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2nd International Seminar onOcean Energy
DNV OSS-312 Standardisation in the Renewable Marine Energy Sector
Claudio Bittencourt FerreiraJanuary 2007
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The Presentation
About DNV
Certification definition and importance
Certification through Qualification DNV OSS-312
Qualification of new or unproven technology
The Guidelines for Wave Energy Converters -Key Aspects
Conclusions
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About DNV
To safeguard life, property and theenvironment
Independent foundation established 1864
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DNV
ProcessOil & Gas RailShipping Automotive
Formally established in 1954Budget 5% of DNVs turnover
Strategic Research
Development of Services and Tools
Main industries
DNV Research DNV in few numbers
6000 employees(70% staff has a BSc, MSC or PhD)
300 offices in 100 countries
DNV Wind Energy Type Certification
Project Certification
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Certification - Definition
Certification designates the overall scope of work or multiple activities forthe issue of a Certificate, whilst Verification is also used for singleactivities associated with the work. This in essence means that
Certification is Verification for which the deliverable includes the issue ofa Certificate. Other (related) definitions are:
- BS 4778 Part 2. Certification: The authoritative act of documenting
compliance with requirements.- EN 45011. Certification of Conformity: Action by a third party, demonstrating
that adequate confidence is provided that a duly identified product, process orservice is in conformity with a specific standard or other normative document
- ISO 8402 1994. Verification: Confirmation by examination and provision ofobjective evidence that specified requirements have been fulfilled.
Re-assurance to Stakeholders
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Certification - Renewables
Certification is a convenient process for the developers toobtain an independent verification of their work and to
provide evidence to financiers, partners, utility companies,insurers and the public that the energy converter will
perform adequately within acceptable levels of safety,availability, reliability, asset integrity and environmentalimpact, complying with the Qualification Basis and, whereapplicable, to relevant standards.
Certification provides also a good way to obtain access to
relevant expertise with a different perspective.
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Marine Renewables - The Needs
The success of a wave or tidal device is not based on the safety aspectsonly. Strength, fatigue and reliability targets are related to functionalrequirements (i.e. based on financial / business model) with due
consideration to:- Safety of personnel and third parties
- Environment impact
- Asset integrity
- Continuous operation
The business model should predict the required operating mode of thedevice / farm reflecting the required balance between construction costs,inspection and maintenance costs, unexpected expenditures (de-
mobilisation outside maintenance window, loss of revenue, contractualpenalties) and maximisation of power generation (revenue).
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Setting the targets The balance
Construction (structure, equipment supply and installation /commissioning)
Installation
Normal intervention (frequency and extent, access,interruption of power generation)
Reduction of unexpected intervention (redundancy, design,commissioning)
Repair (robustness, access, replacement, redundancy)
Insurance Premium
Authorities expectation
Environmental controls
Monitoring of performance and data collection
Maximisation of power output(power capacity)
Continuous power outputQuality of output
Tariffs
Survivability
SafetyMaintenance
Inspection
Reliability
Fatigue
Power Output
Quality of Output
Qualification Basis
Inve
stm
ent
R
even
ue
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Certification Basis
Qualification of New
Technology RP-A203
Guidelines on design
and operation ofWEC
Offshore Standardsand RPs
International
Standards
OSSOSS--312312
Technical Requirementsand Recommendations
Methodology
Certification Framework
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Certification through Qualification OSS-312
The OSS describe the certification process (requirements, scope anddeliverables)
Based on the following principles:
- Use of Qualification process- Technical requirements are given in the MEC Guidelines. In general,
most of Sections of the Guideline are also applicable to Tidal EnergyConverter devices. However, some guidance and specific interpretationsare given for tidal on a case-by-case basis
- Generic and systematic approach to cover wave devices and tidaldevices and the different concepts within each group.
- Stepwise process: interaction with developer and directly associated tothe normal progress of design.
