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Leadership and Motivation
Leadership
Meaning and importance
Leadership qualities
Leadership theories
Leadership styles
Managerial grid
Motivation
Meaning and definition
Motivational factors
Theories of Motivation
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Leadership
Leadership is the process of influencing and supportingothers to work enthusiastically towards a commongoal/objective
Importance of Leadership:
Motivating employees
Creating confidence
Building morale To introduce change
To represent employees
To exercise coordination
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Personal Traits:
Confidence
InitiativeInnovation
Communication skills
Intelligence
Decisiveness
ForesightResponsible
Empathy
Managerial Traits:
Knowledge of aspects of
managementTechnical Knowledge
Administrative ability
Leadership Qualities
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Leadership Theories
Trait theory:
It advocates the thought that there are a few traits thatidentify a leader from a non leader
The traits can be innate (natural) or acquirable
Innate traits include: Physical features, intelligence,emotional stability, human relations, empathy,objectivity, motivating skills, technical skills,communicative skills, social skills
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Situational Theory:
Importance is given to the situation in which leadership isexercised
Here, the effectiveness of leadership is directly dependenton the factors of the leader as well as the factors of thesituation
The situational factors can be: sub ordinatescharacteristics, leaders situation, group factors,organisation factors like climate, culture etc.
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Behavioral theory:
Researchers Katz, Maccoby and Morse came to a
conclusion that leaders need to perform 2 majorfunctions:
5) Task related functions
7) Group maintenance functions (Social functions likemediating disputes etc)
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Path Goal Model:
This model attempts to predict the leadershipeffectiveness
The main function of a leader is to clarify and set goalswith sub ordinates, to help them find best path to
achieve goals and remove obstacles in theirperformance
The leader will adopt a different leadership style basedon the situation
Leadership styles are participating, supportive,directive and achievement oriented
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Leadership Styles
Autocratic:
No communication with sub ordinates, takes decisions
and gives orders, workers work under fear and stress,does not entertain questions by followers
Democratic/participative:
Empathy, respects employees, good listener, delegatesauthority, believes in participative management, opento suggestions, flexible, attracts loyal sub ordinates
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Laissez-faire:
Passive leader, freedom to subordinates in decision
making, limited guidance by the leader, no motivationor encouragement provided, indifference towardsresponsibilities as a leader
Functional/Intellectual:
Expert with sound technical knowledge, gets respectfrom subordinates due to intellect, gives correctguidance to employees, considers problems and judgeson merit
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Bureaucratic:
No innovation and flexibility, function strictly within
the framework of organisational rules and regulations,mechanical decision making, delays in functions
Situational:
Adjusts his style according to the situation, studies thesituation before adopting the style, which can rangefrom dictatorship to democracy, flexibility, resultoriented, combination of many types of leadership
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Managerial Grid
Studies leader behaviour and its impact on groups
Considers two factors: Concern for production andConcern for people
A leaders style is combination of both factors, whichare represented on a grid
Out of 81 possible combinations of these factors, 5 areillustrated (1.2, 1.9, 5.5, 9.1, 9.9)
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Motivation
Motivation is the act of stimulating someone or oneselfto get a desired course of action
It is needed to raise the morale of the employees,retain the existing employees, reduce absenteeism,improve employee performance on the job etc
Motivational factors or stimulators can be monetary or
non monetary in nature
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Monetary factors
The monetary factors motivate an employee to a largeextent. But after a certain point, money stops motivatingemployees. Hence, these factors need to be supported bynon monetary factors of motivation too.
Some of the common monetary incentives:
Attractive pay package/wages
Bonus, liberal incentives
Allowances (LTA, overtime, medical etc)
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Some of the common non monetary incentives:
Job security
Job enrichment Recognition for good work
Delegation of authority
Fair opportunity to excel
Fair treatment by management
Congenial working conditions
Designation and status
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Theories of Motivation
Traditional Theories
3. Be Strong theory - Believes that fear and punishmentdrive workers towards efficiency
5. Efforts and rewards theory - Based on the piece ratesystem of wage payment
7. Monastic theory - Assumes that workers are motivatedby money alone
9. Carrot and stick theory - Believes that workers aremotivated by rewards as well as fear of punishment
11.Paternalistic theory - Managers are fair and firm andare responsible to fulfill all the job related needs of theemployees
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Modern Theories
3. Maslows theory of motivation - It states the differenthuman needs and their hierarchy. The theory explainsthe hierarchy of human needs in form of a pyramid,starting from physiological needs to self actualisationneeds
5. McGregors Theory X and Theory Y - The theory refersto traditional approach to management at Theory X andthe professional approach as Theory Y. It defines thetwo theories on the assumptions made abouthuman/employee nature by both the approaches
7. Herzbergs two factor theory - The theory states thatattitude of the people towards their work is related totwo factors-hygiene factors and motivating factors
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