2440: 141 Web Site Administration Web Server Basics and
Administration Instructor: Enoch E. Damson
Slide 2
Server Administration Common tasks of server administrators
include: Focusing on the LAN Provide access to software and
services Make sure that the user environment is reliable and
consistent Minimize harm that users can do to network Web Server
Basics and Administration2
Slide 3
Server Administration Working with Users: Users are central to
server administration because: Users need to be productive Users
like consistency Roaming profiles allow users to have the same
personalized desktop environment on multiple computers Web Server
Basics and Administration3
Slide 4
Server Administration Establishing Access Control: Users need
just enough access to do their jobs Typically, users are organized
into groups The groups are given access to network resources Users
can be given different access to the same resources A document can
be read by everyone but modified by only specific people Web Server
Basics and Administration4
Slide 5
Server Administration Understanding the Server Environment: All
but the smallest network includes more than one server With Windows
computers, servers and users computers can be organized into
domains in order to centralize control Users log on to a domain,
which can be completely separate from or related to other domains
Web Server Basics and Administration5
Slide 6
Web Server Administration Web server administrators focus on
the Internet Need to work with ISPs and Web page developers
Typically, a Web server provides information to anyone who requests
it over the Internet Web servers can contain other applications
such as FTP, e- mail, DNS, etc Technical skills are needed to
administer a Web server in order to: Control access to Web pages
Create virtual Web sites on a single server Make sure programming
environment and other services are running correctly Web Server
Basics and Administration6
Slide 7
Web Server Administration Depending on the size of the
organization, some tasks of Web server administrators may be
delegated Systems maintenance E-mail administration Security
implementation Web page development Database design Programming Web
Server Basics and Administration7
Slide 8
Web Server Administration Understanding the Web Environment:
Web server administrators work with Web developers and other
network administrators Web Servers administrators control Internet
users access to Web servers It is impossible to control the
Internet Web Server Basics and Administration8
Slide 9
Web Server Administration Selecting Programs: Web server
administrators need to install programs and services Programs solve
specific problems Service (daemon) programs that run in the
background Web service one or more programming modules that reside
on a Web server and can be accessed from client computers Web
Server Basics and Administration9
Slide 10
Web Server Administration Selecting Server-Side Programs: Web
developers use a variety of server-side programming languages Perl
one of the 1 st languages for dynamic Web pages Active Server Pages
(ASP) interprets programs written using VBScript or JavaScript
ASP.Net compiles programs written using Visual Basic.NET, C#.NET
(similar to C++), J#.NET (similar to Java) Java Server Pages (JSP)
compiles programs written using Java into Java servlets PHP
Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) has structure similar to ASP and JSP
and syntax similar to Perl and Java ColdFusion has syntax similar
to ASP and JSP Web Server Basics and Administration10
Slide 11
Web Server Administration Selecting Databases: Database a
collection of data about related entities Database management
system (DBMS) software used to store and manipulate data used on
Web pages Examples include: For large sites Oracle, MySQL, MS SQL
Server, DB2, MS Access, etc Structured Query Language (SQL) the
language used in a Relational DBMS to create, store and manipulate
databases Web Server Basics and Administration11
Slide 12
Web Server Administration Managing E-mail Servers: Email
servers are open by design to accept e-mail from anyone Spam can be
a problem to manage Specific utilities can be used to help minimize
spam Viruses are commonly sent by e-mail Use virus detection
software and keep it updated Web Server Basics and
Administration12
Slide 13
Web Server Administration Working with Other Web Applications:
Firewall Helps protect your Web server environment from attack FTP
(File Transfer Protocol) A service that allows users to download
files from and upload files to a server DNS (Domain Name Service)
Translates host names such as www.technowidgets.com to an IP
address Web Server Basics and Administration13
Slide 14
Web Server Administration Managing the Internet Connection: The
Web administrator needs to maintain a connection to the Internet
The Web administrators responsibility ends at the connection the
Internet Additional supported is handled by the ISP, who may also
have to contact a local phone company Web Server Basics and
Administration14
Slide 15
Administrators' Common Tasks and Services Server administrators
and Web server administrators share several common tasks such as:
Installing and configuring systems Maintaining security Monitoring
the system Maintaining and backing up systems Web Server Basics and
Administration15
Slide 16
System Installation and Configuration Web administrators
determine the hardware and software requirements of the system
