Initial Observation• Use your senses to
observe– See, hear, touch, taste,
smell, etc.
• Can also use tools to measure– Temperature, length,
volume, etc.
Hypothesis
• “If…then…” If producing oxygen bubbles in photosynthesis is related to light color, then green light will increase photosynthesis oxygen bubbles to form.
Writing a Hypothesis
• Hypothesis – educated guess
• - the general statement
• Write in If … and then…format
• DO WORKSHEET
Experiment
A. Manipulated Variable = Independent Variable -what you change
goes on the X-axis of the graph
B. Responding Variable =
Dependent Variable -what changes as a result of what you did – goes on the Y-axis of the graph
Experiment• Constants-all the things in the
experiment that stay the same• In the yeast lab:
same size test tubes same size rubber tubing same yeast type
same amount of sugarYour book called them “controlled variables.”
Experiment
• Control – the part of the experiment that does not have the independent variable in it
• Use for reference, comparison• Often the normal condition
Conclusion
• Agree or disagree with the hypothesis
• The green light did not produce the most oxygen bubbles.
Independent Variable?Dependent Variable?
How About Maggots?
• Maggot Medicine - MSN Video
Designing an Experiment
1668 refuted "spontaneous generation" – life could come from non-life OR a theory also known as Aristotelian abiogenesis(maggots came from rotting meat, flooded Nile gave rise to frogs, mice came from moldy grain)
A Controlled Experiment
• Only one tested variable at a time
• Manipulated Variable (Independent Variable) – one you change
• Responding Variable – (Dependent Variable)- one that changes as a result
HYPOTHESIS
• Flies produce maggots.
Redi’s Experiment
• CONSTANTS: all the things kept the same in an experiment
Size of jars
Type of meat
Location
Temperature
Time
Redi’s Experiment
• CONSTANTS: all the things kept the same in an experiment
Size of jars
Type of meat
Location
Temperature
Time
Redi’s Experiment
• Independent Variable
Type of covering: Gauze covering to keep flies away from the meat or solid cover
Repeat the Experiments
Other scientists must be able to repeat your experiment with similar results to prove it true.
Maggot Experiment Reproduced?
• John Needham
• Boiled sealed gravy
• Said heat killed any organisms
• After several days little animals came from the gravy
Maggot Experiment Reproduced
• Louis Pasteur Flask was open to air, but microorganisms could not make their way into the flask
Maggot Experiment Reproduced
• Louis Pasteur Flask was open to air, but microorganisms could not make their way into the flask
Proved spontaneous generation was not correct.
When Experiments are Not Possible
• Observing animals in the wild without disturbing them
• Determining the effect of a chemical on a cancer patient
THEORY
• Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
• EX: biogenesis = life generating from life
My Problem: Is Aspartame Dangerous?
• Aspartame is marketed as NutraSweet, Equal Spoonful, Benevia, NatraTaste
Aspartame is made of:
• 50% phenylalanine
• 40% aspartic acid
• 10% methanol (wood alcohol). – In the body methanol breaks down into
formaldehyde (embalming fluid) and formic acid.
Possible Side Effects
• Blurred vison
• Ringing in ears
• Dizziness
• Anxiety
• Headaches/ migraines
• MS, lupus, fibromyalgia, ADD
How to get rid of the aspartame that is in the body.
• Milk thistle, vitamin C, selenium, beta carotene , vitamin E, and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) are all powerful antioxidants which are helpful in liver detoxification.
Research
• Ralph G. Walton, M.D.NEOUCOM
• Peer Reviewed aspartame studies
• (you analyze the studies)
How can we find what is true about aspartame
• Inductive reasoning
• moving from the specific to the general
• EX: Every time I drink Diet Coke, I get a headache.
• Deductive reasoning
• begins with the general and ends with the specific
• Diet Coke is unhealthy due to the aspartame breaking down to formaldehyde.
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