Download - 3 WCDMA RNP Fundamental ISSUE1.0.ppt

7/27/2019 3 WCDMA RNP Fundamental ISSUE1.0.ppt

1/77

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

OWJ100001 WCDMA RNP

FundamentalISSUE 1.0


2/77

Internal Use2

Course Objective

Familiarization with radio wave propagation,

principle and preparation for the

subsequent link budget.

Introduction on Antenna key parameters

Understand RF basics, typical components

and instruments for use of wireless

network planning and optimization.


3/77

Internal Use3

Chapter 1 Radio Wave Introduction

Chapter 2 Antenna

Chapter 3 RF Basics


4/77

Internal Use4


1.1 Basic principles of radio wave

1.2 Propagation features of radio wave

1.3 Propagation model of radio wave

1.4 Correction of propagation model of

radio wave


5/77

Internal Use5

Radio Wave Spectrum

The frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features.

300-3000GHz

EHFExtremely High

Frequency

30-300GHz

SHFSuper High Frequency3-30GHz

UHFUltra High Frequency300-3000MHz

VHFVery High Frequency30-300MHz

HFHigh Frequency3-30MHz

MFMedium Frequency300-3000KHzLFLow Frequency30-300KHz

VLFVery-low Frequency3-30KHz

VFVoice Frequency300-3000Hz

ELFExtremely Low

Frequency

30-300Hz

3-30Hz DesignationClassificationFrequency


6/77

Internal Use6

Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave

As radio wave propagates in the air, the electric field direction changes

regularly. This phenomenon is known as polarization of radio wave. The

electric field direction of radio wave is known as radio wave polarizationdirection.

Electric field direction of radio wave vertical to the ground: Vertical

polarization wave.

Electric field direction of radio wave parallel with the ground:

Horizontal polarization wave.

electric wave transmission direction

Electric FieldElectric Field

Magnetic FieldMagnetic Field

Electric Field

Dipole


7/77Internal Use7

Perpendicular incidence wave

and ground refraction wave(most common propagation modes)

Troposphere reflection wave

(the propagation is very random)

Mountain diffraction wave

(shadow area signal source)

Ionosphere refraction wave

(beyond-the-horizon communication path)

Propagation Path


8/77Internal Use8

Building reflection waveDiffraction wave Direct waveGround reflection wave

Propagation Path


9/77Internal Use9






radio wave


10/77Internal Use10

Radio Propagation Environment

Radio wave propagation is affected by topographic structure

and man-made environment. The radio propagation environment determine the selection of

propagation models. Main factors that affect environment are:

Natural landform (mountain, hill, plains, water area)

Density, layout and material features of buildings Natural and man-made electromagnetic noise conditions

Weather conditions

Vegetation features of the region


11/77Internal Use11

Quasi-smooth landform

The landform with a slightly rugged surface and the

surface height difference is less than 20m

Irregular landform

The landforms apart from quasi-smooth landform

are divided to: hill landform, isolated hills, slant

landform, and land & water combined landform.

R

T

T

R

Landform Categories


12/77

Internal Use12

distance(m)

Receiving power(dBm)

10 20 30

-20

-40

-60

slow fading

fast fading

Signal Fading


13/77

Internal Use13

Measures against fast fading--Diversity

Signal Diversity

Time diversity Symbol interleaving, error check, error correction code, RAKE receiver

technology.

Space diversity Signals are received by means of main antenna and diversity antenna.

The receiving signals of the main/diversity antenna do not have the

feature of simultaneous fading. The BTS receivers capability of

balancing the signals of different delays in a certain time range is also a

mode of space diversity.

Frequency diversity GSM adopts frequency hop technology

CDMA adopts frequency-spreading technology


14/77

Internal Use14

Solution RAKE technology

Radio Wave Delay Extension

Deriving from reflection, it refers to the co-frequency interference

caused by the time difference in the space transmission of main

signals and other multi-path signals received by the receiver.

The transmitting signals come from the objects far away from the

receiving antenna.


15/77

Internal Use15

T

R

Diffraction Loss

The electromagnetic wave diffuses around

at the diffraction point.

The diffraction wave covers all directions

except the obstacle.

The diffusion loss is most severe


16/77

Internal Use16

0 0 0 0

Dw1 w2

E1

E2

XdBmWdBm

Penetration loss=X-W=B dB Reflection and diffraction ofelectromagnetic wave penetrating the wall

Penetration Loss (1)

Indoor signals depend on the penetration loss of the buildings.

The signal at the window is very different from the signal in the middle

of the room. The material of the building largely affects the penetration loss.

