther cells
FThermal noise
FOther channels onown cell
D Note other channelson own cell willbene it romorthogonality.
FMeasurements ostrengths o all pilots can
be used.
Summarising 'ase Study
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(nterference(nterference L L 2ed)cing Pilot S(R2ed)cing Pilot S(RF1uppose 5 pilots
are detected#F-=& d<m 6bestserver7
F-=5 d<m
F-= d<m
F->& d<m
F Assume thermal noiseis at -/&& d<m.
Summarising 'ase Study
(nterference(nterference L L 2ed)cing Pilot S(R2ed)cing Pilot S(RSummarising 'ase Study
F:hen networ; is heavilyloaded inter erence romown cell 6assuming 5)
d<m ma9 power and ))d<m pilot power7 is at- / d<m. 3 ect oorthogonality is to reducethis to - ' d<m P/&log6/-&.*7 5 d<Q.
FOther inter erers are - 5d<m - d<m -=& d<m.
FTotal noise plusinter erence - & d<m.
FPilot Po,er J ## d1m
FMaxim)m Po,er J /# d1m
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(nterference(nterference L L Pilot S(RPilot S(RF$ilot strength 6best
server7 -=& d<m.
F$redicted Knoise plusinter erenceL underconditions o heavy load
- & d<m.
F$ilot 1IR -/& d<.
F Anything less than -/(d< would cause concern.
FNote# it is important thatpredictions are made ora ully loaded downlin;.
Summarising 'ase Study
Wanted Pilot J 950 d1m
3oise (nterference J 940 d1m
Pilot S(R J 9'0 d1
(nterference(nterference L L PilotPilot EcEc "(o "(oF$ilot 1IR is not measured D it must be deduced
rom pilot strengthmeasurements.
F$ilot 3c%Io can bemeasured.
FNote that no bene it romorthogonality ismeasured and! also! theKwantedL pilot power isincluded in KIoL.
F$ilot 1IR will be better
than 3c%Io
Summarising 'ase Study
F,igh level o pilot 3c%Ioindicates lightly loadednetwor; D values would
be much worse underheavy loading conditions.
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(nterference(nterference L L PilotPilot EcEc "(o "(o
F Although an allowance
must be made oradditional downlin;inter erence when anetwor; is heavilyloaded! 3c%Io is a use ulindicator o the quality othe radio channel.
F A poor 3c%Io could bedue to Klow 3cL or KhighIoL.
Summarising 'ase Study
(nterference(nterference L L PilotPilot EcEc "(o "(o
F ,ere there is a Klow 3cL problem! indicatingpossible coverage problems
Summarising 'ase Study
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(nterference(nterference L L PilotPilot EcEc "(o "(o
F Now we have a Khigh IoL problem. Coverage is
good but downlin; capacity will be limited byinter erence.
Summarising 'ase Study
Other (ndicators of 2 (nterferenceOther (ndicators of 2 (nterference
F Receiving Ktoo manyL pilots with near-equal strength is anindicator o potential inter erence problems.
F It is possible to report the number o detectable pilots at alocation.
Summarising 'ase Study
2o,nlink apacit*
The inter#eren!e levels e'perien!ed on the do nlin% are very dependent onthe lo!ation o# the o+ile that is s"##ering #ro the inter#eren!e$ 6y
eas"ring the levels o# the pilot and !onsidering the !ell para eters( it ispossi+le to esti ate i portant para eters-
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• The !apa!ity availa+le i# all !ell po er is devoted do nloadingdata to "sers in that lo!ation$
• The thro"ghp"t possi+le +y devoting ? att o# po er to a "serat that lo!ation$
• The po er re/"ired #or a parti!"lar thro"ghp"t and +=)o$
It is reasona+le to ass" e that the a+ove details sho"ld relate to the sit"ationhere the net or% is #"lly loaded$ e have already seen that pilot strengths
