Download - 2.008 Design & Manufacturing II Spring 2004 Welding & Joining

1

2008 Design amp ManufacturingII

Spring 2004

Welding amp Joining

2008-spring-2004SKim

2

Today

Ask ldquoDave and Patrdquo1048708 Joining amp Welding1048708 PP 771-861 Kalpakjian1048708 Quiz 1 on March 17th 1230 PM1048708 Closed book calculator1048708 Lecture notes HWs1048708 QampA session March 15th Monday 5-6PM 1048708 HW 4 due next Monday

2008-spring-2004 SKim

3

Joining

1048708 Cost1048708 Cheap but expensive labor

1048708 Quality1048708 Wide range

1048708 Flexibility1048708 Manual vs automated

1048708 Rate1048708 Slow in genera

Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC)


4

Joining processes

engine fasteners door

Mechanical nutsbolts

rivets c-clips pressure fits

Solid-liquid Adhesives

Soldering Brazing

Solid Friction Diffusion Explosion Ultrasound

Liquid

Chemical Oxyfuel Thermit

ECUS emission controller windshield plastic fans

Body muffler

Resistance Spot Seam Flash

door hingesConsumable electrode Shielded metal arc Submerged arc Gas metal arc

nonConsumable electrodeGas Tungsten Plasma Arc Electron Beam Laser welding

Arc Welding


5

Mechanical Fastening

1048708 Any shape and material almost1048708 Disassemblable (except Rivets etc)1048708 Least expensive for low volume (standardized)1048708 Problems strength seal insertion loosening

Threaded Bolted Rivets Snap fit

Figures B Benhabib2008-spring-2004 SKim

6

Rivets

1048708 Cheap light weight donrsquot get loose1048708 Permanent less strong than bolts1048708 Rule of thumb1048708 Minimum spacing = 3 x d1048708 Maximum spacing = 16 x thickness of the outer plate

Rivets


7

Mechanical fastening

1048708 Crimping1048708 Embossed protrusions1048708 Plastic deformation interference1048708 Appliance1048708 Automotive

Lego assembly elastic averaging

M Culpepper MIT2008-spring-2004 SKim

8

Mechanical Joining

1048708 Hemming seaming1048708 Bend edge of one component over another1048708 Automobile door stampings and trunk lids


9

Adhesive Bonding

1048708 Quick and non-invasive1048708 Most materials with high surface to volume ratio1048708 Insulation (thermal electrical) conducting adhesives available1048708 Good damping1048708 Clean surface preparation1048708 Long curing hold time low service T1048708 Reliability quality1048708 Disassembly


10

Stefan Equation

1048708 Squeeze a drop of liquid

1048708 hf goes down and

1048708 Viscosity goes up (curing)

1048708 Ft goes up (to separate)

When pullin apart


11

DFA for bonding

1048708 Weak to tensile loading strong to shear and compressive1048708 Organic1048708 Epoxy acrylic etc1048708 Inorganic1048708 solder cement etc


12

Solid-Liquid Brazing and Soldering

1048708 In brazing the filler material (silver brass bronze) has a melting point above 425 ordmC and in soldering the filler material (lead tin) has a melting point well below 425 ordmC1048708 Capillary forces for the wetting and flow of the liquid metal into the gaps1048708 Proper fluxes for lowering surface tension remove oxides and prevent oxidation

2008-spring-2004 SKim B Benhabib

13

Wave soldering

1048708 Exposed metal joints are passed over a wave in a continuous motion where liquid solder penetrates into the joint by capillary forces


Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding

1048708 Solid-state welding

10487081048708 No liquid electrical chemical mechanical

1048708 Resistance diffusion ultrasonic

10487081048708 Fusion welding

10487081048708 Chemical Oxyfuel

10487081048708 Electrical Arc welding

1048708 1048708 Consumable electrode

10487081048708 Non-consumable electrode


15

Fusion Welding

1048708 Heat source chemical electrical1048708 Heat intensity1048708 Control1048708 Incomplete fusion penetration1048708 Underfilling undercutting cracks1048708 Heat affected zone (HAZ)1048708 Feed rate


16

Underfill and undercut


underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity

1048708 A measure of radiation intensity Wcm2

1048708 High intensity high heat flux the faster the melting1048708 Automation needed to prevent overmelting vaporizing1048708 For a planar heat source on steel tm= (5000HI)2

Oxy 20-30 sec E-beam μ sec


AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding

Resistance Welding(Oxygen Cutting)

