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3G CDMA - WCDMA and
cdma2000
Rodger E. Ziemer
IEEE Communications SocietyDistinguished Lecturer Program
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May 28-June1, 2001 R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO 2
OutlinevMultiple access/channel measurement guidelines
vCurrent 1G and 2G technology
vWhat is Third Generation?
vWCDMA features
v cdma2000 features
vWCDMA and cdma2000 contrasted
v Summary
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Rules for Efficient Multiple AccessvThree immutable laws
vKnow the channel
vMinimize interference to othersvMitigate interference received from others
vRequirements of wireless multiple access
vChannel measurement
vChannel control and modification
vMultiple user channel isolation
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Channel Measurement Guidelinesv Wider the bandwidth = better the measurement
v Limitations on this rule
v Regulatory (indoor path isolation = 10 ns delay resolution)
v Complexity (combining more paths = more hardware)v Physical limitations (splitting energy over more paths = increasingly
inaccurate parameter measurements)
v Measure at frequency > rate of change of channel
v
No other users: good receiver attempts to put together allreceived multipath components coherently
v Other users present: Optimum = multiuser detection;
suboptimum = power control; minimize near-far problem
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Current 1G and 2G Technology
Analog
14%
cdmaOne
12%
GSM58%
PDC
8%
IS-1368%
System Jun-00
Analog 78,339,980
cdmaOne 67,964,980
GSM 337,794,500
PDC 47,739,500IS-136 48,079,830
Asia Pacific
32%
Europe:
Eastern
3%
Europe:
Western
36%
USA/Canada
17%
Middle East
1%
Americas
9%
Africa
2%
Source: EMC World Cellular Database
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Why CDMA?v Higher capacity
v Improved performance in multipath by diversity
v
Lower mobile transmit power = longer battery lifev Power control
v Variable transmission rate with voice activity detection
v Allows soft handoff
v Sectorization gainv High peak data rates can be accommodated
v Combats other-user interference = lower reuse factors
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IS-95 Forward Link Xmtr Diagram [5]
pulseshaping
pulseshaping
cosot
sinot
LPA
cI pilot,
cQ pilot,
R=1/2; k = 9convolutional
encoder
blockinterleaver
user mlong code
mux
reverselink powercontrol bit
wmuser m
Walsh code
cl m,
19200 sps
1.2288 Mcps
1.2288 Mcps
datascrambling
R=1/2; k = 9convolutional
encoder
blockinterleaver
user nlong code
mux
reverselink powercontrol bit
user nWalsh code
19200 sps
1.2288 Mcps
datascrambling
R=1/2; k = 9convolutional
encoder
blockinterleaver
pagingchannel
long codepaging channel
Walsh code
pagingchannel data9600/4800/2400 bps
19200 sps
1.2288 Mcps
datascrambling
wpcl page,
R=1/2; k = 9convolutional
encoder
blockinterleaver
synch channelWalsh code
synchronizationchannel data1200 bps
4800 sps
1.2288 Mcps
pilot channelWalsh code
pilot channeldata all 0's
1.2288 Mcps
w32
w0
S
cl n,
voiceencoder
172 bitsper 20 msec
error detectioncode (CRC)
& tail bits
12 bit CRC8 bit tail
8600 bps 9600 bps 19200 sps
384 symper 20 msec
voiceencoder
error detectioncode (CRC)
& tail bits
pagingchannel
framing
syncchannelframing
user manalog voice
user nanalog voice
++
+
+
+ +
+
+
S
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What is Third Generation? [1]v Flexible support of multiple services
v Voice
v
Messaging email, fax, etc.v Medium-rate multimedia Internet access, educational
v High-rate multimedia file transfer, video
v High-rate interactive multimedia video telecon-ferencing,
telemedicine, etc.
v Mobility: quasi-stationary to high-speed platforms
v Global roaming: ubiquitous, seamless coverage
v Evolution from second generation systems
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Evolution of Standards [1]GSM
IS-95A
PDC
IS-136
cdma2000
iDEN
1xEV-DVIS-95B
1xEV-DO
GPRS EDGE
W-CDMA HSPDA
2G 2.5G 3G
world
Japan
U.S.
U.S.