!an +e "sed to predi!t the val"e o# pilot SIR #or the +est server$ Consideringthe sit"ation des!ri+ed a+ove here the pilot SIR as esti ated to +e .?0 d6"nder heavily loaded !onditions( e %no that this ill also +e the SIRe'perien!ed +y a tra##i! !hannel o# the sa e po er$ S"ppose this is 2 $ I#the servi!e to +e sent over this +earer re/"ires an +=)o val"e o# 4 d6( apro!essing gain o# ?4 d6 ill +e needed and the thro"ghp"t ill +e li ited to?9; %+it=s$ This +earer represents one eighth o# the !apa!ity o# the !ell @asthere is a total a'i " o# ? availa+le #or do nlin% tra##i! $ Th"s thetotal !apa!ity on the do nlin% o"ld +e esti ated to +e ?224 %+it=s$ A +earer
ith a po er o# ? !o"ld s"stain a data rate o# G %+it=s and i# a parti!"larservi!e @#or e'a ple( a ?2< %+it=s videophone at an +=)o o# ; d6 is %no n to+e re/"ired( this !an +e !al!"lated to +e the e/"ivalent o# ?$;4 ti es a 4<%+it=s 4 d6 +=)o servi!e and there#ore ea!h re/"ire tra##i! !hannel po er o#?$;4 atts$
These predi!tions serve to give a "se#"l indi!ation o# the !apa!ity o# thedo nlin% i# all "sers ere at the sa e lo!ation @the 3hotspot s!enario $ It illo#ten +e re/"ired to esti ate the !apa!ity o# the do nlin% i# the "sers arespread thro"gho"t the !overage area o# a !ell$ In order to esti ate this(
eas"re ents need to +e ta%en #or representative lo!ations ithin the !ell$S"ppose #or e'a ple( it as #elt that radio !onditions on the !ell !o"ld +edes!ri+ed +y si' representative eas"re ents #ro hi!h pilot SIR !o"ld +e
predi!ted$ The !ell s !apa!ity !o"ld then +e predi!ted on the ass" ption thattra##i! as going to +e loaded evenly in those representative lo!ations$
S"ppose the representative lo!ations have pilot SIR esti ates as #ollo s$
Lo!ation Pilot SIRA .?2 d66 .< d6C . d6* .?0 d6
.2 d67 .E d6
The ethod des!ri+ed previo"sly !an +e "sed to !al!"late the a o"nt o#po er re/"ired to do nload a +earer ith a no inal ? %+it=s at an +=)o o# 4d6( ass" ing the pilot po er to +e 2 $
Lo!ation Pilot SIR Po er #or?%+it=s W 4 d6
A .?2 d6 20$G 6 .< d6 <$2 C . d6 9$2 * .?0 d6 ?;$?
.2 d6 2$0G
7 .E d6 ?0$4 Total po er re/"ired #or 9E$
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%+it=s
The total po er re/"ired o# 9E$ #or %+it=s at an +=)o o# 4 d6 s"ggeststhat the total !ell po er o# ? !o"ld s"stain ?$ M+it=s$ )oti!e that this issigni#i!antly larger than the !apa!ity o# ?224 %+it=s that as esti ated to +e
the li it o# thro"ghp"t i# all "sers ere at lo!ation * @pilot SIR D .?0 d6 $ This analysis !an +e e'tended to varia+le eightings o# tra##i! a!ross the !ell!overage area as the #ollo ing e'a ple sho s #or the vario"s relative
eightings indi!ated$
Lo!ation Pilot SIR Po er#or?%+it=sW 4 d6
eighting
Thro"ghp"t
Po erRe/"ired
A .?2 d6 20$G 4 4 %+it=s <2$< 6 .< d6 <$2 2 2 %+it=s ? $4 C . d6 9$2 ; ; %+it=s ?9$ * .?0 d6 ?;$? ? ? %+it=s ?;$? .2 d6 2$0G ? ? %+it=s 2$0G 7 .E d6 ?0$4 ; ; %+it=s ;?$2
Totals ?4 %+it=s ? ?$2
This s"ggests that the !ell !apa!ity hen ? o# tra##i! po er is "sed o"ld+e ?$;E M+it=s$ )oti!e that the a+ove eightings sho the tra##i! to +e!on!entrated here the inter#eren!e is orst( hen!e the lo er !apa!itypredi!tion !o pared ith the evenly loaded !ase$ The ne't e'a ple sho sthe sit"ation here the eighting is in #avo"r o# those !ells that have thelo est inter#eren!e$
Lo!ation Pilot SIR Po er#or?%+it=sW 4 d6
eighting
Thro"ghp"t
Po erRe/"ired
A .?2 d6 20$G ? ? %+it=s 20$G 6 .< d6 <$2 ; ; %+it=s 24$ C . d6 9$2 ; ; %+it=s ?9$ * .?0 d6 ?;$? ? ? %+it=s ?;$?
.2 d6 2$0G 4 4 %+it=s <$; 7 .E d6 ?0$4 2 2 %+it=s 20$<
Totals ?4 %+it=s ?0;$?
