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    i. a tonallanguage. _here are four tones ind ar in Ch in es e: f ir st tone, tl~~ and high-pitched;d lone, f]sing. similar to tone u ed in questionsg lis b; th ird to ne , d ip pin g, 1 m f i r ; r , t h en risingway l I lp~ fourth tone, fal ling, like at finn "No!'lish ..T hes e fo ur tones me i nd ic at ed ' lb y - : , ~

    '.respecl]ve~y, and. marked over the vowel ~11le { EX : ma, r na , m ll, ma), Tones. a re essential

    (hey di stinguish words from one another.is . also the neutral tone (indicated by not

    ing any diacritic mark). and its pitch cbangesrd in g to t he tone preceding it.

    2 . W hen "uo' combines w ith th e labial initials b. p, m, an d f, the "u" in 'it drops oelX:be "wa' e," p o "[0 break;' me . to touch," f a . "buddha"3. When "il" combines with a palatal initial j, q, or x, the umlaut drop out.

    EX ...~. I " iU , 'i'i , ' ' i " O J " < > ']I .111X X f o ' , . ,: JU _ _ .,Jusentel]'ce qu ---,I> qu o "to go xue ---+ xuc, now4 L W hen f in als b eg in nin g w ith "i' OCCUl' without an. initial, "i" change to "y,"

    EX; ia ---+ y.a "tooth" ie ---+ ye, "also" illng yon,g, "to use'For"]," " in ," " in g, " i ns te ad o f'r ep la ci ug " 1" w ith a "y," add a Y before' it whenis Ul0 initial,lEX: I _. yI "one" in ~ yin. "reason" Ing ---+ ying. "hawk"'When "iu" occurs without.M initial, it is spelled "yon," a s i n y ou . 't o have," you, "ag

    5..When final beginning with "u' occur without an initial, 'u' changes to ' 'v".';EX:. uO ---+ U. ' '1'" uam . wan, "bowl" ming ~ 'Ii l ing" 'king"Wilen "u" occurs without < 1 1 1 1 initial, add a '~w"before i t. t hus :EX: L I Wil,"filve" U ---,I> wu, "fog'WIIH~j 'u "ui" an d "un" o cc ur w ith ou t am initial, in addi tion ro "l'" chang ing to "w;"~n "e' after the 'W."EX : ui ---t wei. "great" ui - -- + \. ei, "stomach"

    6. W hen fin als beginning w ith "u," in clu din g "u ," 'o cc ur w ith ou t an initial. the udrops out and 3J "y"is added before "u."EX: L i yu , "jade" na n ---,I> yuan, ' f a r " O n ----t yun, "cloud"

    ..Third ToneWh en a th ird tone i s f o ll owed 'by another third, it changes to a second. lone, making th e sy ] lab les . a secoud- thied combinanlhao (hello) -+ n [ haoh~n ha o very good) -+ h en h aoWhen followed by a first second O~'fourth tone, a third tone is pronounced with only the dippil1g part (i.e, without the rto ward th e en d), fo rm in g a so -c alled "half-third' tone. This h alf- th ird to ne is n orm ally th e ~owes'tn ote o ne c ou ld p ro dNO [ . t h at a ny th ir d- to ne change occurs only many. an d is n ot re flec ted in th e m ark in g ofthe diacritic ma!;Ik . . ..

    .' V i & .o n"Yi' and "bu," the two characters that mean "one" an d "no," are p ro no un ce d w it h O J first tone (yi} and a fourth (bu) stanalene. When used in a comblnat ion, however, there are tone changes for both characters,Vi: Y1+ (] -; ~ yi. er , Sal1 one, two. threeyi + first, second, third -k.-.if-. - ft yi Han, y] uian, ylzhong one day, one year. one kindyi + fourth -~. - = - : ; f ' l . . - - - 1 : f yi ke, y i y a l' lg , yl jian one Jesson, the same, one pieceB,u: b u + 0bu + first, seco nd. 'third ~ -t, ~"$:, + ~.bu chi, b1.~na, bU xiang not eat. n ot tak e. n ot fe el lik ebtl + fourth ~ ~ ~ : : r : ; ; , - ! : : . : : ; r . : ; . { _ bliJ yao. bi t qu, b u. sh i not want, not go, not be'T he se c han ges are o ral. an d w heth er th e lone ma rk r ef le c ts any tone change in "yi" ! l 1 1 L a ! "bu" isat thediscretion o f t he pwh o transcribes the sound,

    most widely adopted Romanizatien system for hinese sounds is called Pinyin.lling sound." I~consists of three parts: an initial, a final, and a tone mar ...I . ~niti3ils TT.Ftliidsb P m f -~ a e a1 e'l 3 i . O ou an en . an g eng Qn g erd t n Hi ie un U IO UJ Ian m . rang mg kmgg k h u u a no UU ' l : ~ liB u u n un uang u e n gJ q x G u e ilan unzh ch sh rz c S -YIN SPKLll.ING RUl.ES.ositioldl~g of Tone Mnrksery tone js indicated by placing its tone mark above the vowel in the final, as ina "he," m e n "door. ' If more than one vowel ill the final (EX: ai, ua, iao), place thene mark over the vowel that is second to last, as in h , e i "black," xiao "small," guait ra nge " ; howeve r, ifthat OV\,',] happ ns to be ai'll 'i" or "u," place th e tone m ark o ve re last vowel. a in Ki a "dOWI1l " simi "sleep."

