2/11/2009
1
Beyond Weiser’s Vision of Ubiquitous Computing
Stefan PosladQueen Mary University of London
http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/people/stefan/ubicom
1
Overview
• Ubiquitous Computing: achievements √• Beyond Weiser’s model: Smart DEI model of
Ubiquitous Computing• Research Examples
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 2
2/11/2009
2
Ubiquitous Computing (UbiCom)• The term ubiquitous, meaning appearing or
existing everywhere, combined with computing forms the term Ubiquitous Computing (UbiCom)forms the term Ubiquitous Computing (UbiCom)– Term introduced by Marc Weiser in early 1990s– Synonyms: pervasive computing, etc
• UbiCom describes a vision for computing to– Enable computer-based services to be made available
everywherey– Support intuitive human usage but yet, appear to be
invisible to the user.– Situated in physical (and human) world environments
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 3
What were ICT Environments Like? • In the late 1980s, when much of the early work on
UbiComp started– people were often unreachable if away from a fixed phone point – computing was only available at a desk computer, attached to the wired
Internet. – some early models of personal computers but no laptops were available– no pervasive wireless networks were available– little location-determination for non-military personnel was available
• Let’s look at the history of the main ICT development trends– A distinction is made between the availability of 1st prototypes (1) vs. 1st
widespread commercial uptake of an ICT product (M). – Difference between the (1) and (M) phases is about 10 years.
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 4
2/11/2009
3
Short History of ICT TechnologyWearCom1 Weiser’s
Tabs
WWW1
ClassRoom 2000
Computer11PC1
Lap-top1
PCM
PDA1
Lap-topM PDAM
WLAN1 WLANMTCP/IP Internet1
TCP/IP InternetM
WWWWWWM
Mobile Phone-DM
GPS1GPSM
1940 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 20051985
5Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
Could also note when specific PC technologies arose, e.g., hard-disk, mouse, removal memory cards, etc
Early UbiCom Research Projects• Smart Devices: CCI
– PARC Tab, MPad & LiveBoard; Active Badge, Bat and Floor
• Smart Environments: CPI and CCI– Classroom 2000, Smart Space and Meeting Room, Interactive
Workspaces and iRoom, Cooltown, EasyLiving and SPOT, HomeLab and Ambient Intelligence
• Smart Devices: CPI– Unimate and MH-1 Robots, Smart Dust and TinyOS
• Smart Devices: iHCI– Calm Computing, Things That Think and Tangible Bits, DataTiles,
WearComp and WearCam, Cyborg
• Other UbiCom Projects
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 6
2/11/2009
4
Active Bat• Uses ultrasound, greater accuracy ~ 3 cm. • Base station asks Bat for a signal that is
Active Badge, Bat and Floor
gthen measured in multiple ceiling receivers (must add to environment), position determined using trilateration
Active Floor• Unlike, Badge & Bat, identified someone
by their type of walk or gait, not by carry an identifying token. Cons: scalability, accuracy
• Floor design requires a careful analysis to specify an appropriate spatial resolution and robustness to allow users to walk on sensors without damaging them.
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 7
Cooltown
8Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
Car is one of 5 Cooltown demos. Here car detects it is low on fuel whilst on the way to a business meeting and guides user to a convenient filling station
2/11/2009
5
iHCI: Calm Computing
• Example of calm technology was the “Dangling String” created by artist Natalie Jeremijenko, situated at PARC
• 8 foot piece of plastic spaghetti that hangs from a small electric motor mounted in the ceiling.
• Motor is electrically connected to a nearby Ethernet cable so that each bit of information that goes past causes a ti t it h f th ttiny twitch of the motor.
• Hence the degree of twitching indicates the degree of network traffic in that Ethernet segment.
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 9
Tangible Bits
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 10
MetaDesk: tangible map AmbientRoom: Light patchesBottles, Clock, Water ripples, handles
transBOARD: Networked digital interactive whiteboard Graphically view & recordDrawings, tagged pens
2/11/2009
6
DataTiles
• Allows users to manipulate data in form of tangible “tiles”• Combinations of data streams and functions make it
possible to create new applications11Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
WearComp and WearCam• Mann’s experiments with wearable computers started in late 1970s. • Main application was recording personal visual memories that could be
shared with other via the Internet. • (Photo from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable computing)(Photo from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computing)
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 12
2/11/2009
7
Cyborg 2.0
Electrode array surgically implanted into Warwick’s left arm and interlinked into median nerve fibres is being monitored.
13Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
Analysis of Early Projects: Distributed Access Support
• Mobile device model design for Tabs and Pads. • Supported communication & location-awareness for mobile users,
commercial mobile ICT devices, widely available wireless networks. • Late 2000s mobile devices such as phones and laptops are widely• Late 2000s, mobile devices such as phones and laptops are widely
used and wireless networks are widely available that support data communication routing to users wherever they are
• Service discovery of local network resources is weak and the discovery of other local environment resources is still virtually non-existent
• Hence, much of the vision of Cooltown is not routinely available. – smart environments not yet mature or widely available.
diversity of support needed cost and secure fixings– diversity of support needed, cost and secure fixings.
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 14
2/11/2009
8
Analysis of Early Projects: context-awareness
• Context-awareness: mainly location awareness• Early achievements based upon (local not global) location awareness• Early achievements based upon (local not global) location awareness
indoors with heavily instrumented environment.• Legacy: Global Location determinism (via Mobile phone, GPS) but
accuracy limited to 10s of M.• Integrated into some mobile devices, e.g., phones, cameras, cars. • Location-determinism tends to be supported mainly as stand-alone
devices and services that are not readily interoperable. M i l f d• Mainly for outdoor use.
• Systems for indoor use are available today based, e.g., based upon trilateration using WLAN but not ubiquitous
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 15
Analysis of Early Projects: iHCI• Electronic boards
– Allow users to collaboratively edit text and graphics – PARC prototype in early 1990s now commercial products. – “Classroom 2000” use in 1995-1998 (Abowd) now routinely used in
many educational establishments
• Wearable smart devices– several products are available but not in pervasive use.
• Robots– Heavy use in clean room manufacturing, not in open environments
t f l i i b t d b t t d tapart from cleaning, mowing robots and robot toys and pets
• iHCI– A continuing research initiative. – Very many variations – Mass market ? But Wii is popular
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 16
2/11/2009
9
Today: Living in an Increasingly Digital, Interconnected, World
• More everyday human activities heavily reliant on computers • More devices per person, building, transport vehicle, etc• Greater variety of general purpose vs. task specific computer devices• Devices smaller/ larger?, cheaper, use less energy, reliability ↑ (or ↓?)• Profusion of multi-purpose, intelligent, mobile devices can access
remote services ... and more local services• Physical & Human world strewn with embedded sensors & control
devices • More devices can interoperate in ad hoc versus planned ways• High speed wire(less) networks are pervasive & accessible by all canHigh speed wire(less) networks are pervasive & accessible by all, can
be added less disruptively into the physical environment .• ↑ Energy efficient devices , yet ↑ overall energy consumption
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 17
Everyware UbiCom Applications• Vision: ubiquitous computer systems to support people in
their daily activities in the physical world tasks to simplify these and to make these less obtrusive.
• People will live, work, and play in a seamless computer enabled environment that is interleaved into the world.
• Bushnell (1996) coined variations of term ware such as deskware, couchware, kitchenware, autoware, bedroomware and bathware to reflect the use of ubiquitous computing for routine tasks.
• Greenfeld (2006) used the term everyware to encompass the many different types of ware
• Some Everyware scenarios follow
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction 18
2/11/2009
10
AV
ClockLocation Determination Display
UbiComp System
GPS Transmitter
AV player
Image Processing
Communication
AV-Capture
Projector
AV database
AV-player
Printer
Removable Memory
Automatic face detection,
recognition, etc
dd/mmyyx,y
GIS
19Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
Why is the Bus late?
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 20
2/11/2009
11
Location Determination
NO. TOA211 14:11107 14:17
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 21
Ceiling
External Gas GridAppliance,
e.g., Food heater Manual
Controller e.g., Food Heating
External Electricity Grid
Wall
Desk
WLAN
Lights
Manual Timer
Sensors Temperature
22
Grid
ICT Network
WWAN
Storage
WLAN
Mobile Phone
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
2/11/2009
12
CeilingExternal Physical
Appliance, e.g., Food heater
Digital, networked Controller & Timer
Sensors, food Temperature
External Electricity G id
Wall
Desk
EnvironmentSensors
Lights
23
Grid
ICT Network
WWAN
Storage
WLAN
Mobile Phone
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
Overview
• Ubiquitous Computing: achievements• Beyond Weiser’s model: Smart DEI
√model of Ubiquitous Computing √• Research Examples
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 24
2/11/2009
13
UbiCom: Weiser’s 3 Internal System Properties
3 main properties for UbiCom Systems were proposed by Weiser (1991)
1. Computers need to be networked, distributed and transparently accessible– In1991, little wireless computing, Internet far less pervasive
2. Computer Interaction with Humans needs to be more hidden– Because much HCI is overly intrusive
3. Computers need to be aware of environment contextp– In order to optimise their operation in their physical & human environment.
