Download - 20120307 NiblickA Pres Micropower

7/29/2019 20120307 NiblickA Pres Micropower

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NNMREC

ExperimentalandAnalyticalStudyofHelicalCrossFlowTurbinesforaTidal

Micropower GenerationSystem

AdamNiblick

UniversityofWashington

NorthwestNationalMarineRenewableEnergyCenter

MSME Thesis DefenseMarch 7, 2012


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NNMREC

Outline TidalMicropower SystemOverview

TurbineSelection/DesignParameters

ExperimentalTesting

Modeling

ConclusionsandFutureWork


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MotivationforMicropower AdmiraltyInlet potential

siteoftidalturbineinstallationforcommercial

power NNMRECEnvironmental

sitecharacterizationmonitoring SeaSpiderbottomlander

tripod Instrumentationrequires

power Currentlybattery powered Grid,solarandwindnot

feasible


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MotivationforMicropowerBatteryCapacity(Whr): 165 Cost($/Whr): 1.15$

Unit

Power

Usage (W)

Deployment

Duration

(days)

Total

W-hr

#of batteries

Required Battery Cost

DopplerCurrentProfiler 0.9 90 1944 12 2,280.00$


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Unit

Power

Usage (W)

Deployment

Duration

(days)

Total

W-hr

#of batteries


DopplerCurrentProfiler 0.9 90 1944 12 2,280.00$DopplerCurrentProfiler 0.9 180 3888 24 4,560.00$


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Unit

Power

Usage (W)

Deployment

Duration

(days)

Total

W-hr

#of batteries


DopplerCurrentProfiler 0.9 90 1944 12 2,280.00$DopplerCurrentProfiler 0.9 180 3888 24 4,560.00$ImagingSonar(20%dutycycle) 20.0 180 86400 524 99,560.00$

u0:Inflowvelocity

:Fluiddensity


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Unit

Power

Usage (W)

Deployment

Duration

(days)

Total

W-hr

#of batteries


DopplerCurrentProfiler 0.9 90 1944 12 2,280.00$DopplerCurrentProfiler 0.9 180 3888 24 4,560.00$Imaging

Sonar

(20%

duty

cycle) 20.0 180 86400

524 99,560.00$

ImagingSonar(20%dutycycle) 20.0 180 86400 15 2,850.00$


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Micropower SystemConcept

Drawing courtesy of Stelzenmuller et al

Micropower System A tidal hydrokinetic power generation system to

power remote instrumentation on the order of 20 W continuous in 1.5

m/s peak tidal currents.


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ResearchGoalsProvideinitialconceptforamicropower tidalgenerationsystem

Providedetaileddesign,analysisandexperimentaltestingoneofthecomponents:thehydrokineticturbine


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Micropower SystemBlockDiagram

+ +

Loads

Monitoring Equipment

Controller/processor

Data storage

Gearbox

Generator

Tidal

Turbine

BatteryBank

ConverterRectifier

Turbine

Controller

Loads

0 2 4 6-2

0

2

time (days)

u0

(m/s)

Tidal Current Profile


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Outline Micropower SystemOverview


ExperimentalTesting

Modeling



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TurbinePerformanceMetrics Efficiency forpowerandtorqueproduction

Startingtorquemagnitudeandrange forselfstart

TipSpeedRatioandRotationRate forgeneratorintegration

Performancewithrespecttoinfloworientation fordeploymentflexibility

H:Height

D:Diameter

R:Radius

T:Torque

u0:Inflowvelocity

:Fluiddensity:Azimuthal angle

:Angularvelocity


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TurbineDesignConcepts

Axial

Turbine

Savonius

Rotor

Darrieus

Turbine

Hybrid

Turbine

Helical

Turbine

Sources: Polagye, 2011; engr.mun.ca/~tariq/jahangiralam.pdf; newenergycorp.ca;

Highefficiency

(~35%) Good selfstart

capability

Accepts flowfromanyhorizontaldirection


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BladeElementTheory Streamwise velocity(uS) Tipvelocity(R)