This s"ggests a total !apa!ity o# 2$?< M+it=s$ )oti!e ho the !apa!ity is "!hgreater$ The +ene#it o# ens"ring that yo"r areas o# highest de ande'perien!e the lo est inter#eren!e is !lear$
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(nterference(nterference L L Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*F$ilot 1IR estimates can be
used to#
F$redict the capacity i allcell power was devoted todownloading to a particularlocation.
F$redict the throughputpossible or a nominalpower 6e.g. / watt7.
F$redict the power requiredor a particular service
6de ined by bitrate and3b%No7.
Summarising 'ase Study
Wanted Pilot J 950 d1m
3oise (nterference J 940 d1m
Pilot S(R J 9'0 d1
(nterference(nterference L L Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*FI pilot power is )) d<m and
5( d<m 6/* :7 can be usedor tra ic channels#
F A (: 6)) d<m7 tra icchannel will also e9perience-/& d< 1IR.
FI 3b%No requirement is 5d<! processing gain mustbe /5 d<.
FThis is achieved at a bitrate o /') ;bit%s
F/* : would achieve /((5;bit%s
Summarising 'ase Study
Wanted Pilot J 950 d1m
3oise (nterference J 940 d1m
Pilot S(R J 9'0 d1
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(nterference(nterference L L Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*F8urther calculations are possible#
FI / watt o power wasavailable or a downlin;bearer! this bearer would beable to sustain * ;bit%s at 5d< 3b%No.
F A service with a /(= ;bit%sthroughput at an 3b%No valueo ) d< has a relativeamplitude o /.)) comparedto the * ;bit%s! 5 d< 3b%No
service and would there orerequire /.)) watts o "0power.
Summarising 'ase Study
Wanted Pilot J 950 d1m
3oise (nterference J 940 d1m
Pilot S(R J 9'0 d1
Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit* L L spread trafficspread traffic
FThese calculations are only validat one location. 1upposemeasurements were made atdi erent locations within a cell.These allowed the ollowingestimates to be made or pilot1IR#
Summarising 'ase Study
/( dBF
/) dB1
/ 0 dBD
/6 dBC
/$ dBB
/ ) dBA
Pilot +:Rocation
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Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit* L L spread trafficspread traffic
F The same method can be used to deduce the powerrequired or a nominal / ;bit%s! 5 d< 3b%No bearer ateach location. The total power required or the totalthroughput can be used to estimate the "0 capacity.
Summarising 'ase Study
9E$ Total po&er re/"ired #or %+it=s?0$4 .E d67
2$0G .2 d6?;$? .?0 d6*9$2 . d6C<$2 .< d6620$G .?2 d6A
Po&er #or ?%+it=s W4 d6
Pilot SIRLo!ation
Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit* L L spread trafficspread traffic
F '>.* m: required or * ;bit%s.
F /* : would support '$'' ;bit%s
F This is signi icantly larger than /((5 ;bit%s i alle9perienced a -/& d< pilot 1IR.
Summarising 'ase Study
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Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit* L L )ne+enl* spread)ne+enl* spreadtraffictraffic
F The method can be e9tended to include relative
weightings o tra ic density at particular points.
Summarising 'ase Study
? ?$2 ?4 %+it= s Totals
;?$2 ; %+it= s;?0$4 .E d67
2$0G ? %+it= s?2$0G .2 d6
?;$? ? %+it= s??;$? .?0 d6*
?9$ ; %+it= s;9$2 . d6C
? $4 2 %+it= s2<$2 .< d66
<2$< 4 %+it= s420$G .?2 d6A
Po&erRe/"ired
Thro"ghp"t
eight.ing
Po&er #or?%+it= s W4 d6
Pilot SIRLo!ation
Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit* L L )ne+enl* spread)ne+enl* spreadtraffictraffic
F /*/./ m: or /5 ;bit%s# /* : would support /)>& ;bit%swith these weightings.
Summarising 'ase Study
? ?$2 ?4 %+it= s Totals
;?$2 ; %+it= s;?0$4 .E d67
2$0G ? %+it= s?2$0G .2 d6
?;$? ? %+it= s??;$? .?0 d6*
?9$ ; %+it= s;9$2 . d6C
? $4 2 %+it= s2<$2 .< d66
<2$< 4 %+it= s420$G .?2 d6A
Po&erRe/"ired
Thro"ghp"t
eight.ing
Po&er #or?%+it= s W4 d6
Pilot SIRLo!ation
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Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit* L L )ne+enl* spread)ne+enl* spreadtraffic exercisetraffic exercise
F 3stimate the downlin; capacity with these weightings.
