(1) A source voltage, that is, an electron pump usually a battery or power supply.
[ ENERGY IN]
(2) A conductor to carry electrons from and to the voltagesource (pump). The conductor is often a wire.
[ENERGY TRANSFER]
(3) A load or resistance. A point where energy is extractedform the circuit in the form of heat, light, motion, etc.
[ENERGY OUT]
All electrical circuits require three elements.
ELECTRON PUMP
(SOURCE VOLTAGE)[ENERGY IN]
LOAD(RESISTANCE)[ENERGY OUT]
CONDUCTOR
ELECTRONSOUT OF SOURCE
ELECTRONSOUT OF LOAD
ELECTRONSBACK TOSOURCE
ELECTRONSINTOLOAD
HIGHER ENERGY ELECTRONS LOWER ENERGY ELECTRONS
CONDUCTOR
Voltage Source(Potential Rise)
Low Energycurrent
High Energycurrent
Resistance(Potential Drop)
Low Energycurrent
High Energycurrent
volts
Battery current
Electrons haveLess Energy
Electrons haveMore Energy Electrons get
An energy boost
current
volts
Resistor current
Electrons haveMore Energy
Electrons haveLess Energy Energy is lost
In the resistor
(1) VOLTAGE RISE – MEASURES THE ENERGY GIVEN TO ELECTRONS ASTHEY LEAVE A VOLTAGE SOURCE. IT IS MEASURED IN VOLTS (+)
(2) VOLTAGE DROP – MEASURES THE ENERGY LOST BY TO ELECTRONS WHEN THEY LEAVE A RESISTANCE. IT IS MEASURED IN VOLTS (-)
(3) CURRENT – MEASURES THE FLOW RATE THROUGH A CONDUCTOR.IT IS MEASURED IN AMPERES (AMPS)
(4)RESISTANCE – MEASURES THE OPPOSITION TO CURRENT FLOW THROUGH A CONDUCTOR OR RESISTOR
IT IS MEASURED IN OHMS (ITS SYMBOL IS OMEGA )
6.25 x 10 18electrons1 coulomb
1 coulomb 1 second1 amp = 1 coul / sec
1 joule
1 coulomb of charge
1 volt = 1 joule / coul
ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
AMPS
volts
Ammeters measurecurrent in amperes
and are alwayswired in series in
the circuit.
Voltmeters measurepotential in voltsand are always
wired in parallel in the circuit.
wiring
battery
voltmeter
ammeter
resistance
capacitor
+ -
A
V
junction
terminal
AC generator
Variableresistance
Variablecapacitor
Measure electrical quantities in an electrical Circuit are related to eachother by:
OHM’S LAW
OHM’S LAW says, if the source voltage remains constant,increasing the resistance in a circuit will cause a decrease
in current flow in that circuit.In mathematical terms it tells us that current flow is
inversely proportional to resistance.
In equation form it says:Voltage (V) = Current (I) x Resistance (R)
orV(in volts) = I (in amps) x R (in ohms)
PotentialIn volts
(joules / coul)
CurrentIn amperes
(coul / second)
ResistanceIn ohms
(volts / amp)
Drop across a resistance
Current passingThrough the
resistor
VOLTAGE
(volts)
Current (I) in amps
I
v
The slope of theLine gives the
resistance
R = v /Ior rearrangedv = I x R
In series—The voltage is increased.
In parallel—No change in voltage; these batteries will last longer!
One More FINAL Thing:
Two Types of Current:DC—Direct Current—produced by solar cells and chemical cells (batteries)
Current only flows in one direction.
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