    IiJ Con ur um R ad le ajs&Meanings

    labor, work go n g .J:.

    Eng.

    knife

    MATION OF'm an U c .Uements

    Pinyin Trad, eal'th ttl 3 : .door me n . r ~re n Aan,pe r s oninese characters are formed

    parts '['hat represent meaning . 1 '1these parts sometimes power~----~----~----~nd alone most characters .- . ,." . . - . " .' P ho .netic EI"u1I1,ents

    t of two OF more parts. EX: 80 Ir~90% of modern characters are a combinationmu; whe_l1 standing alone, of ~semantic part (radical) find a phonetic element.

    eans "eye," but when combined M~lny characters have similar sounds because of the-I t chui,'~[o drape," we have commonphonetic pans they share. The phonetic- shul, "to sleep." ~ [nu. th clement in a character serves as an effective tool fo rntic root 'rhattells u this Chinese speakers to re~ldand write thech acters.

    d.mraCler has ~o d with 'eye/' EX9.mpEes of ,characters. sbaring the sam .eis tb e radical. or ~tit bu.h6u, phoQ rii~ ~oa_]poll.ellts wi.th. dUJerent l~~ldJklds".O 'r.o f thi.s character, and .4; chui m~. . . ::d.ngsb.[>!ngzi.:a.ho a se rna l1l t iccompm:u: .I l t tha t r o I b il io r b o . ''v.1hitc' 'e s a r e'l ev an u explanation t.Q f l1e 1 a b6. "uncle','" A ren ~pe rS -O I1 )mdicalning of the 't:hilrac~eI. There ar,e ~~ i b o . ",cypress," ; t . . . IllU (wood). radical20 0 fadidtl~. and traJditiomd )~ 'bo, < '00 anchor" 7)< . shuT (\v3Iler) radicalstill class[fy char.i l .c ter: . M. r .L~11 ' j lbo.."ship," W zholJJ (boat) radicaltheir r ad i ca J s . .

    female. fl Udao woman

    metal, jinwood mu fine silk ~ goldll]water shu] 1 ] < . clothing y l ; f < , _ bird i h u Tfire hu6 : k . speech y a n ~;5 rain ..field t i i lm !! 1 to walk zou k jille y e mu ~ foot zu J 1 . . . _ to e at

    heart

    moon y u e

    shou -1 -.andSHn,

    dayri

    STROKE ORDER TRADI11'IONALCHARACTERS 1 & SIMPI..lFWhen yOU! write a CHARA:CTERScharacter, it is important In order to make writing characters ea ier, the maito follow th e proper uroke Chinese government has simplified many charactersorder so the character 1k 1950 h . lif d h t~~,~. "x I'hie .. _. S. ne sunp m e . c araeters, r~l ' 1 I . , i . l+ JI.i'lnt]ooksprClp0l1]()llaUy and standard 'in mainland China an d in Singapore, whiestheil:icaUy'coned. tmditt]onal clrulJracters. ", It~an U iare u ed offiB,asic Rules. for Strolu.'! in T aiw an . H )n g K on g .an d M ac au .Order ] ef t) : to . []ght to]) In bQmnt l1~ u .middh ;! 'b ef or e s ides~ hfoTIzontal before vertica]i outside b e f o : r e in ide0;' cutting . '~rokelast. . bo t ton1J~ I{)s ing s trukes ]nst

    Eng. Pinyin Trad. Simp. mother m aItoenwr jin i1 ! itt d . o o r mencountry g u o ~ I 1 J fbod fan -t:east d o n g .t : f , . to buy mai fr'10 lel fang tl -it diut dxen J .

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    & nega,d e st:nh~~~~:sI ,ormally folll !m'+'the S-V~ (SlLIhject-b-Object) pattern::c p . : t . .

    o shll l ,o,Zhiingwell.' Fe c al Ch in e se ,l .tCI"f '( lg;dives are rormed ~nthe

    g ways,!~ bu)A (Anot A)' "A" could be

    either an adjective or a verb. 1 , y . ~ ~ ff.i ?Nl e bu e ' ' ?A re y ou hungry?

    .tl!.}t (haishi) H (A or 8)"1\" and, "B" c ou ld b e' n ou n p hra se s.< : Id jecbves o r c l auses,1~:..f ~ A~I t ?Ta : L a i nar? (he-is-where)W here is h e'?

    A sp ec t is . [I ,e atu re o f g rammar t ha n t eUu s th e te mp or al flo w o f L a ng ua ge . S in ceChinese is a non-in fl ect ional l anguage ,a peetual particles are extremelyimportantindicatnrs for the completionand.contmuation .of a n a ctio n, T he re a reth ree Ch inese aspectual particles: jit'l,it z h c . a n d ~ g u -1iET he re a re two majo r f un ctio ns o f "le."A. "sentence le' is used at the end of as en ten ce , g ove rn in g t he en ti re s en tenc e ,w he n w ha t i b in g d is cu ss ed is a news it ua ti on , .A " c omp le te d c ti on Ic ' goesimmed ia te lv a fte r t he verb, marking the- .~c om pletio n o f an action.ii, S e nte nc e " le " ( or N ew Si i tuat iOQ ~~1e')T r fJ ' 1 ' !X ia yu . I e '!

    It's r a i n i n g now!.i\~1~W 6 b in g :Ie ,.[ a R TI sick.