Inducedbyturbinesownrotation Relativevelocity(u

REL

) Resultantvectorof

uS and R Angleofattack()

AnglebetweenuREL andchordline

Lift DragForces(FL,FD) Generateturbinetorque

Bestliftdragratiowhen10<


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Axialvs.CrossFlowTurbines

Tidal Flow is Parallel to Axis

of Rotation

Tidal Flow is Perpendicular

to Axis of Rotation

Axial Cross-Flow


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BladeElementTheory Angleofattack()

Constantlychangingas

turbinerotates Oftenexceedsstallangle


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HelicalTurbineParameters BladeProfile

BladePitch

HelicalPitch

AspectRatio

SolidityRatio/Chordto

RadiusRatio NumberofBlades

BladeWrap

AttachmentDesign


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HelicalPitch

AspectRatio

SolidityRatio/ChordtoRadiusRatio

NumberofBlades AttachmentDesign

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1-0.1

0

0.1

x

y

NACA0018

Source: answers.com


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HelicalPitch

AspectRatio SolidityRatio/Chordto

RadiusRatio



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HelicalPitch


RadiusRatio


Sizelimitedbydeploymentconstraints


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HelicalPitch


RadiusRatio

NumberofBlades(B) AttachmentDesign

30% Solidity

15% Solidity


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HelicalPitch


RadiusRatio



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ParameterOptimizationHigherefficiency,

ImprovedCP,

Manufacturability

Helical PitchLowerstatictorque

variation

ImprovedCP,

Allows higherpitchAspectRatio EasierDeployment,Lessbladestress,

Lessvibration

Betterstartingtorque,

ManufacturabilitySolidityRatio Highertipspeedratio

Allowsincrease inpitch

andreducedaspect

ratio

NumberofBlades Fewerparts,Lessbladewakeinterference


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ExperimentalTesting

Modeling



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TurbinePrototypes

3Blades D=20cm

H=20cm 1.00AspectRatio 43.7 PitchAngle 30%Solidity

3BladedTurbineBaselineConfiguration

4BladedTurbine LowSolidityTurbine

3Blades D=20cm

H=20cm 1.00AspectRatio 43.7 PitchAngle 15%Solidity

4Blades D=17.2cm

H=23.4cm 1.36AspectRatio 60 PitchAngle 30%Solidity


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TestsPerformed

BaselineConfiguration

LoadPerformanceTest

StaticTorqueTest TiltedTurbineTest

DesignComparisonTests

HelicalPitch/No.ofBlades StrutAttachmentDesign

ShaftDesign


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FlumeTestChannel

3meterslength 72cmwide Maximum0.8m/sflow

rate Turbinelocatedincenter

offlumewidthat1.7mfromtestchannelinlet

AcousticDopplerVelocimeter (ADV) to

measureflumevelocity


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TestInstrumentation

Module

Reaction Torque Cell

Particle Brake Flex Coupling

Optical Encoder

Locking Plate

Bearing


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TurbineOperation


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LoadPerformanceResults Baseline

Configuration


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Liftand

Drag

for

different

Region of TurbineOperation at 0.4 m/s

Region of TurbineOperation at 0.8 m/s

but increasing decreases average


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StaticTorque Baseline

Configuration

Flume:0.7m/s

0 view,lookingdownstream


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TurbineDesignComparison

4-Bladed Turbine3-Bladed TurbineLoad Performance

Test Results


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StrutDesignComparison2 mm Spoke 4.8 mm Spoke Circular Plate


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ShaftDiameterComparisonNo Shaft 6.4 mm Shaft 12.7 mm Shaft


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TiltedTurbine

Test

Downstreamendofturbineframeinclined

0,2.5,5and10degreeinclinations

Performancetest

Baseline

spoke

design

and

circularplateconfigurations


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TiltedTurbineTest


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TestConclusions Fourbladedturbineisbestdesignforoptimum

aspect

ratio

and

performance Goodselfstart andperformancewithhighsolidity

MaximizehelicalpitchangletogetbettermaxCP

Noimpact

of

shaft

diameter

onperformance

Circularplate bestattachmentdesign eliminatesprofiledrag,bettertiltangleperformance

