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Prenatal Development
ß Dennis Karpowitz
ß Psychology 333
ß Child Psychology
Chris and Kim on Conception Island
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Female Reproductive Organs
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Conception
ß Every 28 days, an ovum, lasts 24 hours
ß Millions of sperm, viable for up to 6 days
ßConception in the fallopian tubeß Tubal pregnancy
ß Conceptions most likely:
on day of ovulationor the two days preceding ovulation
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Conception
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The Period of the Zygote or the
Germinal Stage
ß First Two weeks following conception
ß From fallopian tubes to attachment tothe uterine wall
ß Blastocyst, 60-70 cells, 4th day
ß Embryonic disk (organism)ßOuter Ring (umbilical cord & placenta)
ß Implantation between days 7 & 9
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Zygote Period Continued
ß Amnion Membrane, amniotic fluid
ß Yolk sack produces blood cells
ß Chorion Membrane
ß Placenta - Food, oxygen, waste
ß Umbilical cord
ß 30% of zygotes do NOT survive
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The Period of the Embryo
ß From 2nd week through 2nd month
ß Very rapid prenatal development
ß Embryonic disk folds into three layers
ß Ectoderm - Nervous system (fast develop.) & skin
ßMesoderm - skeleton, muscles, circulation
ß Endoderm - Digestion, lungs, urinary tract
5.5 Weeks 9 Weeks
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Embryonic Period Cont.
ß Many body parts develop the 2nd monthß Fingers, toes, facial features, nervous system cells
fire, teeth buds have formed
ß Embryo’s posture becomes upright ß The embryo can move
ß The embryo responds to touch (mouth & feet)
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11 Week Fetus
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The Period of the Fetus
ß Growth and finishing
ß Third month
ßOrgans, muscles & nervous system
organize and connect
ß External genitals – visible with ultrasound
ß End of first trimester
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Second Trimester
ß 13-24 weeks - first movement felt
ß Vernix covers fetus, prevents chapping
ßLanugo hold vernix to skin
ß Trillions of brain neurons produced
ß Stimulated by sound and light
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Third Trimester
ßAge of viability - 22 to 26 weeks
ß Cerebral cortex enlarges
ßResponsive to external stimulation
ß Fat layer develops for temp. reg.ß Moves to the upside-down position
ß Fetus moves less
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Teratogens
ß Environmental influences or agents that can
damage the developing organism
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Influence of Teratogens
ß Larger doses, over time, more negative
ßGenetics can help or hinder teratogens
ß Several negative factors increase impact
ß Sensitive periods especially important
ß Embryonic period most susceptible
ß Physical and psychological effects
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Drugs
ß Thalidomide –
sedative - 1960’s
ß Aspirin - low birth weight, infant death
Poor motor develop., lower IQ
ß Heavy caffeine use - miscarriage
Premature births, irritability
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Illegal Drugs
ß Cocaine, heroin, methadone
ß Prematurity, low birth weight
ß Physical defects, breathing problems,
ßDrug addiction & death
ß Cocaine - lasting difficulties
ßGenital, urinary tract, kidney, heart deformities
ßBrain seizures
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Crack babies
ß Lowest birth weight
ß Central nervous system damage
ßFathers on cocaine may pass it on
ß Multiple harmful effects of more than one
drug
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Tobacco use
ß Low birth weight and premature births
ß Impaired breathing
ßMiscarriage & infant death
ß Placenta doesn’t work correctly
ß Greater concentration of carbon monoxide
ß Passive smoking also injurious
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Alcohol
ß Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)ß Large amounts of alcohol, whole pregnancy
ßMental retardation
ß Slow physical growthß Facial abnormalities
ß Alcohol interferes with cell duplication
ß Especially neural cellsß Draws oxygen away from organism
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Hormones
ß Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1945-70
ßVaginal cancer
ßMalformation of the uterus
ßMiscarriage, low birth weight
ß In males, genital abnormalities, cancer
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Radiation
ß Hiroshima & Nagasaki
ßMiscarriage, slow physical growth
ßUnderdeveloped brains
ßMalformation of skeleton & eyes
ß X-Rays - avoid during pregnancy
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Environmental Pollutants
ß 100,000 in common use
ß Mercury
ßMental retardation, speech problems
ßDifficulty chewing & swallowing
ßUncoordinated movements
ß Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
ß Lower birth weight, smaller heads
ß Poor memory, lower verbal IQ
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Maternal Disease
ß Viruses - Most not harmful
ß Rubella
ßHeart defects, cataracts, deafness
ßGenital, urinary & intestinal problems
ß HIV & AIDS
ß 20-30% Mothers pass to infants
ß Fast growth in infants
ßMost survive 5 to 8 months
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Maternal Disease Cont.
ß Herpes viruses
ßBabies infected during pregnancy
or at birth
ß Bacterial & Parasitic Diseases
ß Toxoplasmosis from meat or cats
ß 40% transmission
ß Eye & brain damage
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Positive Health Activities
ß Moderate, low impact exercise
ß Healthy diet - vitamin supplements
ßMalnutrition causes problems
ßWIC Program
ß Low stress
ß Intense anxiety >> miscarriage, premature
birth, low birth weight, respiratory illness,
Cleft palate & Pyloric stenosis
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Rh Factor
ß Mother Rh -, father Rh+, Child Rh+
ß Antibodies against foreign Rh protein
ßRhoGam within 72 hours
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Prenatal Health Care
ß Every month of pregnancy visit MD
ß 2X/Month for the last two months
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Watch For . . .
ß Diabetes complications
ß Toxemia
ß Get vaccinations before becoming pregnant
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Prenatal Courses
ß Information: Birth & Parenting
ß Exercises
ßSupport
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