    C om pleted A ction "le""R em emb er n ot to equate tbis " It :" t oth e " pa st te ns e" in English. MtL'[oughm an y c om p le te d acti.cms d o ta k,e p ia cein a p ast tim e, others do not ,(E X : "1will h a .v e -t aken 4 0 c red it ." by th e t imeI gradu ate,' "C om e see m e w he n ;tQUh ave;e:.omplGted Ilhepmject'l T o < lac'idet h i s . motori.()usly complex structure.u n de rs ta nd t he following stll.I,'~ure :T n a l la st e ve nt w jt h a n um ib eT i nv ol ve d: .S + { Tim .e W t) rd ), V + ,k+ Nu.mber+ M.ea:!lPl"le Word + 0

    j J i ~ 4 - Jt J f - . . t . ut1- 1 m ~ ~*.W6 jintWn z ao sh an g c h1 ]if~ yi gpinggu.o.I nad a ll a pp ]e t l 1 i s morning.

    A ffirm ativ e/N eg ativ e se nte nc e +g~ (ma)ft~-k -1~+*~~?T il bu q il - H i i b t l qu ma?He ino t g o in g . .. .. .I ~h e not g o in g ?

    'Topic-Com.ment StructureIn spoken Ch i n e s e, t op ic - commentstr Ll Cture isv({[ddy u sed whendescrlbi ng ap pearance of a p erson /entity Of' whenpassing judgment,,I. ' Ii { ; :] ;; .1 !. ; -; m ~ ~;!:~ E I I - , ; . J l l ' ; l 1,r:.. f.F 1l::;Ti l yiinjing be n piaolieng.She , eyes, beautiful.S 11eha s beau tiu l e ye s,

    N o n- Ia fle c tio li1 i9 1, ~No c on ] u ga t io n f or v er bs~tJtt :St .W o huo Zhu l 1 gwen .I speak Ch inese.~tli*~.Ta shuo Ylngwen,H e peaks E nglish.

    No distinction between s ingu la rand piural nouns~\ ,jf -- ;$a ~ W o Y llL] y i b en sMi.J have a book.. j f~Ar: f : J : . t ; . . .#0W e y bu lia ng b en shil.] have two books.

    In a past event with tim.e dun]~ionLnv9'~yed;8 . . . . (Time Word) V + , W + TimeDurat . io l l J i1tu~*R Btf7_~$1+*.T a zuotian 2 . 1 1 1 shuile sange xiaoshiHe only slept fo r three hoursyesterday.

    ]f the v erb takes an object, the verb isr ep ea te d b ef or e " le i" :S + VO+ V +k+ Tim,~Dur'ation

    1 t ! ! . 4f-1t:tf-l f~- K at f a ' . ,l ra d ,e 'D ' g n l d ,e n g ~ e h li :i 1 Jc h an g s .h i ji an . ."H e wait y ou w aH along tim e;'"- _l:'lewailed for Yf)U for a very long time,

    ,!! Sentences with Two ~~Ie;~sI f a sentence contains a num ber or tim edurati e m where the actiom l ti ay CO lu tr rm .e .w e a dd .a "sentence ~e/new s . it ua~ion]e"atthe end 0 - rheentence' this is o l l l e v . . 1 1 a : ts ir nHa r t o ;]J perfective ten se in English(E X: "he ha s WOfl 3 awards s o f ar ") ,S + V + k+ N tiUllber' + M'ellSu I"e"'lOrd+0 +,kS + (V O ) V + I! e+ T. ime Duration + leJ t ! : . l 1 1 f j ] ~ ~~m j f l i J + J : . t ~ 7 .l' il1ege Y , [ I Cyi j i u g y o u gl c Iiangq i ankuad qian Ie .Ie ha spent t'l,I,'O thousand doHars. S.ofa r th is m o nt h,

    Wi th tw p s eq u en tia l, actions:One subjectS + v. + le (+ &ttl flhQn) + t.t Ii!!+V2- t - ~ 1 f i * T J~{l ;tt ffi.1~"tit~.L~os.hi :Iai ~ e yihou jiu k,aish[hl l lGzhol lg w e , .T he te ac he r s ta rts /sta rte d speakingChime se aJ S soon .a ~ shoe arr.iveslardv,ed.

    Two subjects:S'I + VI +k(+ w.;f! yUtbu) + 82 + :it. i l I i .+ '\'2:f: iJ I * " 1 j_j \ ,1 1 .flir1 : t J t f f f ' ~tt0 / x . "Laoshl J t i i le yDho uw ome ' n j~ ki!l]shIs huQz ll cmg wen.We sean/started speaking Chinese: ass oon a s t he t ea c he r a rr iv e s/ ar ri ved.;izUE

    ..Z he '" te U s us '[hat an . action is continu ing,ore [hat (his is by no means the equivalent

    [0 0 t he progress ive tense in nglish that d e p i c t s .a n o ng ,o in ~ga ct io n v er b ( EX : " he i s r un nin g" } ,I ts m ajor func tio n is (0p rov id e a d e sc ri pt io nof the stare of a person or an object (EX:,appearance. post Lite. etc.].50+V +zbe'" Number +Measure , " lord . + 0S . is . v~rb i.1 i Ig the' o b j i e . c : t1t. , ~ ~ i~ E 3 4 m ; f ; j Ta dman ih,e yiji~n Nii ebens-han.H e i.s weari ng a white shirt. (H e is no tputting it om at t h i . s mom.ent .)Place Ylord. + V + ,zh(~... Number +

    1\I,easun: \Vord -I F 0f..f. L rfr .." glj;, .tm ~";~""...L, , ~ - " J 4f ~ I ~ : : r - . .Zhi" shimg xi e zh e F ge zLA few d l la r a c l e I' s , a re 'w r it te n (m the paper.