Static

torque

is

not

uniform HigherinflowvelocitygivesbetterCP


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ExperimentalTesting

Modeling



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VortexModel Freevortexflowmodel

Bladedividedintoseveralelements

BladeelementperformancefromCL,CD lookuptables

Bladeselementssimulatedasvortexgenerators

SumofvelocitycomponentsgivesuREL


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VortexModel Comparisontoothermodeltypes

LesscomputationaltimethanCFD(daysvs.minutes)

Comparedtomomentummodels,thevortexmodel: Canresolvehelicalgeometrywithoutyawcorrectionfactors

Betterresolvesthewake

ModelModifications

Helicalgeometry

Strutdragforcircularplateandendspokes

Flowcurvatureeffects

HigherCR thanpreviouslymodeled


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FlowCurvature Changein fromleadingedgetotrailingedge

Important forhighchordtoradiusratioturbines

Approximated as

Virtual camber

Source: Migliore, 1980


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Pitchingand

Dynamic

Stall Lift,dragaffectedbypitchrate

Virtualincidence Approximatedby

CL calculated

from

at

chord CD calculatedat atchord Biases positive

Dynamicstall Vortexformsattheleadingedgeofhydrofoilandtracksback

alongthechord Liftisincreasedduringtracking Liftdropsasvortexfullysheds

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1-0.1

0

0.1

x

y

NACA0018

Source: Ekaterinaris & Platzer, 1997


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DynamicStallLift Drag

Source: NASA, 2009

Implementation of Secondary


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ImplementationofSecondary

EffectsExperimental Data at

0.8 m/s



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EffectsExperimental Data at

0.8 m/s

Model Prediction withno Secondary Effects



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Effects Experimental Data at0.8 m/s


Dynamic Stall added



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Effects Experimental Data at0.8 m/s


Dynamic Stall added

Dynamic Stall & Pitch

Rate Effects added



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Effects


Dynamic Stall added

Dynamic Stall & Pitch

Rate Effects added

Dynamic Stall, Pitch

Rate & Flow Curvature

Effects added


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ModelPrediction

ofInflow

Variation


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Extrapolation

to

1.5

m/s


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Analysis

of

High

Tip

Speed

Ratio

Flow

curvature

disabled

CP=0.43

Flow

curvature

active

CP=0.46

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

(a)

Normalized Time (t*u0/R)

CQ

=2.6, 1.5 m/s

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

-16

-8

0

8

16

24

32

(d

egrees)

CQ


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Analysis

of

High

Tip

Speed

Ratio

Duetohighchordtoradiusratio: Flowcurvatureaddsinstabilitytomodeloutput Pitchrateeffectsanddynamicstalloveramplifyingperformance

Thiseffecthasbeendocumentedinpreviousliterature(Daietal.,2011),(Cardona,1984)

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Analysis

of

High

Tip

Speed

Ratio

Duetohighchordtoradiusratio: Flowcurvatureaddsinstabilitytomodeloutput Pitchrateeffectsanddynamicstalloveramplifyingperformance

Thiseffecthasbeendocumentedinpreviousliterature(Daietal.,2011),(Cardona,1984)

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P j C l i


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ProjectConclusions Demonstratedneedforandviabilityofatidalmicropower

system

Designedaturbineforamicropower system 24%efficientat0.8m/s(andincreasingwithflumespeed)

Goodselfstartandfloworientationcapabilities

Optimizedselecthelicalturbinedesignparameters

Modifiedavortexmodeltoaccepthelicalturbinedesign Demonstratedimportanceofsecondaryeffects

Demonstratedgeneraltrendsinperformance

Needforfurtherstudyofsecondaryeffectsforhighchordto

radiusratioturbines

F t W k


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FutureWork Testingofthefullscaleturbine

Designofsystemdrivetrainandcontrol

TurbineGenerator matching Selectionofbatterytype

Improvingturbineefficiency

Improvedturbinemodeling Examinationandrefinementofsecondaryeffects

Othermodeltypes(CFD,etc.)