- Design Approval, Manufacturing Surveillance and In-service Operation
- Feedback and updating on OSS and OS
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Certification through Qualification OSS-312
Certification Scope :- Load and response analyses (the control system may/will
have significant effect on the global behaviour)- Structures- Mooring system- Electrical system- Mechanical system
- Hydraulic system- Control system- Safety systems incl. emergency shutdown system- Marine systems including bilge system
- Other systems such as: turbines, lubrication,dehumidification, cooling systems, etc
- Power Measurement- Maintenance procedures
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Certification through Qualification OSS-312
Deliverables
Approval in Principle or Statement of Feasibility
Statement of Endorsement
Design Approval
Product Certificates for Components and Assemblies
Survey Reports
Certificates:- DNV Type Certificate
In order to account for the different stages in the development of the device
DNV may in addition to the Type Certificate issue the following certificates:
- DNV Prototype Certificate, class C- DNV Type Certificate, class B
- DNV Project Certificate
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Certification through Qualification OSS-312
Extent and process
- Fabrication and manufacturingsurveillance should be defined /
confirmed based on the qualificationprocess.
- Review of commissioning proceduresand handling of uncertainties.
- Data from prototype to furtheraddress remaining uncertainties and toconsolidate confidence on the deviceprior start production model(Qualification Method).
Target
Concept Design Prototype manufacturing
Qualification phases
Service
Life
Compliance
with target
Upper limitLifetime ProbabilityDensity Distribution
AcceptancePercentile
Lower limit
Testing Pilot
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OSS-312 Table of ContentsSECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
Organisation of this Offshore Service SpecificationObjects coveredDNV Document hierarchyInternational Standards
SECTION 2 CERTIFICATION SERVICESPRINCIPLES OF CERTIFICATION
Definition of servicesDeliverables
SECTION 3 CERTIFICATION OF TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS
PRINCIPLES OF CERTIFICATION OF TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERSIntroductionCertification ApproachScope of Certification
QUALIFICATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY
GeneralBasis for the qualification of new technologyQualification processEstablishment of reliabilityTestingDeliverables from the Qualification process
Reference
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OSS-312 Table of Contents
SECTION 3 CERTIFICATION OF TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS(cont)
ASSIGNMENT OF CERTIFICATIONRequest for certification
StandardsRequirements for workshops and yardsInformation about subcontractors and suppliers of productsRequirements for manufacturersRequirements for suppliers of servicesDocument approval
SurveyFunctional testingFinal Certification DocumentationMaintenance of CertificateOther conditions
VERIFICATION OF PROCURED ITEMSGeneralCase-by case approvalType approvalDocumentation of CertificationManufacturing survey arrangement
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OSS-312 Table of Contents
SECTION 4 DOCUMENTATION FOR CERTIFICATION
GENERALTypical documentation and type of service
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Type of installationEnvironmental dataFloating Tidal and Wave Energy ConvertersFixed Tidal and Wave energy converters
POSITION KEEPING
MACHINERY AND MARINE SYSTEMSFloating InstallationsFixed Installations
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
FIRE PROTECTION AND SAFETY SYSTEMS
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Make Decisions
The Qualification Process - Renewables
Technology
Define Qualification Basis
Failure Mode Identification
and Risk Ranking
Analysis and Testing
(Data Collection)
Functionality Assessment
Concept Improvement
Selection of Qualification
Methods
Statement of
Feasibility
Technology Assessment
Probability of Success Evaluation Statement ofEndorsement
Use of Codes and
Standards
Failure Mode Identification
+ Recommendations from Guidelines+Specific Recommendations for Tidal
Any unconventional failure modesidentified?
Class?