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 25
Internal System Properties: iHCI• Concept of calm or disappearing computer model:
– Device too small to be visible, embedded, – Devices visible, not noticeable, part of peripheral senses
• Implicit (iHCI) versus Explicit HCI– Much HCI is explicit, low-level, more devices -> human overload– More natural, less conscious interaction– Systems anticipate use -> explicit interaction ↓– Calm Computing– If explicit HCI ↓, -> careful balance between several factors
• Embodied Reality as opposite of VR (people in virtual world)– Devices as embodied, env. aware, service access & execute entities – Devices aware of, & bounded by, physical, not just virtual env.
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 26
2/11/2009
14
Internal System Properties: context-aware
• Context-based ubiquity rather than global ubiquity• Physical Environment Context: location, time, temperature,
rainfall, light level etc.• Human Context (or User context or person context):
interaction is usefully constrained by users’ identity; preferences; task requirements, etc.
• ICT Context or Virtual Environment Context: UbiCom system is aware of the services available that are available internally and externally, locally and remotelyy y, y y
• Active (by system) versus passive context adaptation (by user)
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 27
HumanPhysical ICT
HPI
Devices: Weiser’s 3 Internal System Properties
implicit HCI
Environments
UbiCom System
HCICPI
context-awareness
distributed ICT ICT
VirtualICT CCI
28Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-
02-2009
2/11/2009
15
Devices: Extended set of Internal System Properties
3 main properties for UbiCom Systems were proposed by Weiser1. Computers need to be networked, distributed and transparently
accessible.2 Computer Interaction with Humans needs to be hidden more2. Computer Interaction with Humans needs to be hidden more
– Because much HCI is overly intrusive
3. Computers need to be aware of environment context– In order to optimise their operation in their physical & human environment.
To which two additional properties are added:4. Computers can operate autonomously, without human intervention, be
self-governedC h dl l i li i f d i i d5. Computers can handle a multiplicity of dynamic actions and interactions, governed by intelligent decision-making and intelligent organisational interaction. This entails some form of artificial intelligence.
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 29
UbiCom: Different Combinations of Core Properties versus a Single Definition
• No single, absolute definition for ubiquitous computing.• Instead propose many different kinds of UbiCom based upon
combining different sets of core propertiesHere are some examples proposed by othersHere are some examples proposed by others• Weiser (1991): distributed, iHCI, physical environment context aware• Ambient Intelligence (AmI), similar to UbiCom - intelligence
everywhere? • Arts and Marzano (2003) define 5 key features for AmI to be embedded, context-
aware, personalised, adaptive and anticipatory.
• Buxton (1995): ubiquity and transparency Endres et al (2005) distrib ted mobile intelligence a gmented realit• Endres et al. (2005): distributed mobile, intelligence, augmented reality
• Millner (2006): autonomy, IHCI etc.
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 30
2/11/2009
16
UbiCom System Model: Smart DEI• No single type of UbiCom system• Different UbiCom systems applications support:
– Internal properties (distributed, iHCI etc) to different degrees– Different types (phys. virtual, human) of external environment
interaction to different degrees– Different form-factors (six basic forms) for devices– Multiple systems can combine to form interacting systems of
systems
• 3 basic architectural design patterns for UbiCom: t D i t E i t t I t ti– smart Devices, smart Environments, smart Interaction
• ‘Smart’ means systems are:– active, digital, networked, autonomous, reconfigurable, local control
of its own resources, e.g., energy, data storage etc.