Electron BeamLaser Beam

18

Laser for Razor

- 500 μm spots- 3 million spots per hour

How fast the welding speed is required

Kalpakjian2008-spring-2004 SKim

19

Melting front speed2D simplification

The Jacob number

The thermal diffusivity is given by

The melt front moves as


20

Welding speed

1048708 tm = (sm)2 (2 α Ja)1048708 Any longer over-melt

1048708 If the weld pool size is d in diameter then you must feed at a rate that exceeds dtmax1048708 HI increases welding speed must go up1048708 α Ja increases interaction time must go up

Weld pool size d


21

Weld Pool ndash Heat SourceInteraction Time

2008-spring-2004 SKim J Chun

22

HAZ(Heat Affected Zone)

1048708 Bad microstructure course grains weak to corrosion1048708 Plastic vs Metal

Temp

Base metal

HAZ

Weld metalMolten metal

Melting point

Microstructure change temperature

Base metal temperature


23

Heat Affected Zone

1048708 Region near the weld pool is affected by heat Microstructure changes1048708 s ~ (α t)05

1048708 The size of the heat affected zone is controlled by the thermal diffusivity α Al Cu1048708 HI time (speed)1048708 Metal vs Plastic


24

Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)


Grain structureWeld lineIntergranular corrosionrecrystallization

25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding

1048708 Low cost manual1048708 Oxyfuel Oxygen + Fuel (Acetylene methyacetylene- propedieneetc) can reach 3300oC1048708 Stoichiometry neutral flame

1048708 More oxygen will cause oxidization (Oxidizing flame) bad for steels OK for copper1048708 More fuel will cause carburization (carburizing flame) Low heat for brazing soldering flame hardening


26

Arc fusion welding

1048708 Temperature up to 30000oC1048708 Heat travels with the electrons1048708 Straight polarity workpiece + electrode ndash1048708 Shallow penetration sheet metal wide gaps1048708 reverse polarity1048708 Deeper penetration

Arrangement forconsumable electrodes

Heat generated at anode isabout 15 of the heatgenerated at cathode

Eelectron at cathode is given bythree components

Kinetic energyDrop across cool gas boundary

Work function(heat of condensation)


27

Consumable electrode processes

1048708 Shielded metal arc welding1048708 Cheapest and most basic process lt $15001048708 50A-300A lt10KW1048708 Workpiece thickness 3-20mm


SlagCoating deoxidizes weld and provides shielding gas

Multiple passSlag removal

28

Fusion Arc Welding

1048708 Preventing oxidation is the most important problem1048708 Coated electrodes to provide shielding gas1048708 Coatings fluorides silicate binders(clay) cellulose carbonates1048708 Electrodes different materials such as mild steel1048708 Submerged arc welding covered by granular flux1048708 Flat surfaces high throughput good quality1048708 Inert gas from external source1048708 Gas metal arc welding (MIG)1048708 Flux-cored arc welding etc (very versatile with proper fluxes)


29

Gas Metal Arc Welding

Metal transfer- Spray transfer- Globular transfer- Short circuiting

Gas metal arc welding is aspecial variation on arc weldingin which the electrode fillermetal is fed directly through thetorch tip As arcing occurs theelectrode instantly meltsforming molten droplets that fallinto the weld pool Shielding gasis supplied through the torch tipto prevent chemical interactionswith the surroundingatmosphere


30

Non-consumable electrode weldingGas Tungsten Arc Welding

1048708 Gas tungsten arc welding formerly known as TIG welding10487081048708 Tungsten electrode + filler wire10487081048708 Good for thin materials better control Al MgTi etc10487081048708 High quality and finish10487081048708 Tungsten electrode contamination10487081048708 200A DC-500A AC 8kW-50kW


31

Other non-consumable electrodeprocesses

1048708 Plasma arc welding1048708 very higher energy concentration (33000oC) high feed rate 120-1000 mmmin arc stablility less thermal distortion deep penetration (keyhole technology)1048708 Laser beam welding electron beam welding etc


32

Resistance Welding

1048708 Spot seam projection welding1048708 High current through the weld 3000A-100000A (05 ndash 10 V)

1048708 Extremely high heat flux (105 Wcm2)1048708 Heat generated H=i2Rt K (K=efficiency)1048708 Ex 5000 A 5 mm dia elctrodes two 1mm thick steel plates1048708 Effective resistance 200 Ω Then H= 500 J1048708 Nugget volume 30 mm3 mass 024 g 1400 Jg needed to melt1048708 336 J for melting lt 500 J


33

Resistance welding

1048708 Spot welding Sequence1048708 Pressure on1048708 Current on1048708 Current off1048708 Pressure off1048708 Projection welding