U.S./Asia
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Peak Data Rates [1]
171.0115.2
2072.0
614.2
473.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
kbps
GPRS IS-95B WCDMA cdma2000 EDGE
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3G Spectrum Availability [2]ITU
Japan
China
USA
3G
3G
3G
3G
3G
3G
3G
1885
1885
1885
2025
2025
2025
2025
2110
2110
2110
2110
2110
2200
2200
2200
2200
2200
MSS
MSS
1850
DECT
1880 1900
1895 1918.1
PHS
1980 2010
1980 2010
BroadcastAuxiliary
1930
1910 1930 1990
PCSPCS Unl.PCS
Reserve
MSS MSS
All Frequencies in MHz
* Region 2
MSS MSS
3G
MSS
MSS*MSS*
21702120
2170
1996 2010 2186
2150
MSS
DCS1800
DCS1800
1710 1785 1805
A D B E F C A D B E F C
Europe
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Main Differences between WCDMA
and GSM Air Interfaces [3]
Not supportedSupportedDownlink diversity
Time slot base
scheduling with GPRS
Load based packet
scheduling
Packet data
Frequency hoppingWideband with RAKEFrequency diversity
Network planning
(frequency planning)
Radio resource
management algorithms
Quality control
2 Hz or lower1500 HzPower control freq1-181Reuse factor
200 kHz5 MHzCarrier spacing
GSMWCDMA
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Main Differences between WCDMA
and IS-95 Air Interfaces [3]
Not supportedSupportedDownlink transmit diversity
Packet data xmitted as
short circuit switched cells
Load-based packet
scheduling
Packet data
Not needed (speech only)Yes, provides QoSRadio resource management
Possible; measurement
method not specified
Yes, measurements with
slotted mode
Inter-frequency handovers
Yes, typically via GPSNot neededBase station synchronization
800 Hz uplink; slow, DL1500 up- & downlinkPower control freq
1.2288 Mcps3.84 McpsChip rate
1.25 MHz5 MHzCarrier spacing
IS-95WCDMA
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WCDMA Transmission ParametersvWideband direct-sequence spreading
v3.84 Mcps chip rate
vSpreading gains (ratios) from 4 to 512
vComplex QPSK spreading
vBoth frequency- and time-division duplex modes
vBoth forward and reverse fast power control
vCoherent forward and reverse links using bothcode-division and time-division pilots
vAsynchronous cells
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New Features of cdma2000 vs. IS-95v Forward link[4]
v Quadrature PSK data modulation (doubles avail. Walsh codes)
v Transmit diversity
v
Fast power controlv Quasi-orthogonal codes (more codes)
v Auxiliary pilots (beam forming)
v New common power control and assignment channels
v Increased standby time (changes in paging channel)
v Turbo codes
v Variable rate
v Flexible frame length (5, 20, 40, and 80 ms)
v Multiframe interleaving
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New Features of cdma2000 vs. IS-95vReverse Link [4]vCoherent pilot channel assisted
vBinary PSK data modulation
vComplex PN spreading
vEnhanced access channel = decreased setup times for
traffic channeless connections (allows power control
and slot reservations)
v Improvements to interfrequency hard handoff to
support subframe searches
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W-CDMA Versus cdma2000 [2]W-CDMA IS-2000
Chip Rate 4.096 Mcps 3.6864 Mcps
Frame Duration 10 ms 20 ms
Base Stn Sync Asynchronous Synchronous
Base Stn Acq/Det 3 step paral code srch forbase stn det & slot/frame
Sync through time-
shifted PN correlation
Forward Link Pilot TDM dedicated pilot CDM common pilot
Antenna Beam Form TDM dedicated pilot Auxiliary pilot
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Technologies Considered in Arrivingat Third Generation
vWideband Direct-Sequence Code DivisionMultiple Access (CDMA)
vWideband Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA)
vWideband C/TDMA
vOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)
vOpportunity Driven Multiple Access (ODMA)
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WCDMA Uplink Frame Structure [1]DPDCHI: data channel
Q: sync & control DPCCH
)6,,0(bits2*10k
K== kNdata
chips2560 =slot
T
bitspilot
NPilot: TFCI FBI TPC
TFCI = transmit format combination indicatorFBI = feedback informationTPC = transmit power control
DPDCH = dedicated physical data channelDPCCH = dedicated physical control channel
ms667.0
slot 0 slot 1 slot i slot 14
radio frame = 10 ms
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WCDMA Uplink Modulator Structure [1]
pulse shapefilter (SRC)
pulse shapefilter (SRC)
d
d
d
c
1,dc
)cos( tc
)sin( tc
2,dc
3,dc
cc
DPDCH1
DPDCH2
DPDCH3
DPCCH
I
Q
long,1c
long,2c
+
+
+
-
+
+
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Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes
00
0
0000
00000000
01
0011
0101
0110
00001111
00110011
00111100
01010101
01011010
01100110
01101001
,cd i selected from this tree
Notes:1) For fixed chip rate, desired information
rate determines length of spreadingsequence and therefore processing gain.