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 31
Five main properties for UbiCom require a multi-disciplinary approach to R&D
Autonomous
NetworkedTransparent accessOpenness
Sense, adapt & control environmentPhysical World Person ICT
Automated, Independent Self-governed
Context-aware Distributed
iHCI
Physical World, Person ICT infrastructure aware
IntelligentDisappearing Computer Implicit InteractionEmbodied RealityMediated Reality
Handling Non-determinism Knowledge & task sharingGoal-based, etc.Social intelligence
32Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-
02-2009
2/11/2009
17
Hidden
Location
AnticipatoryUser‐aware Post‐human
Ubiquitous Computing System
Immersed iHCI
Time Context‐aware
Phenomena Person ActivityPhysical Human ICT
ResourcesSense
Distributed System (Single Virtual Computer)
EmbeddedControl
Persistent
Un‐tethered
Mediate
Reactive
OrchestrateCommunal
Knowledge Uncertainty
Auto‐nomic
Organisational Cooperate Compete
Intelligent
Autonomous
Search
Goal
Self‐Model
Env ModelIndividual
Reason Plan
LearningUtility
Distributed
y ( g p )
Shared concurrency
VirtualFault‐tolerance
Heterogeneous
Discovery OpennessMobile
Interoperable
Ad hoc vs. Fixed
Asynchronous vs. Synchronous
Wireless vs. Wired
P2P vs. Client‐server
Networked
SecureTransparent
Local vs. Global
Mobile Services
Mobile Data
Mobile Code
Mobile Devices
Mobile Communication
Mobile Context
Mobility: Dimensions
Volatile, open, dynamic distributed services
LAS Self-powered, Mobile Host
Physical DimensionsType of Mobile Host
How device is attached to host
When Mobility occurs
Skins
Pads
Animate
Inanimate
Accompanied
Surface
Manufacture to Install
Wireless Communication LAS, etc
Manual control Automatic
Pads
Tabs
Dust
Inanimate Surface-mounted
Embedded
Mobile between sessions
Mobile during sessionsWearable ImplantsMEMS, Sensors,
RFID Tags
Smart Phone
Smart Card
Laptop Computer Air or Fluid
Human
Artefacts
Remove to De-install
2/11/2009
18
Personal Social PublicEcological(Living)
Physical Environments Human EnvironmentsPhysical Phenomena
Devices: Extended set of Internal System Properties
implicit HCI
Context-AwareAutonomous Intelligent
HCI(Cooperate)
HCI(Compete)
(Survive, Adapt)
UbiComp
HCICPICPI (Sense, Adapt)
Distributed
IVirtual Environments
ICT
System ICT
CCI
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 35
Increasing Human (H) Interaction
Human interaction mediated by UbiComp
Increasing Physical (P) World
InteractionH2H
H d l f ICT
Multi-lateral HCI
H2C / eHCI
C2C
C aware of H’s context & adapts to it. C is personalised itself
Autonomous ICT system interaction
Minimum
Humans use model of ICT to explicitly interact. H personalises C
C2H / iHCI
Increasing Ubiquitous Computing (C) Interaction
C2C system interaction
0 Minimum
36Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-
02-2009
2/11/2009
19
Increasing Physical (P) World Interaction
P2PPhysical interaction (No ICT mediation)
Increasing Human(H) Interaction
C Senses P
Multi-lateral CPI
C2P / CA
C Augments or Mediates P’s reality. C Adapts to P’s context
Virtual Reality
C Senses P C Aware of P’s Context
P2C/AR/MR
Increasing Ubiquitous Computing (C) Interaction
C2C /VR
Virtual Reality facilitated by C
0
Minimum
Minimum
37Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-
02-2009
Spatial Dimensions
Form Factors for Smart Devices
3D Volumes
Ear Receiver
Clusters of 1D technologies
Electronic Whiteboards
2D Planar
3D Surfaces
1980s Mobile Phones
2000s Mobile Phones
Laptops
Organic UIs
Device Size
Whiteboards
Macro
NanoMicro
Centi DeciMilli Meter
1D Points
ebooks
MEMSNano-technology
38Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-
02-2009
2/11/2009
20
Device Trends
Increasing capability to manufacture low power,
Increasing capability to embed devices in the
h i l i
Increasing capability for more interoperable distributed mobile devices
UbiCom System Model: Smart DEI
Use more complex, multi-functional, mobile, personalised (& private) smart devices to ease access to & embody services rather than just to
irt alise them
Use smarter environments to sense and react to events such as people, with mobile devices , entering & leaving controlled spaces
micro, more complex devices physical environment
e g walls can sense camera
Use more service access devices with simpler functions and allow them to interoperate – smarter interaction between devices
distributed mobile devices
e g camera can interconnectvirtualise theme.g., phone is also a camera, music player, is also a printer??
e.g., walls can sense camera is recording and modify lighting to improve recording
Ubiquitous Computing
e.g., camera can interconnect to phone to share recordings, direct to printer to print
39Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-
02-2009
Smart DEI ModelSmart Device
1-1 Interaction 1-M, M-M Interaction
SmartEnvironment
Smart MobileDevice
Smart Interaction
Mobile, Personalised, MTOS, Remote 1-1
Fixed vs. Untethered, ASOS, sense-control, local 1 1 interaction
1-M, M-M, richer (coop, compete, semantic,
interaction local 1-1 interaction etc), P2P interaction
Design: Fat-client-proxy-server ?