    S + V I + zh,e + \12 S V 2 llfh ile \fU llgf tl !. -t -f tt~1 i ~ - *1~T a ]]8 zh e d it il . c h u .q u . Ie .He went .o ut h old in g a m a p ]0 h is h and .

    V + .zhe! (1rup~ra.tive)V! Ii1I Ii1*":i-! 1:1 1:1N a zhe lHold '~~:idsr

    i,'G 0"Guo" is u~ed to give infonnm ion of .oneI l lf l iv in g m no t havjng done som ething i,n[!he p ast ( X: "]Iuwe I b een t o Chinj],'')_ I t is

    Adjectives. or Starive Verbs functionas , verbs, and are usually p receded byan intensifier SLICh as "hen' (very),or "ycudianr" (3 little ). U s e of itsill verb "to be," as , is required ~ 1 1 } th eEnglish grammar, is prohibited,tx4ft~i;.Zhongwen he n rongy].Ch it e sc ve ry ea sy . . .. .. Ch in e se is . easy.% " ~ ~ i i ' . s u ! i l 1 : l r-;n; .A. ~ I~ ..JL.,:r.;~ Cl'Y in g we n y ou d j,a nt nan. .English a lit tle hard. .....f. English is al it tl e hard .

    The intensifier (EX: very, a Iittlc) isdrop ped w he n a c om pa rison is m ade.~rt ~ D J < >Zhongwennmgyi.Chinese easy, -4Chinese is easier,.!.t

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    hen gao,.eis tall.n d es cr ib in g a noun w i th a d is yl la b icly sy ll ab ie a dje ctiv e" ~ de Is usedt he a dj ec ti v, e a nd t he no u n.Q . H ~ ij~ ' * i.congming de ' xlj.ef.l~.engbright studentA liuT i,tedm .:nnb e[ of adjectiv esm e use of Jt.,.M (sh]. .. de }ure, These ifI(Uectives often describe

    u ally e xc lu siv e sta te s o f b ein g ( EX :co lo r , new/old , ] "~g1l t/wro ]lg .tc.),1+l~Ji.# iE~ ' a !J e jian chell l sh.E in shi xln de'.s, shirti s new.

    a dv er bs f ollo w di f fe re nt r ul esEnglish adverbs.C hin es e a dv erb a Jl wa ys p r cc c, d t' ;s t he -

    O 'I adject ive it modifies .7.1 yim. b ] 1 fI Ig I e . .a ga in g ot sic k.st Chinese adverbs do mot stand

    ?a ny ln g h ao ka n r na ?s th e m o vie g oo d?~t;tIff-;t 0en hliokarii'lUioka.n.g o od /G o o d . .iJeS of PnplJIIsitio ll l +Postposltlon( P r e p o s i t i o n 4" N l l J o u n + ro;stpO:!i :~ti .on.)Eng. Pinyin Trad..on the zi~zhuozi .G , ~.-r J:.table shangbefore ',' h' k'ar s aog.e 1 ' J : _ ~ : $ rclass . ,qmrn

    'fai z&]zh f s l 1 ! i l m _ g xie le y 'i g e zi,H e 0]) the paper wrote a word, ~ H ewrote a word onthe paper,

    CONJUNCTIONS & CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

    or (non-choice-type) buo.zhe

    no t 'O n l y . , . but also. . , budan .. , erq ie. ..because , . . , t he .r .e fo re . , . ylnwei, ,. su6yi,.,s ince . .. . then", jlran.," j ]U " . .regardless wuhm .,. em u . . ,a s lo ng a s., . th en .. , zhly ilo . .. jiu., "on e muse.v, only then .. , zh I ybu . .. colLi..un le s s . .. o th e rw i . .e . .. c hu te i .. , ya.QIJuHln.,.rf..; e he n . . , yaoshl , . . j i .l l. , .

    !jt,[~.~rt !1!!~ I :t:~ ...

    Re su lt at iv e C~mp~em , en tA v erb o r a n a dje ctu .v e c an b e a dd ed to a v erb to in d]c ale the o ut come o ft he actionin 4lJ:$, '1'i1 W o tlng dong le [[ lisrened and. understeod], "undersmcd'tis t he ouof listening, hence th e resoltative cnmplement.) English spe~leF~ often use juscomplement t~ Qexpress both actions [listen/understand), ,as in"l got it."S in ce th ere is a . r es ult. a T "le 'tis p resen t at th e en d of th e sentence ItQ c omp lenew s i tl~a ti [ )!n~a , ro j ec ted situation containing a result ( l lEX: [lam su re ~ .will b ~ a" un de rs ta nd a fte r lis t en i ng "] , h ow e ve r) d oe s n ot ta1k:e;'le.'' ')Affirm.aiiveS + - V "'"ResuUat~ve 'C~mpleDl;ent +k~,,,tyt T.Ta chiw~jn le,He ate and. finished it - He finished (eat[ng)litt.Interroga tlve

