1Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
PPS Seminar 2005Mobile Communications
Damir Pasalic & Hannes Grubinger
2Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
For Your Information
Web Page:
• http://www.ifh.ee.ethz.ch/~fieldcom/pps-mobilecomm/mobilfunk.html
Assistants:
• Damir Pasalic (ETZ G97) E-mail: [email protected]
• Hannes Grubinger (ETZ G95) E-mail: [email protected]
3Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Overview
Motivation and Goal
Cellular Technology: Standards, History, Future Outlook
GSM-R, TETRA: Professional Applications
US Market: AMPS, IS-95, PCS1900, TACS,...
Satellite Communication: Inmarsat, Iridium, Globalstar, ICO,...
Business & Economics: Global Player, Swiss Market, Strategies
Developing Countries: Mobile Communications
Organizational Details
4Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Motivation and Goal
Mobile Communications (MC) is a future key technology
• Understand the basic technologies behind MC
• Learn how business and technology work together
• See the “Big Picture” and evaluate demand for global MC
• Assess technological impacts on society, politics, economics
Seminar approach
• Become skilled at doing a literature and information search
• Train your abilities to cope with a complex topic
• Learn how to efficiently prepare a well-structured report
• Enhance your presentation techniques
5Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
History (pre-cell era)
First mobile radio link established by Marconi in late 1800’s
First mobile radiotelephone service on land was set up byDetroit Police Department in early 1920s (2 MHz)
Commercial service started in 1946 in USand early 1950s in Europe
Conventional Mobile Systems (CMS) were operating in 30-40, 150, and 450 MHz
public safety services (e.g. police, ambulance, fire brigade)
transport organizations (e.g. taxi)
service networks for utilities (gas, water, electrical production)
By 1963 number of users exceeded 1.3 million (12 channels)
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History: Cellular System
MSC
PSTN
MSC MSC
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7Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
History: First Generation (1G)
Introduction of analog cellular systems in the late 1970s and 1980s
SystemYear of
Introduction RegionAccess Mode/Modulation
MCS-L2 1988 (1979) Japan FDMA/PMNMT 450 1981 Scandinavia FDMA/FMNMT 900 1986 Scandinavia FDMA/FMAMPS 1983 North America FDMA/FMNAMPS 1991 North America FDMA/FMTACS 1985 United Kingdom FDMA/FMETACS 1988 United Kingdom FDMA/FMJTACS 1989 Japan FDMA/FMNTACS 1991 Japan FDMA/FMC450 1985 Germany FDMA/FMRadioCom 1985 France FDMA/FM
8Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
History: 1G Frequency Bands
NMT 900
TACS
JTACS/NTACS
820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950
MCS
AMPS/NAMPS
960
820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960
Uplink Downlink
824 849 869 894
Uplink Downlink
905 935
885
Downlink
925
Uplink
Uplink
915 935
Downlink
Downlink
885 925
Uplink
MHz
9Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Second Generation (2G): Introduction
Annual growth rate in 1G systems 30 to 50%
20 million subscribers by 1990
Need to improve:
transmission quality
system capacity
coverage
fraud prevention and privacy
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Second Generation (2G): Major Systems
2G cellular systems include:
The European Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), introduced in 1992
The North American Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), introduced in 1994
IS-54: FDMA/TDMA access mode
IS-95: CDMA access mode
The Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) system, introduced in 1992
The North American Personal Communication System operating at 1900 MHz (PCS 1900)
11Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Second Generation (2G): GSM
Created in 1992 as a pan-European networkcapable of supporting many millions of subscribers
Operates 992 channels in FDMA/TDMA access mode
Frequency bands:
GSM900: 880-915 MHz paired with 925-960 MHz
GSM1800: 1710-1785 MHz paired with 1805-1880 MHz
GSM1900: 1850-1910 MHz paired with 1930-1990 MHz
GSM is the leading wireless standard in the world covering (2003):
72% of the world’s digital market
60% of the world’s wireless market
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Worldwide GSM Networks in Service
Countries with GSM serviceCountries without GSM serviceGSM used in 159 countries
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Terrestrial Communications: TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)
Standard for professional mobile communications
Established in 1995 by ETSI and 21 European countries
Suitable for use in “rough” communications environments
Designed for security services, emergency units, industry,...
