Download - 03 Blending Powerpoint

PETROLEUM PRODUCT

BLENDING

About Instructor

Current job position:

Working experiences:

EMERGENCY EVACUATION INSTRUCTION

Whenever you hear the building alarm or are informed of a

general building emergency:

Leave the building immediately, in an orderly fashion;

Do not use elevators;

Follow quickest evacuation route from where you are;

If the designated assembly point/area is unsafe or blocked due to

the emergency, proceed to the alternate assembly point;

Report to your Work Area Rep at the assembly point to be checked

off as having evacuated safely;

Specific safety requirements for TODAY.

Today: NO testing of fire alarm systems

COURSE OUTLINE

Total duration: 2 days;

Lecture: 2 days;

Lecture content:

Introduction;

Petroleum products specs;

Products blending system;

Fuels additives;

Blending calculations;

INTRODUCTION

Crude oil resources?

Petroleum products consumption?

Refinery products? Bio-fuels?

Fuel specifications ?

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Environmental issues?

The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the formation of CO2, CO,

unburned hydrocarbons, NOx, SOx, soot, and particulate matter.

INTRODUCTION

The mechanism of the development of vehicles and fuels

INTRODUCTION

Classification of fuels ?

Unleaded gasoline;

E5;

Racing gasoline;

Aviation gasoline;

Jet-fuel;

LPG CNG;

Diesel;

Bio-diesel.

INTRODUCTION

Emission standards

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Product ASTM

Specs Description

Gasoline D4814 Standard Specification for Automotive Spark Ignition Engine

Fuel

Jet D1655 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

Kerosene D3699 Standard Specification for Kerosene

Diesel D975 Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils

Fuel Oil D396 Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

TCVN system?

Blending purposes?

PRODUCTS BLENDING

Blending methods normally employed include:

batch blending,

partial in-line blending,

and continuous in-line blending

PRODUCTS BLENDING

BATCH BLENDING

BATCH BLENDING

System requirement?

Blend equipment?

Storage?

System control?

QA & QC?

JET MIXER

PARTIAL IN-LINE BLENDING

PARTIAL IN-LINE BLENDING

System requirement?

Blend equipment?

Storage?

System control?

QA & QC?

CONTINUOUS IN-LINE BLENDING

CONTINUOUS IN-LINE BLENDING

System requirement?

Blend equipment?

Storage?

System control?

QA & QC?

FUEL ADDITIVES

These chemical additives in small dosages combine to add or improve

properties of virgin fuels that cannot be obtained through the refining

processes !

There are six reasons for using additives in fuels:

To improve handling properties and stability of the fuel

To improve combustion properties of the fuel

To reduce emissions from fuel combustion

To provide engine protection and cleanliness

To increase in the economic use of the fuel

To establish or enhance the brand image of the fuel

FUEL ADDITIVES

Motor engine gasoline additives and their functions

Additives for Gasoline Distribution Systems

Antioxidants

Metal deactivators

Antistatic agents

Corrosion inhibitors

Sediment reduction agents

Dyes

Dehazers

FUEL ADDITIVES


Additives for gasoline vehicle system

Antiknock additive (was tetra ethyl lead, which is now phased out)

Anti-valve seat recession additive (also phased out due to

metallurgy change in the engines)

Carburetor detergents (gradually being phased out due to the

introduction of injectors)

Deposit control additives

Deposit modifiers

Friction modifiers

Lubricity improvers

FUEL ADDITIVES


FUEL ADDITIVES

Additives of diesel fuels and their functions

Additives for Diesel Distribution System

Antifoam agents

Antistatic agents

Biocides

Corrosion inhibitors

Sediment reduction agents

Dyes

Demulsifiers

Flow improvers/wax crystal modifiers/wax dispersants Metal

deactivators

Markers to check origin

Stabilizers

FUEL ADDITIVES


Additives for Diesel Vehicle System

Cetane improvers

Combustion improvers

Deposit control additives

Injector detergents

Lubricity improvers

Friction modifiers

FUEL ADDITIVES


FUEL ADDITIVES

Additives for gasoline and diesel distribution systems are used in

refineries to meet minimum fuel specifications at the optimum cost

without compromising on the yield of the products

GASOLINE BLENDING

During the blending of gasolines not only the physical and chemical

properties of each blending component has to be considered but

those contributions that may be harmful material emissions;

The main sources of the volatile organic compounds ?