    S + V + Resultat~ve C! l l !mp~e11 l1eut + Ie '+ m.e iy6 ,u?~~~T~#? -Ta Ch iWaLTh le meiyou?D id be finish (eating) it?Ne;gat~ve:s + .mei/metyiiu. * " V 4- Resultathl,e Complement (No '~lc!~~)i~~i/}tij~tt,,,T a i. In 6 i /me]y6u cbiwan,He didn' t firu sh (eatingj i,

    Wh il e mo st mo n os yl la b ic and. SOIne d is yl la b ic a dj ec ti ve s c ou ld b e used SiS resu,cO!lf Iple! .ments;Oldy a lim ited num ber of verbs can serve the sam e purpose.Cemmen Resulmtrve 'Comp~emen t s & Ex,amp. l e Comb~nat : ions

    Eng. Pinyin Trad.to f1uish wan .6-lLto f in ish e at ing chi wa n Iltft:(0comprehend d o n g 'rit o underst and after reading ka n don.g -t'lito arnve da o Mto find zhao dao -i~ J I . r

    toperceive j i l l J ' I 1 Ito hear t lng jianto r em a in f ix ed i1'n)t() remember ji zh uto drop diaoto w ash off x l d iao

    Direc ti on a l Com .p ,l em .e li l r sSimple CompoundD ireeti(t:i1:i1 DirectionalC om plem ent: C om plem ent

    1 M . ] _ *m ]-" "'. ,,-;a.k _ ~ " "..~. ai, [0 come, < ' U 1 U i . -:z;; qu,. to go, alongt he r es t o f th e s imp le direc tional complemenverbs that luvotvemovement and directionsenter. exit. return, ete.), Wh en p re ce de d b y averb. they serve as a complement ~hat indtoward which direction the actionis moving

    g u 6 1 &

    xialal r it.,xiii.qu r*

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    tiao de guoqult i a ' o b u guoq u . ~. i j ~ ~m~ I.~;;:;i-!------l------I--------+--------+-----~__--------I A d es crip tiv e a dv erb ia l c an b e u se d to describe e ith er r he . lubjectn a de qH.iil or the verb of a sentence. When d es cr ib in g t he verb, It!1, de,n a bu q r h' i. i - able/unable to nadeqilai nabuqllai ~ ftc .. -. 0" n becomes optional,-:tfrt~* ! p ick u p -t~,'f-~*:t~~*#7F~* S +Adve1!'bhd + - ~,+ V

    S + Adverb i . s .1 + d + VS V AdverbbdDescribing, the '8ub:ject.:f~A'i': J i l l ! . . * l'.Ta s ha ng xm de ZDU le oHeartbroken, he left,

    Oescdbing 'the "crill:1 6 4 1 1 r~(.~) ~ ~ 1 Ta . hen ku~lide shuizhao le,He quickly t~e~1sleep.

    n a chil, "to b ri ng /t ak e a uto ' e rc .) . I n a c ompou nd directional c omp lemen t, n ot o nl y t he d ir e- ct io nth e' m o vem en t is m a de d ea r. w he re th e s pe ak er ~g in relation to th e m ov em ent is a lso in dica ted ( EX :

    na tho. hh. "bring n t ou t t ow .ar d speaker:' etc.),1!.Atw 4-1.Ta z6u chu r u ! le,H e w alk ed out: - the' s peaker is inside'1~,Jtth * " j.Tiii zou chfl "~fde.H e w alked out.- the speaker is outsidet en r la l C om p ,l em e 'n t

    reslllitalive c om p lem en ts a nd d ir ec tiJ nn al complements can b e transform ed into DOte'.EltialO J D p h ,' .m , e n u, t o i nd ic ate wh et he r a ch ie vi ng s uc h. v er b- compl eme nt is possible. By placing a :ii,. b etw ee n th e' v er b a nd th e r es ulta tiv e OJ d ir ec tio na l c om p lem en t, a n a ff irm a tiv e f or m o f p ote ntia lrnpleraent is f or me d: b y placing a . 2 E . . l m . . a negative form of potential CiomplcllIlent is . formed,. '. , ~

    Resulratfve or Atlirma.tivl? Negativeniudi,onal Complement Poten ti 01 Co m p I em e n t Petentl 9 .1 Complemen tf ini sh ea ting possible to f ini sh ea ting impossible to finish eatingel n wan chide wan chi b u w a nv t : t k ) i-b " ) . : : t: , ,' -' P ' t , . , - 1 - < A. ' l't.., .. it.pick lip possible to O pick up impossible to pick UI)n a qlIii fU l de ql J a i na bu qt [a i* ~ : $ . -t1~~* "t~~*

    interrogative form censists of a combination of the positive a nd. t he nega ti ve f o rms ,S + '~erbi . . k Complem~Qt + V J !m Complement + ?'i,i ! t t 1 ! f - 7 1 : "t~ J t ? 'Ni ch td ewan c h IO , " ! . ) , , ; aD?Om yo u finish (eating) it?amples Using R,e's,ultat.hre & .Directlomll Complements

    able/unable tojum p o ve r

    Resultive or Affirmative &Eng. Directional Negative Eng.Complement Forms" Interrogative Formkim de dong!kim budo ng ~ ..ii~:rft IiI~f!tl

    a bl e/ un ab le tounde r st an d a ft err ea di ng o r s ee in gkandedong kanbudong -~:M'1i ~ ~ '~ikan d.6 ng -~-'!l

    z ha o d e d ,\ olzM o o n dao-.fHi-fiJ I4l~f!Jable/u na h i e tofind

    zhaodcdao zhiiobudillO-~ ~ ~ j '1 .ft ;f:f l /zbao dao-JtilJ

    t 1in g d e jh\nlIling bu ji~\n-M . i1 ~ J L I2~J iL

    able/unable tohear

    nngdej tOln tiin g b u jia n -j fJ j ,. .. .. . ' "' ' B i t - -- r ~!ilII!d~)U4~"'r Jt.