Summarising 'ase Study
Totals
2?0$4 .E d67
42$0G .2 d6
??;$? .?0 d6*
;9$2 . d6C
;<$2 .< d66
?20$G .?2 d6A
Po&erRe/"ired
Thro"ghp"t
eight.ing
Po&er #or?%+it= s W4 d6
Pilot SIRLo!ation
Taking correcti+e actionI proving the inter#eren!e sit"ation is !learly a good thing$ In areas here a!ell does not a%e a positive !ontri+"tion to the per#or an!e o# the net or%@+y potentially +eing the +est server it is i portant that the lin% loss is
a'i ised$ It sho"ld +e noted that this ill +ene#it the "plin% and do nlin%per#or an!e$ In a net or%( it is inevita+le that there are lo!ations here near.e/"al signals #ro three !ells on the a!ro.!ell layer are re!eived$
• )et or% per#or an!e !an +e i proved +y ens"ring that these lo!ationsare a ay #ro predi!ted hotspots$
• Parti!"lar attention sho"ld +e paid to lo!ations here near.e/"alsignals #ro ore than three !ells are re/"ired$ One o# the !ells!on!erned is pro+a+ly detri ental to net or% per#or an!e$
It is o# interest to !onsider sit"ations that !o"ld lead to !ertain lo!ations
re!eiving strong signals #ro #o"r or ore !ells$A 3nor al a!ro.!ell layer !an +e ass" ed to !onsist o# three.se!tored sitesthat are all at reg"lar a:i "ths @e$g$ 0X( ?20X and 240X $ It ay happen that(#or so e reason @perhaps to provide +etter !overage at so e point ( thea:i "ths have +een altered$ This !an lead to the sit"ation arising here!ertain lo!ations s"##er e'!essive do nlin% inter#eren!e$ S"!h a sit"ation isdepi!ted +elo $ Altho"gh the re.orientation o# antennas ay have +een!arried o"t #or good reasons( attention "st +e paid to the #a!t that aninter#eren!e sit"ation has +een !a"sed$ That is( !overage ay have +eeni proved( +"t net or% !apa!ity ill have +een da aged$ This !an +e re!ti#ied+y identi#ying the !ells that are e##e!tively !o peting ith ea!h other andde!iding hi!h o# these are re/"ired to provide !overage and hi!h !an +eregarded as "n anted inter#erers$ On!e these have +een identi#ied( ethodso# in!reasing the lin% loss o# the inter#ering !ells to the areas s"##ering #rointer#eren!e !an +e i ple ented$ This ill "s"ally entail varying the height
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and=or do n.tilt o# the !ell antenna$ Controlling the radiation pattern o#antennas so that "n anted radiation is ini ised is !r"!ial to a'i isingnet or% !apa!ity$
Taking &orrecti+e ActionTaking &orrecti+e ActionF Receiving Ktoo manyL pilots
with near-equal strength isan indicator o potentialinter erence problems.
F A possible way how thiscould arise is described.
F Areas where there are )near-equal pilots willinevitably occur.
F 1uppose that the antennasare re-orientated toalleviate a coverageproblem.
Summarising 'ase Study
&o+erage >ap
Taking &orrecti+e ActionTaking &orrecti+e Action
F Re-orientating theantennas will help to ill in acoverage gap.
F ,owever a region hasemerged where ive serverwould have near-equalpath loss.
F This would cause problemswith pilot detection andpoor achievable downlin;bitrates.
Summarising 'ase Study
2 (nterference Pro%lem
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Taking &orrecti+e ActionTaking &orrecti+e Action
F Corrective action wouldhave to involve providing adominant server in thearea.
F This would entaildowntilting antennas andperhaps having tocompromise on thecoverage in certain areas.
F A M,A or ?0 diversitysystem will help with
coverage.
Summarising 'ase Study
Re9orientate to pro+ide
dominant ser+er
2o,n9tilt here
oncl)sions'a ples have +een given o# the ay in hi!h drive test eas"re ents !an
+e "sed to analyse and predi!t net or% per#or an!e$ This involves predi!tinglevels o# !overage( inter#eren!e and !apa!ity$ 7"rther( s"ggestions #or!orre!tive a!tion in sele!ted instan!es have +een p"t #or ard$
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! Appendix
!-' Amplificadores M8A
?MT1 Masthead Ampli ier ALP Enabled TM
I11?3 # ?MT1M,A&&(a%/&&=&&
REME Masthead Amplifiers help red)ce the cost of %asestation deplo*ment %* extending cell co+erage-
They also signi icantly improve call quality and reduce the numbero dropped calls! which is the number one reason or customerchurn.