1 & 2
3 & 4
RiskRanking
Class 1 & 2
Yes
No
2
432New
321Known
New or
unproven
Limited
field
history
Proven
Technology
Application
area
Certificate of
Fitness for
Service
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The Qualification Process
Target
Concept Design Prototype manufacturing
Qualification phases
Servic
e
Life
Compliancewith target
Upper limitLifetime ProbabilityDensity Distribution
AcceptancePercentile
Lower limit
Testing Pilot
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Failure Mode Identification
Cons. Prob. Risk
Components and functionsID Component Function Comments
Risk RankingConsequenceFailure mode
Failure mechanism
or causeDetection
Phases and activities
Cons. Prob. Risk
1 Mobilisation1.1
Failure mechanism
or causeDetection Consequence
Risk RankingID Activity Component CommentsFailure mode
The system / technology is broken down to a level of detail that each failure
mechanism is understood
Handling of uncertainties
Workshop format (multi-discipline, all phases during life time of device / technology)
The description of failure and its risk ranking will be used to define the qualificationmethod (i.e. what needs to be done to deal with uncertainty)
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The Qualification Process - Risk Ranking
Several occurrences per annum5
Occasional occurrences e.g. once per annum4
Typical occurrence once in 5 years3
Infrequent, several times in a lifetime2
Very infrequent, e.g. once in a lifetime1
Estimate of frequency of occurrenceClass
Description of consequences (impact on)Class
Function Safety Environment Operation Assets
1
Minimal effect,easilyrepairable or
redundantsystem
No injury, effect
on health
No pollutionMinimal effect on
production
Negligible
2
Loss ofredundantfunction,reducedcapacity
Minor injuries,health effects
Minor pollutionSome small lossof production
Significant, butrepairable
3
Loss of parts ofmain function,
with significantrepairs required
Significantinjuries and/or
health effects
Limited levels ofpollution,
manageable
Light interventionrequired to
replaceequipment
Localiseddamage,
repairable
4Shutdown ofsystem
A fatality,moderateinjuries
Moderatepollution, withsome clean-upcosts
Significant loss ofproduction, majorrepair needed
Loss of mainfunction, majorrepair needed
5Completefailure
Severalfatalities,serious injuries
Major pollutionevent, withsignificant
clean-up costs
Total loss ofproduction, majorrepairs /replacement
required
Loss of device(or majorcomponent),with potential
consequences
LowLowLowLowLow1
MedMedLowLowLow2
HighMedMedLowLow3
HighHighMedMedLow4
HighHighHighMedLow5
54321Freq
Consequence
LowLowLowLowLow1
MedMedLowLowLow2
HighMedMedLowLow3
HighHighMedMedLow4
HighHighHighMedLow5
54321Freq
Consequence
Risk Ranking
Effectiveness: different priorities
for different failure modes.Focus attention and resourceson the issues that will havelarge impact on the success ofthe device to achieve theestablished targets.
Risk Matrix definition
The tolerance levels should bein line with Qualification Basis,Corporate policies and financial/ business model
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The Guidelines for Wave Energy Converters
Key aspects:
- Qualification at the core of theGuideline
- Building blocks approach
- Safety and Reliability
- Fatigue
- Transference of technologyfrom other sectors
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Guidelines Basis
Adoption and adaptation of relevant technology from offshore, maritime orother relevant industries as a way to accelerate development
Consideration of methods for dealing with novel aspects of marine devices
and handling of uncertainties
Provision of a common language. Common understanding of the problemsto be solved and requirements. Contractual Basis.
Handling of Safety level tailored to needs regarding personnel safety(manned v. unmanned), damage or loss of asset and production interruptions
Reliability and confidence levels in achieving production with minimaloperation interrupts (influencing cost/kWh)
To provide a way to demonstrate handling of uncertainties and riskmanagement. Assurance
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Guidelines Table of Contents1 FOREWORD FROM THE CARBON TRUST2 INTRODUCTION
3 WORKING WITH THE GUIDELINE3.1 Qualification Process and Building Blocks3.2 Standards3.3 Safety and Reliability Targets3.4 Glossary and Verbal Forms3.5 Production in Series
4 QUALIFICATION OF NEW AND UNPROVEN TECHNOLOGY4.1 General Considerations4.2 Qualification Process
5 FAILURE MODE IDENTIFICATION AND RISK RANKING
6 VALUE MANAGEMENT AND LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
7 RELIABILITY AND COST7.1 Reliability issues7.2 Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
7.3 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)7.4 Reliability Block Diagram7.5 Failure Modes and Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)7.6 Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM)
8 RISK ASSESSMENT
9 SAFETY PHILOSOPHY9.1 General Considerations9.2 Structures9.3 Equipment and Systems
10 DOCUMENTATION
11 MATERIAL SELECTION11.1 Steel11.2 Concrete10.3 Composites