    ' t T n g j jA n -lI[i.~

    ji de zhu/jl bu zhu -irAi-{!. IS~;;r.:{t.

    a ble /u na ble toremember

    jidezhu jihuzhu m~ e A - i - 1 : t1i: .~ {:tji zlliJ ~~c{.txl de: diaolxi bu diao ~5 1 t . f - # I~ J t . : : f :~. $

    able/unable tow ash off

    xidediao xl !b ud ia o , -~.t1~~*1 c . ~ ilji:: d di :io -j J c . , i j .o f! d e s hlmghWmi biJ shim g liU -:t~f..t.*I:t~J:.*

    a b le / u n a ble t obring Up'

    mideshangliii n ab us ha ng la i -:t~,:. * " : ; - ~ .L* 'tiaodeguoqu ~ i ao l lmguoqu -Mtif~ - I . .~t / f. ~ !: -

    a bl e/ un ab le t ocom e up withxi e de ' xiaqulx ie bu xiaq u -~ 1 . l f r - i : - I?l~T*

    a bl e/ un ab le t ocontinue writing

    xiedex iat[ it x ie b u xia q iD -1 l; 1~r -!- ;g ; ~ r ' *

    * Note that although both affirmative and negative f O ' I ' l 1 1 s of potential complements are present inspoken Chinese, 'lhe l i J e g a t n , v e form is fa r more prevalent,

    Predicath',C' ComplementA predicarive complemenr is i.] descriptive complement thatte ns m o re a bo ut the v erb o r 'the resu lt of the v erb . I t ]9 alwayspreceded by a 1J f . de. N ote that fIt, hen, i s n ee de daffirmative sentenceif no comparison is implied,Predicative cQlng.lcmc!nl '[hat describes th.e VERB:Affirmati,"'cS + V + ' * ' + tl +AdjeeJiveS +V + de' + ben + .AdjecUv,cS V,.Adh:djve~ t!~~qa~p'Hi shuo de hen kuili.He talks fast

    N,l,'gativ,eS' + - V +.fJ + ::f, +Adj,edivcS +V + ! I : +W I +Adjecth'eS does not V Adjective1i51~A1 '-~ r (} t Tal s l1 uo d e b u , kuai,He doesn 't talk fast.

    1nterrognHves,- v +*+Adjective ~ Adj' th1e +-?S o + V + . d & . +Adjecth1e' h u Ad je dmv e + ?Do cs S V ,Adj ec ti ye ?

    J~ -t?~~~ , r ~ * x : : - ;I;j" ?1 _ oJll..l;.;r- r . , . . .. ....i : r- ; ; Tn s h uo d e kn ai buku ai ?Does. be talk fast?If th.e verb takes an object, the "e.rb is repeated. before~" deIJ. ~ '1l: ~ 'i3' ~" . ,-j \J ,~ ;~ 1'- ; 7 . J I 1f flt*T ~T a . x i i ! H a nz i xi. ti d Leh en M o .He writes Chinese characters well,

    Predi.catlve cQ11 lg l .emcn t that de 'i c rihes t he a ge nt o r t h. e p a tE e ntfrl;cipienQ.;

    S + V IAdjecth 'c : + - d.~,+ extentS Is so A'djecdy- that ....

    S +V/Adjedive 4 J . (+ 00)+ exhmtSV (0) to the exten t th at .

    Agent1 .1 . ' "- ' ' "61' J- - .J;:r;1'VJ -a 1"f 1'Lo J F Tm~Ti q . de chfb ux i.t fan.He was '~Q angry he lost his appetite.Reelpient1.e.~.ff-~~t?F rfa.T qi de wi chihuxi ~lfan.He got me so upset I lost my appetite.

    Compie IJtH~lfIto f De gr eeWith ~fS+ Adjedhre + 1 1 - +41!/~4f 1s ~IAdjective + de + hinfdl!lO*!hUdeliioS iisextremely .Adi,ecUv,e

    Wi'thout ftS Adjieetin~ ;ii, r!t 11 s t-S Adject ive U .,e/! II~e'duO le"S J S extremely Adjectil'e., "duo" and "duo le" are used in a comparison structure',me an in g "m uc h mo re ."- "-IH~SCIUPTIYE AB\'EIUU,\LS-- - -

    [!]I

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    in take < lni nherent (o r"dummy") ~,)bject when 1 1 1 0 specific objects areindicated. The absence of 8 L 1 ! c h . dummy objectsuggests ,;1 definite object ' . .. ~ _j:. . ' ..q,., ost a._venJs t o ' : . f > ' l : . . JUl,,.IJ c~u........you,4 zai, etc.) go before "bit..

    . .Most descriptive adverbials modifying thes ub je ct ( EX : ~ ~ :&& .g ,a ox 1n gd e [happily],t ) IT b Ie. "" .,,1. X'"e c..00 . e . l . o O r . . .UI~.