environment Both Server and Web server administrators install and
configure software Web Server Basics and Administration16
Slide 17
Security Maintenance Physical and software security must both
be considered against: Internal security breaches External security
breaches Web Server Basics and Administration17
Slide 18
System Monitoring Systems are monitored to track performance,
troubleshoot problems and usage using: Software tools Log files Web
Server Basics and Administration18
Slide 19
System Maintenance and Backup Systems must be periodically
updated to take care of security loopholes and other possible
software malfunctions Backing up systems is vital for both server
and Web server administrators Systems may have to be reconfigured
due to some severe problems Web Server Basics and
Administration19
Slide 20
Network Building Blocks Systems administrators need to
understand parts of a network and how they work together to help:
Create an efficient and balanced network Prevent system disruptions
from hackers Web server administrators need to look at networks as
a: Logical model to understand how computers communicate Physical
structure to understand network parts Web Server Basics and
Administration20
Slide 21
Network Building Blocks To understand network communication,
the following models are used: Open Source Interconnection (OSI)
model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
model Protocol - set of communication rules Web Server Basics and
Administration21
Slide 22
The OSI Model A theoretical definition of the parts of network
data communication Developed in the 1970s and implemented in the
1980s Depicts seven layers that depict how the networking protocols
function and separate the communication tasks Web Server Basics and
Administration22
Slide 23
The OSI Model Web Server Basics and Administration23
LayerNameDescription 7ApplicationResponsible for low-level
application access to the network. 6PresentationCan convert data
into a format that is understandable to the Application layer.
5SessionCan open, maintain, and shut down communication.
4TransportResponsible for transporting the data from one computer
to another. (TCP and UDP) 3NetworkPrimarily responsible for
addressing between two computers. (IP and ICMP) 2Data
LinkResponsible for the interface between the packets coming down
through the upper layers and the physical layer.
1PhysicalResponsible for transferring the data to the network
medium.
Slide 24
The TCP/IP Model A real-world model showing how the TCP/IP
protocols actually work Does not correspond exactly with the common
but theoretical OSI model Depicts network data communication in
four layers instead of the seven layers of the OSI model Web Server
Basics and Administration24
Slide 25
The TCP/IP Model LayerNameCommon Components OSI Reference
4ApplicationHTTP, SMTP, POP3 FTP, DNS Application Presentation
Session 3TransportTCP, UDPTransport 2NetworkIP, ICMPNetwork
1PhysicalEthernet, FDDIData Link Physical Web Server Basics and
Administration25
Slide 26
TCP/IP Protocols Components of the application layer level of
the TCP/IP model include: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Web
servers implement this protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP) Used by e-mail servers (and sometimes Web servers) to send
e- mail Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3) Used to retrieve
e-mail Web Server Basics and Administration26
Slide 27
TCP/IP Protocols Other components of the application layer of
the TCP/IP model include: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Transfers
files to and from server Domain Name Service (DNS) Translates host
names to IP addresses and IP addresses to host names BIND (Berkeley
Internet Name Domain) the most popular program used to implement
DNS Microsoft also has a DNS server Web Server Basics and
Administration27
Slide 28
TCP/IP Protocols Components of the transport layer of the
TCP/IP model include: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Creates a
reliable connection between two computers User Datagram Protocol
(UDP) Does not establish a connection, just sends messages Web
Server Basics and Administration28
Slide 29
TCP/IP Protocols Components of the network layer of the TCP/IP
model include: Internet Protocol (IP) Provides addressing scheme
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Provides error messages
Web Server Basics and Administration29
Slide 30
Common Network Components Components of the physical layer of
the TCP/IP model include: Ethernet the most common network
technology which connects multiple devices Switch central device
that allows PCs to communicate with one another A data cable
connects the network interface card (NIC) of each computer to the
switch Router forwards data packets across computer networks Web
Server Basics and Administration30
Slide 31
Simple Network Diagram Web Server Basics and
Administration31
Slide 32
Connecting to the Internet Connecting to the Internet requires:
Internet Service Provider (ISP) company that helps connect to the
Internet Wide Area Network (WAN) connection used between a building
and the ISP T-Carrier connection is often used A digital connection
for voice and data Web Server Basics and Administration32
Slide 33
Connecting to the Internet Other types of Internet connections
are: Integrated services digital network (ISDN) Digital service