The incidence angle of the electromagnetic wave affects the

penetration loss considerably.


17/77

Internal Use17

T

R

Penetration Loss (2)

Penetration loss caused by

obstructions: Wall obstruction 520dB Floor obstruction 20dB Indoor loss value is the function of the floor

number : -1.9dB/floor Obstruction of furniture and other

obstacles: 215dB Thick glass 610dB Penetration loss of train carriage is

1530dB Penetration loss of lift is 30dB Dense tree leaves loss10dB


18/77

Internal Use18






radio wave


19/77

Internal Use19

Typical Propagation Models

Free air space model Flat landform propagation model

Okumura/Hata model

COST231-Hata model

COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model

Keenan-Motley model

Computer-aided computing model


20/77

Internal Use20

Lo = 91.48 + 20logd, for f = 900MHz

Lo = 97.98 + 20logd, for f = 1900MHz

Lo = 99 + 20logd, for f = 2100MHz

Free Air Space Model

This model applicable is a theoretic model. This environment does not

exist in real life.


21/77

Internal Use21

Ploss= L0 + 10logd- 20loghb- 20loghmWhere

= 4 , path loss gradient

hbBTS antenna height

hm mobile station height

L0parameters related to frequency

When BTS antenna height is doubled, the path

loss will be compensated for by 6dB.

R

T

Flat Landform Propagation Model


22/77

Internal Use22

Applicable Scope

Frequency range f : 150~1500MHz

BTS antenna height Hb : 30~200m

Mobile station height Hm: 1~10m

Distance d : 1~20km

Okumura-Hata Model

Macro cell model The BTS antenna is taller than the

surrounding buildings Predication is not applicable in 1km Not applicable to the circumstance where

the frequency is above 1500MHz


23/77

Internal Use23

Lu=69.55 + 26.16logf - 13.82loghb+(44.9 -65.5loghb)logd - a(Hm)

Okumura-Hata Model

Urban (medium and small cities) :

a (Hm) = [1.1*log(f) - 0.7]*Hm - [1.56*log(f) - 0.8]

Dense urban (big cities):

a (Hm) = 8.29*[log(1.54*Hm)]2 - 1.1for f = 400 MHz

Suburban:

Lsu (dB) = Lu - 2*[log(f/28)]2-5.4

Rural area (quasi open area):

Lrqo (dB) = Lu - 4.78*[log(f)]2 + 18.33*log(f)-35.94

Rural areas (open area):

Lro (dB) = Lu - 4.78*[log(f)]2+18.33*log(f)-40.94


24/77

Internal Use24

COST 231-Hata Model

Applicable ScopeFrequency range f :1505~2000MHz

BTS antenna height Hb :30~200m

Mobile station height Hm:1~10m

Distance d :1~20km

Macro cell model The BTS antenna is taller than the

surrounding buildings Predication is not applicable in 1km Not applicable to the circumstance where the

frequency is above 2000MHz or below1500MHz


25/77

Internal Use25

Lu(dB)= 46.3 + 33.9*log(f) - 13.82*log(Hb) - a(Hm)

+ [44.9 - 6.55*log(Hb)]*log(d) + Cm

COST 231-Hata Model

Medium city and suburban central areas:

Cm = 0 dB

Big cities:

Cm = 3 dB

Rural areas (quasi open area) :

Lrqo (dB) = Lu-4.78*[log(f)]2 + 18.33*log(f)-35.94

Rural areas (open area) : Lro (dB) = Lu-4.78*[log(f)]2+18.33*log(f)-40.94

Hb:BTS antenna height; Hm:Mobile station height


26/77

Internal Use26

Applicable Scope:

Frequency range f : 800~2000MHz

BTS antenna height Hb : 4~50m

Mobile station height Hm: 1~3mDistance d : 0.02~5km

Building height Hroof (m)

Pavement width w (m)

Building interval b (m)

Street direction against the perpendicular incidence wave

direction

COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model

Urban environment, macro cell or micro cell

Not applicable to suburban or rural environment


27/77

Internal Use27

COST231 Walfish-Ikegami Model

Lb = 42.6 + 26*log(d) + 20*log(f) for d >= 0.020 km

Or:

Lb = Lo for d < 0.02km

In the model, Lo is the propagation loss in a free space.For built-up streets (Street Canyon) propagation environments, the

BTS antenna is usually lower than the surrounding building roof.

Affected by the propagation environment, the radio signals usually

can be propagated only along the street direction.