12 CORROSION PROTECTION12.1 Steel Structures12.2 Concrete Structures
12.3 Composite Structures12.4 Chains, Steel Wire and Fibre Rope
13 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA13.1 Structural Classification13.2 Hull Structure and Mechanical Connections13.3 Ultimate Limit State Load Factors, Steel13.4 Ultimate Limit State Load Factors, Concrete13.5 Ultimate Limit State Load Factors, Composite Structures13.6 Accidental Limit State Loads13.7 Fatigue Limit State Analysis13.8 Serviceability Limit State13.9 Structural Response Methodology
13.9.1 Wave Environment13.9.2 Current environment
13.10 Structural Capacity Verification - Steel13.11 Structural Capacity Verification - Concrete13.12 Structural Capacity Verification - Composite Structures13.13 Other Issues
14 FOUNDATION DESIGN
15 MOORING SYSTEM ANALYSIS15.1 Acceptance Criteria
15.1.1 Ultimate Limit State15.1.2 Accidental Limit State15.1.3 Fatigue Limit State
15.2 Anchor Design
16 STABILITY AND WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY16.1 General Considerations16.2 Stability Considerations
17 ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT17.1 General Considerations17.2 Electrical Equipment
17.2.1 Generator Types17.2.2 Grid Connection17.2.3 Earthing and Protection17.2.4 Transformers / Reactors17.2.5 Umbilical Cables17.2.6 Switchboards
17.2.7 Lighting and Small Power17.2.8 Ancillary Systems
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Guidelines Table of Contents17.3 Mechanical Equipment and Marine Systems17.3.1 General
17.3.2 Design and Layout17.3.3 General Mechanical Components and Sub-systems17.3.4 Hydraulic Systems17.3.5 Pneumatic System17.3.6 Turbines in Wave Energy Devices17.3.7 Power Transmission Using Gearboxes17.3.8 Flexible Hoses
18 FIRE PROTECTION19 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
19.1 System Monitoring and Control19.2 Control Hierarchy and Channel Separation19.3 Internal Environment19.4 Software Development19.5 Primary Data Link19.6 UHF Link
19.7 SCADA System19.8 Reliability Issues19.9 Hydraulic Systems and Controls19.10 Air Flow Turbine Control
20 UMBILICAL CONNECTIONS20.1 Design 77
22 MANUFACTURING22.1 General Requirements22.2 Manufacturing Surveys
22.2.1 Audit and Survey22.2.2 Inspection
22.3 Steel Structures22.3.3 Concrete Structures22.3.4 Materials and Components
22.4 Minimum Structural Requirements
23 INSTALLATION AND RETRIEVAL, TEMPORARY PHASES24 COMMISSIONING AND HANDOVER
24.1 Commissioning Plan24.1.1 Activity Early in Design Phase24.1.2 Activity Ahead of Mechanical Completion24.1.3 Mechanical Completion
24.2 Commissioning Implementation24.2.1 Organisation24.2.2 Punch-Listing
24.2.3 Exception listing by system24.2.4 Preparation of handover documents24.2.5 Document Checks and Audits24.2.6 Security of Logging Facilities
25 IN-SERVICE PHASE OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE25.1 Operations
25.1.1 Organisation25.1.2 Routine Operations25.1.3 Control of Work
25.1.4 Offshore Operations25.1.5 Non-Routine Operations25.1.6 Management Systems25.1.7 Management of Emergencies
25.2 Maintenance25.2.1 Procedures for Inspection, Repair and Maintenance (IRM)25.2.2 Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM)25.2.3 Task Risk Assessment25.2.4 In-service Inspection Plan
25.2.5 Spare Parts25.2.6 Maintenance Records25.2.7 Frequency of Inspection
20.2 Quick Disconnect Options
21 CABLE CONNECTION TO SHORE
21.1 General Considerations21.2 Terminal Boxes21.3 Cable Installation21.4 Installation, In-Service and Extreme Loading21.5 Design and Strength21.6 Fatigue Design21.7 Fabrication and Testing21.8 Slip-rings and Other Critical Components21.9 Penetrations
21.10 Cables and Umbilicals21.11 Protection Requirements
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Guidelines The Building Blocks
Mechanical system:pump, piping, hoses, turbines,accumulators, valves, gearbox
Foundations / mooring
Maintenance Programme and
Inspection Philosophy
Structural strength, fatigue, corrosion, material
Hydrodynamic Response / Test
Safety Philosophy and Reliability Targets
Qualification Basis
Electrical system:
Generators, cables, batteries
Instrumentation and monitoring
systems / Software
Fire Protection
Stability
&
Watertight
Integrity
Commissioning
Legislation
Supply
Fabrication
Assembly
Decommissioning
Addressing of systems and components that are generic and can becombined in different solutions (building blocks)
MarineDevicesboundary
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
Qualification process covers the new technology aspects
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Safety Philosophy
Risk to life
Environmental impact (fluid releases, anti-fouling coatings, bilge water)
Loss of production
Inspection and maintenance cost, risks during removal of equipment for inspection andmaintenance
Reputation of developer, industry, concept
Underwriter perception of risks and definition of premium value
Financial or venture capital communities perception of risk to the return on investment
Expected safety level by Authorities
Safety Level Low
Safety Level Normal
Safety Level High
Separate target levels for Personnel, Asset, Production and Environmental Safety.