using a terminal adapter (TA) or ISDN modem Dial-up access Offers 2
types of services: Basic Rate Interface (BRI) provides 3 channels
(2 B or Bearer channels and a D or Delta channel) of data transfer
Primary Rate Interface (PRI) uses 23 B channels and 1 D channel to
provide higher amounts of bandwidth Web Server Basics and
Administration33
Slide 34
Connecting to the Internet Other types of Internet connections
are: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Provides higher speeds of data
transfer over telephone lines Signal degradation is a limitation to
DSL Types of DSL connections include: Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) ISDN
DSL (IDSL) Rate Adaptive DSL (RADSL) Single DSL (SDSL) Cable Modem
Shared access cable provided by cable TV company Web Server Basics
and Administration34
Slide 35
Planning on Web Hosting Some decisions about Web site hosting
include: Hosting the Web site Hosting the Web server
Hardware/software considerations Sizing the server (performance
requirements) Registering a domain name Web Server Basics and
Administration35
Slide 36
Hosting a Site There are many options to consider when deciding
how to set up your Web site Some of the popular options include:
ISP personal page Standard virtual hosting Co-located server
Dedicated server Web Server Basics and Administration36
Slide 37
ISP Personal Page Good for personal use Pros: Free Cons: Cannot
have your own domain name Limited space Web Server Basics and
Administration37
Slide 38
Standard Virtual Hosting Allows you to have your own domain but
must share a machine with other domains Ideal for less custom
server-side programming Web applications Pros: Cheap way to have
your own domain No server to maintain Cons: Server shared with many
other people Web Server Basics and Administration38
Slide 39
Co-Located Server Having your own server located at the company
that does your Web hosting (Internet Service Provider ISP) Pros:
Control over entire server Faster network Cons: You still have to
purchase and manage the machine Hardware is offsite Web Server
Basics and Administration39
Slide 40
Dedicated Server Having your own server Pros: Flexibility of
having your server Cons: You still have to administer the machine
May cost more Web Server Basics and Administration40
Slide 41
Hosting a Web Server Some of the resources needed to host a
server include the following: An ISP to provide a network
connection Hardware/Software consideration Operating system A
server machine and a model or other network interface An IP address
for the machine to make it accessible on the network A domain name
but not required A router or other network hardware Web Server
Basics and Administration41
Slide 42
Sizing a Web Server Running your own server requires looking at
performance problems such as: Too much traffic on network Is the
server running near capacity? A good ISP should have plenty of
network bandwidth Bandwidth the capacity or speed of a network
expressed in bits per second (bps) Throughput amount of data that
can move from one place to another in a time period Web Server
Basics and Administration42
Slide 43
Bandwidth & Network Capacity A network bandwidth may be
slowed if: Many clients are continuously requesting pages Large
files are being downloaded To get a feel of how many people are
visiting your site, the Web server log files should be checked Each
page requested counts as a hit or http operation (httpop) Each line
in the log file represents a hit Web Server Basics and
Administration43
Slide 44
Server Performance The size and type of files being transferred
does not necessarily slow a server The number of transactions over
a network connection is more important Factors that may slow a
server include CGI programs and other applications Search engines
Server-side programs accessing databases Web Server Basics and
Administration44
Slide 45
Resolving Server Performance Problems Some of the things needed
to be done when a server is struggling include: Increasing the
servers RAM Leads to increases cache to store frequently accessed
data Upgrading the server configuration Faster hard drive to
support sustained transfer rates Store data on multiple hard drives
Distributing the load across different servers Web Server Basics
and Administration45
Slide 46
Web Server Platforms (Operating Systems) Manages all the
functions of a computer The choice of operating system is important
for a Web server because it determines: What server software to run
The security and reliability of the Web server How the Web server
can be managed Some of the operating system platforms include:
Microsoft Windows, UNIX, Novell Netware, Apple Mac Web Server
Basics and Administration46
Slide 47
Windows By Microsoft Corporation The Windows platform has
utilized several servers such as: Windows NT Server Windows 2000
Server Windows Server 2003 Windows Server 2008 Windows Server 2008
R2 Windows 8 Web Server Basics and Administration47
Slide 48
UNIX Created by AT&T Bell Laboratories Some popular brands
of the UNIX platform include: Linux (Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS),
Oracle Solaris, BSD (FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD), IBM AIX, and HP-UX
Basic components include: Kernel central portion of operating
system File system provides input and output mechanisms Shell
provides user interface, e.g. sh, bash, csh Popular GUIs include
KDE, GNOME Web Server Basics and Administration48