The formation of toxic materials and their emission quantities?

GASOLINE BLENDING

Volatility of engine gasolines

GASOLINE BLENDING TCVN

Tn ch tiu Xng khng ch

Phng php th RON 90

RON

92

RON

95

1. Tr s c tan, min.

- theo phng php nghin cu (RON).

- theo phng php mt (MON).

90

79

92

81

95

84

TCVN 2703:2002

(ASTM D2699)

ASTM D2700

2. Hm lng ch, g/l, max. 0,013 TCVN 7143:2002

(ASTM D3237)

3. Thnh phn ct phn on:

- im si u, 0C.

- 10% th tch, 0C, max.



- im si cui, 0C, max.

- cn cui, % th tch, max.

Bo co

70

120

190

215

2,0

TCVN 2698:2002

(ASTM D86)



Phng php th RON 90

RON

92

RON

95

4. n mn mnh ng 50 0C/3gi, max.

Loi 1 TCVN 2694:2000 (ASTM

D130)

5. Hm lng nha thc t ( ra dung mi), mg/100 ml, max.

5 TCVN 6593:2000 (ASTM

D381)

6. n nh xy ha, pht, min. 480 TCVN 6778:2000 (ASTM

D525)

7. Hm lng lu hunh, mg/kg, max.

500 TCVN 6701:2000 (ASTM

D2622) / ATSM D 5453

8. p sut hi (Reid) 37,80C, kPa. 43 - 75 TCVN 7023:2002 (ASTM

D4953) / ASTM D5191

9. Hm lng benzen, % th tch, max.

2,5 TCVN 6703:2000 (ASTM

D3606) / ASTM D4420

10.Hydrocacbon thm, % th tch, max.

40 TCVN 7330:2003 (ASTM

D1319)



Phng php th RON 90

RON

92

RON

95

11.Olefin, % th tch, max. 38 TCVN 7330:2003 (ASTM

D1319)

12.Hm lng oxy, % khi lng, max.

2,7 TCVN 7332:2003 (ASTM

D4815)

13.Khi lng ring ( 150C), kg/m3. Bo co TCVN 6594:2000 (ASTM

D1298) / ASTM D 4052

14.Hm lng kim loi (Fe,Mn),mg/l, max

5 TCVN 7331:2003 (ASTM

D3831)

15.Ngoi quan Trong, khng c

tp cht l lng ASTM D 4176

GASOLINE BLENDING

Octane Numbers for Hydrocarbons ?

GASOLINE BLENDING

Gasoline Blend Stock Properties

Density RVP Boiling Range

Component (kg/m3) (bar) C RON MON

Butanes 0.575 3.6 -12 to -0.5 97 95

Straight-run Gasoline 0.64 1.5 27 80 80.2 76.6

Reformate 0.815 0.08 78 197 100.5 89.5

Raffinate 0.685 0.3 65 112 60.3 54.5

Hvy FCC Gasoline 0.76 0.2 43 185 90.5 79.5

Light FCC Gasoline 0.66 1.3 25 89 94.5 81.5

Pyrolysis Gasoline 0.845 0.3 47 180 101.5 810.

Alkylate 0.705 0.3 39 195 98 93.5

MTBE 0.746 0.5 48 62 115 97

GASOLINE BLENDING

Blending octane and RVP of ethers and alcohols

Blending Blending Blending

Octane (RON) RVP (psi) RVP (kPa)

Methanol 133 58-62 400-427

Ethanol 130 18-22 124-152

Methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) 118 8-10 55-69

Ethyl-t-butyl ether (ETBE) 118 3-5 21-34

t-Amyl methyl ether (TAME) 111 1-2 7-14

GASOLINE BLENDING

Scheme of closed distribution system of hydrocarbons

DIESEL BLENDING TCVN

STT Tn ch tiu Mc Phng php th

0,05S 0,25S

1 Hm lng lu hunh, mg/kg, max 500 2500

TCVN 6701: 2007

(ASTM D 2622 - 05)

