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Introduction to Microbiology
BIO 6
Denise Lim
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ParScore Scantrons for Lecture Tests
Orange, 8.5" X 11"Do not wait until the day of the exam to buy them
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Use Your Textbook WiselyGlossary and IndexAppendices"Check Your Understanding"Study Outlines
At end of chaptersReview and Study Questions at end of
chaptersAnswers in the back of the book
Online websitewww.microbiologyplace.com
Some other words of advice
Manage your time wellPay attention to detailLearn to be a good communicatorBe professional
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What is Microbiology?
The study of organisms usually too small to see with the naked eyeRequires a microscope
Microorganisms include:Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa,
algae, viruses, and animal parasites
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How small is small?
Why do we care about microbes?
Some can make us sick (germs)Most are beneficial
Important part of food chain: photosynthesis to decomposition (rot)
Found in our bodies (probiotics)Fermentation: cheese, yogurt, wine, beer,
vinegar, breadPharmaceuticals and medicine
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Binomial nomenclature(naming microorganisms)
Two names: Genus and speciesAlways italicized or underlined
Genus name: Always capitalizedUsually a noun
Species name:Always lower caseUsually an adjective, sometimes a
proper noun
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All living organisms are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Refers to arrangement of genetic material (DNA) in cellsPro - karyote means “before” nucleusEu - karyote means “true” nucleus
Prokaryotes have DNA spread throughout cytoplasm
Eukaryotes have DNA within a membrane bounded nucleus
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Prokaryotes are either bacteria or archaeaAll are single-celled organismsMost are much smaller (100 - 1000X
smaller) than eukaryotic cellsEukaryotes are everything else:
Fungi, protistans, plants and animalsCan be either single- or multi-celled
organisms
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Bacterial cell on left is 1000X smallerthan eukaryotic cell on right
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Size Comparison of two prokaryotes & a eukaryoteProkaryotes
Epulopiscium: 700 µm
Escherichia coli: 0.5 - 2 µm
EukaryoteParamecium:
50 µm
What features define life?Complex organization composed of cellsAbility to grow and developAbility to convert energy for own useAbility to reproduce genetically similar offspring
Presence of genetic material: DNA & RNA
Ability to regulate internal environment (homeostasis)
Ability to respond to environmental stimulus
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Bacterial Virus (T4) Animal Virus (Ebola)
Are viruses living?
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Why are viruses nonliving?
NoncellularComposed of genetic material (either
DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
No metabolic capabilitiesCannot reproduce independentlyNo ability to regulate or respond
to environment
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Important Historical Events: 1600's & 1700's
Development of the MicroscopeAnimicules visualized
Discovery of immunization & vaccines
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1800's
Development of Cell TheoryFermentation and PasteurizationGerm Theory of DiseaseAntisepsis and Disease
Importance of hand washingAntiseptics: chemical compounds that
could kill germs
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Robert Koch 1843 - 1910
Developed pure culture techniques
Proved that Bacillus anthracis caused the disease anthrax in cattleDeveloped Koch’s
Postulates: rules for proving a specific microbe caused a specific disease
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Application of Koch’s Postulates
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1900's
Discovery of penicillin and other antimicrobial agents
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Staphylococcus aureus inhibition by fungus Penicillium antibiotic
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1900'sDNA is the genetic moleculeGenetic Code - 1960’sCentral DogmaRecombinant DNA technology -
1970's & 1980'sHuman Genome ProjectPersonal “-omics”
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