Guidelines Safety and Reliability
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Guidelines Safety and Reliability
Safety Philosophy Steel Structure
Table D1 Load factors ffor ULS (OS-C101 Ch.1 Sec.2)Load categoriesCombination of
design loads G Q E D
a) 1.3 / 1.21)
1.3/ 1.21)
0.7 1.0
b) 1.0 1.0 1.3 / 1.152)
1.0Load categories are:
G - permanent loadQ - variable load
E - environmental loadD - Deformation load
1)When permanent loads (G) and variable functional loads (Q) are well defined, e.g. hydrostatic pressure, a
load factor of1.2 may be used in combination a) for these load categories. If a load factor f= 1.0 on G and Q
loads in combination a) results in higher design load effect, the load factor of 1.0 shall be used.
2) Based on a safety assessment (see Section 8 Safety Philosophy for Structure, Equipment and System Design)
considering the risk for both human life and the environment, the load factor for environmental loads may be
reduced to 1.15 in combination b) if the structure is unmanned during extreme environmental conditions.
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Guidelines Safety and Reliability
Strategies towards reliability:
Low utilisation of mechanical strength a higherresulting reserve (or safety factor)
Redundancy of essential or important equipment
to maximise up-time Use of well-proven components Environmental simulation testing of components
subject to various environmental loads Thorough FMEA study Rigorous manufacturing testing and evaluation of
fatigue parts subject to cyclic loads
Reliability Target
Balance between Costs (Construction, Operation and due to unplanned events and business interruptions)and revenue.
Selection of reliability target will impact on: construction costs, extent and frequency of inspections andmaintenance regime, likelihood of unexpected intervention and repairs, financial penalties due to lack ofproduction.
Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM):optimisation of preventive maintenance based onevaluation of failure modes and their effects.
Early life
failure period
Common types failure rates time dependency
Time t
Insta
ntaneousFailureRate
(t)
Availability managed
through maintenanceand inspection
Failure root causesintroduced during design andmanufacturing.
Stress Failures
Overall failure ratecurve (bath-tub)
Useful life failure period Wear-outfailure period
Quality
failures
Wear outfailures
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Guidelines Technology Transfer
Guidelines provide a consistent set of standards across differentdisciplines and subjects (no standard hopping)
DNV Offshore Standards, Recommended Practices, Rules, Classification
and Certification Notes, Approval Schemes plus International Standardsreferred to in the Standards are the basis for the Guideline
For areas not covered by them, other standards were considered
Other International Standards (~220) are referred to as possiblealternative standards covering similar subjects
Recommendations given are not the only way to achieve safety andreliability targets, but they are considered the best approach (Principle
of Equivalence)
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Conclusions
OSS-312 provides a suitable framework for certification activities ofmarine renewable energy converters.
- Based on Qualification process (generic, systematic, demonstrable, risk
based and traceability)
- Gradual process linked to natural flow of development
- Based on targets related to safety, environmental and functional
requirements
- Use of existent knowledge (codes and standards) addressing most of the
likely design requirements- Handling of uncertainties, different concepts
- Lifecycle approach
Guidelines available for downloading from the DNV website(http://www.dnv.com/energy/windenergy/) and the Carbon Trust website
OSS-312 is likely to be released on April 2007 and it will be available fordownloading from DNV website.
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