Line-of-sight path is available between BTS and mobile stationLOS


28/77

Internal Use28

Ploss=K1+ K2log (d) + K3(Hms) + K4log(Hms) + K5log(Hef f)

+ K6log(Hef f)log (d ) + K7+ Kclut ter

Pathloss: Path Loss(dB)

K1 : Frequency-related constantsK2 : Distance attenuation constant

K3, K4 : Mobile station antenna height correction

coefficient

K5,K6 : BTS antenna height correction coefficient

K7 : Diffraction correction coefficient

Kclutter : Clutter attenuation correction coefficientD : Distance between BTS and mobile station (km)

Hms : Height of MS to ground (m)

Heff : Effective height of BS antenna(m)

Universal ASSET planning software model (I)

K Reference Value

K1 152/1800M Urban

K2 44.90

K3 -2.55

K4 0.00

K5 -13.82

K6 -6.55

K7 -0.80

Radio Propagation Model


29/77

Internal Use29






radio wave


30/77

Internal Use30

Model Tuning

Significance of model correction:

Propagation model is a foundation of cell planning of mobile

communication network. Accuracy of propagation model affects the

reasonableness of the cell planning, and affects whether the operator

can meet the user requirements cost-effectively.

In order to obtain the radio propagation model in the actual environment

in the local area, and improve the prediction accuracy, and lay a strong

foundation for network planning, it is necessary to correct the

propagation model.


31/77

Internal Use31

Basic Principles and Procedures

Error compliant with

requirements?

Target propagation environment

CW data collection

Measured propagation path loss

Selected propagated environment

parameter setting

Forecast propagation path loss

Comparison

End

Sit S l ti


32/77

Internal Use32

5m

Site Selection

Criteria for selecting a site:

aThe antenna height is greater than 20m. bThe antenna is at least 5m taller than the nearest obstacle. cObstacle here means the tallest building on the roof of the

antenna. The building serving as a site should be taller than the

average height of the surrounding buildings.

T t Pl tf


33/77

Internal Use33

Transmitting subsystems:

transmitting antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source, antenna bracket

Receiving subsystem:Test receiver, GPS receiver, test software, portable

Test Platform

Signal sourcePower

Amplifier

drive tester(built-in GPS)

Portable

ComputerPower

SupplyHigh-frequencysignal source

Receiving

Antenna

T t P th(1)


34/77

Internal Use34

Test Path(1)

Rules of selecting a test path:

Landform: the test path must consider all main landforms in

the region.

Height: If the landform is very rugged, the test path must

consider the landforms of different heights in the region.

Distance: The test path must consider the positions differently

away from the site in the region.

Direction: The test points on the lengthways path must be

identical with that on the widthways path.

Length: The total length of the distance in one CW test shouldbe greater than 60km.

Number of test points: The more the test points are, the better

(>10000 points, >4 hours as a minimum)

T t P th(2)


35/77

Internal Use35

Test Path(2)

Rules of selecting a test path:

Overlaying: The test path of

different test sites can be preferably

overlapped to increase the reliability

of the model.

Obstacles: When the antennasignals are obstructed by one side

of the building, do not run to the

shadow area behind this side of

building.

D i T t


36/77

Internal Use36

Drive Test

The sampling law is meets the Richard Law :40 wavelengths,

50 sampling points

Upper limit of drive speed: Vmax=0.8/Tsample

The test results obtained in exceptional circumstances must

be removed from the sampling data.

Sampling point with too high fading (more than 30dB) ;

In a tunnel

Under a viaduct

If using a directional antenna for CW test, the test path is

selected from the main lobe coverage area.

T t D t P i


37/77

Internal Use37

Test Data Processing

The test data needs to be processed before being able to be

identified by the planning software. The processing procedure is :

Data filtering

Data dispersion

Geographic averaging

Format conversion

P ti


38/77

Internal Use38

Preparations

Install the network planning software:

Enterprise is a piece of powerful planning andoptimization software. Model correction is just one moduleof it .

Create a project

In the U-net, all the planning & optimization and model

correction work is performed on the basis of each project.

Import the antenna direction diagram document The antenna direction diagram varies between

manufacturers, and should be imported correctly.

Create a model and import the data

M d l T i


39/77

Internal Use39

Filtering setting

Model Tuning

Distance filtering : Recommended to:

filter out these data: r3km

Signal strength filtering:

Recommended to: filter out these data:

Signal>-40dBm or Signal


40/77

Internal Use40

Model Tuning

Analysis on correction result

After correction is finished, it is necessary to analyze the

accuracy of the obtained model.

Accuracy of model means the extent of fitting between

the model obtained after correction and the actual test

environment. Generally, it is evaluated via the value of

RMS Error.