.EATURES
• Mar;et leading low noiseper ormance
• 1imple to install
• <ypass in _power down_ mode
• Rugged and highly reliable
• 39cellent lightning protection
• 8ull water immersion 6I$*=7speci ication
1E3E.(TS
• 39tends cell coverage
• Reduces bit error rate D vital or dataapplications
• 1igni icantly reduces roll out costs
• Improves call quality
• Reduces dropped calls
• 3nhances in-building coverage
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R3M3C M,As improve in-building coverage and reduce overallsystem bit error rate! which is vitally important or data applications.
These units have the best noise and lightning per ormanceavailable and are I$*= rated or ull water immersion.
Time and time again networ; trials have proven these units tosigni icantly improve networ; per ormance! providing the largestimprovements margins in competitive benchmar;ing. Over i tynetwor;s worldwide have improved their per ormance usingR3M3C M,As.
• Increases handset battery li e
Tx CharacteristicsSpecif ication
.rec)enc* Range (//&-(/ & M,J1and,idth *& M,J
(nsertion oss Y&.* d<Ripple ^&.( d<Max Po,er 8andling '( d<m C:
*( d<m $ea;Ret)rn oss X/= d<@?SWR 6Y/.(>7
Rx haracteristics Specification.rec)enc* Range />(&-/>=& M,J1and,idth *& M,J3oise .ig)re @T*pical Y/.5 d<>ain ?ariation O+er .re<)enc* &Temperat)re /(.&^&.> d<
>ain ?ariation ,ith .re<)enc* ^&.' d<O)tp)t 'd1 ompression X /& d<mO)tp)t (P# X 4(( d<mRet)rn oss @?SWR X/= d< active 6Y/.(>7
X/( d< in bypass6Y/.* 7
Rx to Tx Re:ection X=& d<@O+er Operating 1and
S*stem haracteristics Specification(ntermod)lation Y-/(& d<m@ Tx arriers at /# d1mProd)cts in Rx 1and2 S)ppl* ?oltageQ
4/( ^/ "C
)rrent @3ominal Q /(' mA normal/ ' mA alarm
+Other O%tions Availa)le
En+ironmental haracteristics SpecificationOperating Temp- Range -5&`C to 4*'`CStorage Temperat)re -5&`C to 4='`CRelati+e 8)midit* ' to >'Enclos)re Protection I$*=
ightning Protection
1TS Port @1ias Tee =%(& 1 /&Ea $ulseI3C-=&/-'
A3T Port "C +roundedEM 3T1 )&& )5(-) compliantMT1. X=&&!&&& hrs.
Mechanical haracteristics Specification2imensions )/( 9 /*( 9 mmWeight Y5;g
?ol)me ).> 0tr R. onnectors 1TS %/* emale A3T %/* emale
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Messages
!- RR onnectionRRC Connection Re;uest (U /CCC<'
Ti e- ?;-0<-2G$ <
Length - ;9Proto!ol Bersion nr - 2$0
Type o# Message - @; Report@#ro Phone to PCReport Id - @0 RRC Message Report Ti esta p - 9E9002Logi!al Channel - @? CCC5*ire!tion - @0 Uplin%Length - 2?initialU .Identity InitialU .Identity - p.TMSI.and.RAI p.TMSI.and.RAI p.TMSI 6inary string @6in - ??0000000000??000000?????0?0???? Y0 Z - ? Y;?Z - ?
rai lai pl n.Identity !! MCC -
Y0 Z - ? Y? Z - ? Y2 Z - ? n! M)C -
Y0 Z - ? Y? Z - ?
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la! - 00000000??00??0? Y0 Z - 0 Y?9Z - ? ra!