A k l d t


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Acknowledgements Dr.BrianPolagye

Dr.AlbertoAliseda

Dr.BrianFabien Dr.RoyMartin

Dr.PhilipMalte

BillKuykendall

KevinSoderlund,EamonMcQuaide

Dr.JimThomson&APL

CapstoneDesignTeam:

NickStelzenmuller,BronwynHughes,Josh

Anderson,Celest Johnson,BrettTaylor,LeoSutanto

NNMRECOrganization

SandiaNationalLabs

Marie


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Questions?

B k Slid


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BackupSlides

System Performance


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SystemPerformance

System Performance


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SystemPerformance Turbinegeneratormatching

Desiredgeneratorcharacteristics Lowspeedoperation

6080rpmfordirectdrive

Highefficiency

Flatefficiencycurve

FitswithinSeaSpidersizeconstraints

Lowstartingtorque,lowcogging

Battery Information


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BatteryInformationCharacteristic SealedLeadAcid NiMH NiCd LithiumIon

EnergyDensity(Wh/L)[1] Low

5090

High

430

Low

15 100

High

570

CycleLife(cycles)[1] Low

200 500

Medium

300 1000

High

1500

High

1000+

MemoryEffect[4] LowNoeffect

MediumLess thanNiCd

High

Periodic discharge

required

LowNoeffect

ChargingTime[2] High

816hours

Medium

24hours

Low

about1hour

Medium

14hours

Cost[3]

($/kWh)Low

$8.50

Medium

$18.50

LowMedium

$11.00

High

$24

Toxicity[2] Veryhigh Low Veryhigh Low

TransportationLimitations[4] No No No Yes

Comments[1,4] Slowchargingtime;

lowenergydensity

Generatesheat

duringhighrate

chargeordischarge;

tolerantof

overcharge

oroverdischarge

Rugged;lowestcost

percycle;some

limitations onuse

duetotoxicity

Transportation

limitations;requires

complexcircuitto

operatesafely;

limitedavailability

forhighpower

applicationsDataSource:

[1]Reddy&Linden(2011) [2]Buchmann(2010d) [3]Buchmann(2011b) [4]Buchmann(2010e)

Helical Turbines


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HelicalTurbines Liftstyledevice

Advantages:

Easilyselfstarts Fairlyhighefficiency

(~35%)

Notorqueoscillation

Disadvantages:

Difficulttomanufacture

Lessefficientthanstraightbladeturbine

Blade Element Theory


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BladeElementTheory Lift DragForce

Normal Tangential

Force

Helical Turbine Parameters


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BladePitch

HelicalPitch AspectRatio



BladeWrap

Strut/shaftDesign



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BladePitch

HelicalPitch AspectRatio



BladeWrap

Strut/shaftDesign

100% Wrap

50% Wrap


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TestMatrix

Startup

Shutdown

Wake

Measure

ment

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.78 0.7 00.7 0.78

TurbineDe si gn StrutDesign

Shaft

Diameter

(mm)

Single

blade

length

Full

Revolution

LoadPer

formance

Static

Torque

SingleBlade,from

4bladedturbineCircularPlates 6.4

X X X

4.8mm,4leg

spokes6.4

X X X

NoshaftX X X

6.4 X X X X X X X X X X X

12.7X X X

CircularPlates 6.4X X X X X X X X

3bladedturbine4.8mm,3leg

spokes6.4

X X X X X X

LowSolidity

Turbine

4.8mm,3leg

spokes

6.4

X X

X:TestCompleted

FlumeVelocity(m/s):