The best situation is RMS Error


41/77

Internal Use41

Questions

Which band of radio wave is used for the mobile

communication system?

In what modes do the radio waves propagate?

What are the two modes of signal fading in the radio

propagation environment? What are their

characteristics and reasons of generation?

What are modes of signal propagation loss in the radio

propagation environment?

Which propagation models are frequently seen? What

are their application environments?

Summary


42/77

Internal Use42

Summary

This chapter deals with radio wave. The learning

points include:

Propagation path of radio wave

Loss and dispersion characteristics of radio

wave, and main compensation solutions

Typical radio wave models, main parameters

involved

Methods of correcting radio propagationmodels


43/77

Internal Use43


Chapter 2 Antenna

Chapter 3 RF Basics

Positions and Functions of Antenna


44/77

Internal Use44

Positions and Functions of Antenna

Lightning protection

device

main feeder

(7/8)

Feeder

clip

Cabling

rack

Grounding device

3-connector seal component

insulation sealing tape, PVC

insulation tape

Antenna adjustment bracket

GSM/CDMAplate-shape

antenna

radio mast (50~114mm)

Outdoorfeeder

Indoor super

flexible feeder

Feeder cabling

window

main device

of BTS

BTS antenna & feeder system diagram

Working Principles of Mobile Antenna


45/77

Internal Use45

Feed network

Antenna

Connector

Dipole

Feed network

Antenna

Connector

Feed network

Dipole

Directional antenna omni antenna

Working Principles of Mobile Antenna

Categories of Antenna (1)


46/77

Internal Use46

- Categorize by emission direction

Directional antenna omni antenna


Categories of Antenna (II)


47/77

Internal Use47

- Categorize by appearance

Plate-shape

antennacap-shape

antenna

whip-shape

paraboloid

antenna

Categories of Antenna (II)



48/77

Internal Use48


Omni antenna

Uni-polarization

Directional antenna

Dual polarization

Directional antenna

- Categorize by polarization

Electrical Indices of Antenna


49/77

Internal Use49

Electrical Indices of Antenna

Antenna Direction Diagram


50/77

Internal Use50

Symmetric half-wave dipole direction diagram

Top view side view

directional antenna direction diagramomni antenna direction diagram

Antenna Direction Diagram

Antenna Gain


51/77

Internal Use51

dBi and dBd

2.15dB

Antenna Gain

Half-power

lobe width

Other Electric Indices of Antenna


52/77

Internal Use52

Beam width, front/back suppression ratio, zero point filling, upper

side lobe suppression


Side lobe

Zero point filling

Main lobe

Max value

Zero point filling

Vertical pattern

Back lobe



53/77

Internal Use53

Beam width, front/back suppression ratio, zero point filling, upper

side lobe suppression


horizontal

half-power angles

Horizontal pattern

Front to back

ratio

Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt


54/77

Internal Use54

Mechanical down tilt

electric down tilt

Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt

Electric Indices of Antenna


55/77

Internal Use55

Wave-standing ratio of antenna

9.5 W

80

ohms50 ohms

Forward: 10W

Reflection: 0.5W


If and respectively stand for the input impedance and

nominal impedance of the antenna, the reflectance is

where . The matching feature of a

port can also be indicated by Reflection Loss. If

will be 13.98

A oZ

oA

oA

1

1VSWR 50oZ

1:5.1VSWR

dBLR ..



56/77

Internal Use56

f1 f2 f3 f4

f2-f1 f3-f2 f4-f3

f3-f1 f4-f2f4-f1

Method of judging third order intermodulation


Reasons of passive intermodulation

Magnetic substance exists The junction is not tight.

The metals of different

materials contact each other.

The contact surfaces of the

same material are not smooth.

Mechanical Indices of Antenna


57/77

Internal Use57

Mechanical Indices of Antenna

Antenna input interface

antenna size

antenna weight

wind load

working temperature

humidity requirements lightning protection

three-prevention capability

Dynamic Multi-beam Antenna System


58/77

Internal Use58

Overview

Dynamic Multi beam Antenna System

Traditional Beams Fixed Multi-beams

Adaptive

Multi-beams antenna

Dynamic Multi-beam Antenna System


59/77

Internal Use59

y y

Main features

Formation of multi-beam

Beam direction controllable Lobe width controllable

Beam distance controllable

Smart Antenna System


60/77

Internal Use60

y

Questions


61/77

Internal Use61

Q

How are antennas categorized by emission

direction, and by appearance?

What are electric indices of antenna?

What are mechanical indices of antenna?

Into which types does the distributed antenna

system break down?