TCVN 7760 : 2008

(ASTM D 5453 - 06)

2 Xtan, min TCVN 7630 : 2007

(ASTM D 613 - 05)

- Tr s xtan hoc 46 TCVN 3180 : 2007

- Ch s xtan (1) 46 (ASTM D 4737 - 04)

3 Nhit ct ti 90% th tch, 0C, max 360 TCVN 2698 : 2007

(ASTM D 86 - 05)

4 im chp chy cc kn, 0C, min 55

TCVN 6608 : 2000

(ASTM D 3828)

ASTM D 93

DIESEL BLENDING TCVN

STT Tn ch tiu Mc Phng php th 0,05S 0,25S

5 nht ng hc 400C(2), cSt (3) 2 4,5 TCVN 3171 : 2007

(ASTM D 445 - 06)

6 Cn cc bon ca 10% cn chng ct, % khi lng, max

0,3

TCVN 6324 : 1997

(ASTM D 189)

ASTM D 4530

7 Hm lng tro, % khi lng, max 0,01 TCVN 2690 : 1995

(ASTM D 482)

8 Hm lng nc, mg/kg, max 200 ASTM E 203 9 Tp cht dng ht, mg/L, max 10 ASTM D 2276

10 n mn mnh ng 50oC/3 gi, max Loi 1 TCVN 2694 : 2000

(ASTM D 130)

11 Khi lng ring ( 15oC)(2), kg/m3 820 - 860 TCVN 6594 : 2007

(ASTM D 1298 - 05)

12 bi trn, m, max 460 ASTM D 6079

13 Ngoi quan Trong, khng c tp cht l lng

ASTM D 4176

DOMESTIC OIL BLENDING TCVN

Stt Tn ch tiu Mc Phng php th

1 im chp chy cc kn, oC, min 38 ASTM D 56

2 Nhit ct, 0C: TCVN 2698 : 2002

- 10% th tch, max 205 (ASTM D 86)

- im si cui, oC, max 300

3 Hm lng lu hunh, % khi lng, max

0,3

TCVN 2708 : 2002 (ASTM D 1266)

TCVN 6701 : 2000 (ASTM D 2622)

ASTM D 4294

ASTM D 129

4 Chiu cao ngn la khng khi, mm, min

19 ASTM D 1322

5 n mn ng 100oC, 3 gi, max Loi 3 TCVN 2694 : 2000 (ASTM D 130)

6 nht ng hc 40oC, cSt(1) 1,0 - 1,9 ASTM D 445

7 Lu hunh mercaptan, nh tnh m tnh ASTM D 4952

8 Khi lng ring 15oC, kg/L Bo co TCVN 6594 : 2000 (ASTM D 1298)

FO BLENDING TCVN

STT Tn ch tiu

Mc

Phng php th FO No1

FO No2A

(2,0 S)

FO No2B

(3,0 S) (3,5 S)

1 Khi lng ring

15oC, kg/L, max 0,965 0,991 0,970 0,991

TCVN 6594 : 2000

(ASTM D 1298)

2 nht ng hc

50oC, cSt1), max 87 180 180 180 ASTM D 445

3 Hm lng lu hunh,

% khi lng, max 2,0 2,0 3,0 3,5

TCVN 6701 : 2000

(ASTM D 2622)

ASTM D 129

ASTM D 4294

4 im ng c, oC,

max +12 +24 +24 +24

TCVN 3753 : 1995

(ASTM D 97)

5 Hm lng tro, % khi

lng, max 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15

TCVN 2690 : 1995

(ASTM D 482)

FO BLENDING TCVN

STT Tn ch tiu

Mc

Phng php th FO No1

FO No2A

(2,0 S)

FO No2B

(3,0 S) (3,5 S)

6 Cn cacbon Conradson, % khi lng, max

6 16 16 16

TCVN 6324 : 2000

(ASTM D 189)