Performancetest TiltedTurbine

2.0mm,4leg

spokes4bladedturbine

0.7

Dynamic

TorqueTurbineGeometry StaticTorque

0.72


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TestCalculations

Parameter Symbol

FlumeSpeed(m/s) u0 0.4 0.8

StaticWaterHeight(cm) hsw 50 46

DynamicWaterHeight(cm) h0 49 42

WaterColumnCrossSectionalArea(m2) AF 0.371 0.318

TurbineCrossSectionalArea (m2) AC 0.040 0.040

BlockageRatio 0.108 0.126

FroudeNumber Fr 0.182 0.394

MaxBladeReynold'sNumber(4BladedTurbine) ReB 4.0E+04 9.5E+04

MinBladeReynold'sNumber(4BladedTurbine) ReB 3.6E+03 2.2E+04

MachineReynold'sNumber(4BladedTurbine) ReM 7.7E+04 1.5E+05

DataRange

Typical Test Results


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TypicalTestResultsLoadPerformanceTest StaticTorqueTest

Typical Test Results


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TypicalTestResultsLoadPerformanceTest StaticTorqueTest


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Streamwise View=0 =20 =40 =70

Static torque near maximum Static torque

drops

Single Blade Static Torque


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SingleBladeStaticTorque

Single Blade Torque Superposition


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SingleBladeTorqueSuperposition


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Streamwise View=0 =20 =40 =70

Static torque near maximum Static torque

drops

Unobstructed

(-T) bladePartial

obstruction of

(+T) blade at

location of

best drag

TurbineDesignComparison


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4-Bladed Turbine

3-Bladed Turbine Static Torque TestResults

TiltedTurbineTest


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Strut

Design

TiltAngle

(degrees)

Tilt

Velocity

Predicted

CPLoss

from

cos(Tilt)

ActualCP

Loss

0 0.720 0.0% 0.0%

2.5 0.719 0.2% 5.6%

5 0.717 0.7% 8.8%

10 0.709 2.8% 23.0%

0 0.720 0.0% 0.0%

2.5 0.719 0.2% 4.5%

5 0.717 0.8% 4.4%

10 0.709 3.3% 8.9%

2mm,4Leg

Spoke

2mm

Circular

Plate

Wake


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MeasurementTest Baseline

Configuration

Flume:0.78m/s

Wakemeasurementsalongturbinecenterline

Startup 1012x 10

-3

m

(a)


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p

Shutdown

TestProfile 0 20 40 60 80 100 12-20

2

4

6

8

TurbineTorque,Nm

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

100

200

300

400

TurbineAngle,

Degrees (b)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Time, s

UVelocity,m/s

(c)

StartingAngle LoadTorque(Nm) CutInSpeed(m/s) CutOutSpeed

0 0.006 0.47 0.21

10 0.006 0.47 0.21

20 0.006 0.47 0.21

30 0.006 0.58 0.22

40 0.006 0.60 0.20

50 0.006 0.57 0.19

60 0.006 0.60 0.23

70 0.006 0.55 0.18

80 0.006 0.47 0.23

0.53 0.21

0 0.021 0.71 0.38

Averagecut

in/cut

out

speed

at

0.006

Nmloadtorque:

VortexModel


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Bladeisdividedintosegments,revolutionintotimesteps

8elementsperblade

15revolutionstoestablishwake

Vortexinfluencestheflowofsurroundingblades

ModelSolution


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SumofvelocitycomponentsgivesuREL

Totalchangeincirculationovertimeiszero(Kelvinstheorem):

VortexinducedvelocityatapointisfoundbyBiotSavart Law:

CirculationstrengthisfoundfromKutta

Joukowski theorem: Predictorcorrectorto

solvesystemofequations

BoeingVertol DynamicStall


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Model


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FlowCurvature Changein fromleadingedgetotrailingedge Important forhighchordtoradiusratioturbines

Approximated as

Virtual camber

FullScaleTurbinePrediction


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All SecondaryEffects Active

FullScaleTurbinePrediction


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Dynamic Stallonly

ModelPredictionofStrutDrag


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u0=0.8m/s