What are main differences between intelligent

antenna and dynamic multi-beam antenna?

Summary of the chapter


62/77

Internal Use62

y p

Working principles of antenna

Categories of antenna

Electric indices of antenna

Mechanical indices of antenna New technologies of antenna


63/77

Internal Use63


Chapter 2 Antenna

Chapter 3 RF Basics

Introduction to Power Unit


64/77

Internal Use64

Absolute power(dBm)

The absolute power of RF signals is notated by dBm and dBW.

Their conversion relationships with mW and W are: e.g., the signalpower is x W, its size notated by dBm is:

For example, 1W=30dBm=0dBW.

pdBm 10logloglogX1000mW

1mW

pdBW 10logloglogXW1W

Relative power(dB)

It is the logarithmic notation of the ratio of any two powers. dBc is

the logarithmic notation of the ratio of the output power at a

frequency and the carrier output power.

Power-related Concepts


65/77

Internal Use65

SystemView

0

0

500.e-3

500.e-3

1

1

1.5

1.5

2

2

-40

-20

0

20

40

Amplitude

Time in Seconds

Sink 1

Peak power of signal, Average power and Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAR)

p

Noise-related Concepts


66/77

Internal Use66

Noise related Concepts

Noise

Noise means the unpredictable interference signal that occurduring the signal processing (the point frequency interference

is not counted as noise) Noise figure

Noise figure is used for measuring the processing capability

of the RF component for small signals, and is usually defined

as: output SNR divided by unit input SNR.

NF

Si

Ni

So

No

Linear system

Noise-related Concepts


67/77

Internal Use67

o se e ated Co cepts

Noise figure formula of cascaded network

G1NF1

NF

NF1

NF2

1

G1

...NF

n1

G1 G2 ... Gn 1

Digital Modulation


68/77

Internal Use68

g

The binarydigital sequence

ASK

FSK

PSK

Application of Modulation Technologies


69/77

Internal Use69

Spurious Emission


70/77

Internal Use70

p

Spurious emission

Spurious emission refers to the signals emitted in the

band outside the frequency range specified by the

spectrum transmission template of the transmitter, as

different from the useful signals. Spurious emission

includes harmonic component, parasitic emission, inter-

modulation product, and transmitter inter-modulation

product. Such spurious emission results in interference of

other wireless communication systems. This index aims to

improve the electromagnetic compatibility of the system,

and make the system coexist with other systems (e.g.,

GSM). This also ensures normal operation of the system

itself.

Downlink Channel RF Indices


71/77

Internal Use71

Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR)

The ACLR is used for measuring the outband emission feature of the

transmitter. ACLR is defined as the ratio of the adjacent channel power to

the main channel power, and is expressed by dBc, as shown in the

following diagram:

Main channel Adjacent band

Protection band

Receiving sensitivity


72/77

Internal Use72

g y

Receiving sensitivity

Expressed with power: Smin=10log(KTB)+ Ft +(S/N), unit: dBm

K is a Boltzmann constant, unit: J/K (joule /K)

T represents absolute temperature, unit: K

B represents signal bandwidth, unit: Hz

Ft represents noise figure, unit: dB

(S/N) represents required signal-to-noise ratio, unit: dB

If B=1Hz, 10log(KTB)=-174dBm/Hz

1.380661019J/K

Receiver Blocking Index


73/77

Internal Use73

g

Blocked

Blocking index is used for measuring the anti-

interference capability of the receiver. It describes

the circumstance that the receiver incurs

individual tone or modulation signal interference,

but the interference signal does not fall on the

adjacent channel or spurious response band. The

specific index requirement depends on different

systems. The blocking index requires the receiver

front end to have a higher third order cutoff point

(i.e., a great linear trend), and requires the mid-frequency filter to have a good selectivity.

Several Typical RF Components


74/77

Internal Use74

Power splitter Coupler Trunk amplifier

Combiner Power amplifier Attenuator

Questions


75/77

Internal Use75

Please name the typical units for expressing the

absolute power, and their conversion relationship.

What is the definition of PAR?

What is the definition of noise figure? Set out the

cascaded noise figure formula?

What is spurious emission? What is adjacent

channel leakage?

Give the sensitivity formula. List several modulation modes. What modulation

mode is applied to WCDMA?

Summary of This Chapter


76/77

Internal Use76

This chapter deals with the basic conceptsof RF: power-related concepts, noise-

related concepts, concepts and types of

modulation, spurious emission, adjacent

channel leakage, and sensitivity index of

receiving channel, and introduces the

typical RF components and RFinstruments at the end.