GSM-R is a GSM clone built for railways with TETRA features
TETRA features Secure encryption, reliable, fast and guaranteed service quality High data rates, packet data optimization, high frequency re-use Group calls, paging, push-to-talk,handsets as repeater stations GSM intra-operability and functionality (e.g. call wait/hold, etc.) Priority, authorization, area selection, monitoring, responsibility
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Terrestrial Communications: TETRA Typical TETRA applications
Public transportation: Update schedule, client, tariff information
Traffic: Control sets of lights, parking and detour routing
Police, emergency units: Walkie-talkie mode (TETRAPOL)
Trucking: Navigation data, fleet management, scheduling
Advertisement: Transmit data to e-boards
Railways: Positioning, onboard communication and phone services
TETRA Navigation ControllerTETRAPOL Car Unit
TETRA
Walkie-Talkie
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Satellite systems existing or planned in 2003: Name Satellites Orbit Altitude Year Company
Inmarsat 4+5 GEO 35’786 km 1982 Inmarsat Ltd.
Iridium 66 LEO 765 km 1998 Boeing et. al.
Globalstar 48 LEO 1’389 km 1998 Major Telecoms
ICO 12 MEO 10’390 km 2003? New ICO Ltd.
Teledesic 288 LEO 1’400 km 2005? ICO Teledesic
Odyssey 12 MEO 10’354 km Project is stopped!
Satellite Communications: Overview
At the present time, the ONLY reliably operating satellite mobile communications service is the 20 year old Inmarsat system!
Nowadays the satellite business is dominated by takeovers, flops, bankruptcy filings, alliances, mergers, technical disasters, etc.(e.g. Inmarsat founds ICO, then New ICO, now owned by Teledesic)
16Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Satellite Communication I: Inmarsat Established in 1979 to initially serve the maritime industry
Works anywhere in the world with the exception of the poles
In 2001: 150’000 end-user terminals throughout the world
Inmarsat-A: Analog system, up to 9.6 kbit/s (2 suitcases, 50 kg) Inmarsat-B: Digital successor, up to 64 kbit/s (laptop-sized, 3 kg)
Equipment: 1.5...1.6 GHz, 40 cm dish, 2...20 W
Inmarsat-A System Inmarsat-A Maritime Antenna Inmarsat-B System
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Standard services include
Direct-dial telephony, fax, telex, messaging E-mail, data, quality audio, compressed video, slow-scan TV
Additional Inmarsat C...I services include
Group messaging/calling (similar to TETRA feature)
Aircraft satellite communication telephony
Encryption devices for secure transmission
Position reporting
Charges: U$ 3...20.-/minute (depending on service and provider)
Equipment cost: Starting from U$ 2’500.- (simple terminal)
Satellite Communication I: Inmarsat
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Satellite Communication II: IRIDIUM Established in 1998 and initially designed and owned by Motorola
Works anywhere in the world using 66 satellites in LEO(which allows to have specifically small signal delays)
Services include Voice, fax, messaging, e-mail, internet, data (approx. 10 kbit/s)
Charges: U$ 3...5.-/minute (depending on service and provider)
Mobile handset: 1.6 GHz, integrated antenna, 1-2 W, U$ 3’000.-
IRIDIUM SatelliteIRIDIUM Pager
IRIDIUM Handsets
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The “not-so-good” news... 3’000 subscribers worldwide (1999) Total revenue of U$ 600’000.- (1999) Marketing cost: U$ 200’000’000.- Operating cost of U$ 400’000’000.- (annually!) Prediction for 2002: 5’000’000 end-users...
Satellite Communication II: IRIDIUM
After financial bankruptcy and a loss of U$ 5.5 billion, Motorola decided to shut down Iridium in March 2000 and planned to crash and burn up the satellites in the earth’s atmosphere!