    : it BEI11 CO~STRI.JCTIOI\"Bei" is a p ass iv e v oic e m a rk er In a regularS + V + 0 structure, th e fo c u s of 1 1 1 1 . ( ; )sentence is . on "what happened": in a "M"sentence, the focus, is ()IIl "who" did "what";in a "bei" sentence; however, the focus .oft he s en te nce is o n tile objed-wl1m i s d on eto it and. b y w hom , S + V + .0 --7 0 + be l +S + V. Like "ba" construction. jhe verb iu tbepredicate normally takesa complement thattells us the outcome of the verb.o -I- bel + . S -4 - V -..>0 + J tW +- 5 0+ V + 'C o.mp ie .m e nt

    W.ith a.ResuUative Complementa f # . I ~ ; } J i < l 4 H !t~~ st 7 ' 0Wode k ire i b ei ta he wanle,My coffee wasfJinis,hed by him,

    "'ith a, Dirediolilla1. C:'ompleme.rnrl!4 i . a ~ ~ &~Jj .J A : $ " " W * 1 0Wade dO l 1! gx ib ei b ie re u n a chiihil1e.My stuff was taken out by someone"

    With a Predtearlve Complemeeta1 r 1 ~ ~ ~ -r1t f.( ~ * 4 1 ~iLk:/\Jf"Womcnde wilzi bei w O o ~6ngwilnang delua:nqI-ba:zio ,.

    Out place was all messed up b y myroommate.

    With a Quantitative Complementte.~ : t - ~~1 ' 5 ( ,1~j]~' I D ' ~ bei l l i ios,h[ :shu5 le y i du n 0H e W ~ ] S g i v e n a lecture by th e T I e U C h e L

    Other elem en ts are c om m on ly u sed aftertheverb in a . "be]" sentence:1I I,e 0+ JKj , + S +V = I- k1;~ f . Ii'\*loc1e Ti~ T ~t6de Qlsbu] b e]m he le.Your s od a w as d r unk by hi m ,~~$l ~ A l f i . " J " ftf~'T .W.ode qi o\nbiIoMi xi.ao~fiuWu~e.My wa ll e t was stolen by a pickpocket.

    Prep osillional Phrase0. +W + S + - V + Pr,eposinonal Phrase,.:tl;; ct? .Ji:,6...i~ ",t,A-'- ' -i,l.1,),. ~ ~_k ~ 1 '~ )( .. ~ ~ .. t = 't l ~,I.. I~ t: ; l~J-~,~ ''fit.~~ r ; ; . T rd"~ P lr ' _ ' -Wo X le g e~ ni de ;dn be i U i j ll ,IH la~slilJile.The l et teT ' 1w ro te to y ou w a s I nf lile d to th etea(h'er by h.im.

    Char3.cteristics of 3. ubeiJ" :s ,entence :" Th i. s:s trmctu ro ]5 used overwl lu~1111 jnglywhentile ouwome of the verb is an undesir.ahleo n e ,. e x ce p t in f O l 1 l l 1 a lor 1iremry writing.

    The diffe Jlence be tl i, .yeer la 'be]" sentence ando ne th at h as a 1oJ)jc-oommentsl : ructu_res. t f t 1 l E l . tthe focus of a "be]" :sentence ~s fh e o h j , e c tttcing ~ktru[J9J1by iliCagel1t: '~ when~as 11 1atopic-comment 5tmchll"e.~]e foc1l1sjs~eob j e el as tb e topic" oLthe 'sentence,.~n 31 "bei'~s.en.te-nce:J J i ) r r 4 ' F ; f t 1 i ! . 'l~ ;t "Km r ei 'b e ~tfi beWaIl le.The coffee wasflnished by h im"

    hI < ' I I topi.cl..com m . e n .t : se n J te n c 1 e : :~"~H~~tl ~[(ijif(;i Hihew. i_n Ie .C offe e. h e finished. it

    '" I n s omeC :~$ es , n o OIgent is identified afte:r'be].'"o + be t + v + ,comp~!ement1e~ ..: r~1 .1'.T i ld e c h ez i ibci $01] I e . ,H is c ,a r Wi l lS , stolen"

    .. In spoken Chinese, *- rang, ~~ jia o, a re used interchangewhh "be]," but an agent (the subject) must be specifiedusing !lang and/or { I~Ij ] a o . .

    ( ) " i F ra!llrlLiii~or'FS + V + Comp~em,enf~!t " : j f 1 & . j 11~ 1~ 'P'~ 1 T = I iE L T ~ .~ : f u t 1e"~ Jt1KfLfei r.ang/jia.o ra . hewan le =KJ ei b e] ra hcw an leTh e co ffe e is f1 i1 1s he d b y him,

    ~ l in intormal speech. a ~*,gei" is oftenadded after the adelivering no specific meaning.0-+ hci/ranglihlo.+ S +~, +V -I- Comp~emem l l to / J 1 1 " ~ f ~/il !iI~I'It.#}~~ ;;t l'.Karei beilriul.g/jiao la gei bewfin le,The coffee is finishedby him,..In informal speech, particularly i]:l soethem China, "$~ g

    used in place of "bei," "rang," and "jiao." (Use OfR!] ago p t! o u al in t hi s. s tr uc tu re , a nd th e u se o f 1 ~1ep re vi o u sl y di seoptional "gei" isforbid .den..)Corre< : t: 0 +Pi. f+ S ) + V - I : - C~~~l'lIIplcmfnt1 1 ; ] [1 ~ ~ ~ ( 1e) 17(~ Jt1~K 1 ife i g ei ( ~a ). ~.!J.ewiinle.The c of fe e is f in is he d (by him),Ineerreen ~[":J~~j~ f r - ~ ~ ; i . T"