Design: Autonomous Peer-to-Peer interaction?
Design Thin-client-proxy-server interaction?40
Design: Appliance Model, Service Pool, Remote Service Access Point, Service Contract, on-demand, autonomic?
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
2/11/2009
21
Overview
• Ubiquitous Computing: achievements• Beyond Weiser’s model: Smart DEI model of
Ubiquitous Computing• Research Examples √
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 41
CRUMPET, CReation of User-friendly Mobile Personalised for Tourism Project
• The main objectives of the CRUMPET project was to:– Implement and trial tourism- related value-added services for nomadic users:– Evaluate the use of agent technology as a suitable approach for the fast creation &
composition of such services.
• Hence based upon a Multi-Agent System ( MAS design), to – ACL to factor out common service actions to ease interoperability across services – Semantic approach to service mediation to integrate multi-service content– Content adaptation for mobile use & heterogeneous ICT, wireless network, terminals– Location-aware map service – Personalisation
• Two designs A ti i t lli t bil li t ( i t l tf ) id t t d t ti– Active intelligent mobile client (micro agent platform) aids content adaptation
– Passive mobile client (micro-browser)
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 42
2/11/2009
22
CRUMPET Project integrates 4 key technologies
Location-aware services
Personalised
Multi-agent technology
Multimedia i f ti
08.10.2001 CRUMPET Project IST-1999-20147 43
Personalised user interaction
information access
over
mobile terminals
Architecture Variation A: This deployment architecture has a larger client-side footprint and is suitable for deploying in high end PDAs and PCs
08.10.2001 CRUMPET Project IST-1999-20147 44
2/11/2009
23
Architecture Variation B: This deployment architecture has a very small client-side footprint and
is suitable for deploying in low end PDAs and suitably equipped mobile 'phones
TA
Fixed Network
HTTP
Service Provider
Service ProviderWireless Station
MA
SCA
MAPA
DCA CASA
GSA
Satellite
HTTP - no control over link
JAVA process -very little control
over GPS and browser
ExplorerCE
Wireless Station
08.10.2001 CRUMPET Project IST-1999-20147 45
Service Provider
CCA UMACA
SACRUMPET Services
CRUMPET ICT AdaptationMy IP address and port are...Map
components:• Map of the nearby “world”• Start/Edit tour• Status bar with Ok, here are your nearby Ok, here are your nearby
points of interests.
Components:• Map of the “world”• Diagnostics information• Client status (Agent and network
• Status bar with proactive “bulb”
new location.Here is my
new location.
08.10.2001 CRUMPET Project IST-1999-20147 46
• Client status (Agent and network status)• Points of interests
2/11/2009
24
CRUMPET System
08.10.2001 CRUMPET Project IST-1999-20147 47
Crumpet System: conclusions• Low resource terminals find it challenging to parse rich
semantic messages• Multi-lateral approach to adapt content:
– E.g., variable image compression, text headings vs. whole body, etc
• Context acquisition & composition design: – What is an event: user stopping? Etc?– Ordering: location -> personalisation -> terminal or different – Generic versus specific adaptation e.g., personalisation
• Agent design– Simple reactive and proactive– ACL need?
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 48
2/11/2009
25
Electronic
Nano devices roaming within blood vessels
Food
Automatic body measurement scanners
Pearson (2000) Predictions for Smart Environments
Space solarrobots outnumber
Nanotechnology garden plants
Micromechanical garden gnomes
outnumber organic pets
Reconfigurable buildings
Technology to enhance illusion
of traditionMood sensitive light bulbs
Solar reflector satellites increase sunlight
Automatic body t
packaging chips tell state of foodEmotional objects, switches in home
5 years ago to present time
solar power
stations
2010 2015 2025 20302020
robots outnumber people in some countries
Self- driving cars on smart highways
g
Anti-noise technology homes
Digital bathroom mirror
measurement scanners
49Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
Conclusions• Good opportunities for mass use of smart devices
and context-ware devices began relatively recently – these opportunities are expanding.these opportunities are expanding.
• References• Poslad S. (2009) Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices,
Environments and Interaction. Wiley, ISBN 9780470035603 http://www.elec.qmul.ac.uk/people/stefan/ubicom/Pearson (2000) Pearson I D (2000) Technolog Timeline• Pearson (2000) Pearson I.D. (2000) Technology Timeline -Towards Life in 2020. BT Technology J., 18(1): 19 – 31
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009 50
Top Related