2) When a specific code is used, no othercode on the path from that code to the rootand or on the subtree beneath thatcode may be used.
3) All the codes at any depth into the treeare the set of Walsh Sequences.
4) Code phase is synchronous withinformation symbols.
5) FDD UL processing gain between 256 and 4FDD DL processing gain between 512 and 4TDD UL/DL processing gain between 16 and 1
6) Multicode used only for SF = 4
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WCDMA Downlink Frame Structure [1]
DPDCH DPCCH
chips2560=
slotT
TFCI PilotTPC
ms667.0
slot 0 slot 1 slot i slot 14
radio frame = 10 ms
DPDCHDPCCH
1 dataN 2 dataNData1 Data2
)7,,0(bits2*10 22 K==+ kNNk
datadata
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WCDMA Downlink Modulator Structure [1]
long,2c
tj
e
longC
longC
pulse shapefilter (SRC)
PrimarySync Code
SecondarySync Code
1G
nG
PG
SG
sum
1,dc
ndc ,
PC
SC
dedicatedtraffic channels
primary &secondarycommon pilotchannels
primary &secondarycommoncontrolchannels
other channels
s/p
s/p
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WCDMA Forward Error Controlv Convolutional Coding
v rate 1/2 & rate 1/3
v 256 state
v puncture to higher ratesv interleave over 10, 20, 40 or 80 ms
v Turbo Coding
v parallel coding
v
rate 1/3v 8 state codes
v block lengths 320 to 5114 bits
v interleaver designed within 3gpp
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WCDMA Convolutional Code
Output 0561 (octal)
Output 1753 (octal)
25.212 V3.5.0 (2000-12)
Rate Code
input
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WCDMA Convolutional Code
input
Output 1663 (octal)
Output 0557 (octal)
Output 2711 (octal)
Rate 1/3 Code
25.212 V3.5.0 (2000-12)
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WCDMA Turbo Coding+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
interleaver
)(tX
)(tY
)(tY
)(tX
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Codng Performance Compared
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
average Ebi/N0
averageBER,
FER
PCTC,BER,N=5120,8st,4it,CDI int
PCTC,FER,N=5120,8st,4it,CDI int
conv+RS,BER,K=9,N=5120
conv+RS,FER,K=9,N=5120
PCTC,BER,N=640,8st,4it,CDI int
PCTC,FER,N=640,8st,4it,CDI int
conv+RS,BER,K=9,N=640
conv+RS,FER,K=9,N=640
1 dB
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Diversity Strategies for Downlink
Transmit Diversity
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cdma2000 Transmission Parametersv Wideband direct-sequence CDMA
vuplink chip rates 1.2288 Mcps & 3.686 Mcps
vdownlink chip rate 1.2288 Mcps
vsingle or 3X multicarrier downlink
v spreading factors from TBD to TBD
v Complex QPSK spreading
v Frequency Division Duplex
v
Both forward and reverse fast power control (800 Hz)v Coherent forward and reverse links using code-division
pilots
v Synchronous cells
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cdma2000 Uplink Frame Structure
CRCencodertail bits
Convolutionalor Turbo Coder
symbolrepetition
symbolpuncture
blockinterleaver
modulationsymbol
C
channelbits
Bits/Frame164080172350
744151230486120
CRCbits6681216
16161616
tailbits88888
8888
Data Ratekbps1.52.74.89.619.2
38.476.8153.6307.2
CodeRate1/41/41/41/41/4
1/41/41/41/2
Repeats168421
1111
Delete1 of 51 of 9nonenonenone
nonenonenonenone
Symbols15361536153615361536
307261441228812288
Radio Configuration 3
C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 2.1.3.1.1.1-8
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cdma2000 Uplink Modulator
C
C
C
A
B
d
d
d
c
)cos( tc
)sin( tcIlong,c Qlong,c
+
+
+
+
+
_
sum
s
um1
Dw
Cw
2 Sw
1 Sw
PrimaryTraffic
SecondaryTraffic 1
SecondaryTraffic 2
Control
Pilot
pulseshape
pulseshape
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cdma2000 Long Code Generator