Iridium LLC (Boeing) bought the whole system for U$ 25 million
New sales/marketing strategies, different targeted user profile Less expensive call charges, improved system performance Better GSM/UMTS connectivity, cheaper and lightweight phones
20Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Third Generation (3G): Introduction
Cellular and satellite networks provide greater freedom in the communications among people
New “information age” with different life-styles and world economy
The next goal is development of truly global system providing communication “to everyone, everywhere”
Part of the solution of the communication problem in the developing world
Wide range of radio environments have to be integrated
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Third Generation: Environments Integration
Satellite
Global
Suburban& rural
Urban
Pico-Cell
Micro-Cell Macro-Cell
In-building
Pico-Cell
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Third Generation (3G) Standards
International Mobile Telecommunication System (IMT-2000)
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
Basic Properties of a 3G System: Used worldwide Used for all mobile applications Offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps
(depending on mobility/velocity) Offer high spectrum efficiency
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Third Generation: Spectrum Availability
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
ITU “IMT-2000”
Europe
Japan
USA
1885 MHz 2025 MHz
IMT 2000
UMTSGSM 1800 DECT MSS
1880 MHz 1980 MHz
MSS
MSSIMT 2000PHS
PCS
2010 MHz
IMT 2000
MSSUMTS
MSSReserved
MSSIMT 2000
2160 MHz
2110 MHz
1893.5 MHz
1919.6 MHz
2170 MHz
2170 MHz
MSS MSS
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Global Players
Change from national analog to global digital communication networks is driven by:
digitalization
computerization
deregulation
Increased competition
New operators starting from “green field” situation use wireless networks to bypass the networks established by national operators
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“Major” Players: Europe Vodafone (UK)
T-Mobile / Deutsche Telekom (Germany)
TIM / Telecom Italia (Italy)
Telefonica (Spain)
France Telecom / Orange (France)
Swisscom Mobile / Swisscom Group (Switzerland)
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“Local” Players: Switzerland
3.4
0.93 0.94
4
0.890.75
1.9
0.01
-0.02
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Subscribers [Million]
Revenues [Billion CHF]
EBITDA [Billion CHF]
(data refers to mobile business units only, data as of end 2002)
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Major Cellular Providers in North America
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Verizon Wireless (US)
joint venture of Verizon Comm. and Vodafone
Cingular (US)
• recently bought AT&T Wireless
Sprint PCS (US)
T-Mobile, formerly Voicestream (US)
Rogers Wireless
previously Rogers AT&T
Microcell Telecom (Canada)
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Global Players: North America
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
VerizonWireless
AT&TWireless
Sprint PCS Rogers /AT&T
MicrocellTelecom
Subscribers [Million]
Revenues [Billion $US]
(data refers to mobile business units only, data as of mid 2002)
29Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Business & Economics: General How much does it cost to...
purchase licenses for parts of the future mobile spectrum plan and build a mobile telecommunications system keep the system up and running (maintenance, administration, etc.) introduce new technologies (GPRS, EDGE, HSCSD, etc.) acquire new subscribers
Which services can be introduced to...
generate additional revenues pay off debts from UMTS auctions and system installation
What are the key facts and figures of the...
Swiss/German/French/US cellular phone market global players involved in mobile communications deregulation, liberalization and monopolization issues and strategies
30Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Communication Sys in Developing Countries Picture these facts:
4/5 of the world’s population does not have the most basicaccess to phone services and 1/2 of it has never used a phone
The greater majority of all countries in the world do not havea publicly available, reliable and cheap phone system operating
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) goal in 1995:
“By the end of the year 2001, each citizen worldwide should have direct access to telephone services”
“Wireless phone networks represent a cheap alternative to wire line plain old telephone systems (POTS)”
Can satellite and terrestrial wireless systemsmeet these expectations in the future?
31Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Group of 2...3 students will work on one project
Choose a project from the existing list or define a suitable topic related to Mobile Communications on your own Make your decision by April 19
Final projects will be communicated via e-mail to students
Each group must prepare an initial proposal (1 page) and give a short presentation (5-10 minutes) on April 26
Organizational Details I
Groups work independently on their project and contact Damir or Hannes as needed
Meetings will be arranged upon request on Tuesdays
Check the web page regularly!
www.ifh.ee.ethz.ch/~fieldcom/pps-mobilecomm/mobilfunk.html
32Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Organizational Details II
Each group prepares a written report (10-15 pages)and final presentation (20 minutes) in English
Drafts are to be handed in prior to the final presentation
Presentation/report/draft/progress due dates will be announced individually via e-mail and web page
Marking:
Proposal presentation: 15%
Final presentation: 35%
Written report: 50%
Each student should comment on the presentation of others
Field trip(s) and lecturer visit(s) will be organized
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