    Kiirn~g~i gi,;]hew a11 Ie.II:!:XJSTEi\TIAL SEl'TENCESExistential sentences are highly descriptive sentences that tthe existence, appearing. and disappearing of people o r(EX: "there isa dock on the wall, ' etc.). In Chinese, an existsentence uorm ally begins. w ith a plaee WOI [UJ . fo.ll.owed.predicate containing a verb and a !lOU:!"L A ptuc'e W(11r'd i c an bof the following:" N Il lI U lu + ~o~alizer :l1. j ia o sh i [ ]' c la s sr o om- i ns id e -s - in t he c l as s roomiii An!:H:: t 'ua~ placeJ k ~ Mtiiguo America A dire( ;Uon:nl wordt .r 0 0 qianmi an ahead Pro nOlil lns fOil' a . p laceiUheli hereBasic Types of"Exi st c iI l thd Sen tences~ '~1 '"YOIll" seQtenc:es you:tQ h:ilVC'

    Place~'(lrd (:rW) + +Number'+ MeaSUl l1e W~rd {+Neunft.1:~. + r 1 ! l y .~ :i,.J i S l O S h ] ]I yQ U bemduo xuesheng."Classroom inside has many students" - There an:students jn the classroom,

    ,~~ shi" senten ees sol ("~to be!! ! ),P\V +shl + Noun, m ' ~ 1 f J " ~ -1i l > l U i ~Si :usheqi .~n shl yi g e q i iJ c h ang ."DOl'Ul-tiXn1:t is a . b a H field" -+An fm lnt ohhe dOnll ]S a J . l b . a l l

    S~ l lt ( ln C(lS W~tQ '~Jf~n(!1' zhe: {wrb )tog.PW 4- V + z . 1 J & + Number + M\V + Nm,llQ~~J:_~~ ~ M~~Q i an gs ha ng , gu aizh.e y] g e z ho ng . "VaH-o~ l lh;al1g z ' lne a dock" - On tile waLl hangs a dock.

    SERIAL-VERB S1E:\lTE~('ES- - .. - - -- - - - - - - - _ - ------_----If the p:l:'cdic..alcofa s,eQ.temcecontains tw o OJ ' more veihs (o r

    phrasu::s), which S.hll:rc U le same subject, we caB it a s,erialconstm.c[icm.With * - bi it hto c ome ,~ ' o r 4: qu 1.~~togo/" indica ting pllof Olle ! !s3

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    n~t; ff l. ;f f ~ 1 1 E ' M'II!t r~~t.W o y ou y ig c wentl xiang w e n nin," 1 h av e o ne q ue stio n w an t to ask you' - - - - 1 0I hav e a q uestion I ' d lik e to ask of y ou.

    hen the object of the verb also serves as the subjectf the follow ing clause, w e call this sentence a p iv ota lS+ VI + 01 S + \1 2phrotWith causat ive verbs.1 t~~~- ! - .Ta bu rang w6 q(l.He wou ldn 't '~etm e go.

    W i t1 il Jv er bs t ha th rv o lv e ma k in g 91 cllUtipf4 - \ 1r ] 1 ~ ,if!~ 1 'F l} l- f< W6men Kiang xuan ta z uo ban zh ang ,W e w ou ld lik e to e le ct him to b e o ur c la ss le ad er.th verbs thatex}!l'ess likes/dislikes:t g f l i :t:- * ita- rJ tJ i * x.Ulosh 'i bu . x ih ua n w om en sh uo Ylngw'en,The teacher doesn't l ike us speaking English.

    W.~ th lr yin. ~to have,:" or ;.1.t meiy~u!olio nOot!have"a~-1 f !1 , vLt . 11~ ~c . :f:~Wo Y Oll y lg e p en gy ou z hu z iti Beijing.I hav e a friend w ho liv e in B eijing.

    ere are two ..J t . . . . ~ shl.i.de" structures. The fI T toneused to c on ve y a ll e mp ha tic Or assuring tone, and isl ly eas ier to comprehend an d use'. Th e s ec on d, ty pe ~ se d f or e ve nts 'th at h a v e ta ke n place,~~,;t,.. M shi!de"4 ' - - ~ ;t~tT f , F :h j.

    Jlntian shl buhui x ii li yo . d e.( T ru st me .) li t is n ot g oin g to m in to da y.,st IEvent "-J t . . . . 1 J sh]..de"If an event has taken plaice and that !t L knowninformati 01 0 fo r both sp ea ke rs, "k...r .) shi., .de" isused to focus on various aspects of s u e h action, namely .g en t. l im e , place. an d manner. H helps to' rememberthese aspects by their corresponding quest ion forms:who , when.where, an d how.S ... Jt sh i """a .gen t -who i time-when /p l iH: -e - 'wh ,erelma.nner-hon + V + 0 + fl ! ! . ! \ .OR

    50 + k sM + agent-wholtim.e-whenlp.la(:,e-,, ,l!JJcre1m,;tnn er - llo\l ' + V + ' t I . J !til.+ 0 11