34

Solid-state interatomic bonding

1048708 Ultrasonic1048708 Oscillating tangential shear + static normal forces1048708 10KHz to 75 KHz1048708 Shear rarr plastic deformationrarr breaking up top layer (contaminated) rarr inter-atomic bond1048708 Friction1048708 Rotational part (at least one) flash1048708 Diffusion1048708 Goldsmiths bonded gold over copper1048708 Diffusion T gt 05 Tm1048708 Interface is the same as the bulk1048708 Fuselage frames


35

Weld quality and defects

1048708 Porosity 1048708 Trapped gases contaminants 1048708 Preheat or increase rate of heat input1048708 Reduce speed allowing gas to escape cleaning1048708 Slag inclusions1048708 Oxides fluxes electrode coating trapped in weld zone1048708 Clean weld bead during multi-weld processes1048708 Provide enough shielding gas


36


1048708 Incomplete fusionpenetration1048708 Preheat and clean joint 1048708 Clean weld area enough shielding gas1048708 Change joint design or type of electrode


37


1048708 Cracks residual stresses1048708 Temperature gradients embrittlement of grain boundaries1048708 Inability of weld metal to contract during cooling

2008-spring-2004 SKim Kalpakjian

38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40

Welding accessibility DFM


Electrode must be held close to45deg when making these fillers

Easy to draw but the 2nd weldwill be hard to make

Easy to specifyldquoweld allaroundrdquo but hellip

Too close to side to allowproper electrode positioningMay be OK for average work butbad for leakproof welding

Try to avoid placing pipe joints nearwall so that one or two sides areinaccesible These welds must bemade with bent electrodes and mirror

Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

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Slide 6

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Slide 32

Slide 33

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Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

2

Today

Ask ldquoDave and Patrdquo1048708 Joining amp Welding1048708 PP 771-861 Kalpakjian1048708 Quiz 1 on March 17th 1230 PM1048708 Closed book calculator1048708 Lecture notes HWs1048708 QampA session March 15th Monday 5-6PM 1048708 HW 4 due next Monday


3

Joining







4

Joining processes





Soldering Brazing


Liquid



Body muffler




Arc Welding


5





6

Rivets


Rivets


7





8

Mechanical Joining



9

Adhesive Bonding



10

Stefan Equation





When pullin apart


11

DFA for bonding



12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

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Slide 13

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Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

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Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

3

Joining







4

Joining processes





Soldering Brazing


Liquid



Body muffler




Arc Welding


5





6

Rivets


Rivets


7





8

Mechanical Joining



9

Adhesive Bonding



10

Stefan Equation





When pullin apart


11

DFA for bonding



12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

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Slide 15

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Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

4

Joining processes





Soldering Brazing


Liquid



Body muffler




Arc Welding


5





6

Rivets


Rivets


7





8

Mechanical Joining



9

Adhesive Bonding



10

Stefan Equation





When pullin apart


11

DFA for bonding



12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

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Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

5





6

Rivets


Rivets


7





8

Mechanical Joining



9

Adhesive Bonding



10

Stefan Equation





When pullin apart


11

DFA for bonding



12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

6

Rivets


Rivets


7





8

Mechanical Joining



9

Adhesive Bonding



10

Stefan Equation





When pullin apart


11

DFA for bonding



12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

7





8

Mechanical Joining



9

Adhesive Bonding



10

Stefan Equation





When pullin apart


11

DFA for bonding



12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

8

Mechanical Joining



9

Adhesive Bonding



10

Stefan Equation





When pullin apart


11

DFA for bonding



12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

9

Adhesive Bonding



10

Stefan Equation





When pullin apart


11

DFA for bonding



12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

10

Stefan Equation





When pullin apart


11

DFA for bonding



12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

11

DFA for bonding



12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

12




13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

13

Wave soldering



Enlarged area

Circuitboard

Solderfountain

Moltensolder

Heater Pump

Enlarged area

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

14

Welding










15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

15

Fusion Welding



16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

16



underfill

undercut

Good weld

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

17

Heat Intensity





AirFuelGas Flame

OxyacetyleneThermit

Friction

ArcWelding



18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

18

Laser for Razor




19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

19


The Jacob number




20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

20

Welding speed



Weld pool size d


21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

21



22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

22



Temp

Base metal

HAZ


Melting point




23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

23

Heat Affected Zone




24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

24




25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

25

Oxyfuel Gas Welding




26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

26

Arc fusion welding








27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

27






28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

28

Fusion Arc Welding



29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

29





30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

30




31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

31




32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

32

Resistance Welding




33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

33

Resistance welding



34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

34




35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

35




36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

36




37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

37




38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

38

DFA - Welding


39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

39

DFM welding


40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

40








Pipe

Wall

Easy

Very difficult

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40