ASTM D 4530

7 im chp chy cc kn, oC, min

66

TCVN 6608 : 2000

(ASTM D 3828)

ASTM D 93

8 Hm lng nc, % th tch, max

1,0 TCVN 2692 : 1995

(ASTM D 95)

9 Hm lng tp cht, % khi lng, max

0,15 ASTM D 473

10 Nhit tr, cal/g2), min 9800 9800 10150 9800 ASTM D 240

ASTM D 4809

DIESEL BLENDING

Diesel blending is simpler than gasoline blending because the

limitations are fewer

DIESEL BLENDING

The sulphur and aromatic content range of different gasoil streams

DIESEL BLENDING

Management and control

of motor fuel blending

DIESEL BLENDING

Blend Optimization

and Supervisory

System (BOSS)

BLENDING CALCULATION

The main purpose of product blending is to find the best way of

mixing different intermediate products available from the refinery and

some additives in order to adjust the product specifications;

The final quality of the finished products is always checked by

laboratory tests before market distribution;

Gasolines are tested for octane number, Reid vapour pressure (RVP)

and volatility;

Kerosenes are tested for flash point and volatility;

Gas oils are tested for diesel index, flash point, pour point and

viscosity;

Product qualities are predicted through correlations that depend on

the quantities and the properties of the blended components.

ECONOMICS & PLANNING APPLICATION

What is Linear Programming?

Terminology

Objective Function function z to be maximized

Feasible Vector set of values x1, x2,,xN that satisfies all

constraints

Optimal Feasible Vector feasible vector that maximizes the

objective function

Solutions

Will tend to be in the corners of where the constraints meet

May not have a solution because of incompatible constraints or area

unbounded towards the optimum


LP is the most widely applied method for optimising many diverse

applications, including refineries and chemical plants;

The application of LP has been successfully applied for selecting the

best set of variables when a large number of interrelated choices

exist;

A typical example is in a large oil refinery in which the stream flow

rates are very large, and a small improvement per unit of product is

multiplied by a very large number.


This is done to obtain a significant increase in profit for the refinery;

Optimisation means the action of finding the best solution within the

given constraints and flexibilities;

LP is a mathematical technique for finding the maximum value of

some equation subject to stated linear constraints;


Refinery optimisation using an LP model has been proven to bring

economic gains higher than unit-specific simulation models or

advance process control techniques;

Once all the data is configured, the model is updated with the

variable data;


The required variable data includes the following:

Crude oil or any other raw material prices with minimum and maximum

availability:

Selling prices with minimum and maximum demands for the refinery

products;

Available process unit capacities;

Available inventory stocks with minimum and maximum storage limits;

Quality specifications, etc,

Gasoline Blending Considerations

Available blend stocks

Amounts

Properties

Associated costs / values

Specification of final product(s)

Amount(s)

Properties

o Volatility / RVP (max)

o Octane number (min)

o Distillation

o Composition

o Value


Word programming used here in the sense of planning

For N independent variables (that can be zero or positive) maximize

subject to M additional constraints (all bn positive)

PRODUCTS BLENDING AT BSR

Mogas blending

PRODUCTS BLENDING AT BSR

DO blending

LESSON REVIEW


The desired property PBlend of the blended product may be determined

using the following mixing blend rule:

Pi is the value of the property of component i and qi is the mass,

volume or molar flow rate of component i contributing to the total

amount of the finished product.


Additive properties include specific gravity, boiling point and sulphur

content;

However, properties like viscosity, flash temperature, pour point, aniline

point, RVP and cloud point are not additive;


Reid Vapour Pressure Blending

xvi is the volume fraction of component i.


Flash Point Blending

xvi is the volume fraction of component i.


Pour Point Blending

xvi is the volume fraction of component I;

PPi is the pour point of component i, in oR


Aniline Point Blending

xvi is the volume fraction of component I;

APi is the aniline point of component i, in oC


Smoke Point Blending


Viscosity Blending

xvi is the volume fraction of component i;

BIvisi is the viscosity index of component i


Gasoline Octane Number Blending

xvi is the volume fraction of component i;

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