++++++++++17161076532 XXXXXXX1 XX
4235333127262522211918 XXXXXXXX XXX ++++++++++
Mm,j identifies user
Mm,1Mm,2 Mm,3
42X
I-channel PN
Q-channel PN
walsh 2(0 1)
1-chipdelay decby 2
1X
+ + +
+
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Short PN Pilot Sequence: 1.2288 Mcps
C.S0002-A-1 paragraph 2.1.3.1.12.1
insert
zero
insertzero
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
inphase PN sequence
quadrature PN sequence
151211106543 XXXXXX1 XX ++++++++
15139875 XXXX1 XX ++++++
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cdma2000 UL Convolutional Codes
C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 2.1.3.1.4.1.1-1
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cdma2000 Turbo Code+ +
+ +
+
+ +
++
+
+
interleaver
symbolpu
ncture
andrep
eat
output
input
C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 2.1.3.1.4.2.1-1
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cdma2000 3X Code Generators
insertzero
+ + +
20953 XXX1 X++++
Short Pilot CodeTruncate and use delay different segments for I and Q
1X longcode
s1.2288
1
s1.2288
1
+
+
MUX
C.S0002-A-1 Fig 2.1.3.1.12-1
Long CodeGenerator
Output(3.6864 Mcps)
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cdma2000 Uplink Data Rates
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cdma2000 1X Downlink Common
ChannelsPilot Channelall 0s
SyncChannel
PagingChannel
convencode
2Xrepeat
interleave4800 ksps
0 11 -1
0 11 -1
0 11 -1
channelgain
channelgain
channelgain
convencode
repeat interleave
longcode
decimate
+
QX
IX
QX
IX
QX
IX
C.S0002-A-1 Fig 3.1.3.1.1.1-1
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cdma2000 1X DL Modulation
Processing+
longcode
longcodemask
0 11 -1
channelgain
fwd pwr
ctrl gain p
owercontrol
sy
mbolpuncture
DEMUX
decimate pwr ctrlbit pos
I/Q scramblingbit extract
powercontrol
bits
puncturetiming800 Hz
W
YQ
YI
C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 3.1.3.1.1.1-18
modulationsymbol
rate
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cdma2000 Downlink Convolutional Codes
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cdma2000 3X Downlink Common
Channels
C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 3.1.3.1.1.2-1
Pilot Channelall 0s
SyncChannel
convencode
2Xrepeat
interleave4800 ksps
0 11 -1
0 11 -1
channelgain
channelgain
QX
IX
QX
IX
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cdma2000 1X Downlink Modulation
I channelpilot PN
Q channelpilot PN
Walsh code
QOF code
IY
QY
pulseshape
pulseshape
+
+
+
-
)cos( tc
)sin( tc
otherchannels
otherchannels
phase
rotatefo
rQOF
QX
IX
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cdma2000 Downlink Frame Structure
Other similar tables in specification.
Bits/Frame164080172360
74415123048
CRCbits6681216
161616
tailbits88888
888
Data Ratekbps1.52.74.89.619.2
38.476.8153.6
CodeRate1/41/41/41/41/4
1/41/41/4
Repeats84211
111
Delete1 of 51 of 9nonenonenone
nonenonenone
Symbols7687687687681536
3072614412288
Radio Configuration 3
CRCencodertail bits
Convolutionalor Turbo Coder
symbolrepetition
symbolpuncture
blockinterleaver
modulationsymbol
channelbits
W
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cdma2000 3X DL Modulation Processing
+
longcode
longcodemask
0 11 -1
channelgain
fwd pwrctrl gain p
ow
ercontrol
symb
olpuncture
DEMUX
decimatepwr ctrlbit pos
I/Q scramblingbit extract
powercontrol
bits
puncturetiming800 Hz
W Y1
modulationsymbol
rateY0
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cdma2000 3X DownlinkCommon Channels
Pilot Channelall 0s
SyncChannel
convencode
2Xrepeat
interleave4800 ksps
0 11 -1
0 11 -1
channelgain
channelgain
QX
IX
QX
IX
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cdma2000 Downlink Frame Structure
Other similar tables in specification.