6inary string @6in - ??00??0? Y0 Z - ? YG Z - ?esta+lish entCa"se - originatingConversationalCallproto!ol rrorIndi!ator - no rror
eas"redRes"ltsOnRAC5 odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd eas"re entV"antity - !pi!h. !.)0 !pi!h. !.)0 - ?E
Message d" p @5e' - 00 00 A9 6 00 2; 02 00 ;0 00
00 0E ?4 ;A 0? 00 00 ?9 ;2 C00C 07 A7 2; 40 A< 0 < 00E< 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ?2;4
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RRC Connection +etup (D /CCC<' Ti e- ?;-0<-2<$04
Length - ?0<
Proto!ol Bersion nr - 2$0 Type o# Message - @; Report@#ro Phone to PCReport Id - @0 RRC Message Report
Ti esta p - 9E9; ?Logi!al Channel - @? CCC5*ire!tion - @? *o nlin%Length - E4RRCConne!tionSet"p - r;rr!Conne!tionSet"p.r; initialU .Identity InitialU .Identity - p.TMSI.and.RAI p.TMSI.and.RAI p.TMSI
6inary string @6in - ??0000000000??000000?????0?0???? Y0 Z - ? Y;?Z - ? rai lai pl n.Identity !! MCC -
Y0 Z - ? Y? Z - ? Y2 Z - ? n! M)C -
Y0 Z - ? Y? Z - ? la! - 00000000??00??0? Y0 Z - 0 Y?9Z - ? ra! 6inary string @6in - ??00??0? Y0 Z - ? YG Z - ? rr!.Transa!tionIdenti#ier - 0 ne .U.R)TI srn!.Identity 6inary string @6in - 00??0?0???0? Y0 Z - 0 Y??Z - ? s.R)TI 6inary string @6in - 00000?000?0?0000000? Y0 Z - 0 Y?EZ - ? rr!.StateIndi!ator - !ell.*C5 "tran.*RF.Cy!leLengthCoe## - !apa+ilityUpdateRe/"ire ent "e.RadioCapa+ility7**UpdateRe/"ire ent - Tr"e "e.RadioCapa+ilityT**UpdateRe/"ire ent - 7alse syste Spe!i#i!CapUpdateRe/List
Syste Spe!i#i!CapUpdateRe/List -Y0 Z -
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Syste Spe!i#i!CapUpdateRe/- gs sr+.In#or ationSet"pList SR6.In#or ationSet"pList2 -
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issingP*U.Indi!ator - Tr"e r+.MappingIn#o R6.MappingIn#o -
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"l.Logi!alChannelMappings UL.Logi!alChannelMappings - oneLogi!alChannel oneLogi!alChannel "l.TransportChannelType UL.TransportChannelType - d!h d!h - ;? logi!alChannelIdentity - 2 rl!.Si:eList - !on#ig"red a!.Logi!alChannelPriority - 2 dl.Logi!alChannelMappingList *L.Logi!alChannelMappingList -
Y0 Z -dl.TransportChannelType
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rl!.In#oChoi!e RLC.In#oChoi!e - rl!.In#o rl!.In#o "l.RLC.Mode UL.RLC.Mode - "l.AM.RLC.Mode "l.AM.RLC.Mode trans issionRLC.*is!ard Trans issionRLC.*is!ard - no*is!ard no*is!ard - dat;0 trans ission indo Si:e - t ?2< ti erRST - tr290 a'.RST - rst? pollingIn#o ti erPoll - tp?40 poll.S*U - sd"? lastTrans issionP*U.Poll - Tr"e lastRetrans issionP*U.Poll - Tr"e poll indo - p 90 dl.RLC.Mode *L.RLC.Mode - dl.AM.RLC.Mode dl.AM.RLC.Mode inSe/"en!e*elivery - Tr"e re!eiving indo Si:e - r ?2< dl.RLC.Stat"sIn#o ti erStat"sProhi+it - tsp?20 issingP*U.Indi!ator - Tr"e r+.MappingIn#o R6.MappingIn#o -
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rl!.Si:eList - !on#ig"red a!.Logi!alChannelPriority - 9 dl.Logi!alChannelMappingList *L.Logi!alChannelMappingList -
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rl!.In#oChoi!e RLC.In#oChoi!e - rl!.In#o rl!.In#o "l.RLC.Mode UL.RLC.Mode - "l.AM.RLC.Mode "l.AM.RLC.Mode trans issionRLC.*is!ard
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"l.T7CS T7CS - nor alT7CI.Signalling nor alT7CI.Signalling 'pli!itT7CS.Con#ig"ration - !o plete
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RRC Connection +etup Complete (U /DCC<' Ti e- ?;-0<-2<$ ?
Length - 40
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a')" +erO#T7 - t#;2 r#.Capa+ility "e.Po erClass - 4 t'R'7re/"en!ySeparation - h:?E0
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s"pport7orU .1PS.Ti ingO#Cell7ra es - 7alse s"pport7orIP*L - 7alse eas"re entCapa+ility do nlin%Co pressedMode
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!-# E+ent 'a
[ 2004 May 14 10:29:55.136 ] UL DCCH
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