Bits/Frame2155125267552
112822804584919220712
CRCbits68101216
1616161616
tailbits88888
88888
Data Ratekbps1.83.67.214.428.8
57.6115.2230.4460.81036.8
CodeRate1/21/21/21/21/2
1/21/21/21/21/2
Repeats84211
11111
Deletenonenonenonenonenone
nonenonenonenone2 of 18
Symbols5765765765761152
2304460892161843236864
Radio Configuration 9
CRCencodertail bits
Convolutionalor Turbo Coder
symbolrepetition
symbolpuncture
blockinterleaver
modulationsymbol
channelbits
W
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cdma2000 3X DL ModulationProcessing
+
longcode
longcodemask
0 11 -1
channelgain
fwd pwrctrl gain p
owercontrol
symbolpuncture
D
EMUX
decimatepwr ctrlbit pos
I/Q scramblingbit extract
powercontrol
bits
puncturetiming800 Hz
WYQ1
YI1
modulation
symbolrate
YQ2
YI2
YQ3
YI3
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cdma2000 3X Downlink Modulation
same as below
same as above
outputcarrier 1
outputcarrier 2
outputcarrier 3
YQ1
YI1
YQ2
YI2
YQ3
YI3
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cdma2000 Downlink Data Rates
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cdma2000 vs WCDMAvChip rate
vCoherent Pilot Channels
vTransmit Diversity
vUnderlying Network
v Single Carrier versus Multicarrier Spreading
vCell Site Synchronization
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References[1] R. L. Peterson, Third Generation Personal Communications: Physical LayerStatus, Presentation at Clemson University, Feb. 1, 2001
[2] Manjit Singh and Manoneet Singh, 3G Wireless with Respect to IMT-2000 and
Beyond, Telecom 99
[3] Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for ThirdGeneration Mobile Communications, New York: Wiley, 2000
[4] CDMA Evolution from IS-95, IS-2000, to 1XTREME, Technology Transfer
Training Class, Motorola, Inc., July 2000
[5] R. Ziemer and R. Peterson,Introduction to Digital Communications, Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Chapter 10, 2001
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WCDMA: More Information?v http://www.3gpp.org
v 21.101 guide to all other documents
v 25.XXX series radio access network (RAN)
v 25.211 frame structure etc.
v 25.212 channel coding etc.
v 25.213 spreading and modulation
v 25.214 physical layer procedures (tx diversity, etc.)
v 25.321 medium access control (MAC)
v 25.322 radio link control (RLC)
v 26.XXX series voice coding
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GSM/GPRS/EDGE: More Information?v http://www.3gpp.org
multiple access, logical channels, etc05.0245.002
general description05.0145.001
modulation05.0445.004
channel coding05.0345.003
RLC/MAC04.6044.060
link adaptation05.0945.009
radio link control05.0845.008
radio transmission and channelmodels05.0545.005
descriptionETSI3GPP
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cdma2000: More Information?v http://www.3gpp2.org
vTechnical Specification Group C cdma2000
v
C.S0002-A-1
Physical Layer StandardvC.S0003-A-1 Medium Access Control (MAC)
vC.S0004-A-1 Signaling Link Access Control
vC.S00024 1XEV-DO (high speed packet)
vC.S0005 Upper Layer Signaling (L3)
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3G Information Sourcesv Third Generation Partnership Projects
v http://www.3gpp.org
v http://www.3gpp2.org
v CDMA Development Group (CDG)
v http://www.cdg.org
v International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000
v http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/sfg/imt2k/
v Japan ARIB IMT-2000 proposal
v http://www.arib.or.jp/IMT-2000/ARIB/Document/
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