*for educational purposes only*
North America last major prehistoric cultural developmentAD 700Over a great area of the Southeast and the mid-
continentIntensive cultivation of corn, beans, squash,
and other cropsPolitically & culturally each large town
*for educational purposes only*
Second largest ceremonial mounds Flat topped earthen structure : 35 feet highLarge religious and civic ritualsEnd of the platform : secondary flat-topped
mounds, probably the bases of a temple and residence of a priest or ruler
Between 1250 and 1600 AD : Natchez peoplePolitical center and point of distribution for goods
Animal remains, ceramic fragments, tools and the stratigraphy
*for educational purposes only*
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/185779/enlargehttp://www.examiner.com/article/the-great-emerald-mound-is-a-super-sized-legacy-of-the-natchez-people*for educational purposes only*
Ancient indigenous city 650-1400 CE Largest archaeological
site Monks Mound
Largest structure Central of this great city Massive structure with
four terraces 10 stories tall, largest
man-made earthen mound north of mexico
Facing south : 92 feet high, 951 feet long, 836 feet wide
http://www.aartichapati.com/2011/10/tss-interlude-cahokia-mounds.html
*for educational purposes only*
Prehistoric archaelogical site1650-700 BC northeastern louissianaCore: 500 acresCenter of the site : six concentric curved earthen
ridges separated by flat corridors of earthDividing the ridges into 3 sections are 2 ramps that
slope inwardly leading to Bayou Macon.Ridge : 3 feet highApprox. diameter : 3 quarters of a mile
*for educational purposes only*
Ancient burial siteLargest conical mound100 foot high bluff,
measures 877 feet in circumference
Height of 70 feet
http://2nilssons.com/Mountains%20&%20Falls/Etowah%20-%20Mound%20B.jpg*for educational purposes only*
Largest effigy mound in the worldDoes not contain human remains 1,330 feet in length, 3 feet in heightHead of the serpent : aligned to summer
solstice sunsetCoils : point to the winter solstice sunriseAdena Indians (800 BC – AD 100)
*for educational purposes only*
http://www.barry.warmkessel.com/SERPENT-6.html*for educational purposes only*
IGLOO,IGLUEskimo HouseBlocks of hard snow
or ice, sometimes of sod, wood, or stone.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo#mediaviewer/File:EskimoIglooDrawing.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo#mediaviewer/File:Igloo_see-through_sideview_diagram.svg*for educational purposes only*
PLANK HOUSELarge, usually
rectangular houseConstructed of
timber planksUsed by Indians &
Eskimo
http://www.aaanativearts.com/culture-tribal-customs/native-american-homes/1125-some-pacific-northwest-coast-indians-lived-in-plank-houses.html#axzz37RRjkrog
http://ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/Archives/ED101fa10/cmmac/Tlingit.html*for educational purposes only*
BRUSH SHELTERTemporary native
American dwellingsOnly used for
sleeping in.Simple wooden
frame covered with brush, cone-shaped, with one side left open, or tent-shaped, with both ends left open.
http://www.johnsunter.com/shelters/brush%20tp1.jpghttp://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2171
*for educational purposes only*
EARTHEN SHELTERNative American
homesBasement-like living
spaces dug from the earth, with domed mound built over the top.
*for educational purposes only*
PUEBLO Communal and defensive
structure Built of adobe or stone Many-storied terraced Flat roofs of the
chambers by ladders Built on the desert floor
in valley, or cliff walls of mesas.
KIVA Large underground Used by men for religious
ceremonies & councils
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpghttp://www.crowcanyon.org/educationproducts/peoples_mesa_verde/pueblo_I_overview.asp*for educational purposes only*
CHICKEES Stilt houses Thick posts supporting a
thatched roof and a flat wooden platform raised several feet off the ground without walls
http://access.sd25.org/curriculum/NativeAmericans/chickee.html*for educational purposes only*
WATTLE AND DAUB HOUSES (ASI)Native American
houses Made by weaving
river cane, wood, and vines into a frame, then coating the frame with plaster.
Roof was either thatched with grass or shingled with bark.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/92358/Reconstruction-of-a-Natchez-house-and-granary-at-the-Grand
*for educational purposes only*
GRASS HOUSESSouthern Plains by
tribes such as the Caddos
Made with a wooden frame bent into a beehive shape and thatched with long prairie grass
Large buildings, sometimes more than 40 feet tall
http://www.native-languages.org/images/grass2.jpghttp://pw1.netcom.com/~wandaron/Caddo.jpg*for educational purposes only*
TEPEESTent-like American
Indian houses used by Plains tribes.
Cone-shaped wooden frame with a covering of buffalo hide
Tribe move from one place to another place, would bring their own tipi poles and hide tent along with them.
12 feet high
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/albright3/chap7c.htm*for educational purposes only*
LONGHOUSES Irquois tribes Similar to wigwams, pole frames and elm bark covering Longhouses are much, much larger than wigwams 150 feet long, 20 feet wide & 20 feet high Raised platforms created a second story for sleeping space Mats & wood screens divided the longhouse into separate
rooms. 60 people
http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/IroquoisVillage/images/figure1longhouselg.gif*for educational purposes only*
WIGWAMS Algonquian Indians 8-10 feet tall Wooden frames with
woven mats & sheets of birch bark
Frame can be shaped like a dome, like a cone, or like a rectangle with an arched roof
Ropes or strings of wood are wrapped around the wigwam to hold the bark in place.
http://www.native-languages.org/houses.htm*for educational purposes only*
MasonryPueblo or
communal dwellings
800 room a piecePre-history Anasazi
IndiansGreat social &
ceremonial centers of the American Southwest
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park#mediaviewer/File:Chaco_Canyon_Chetro_Ketl_great_kiva_plaza_NPS.jpg*for educational purposes only*
Largest & Best known Great house Ancestral pueblo people AD 828 and 1126 Two sections : precisely aligned wall,
symmetrical pattern Great Kiva
Either side of wall Kivas or ceremonial structures Large central courtyard Interior living spcaes
2 acres (8,000sqm) incorporates at least 650 rooms
Tiered structure : four & five stories high
Builder’s use of core and veneer architecture & multi-story construction produced massive masonry walls
http://www.colorado.edu/Conferences/chaco/tour/images/pb2n.jpg*for educational purposes only*
2400 BCE – 300 CE MesoAmerican civilization
took shape
Meso America 1150-400 BCE Gulf coast lowlands Jade carving Mother culture of civilization
*for educational purposes only*
C. 1200-500 BCETropical lowland of the
Mexican Gulf coastsTemple-PyramidsLarge ceremonial centers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Venta_site_plan.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Venta_Mosaic_%28Ruben_Charles%29.jpg*for educational purposes only*
Peruvian civilizations 1000-300 BCE Worship of the jaguar god,
characterized by excellent gold stone scuplture,elaborate gold work, and remarkable ceramic
CHAVIN DE HUANTAR Center of the chavin culture Elevated 10,000 in the
Cordillera Blanca of the NW Andes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG/285px-Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Huantar#mediaviewer/File:Chavin_circular_plaza_cyark.jpg*for educational purposes only*
Pre-Indian culture N.coast of Peru 200 BCE - 700 BCE
TEMPLE OF THE SUN Mud-brick building in the Pre-
Hispanic new world Construction of the temple was
additive; new layers of brick were laid directly on top of the old; hence large quantities of bricks were required for its construction.
130 million adobe brickshttp://www.garystravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Temple-of-the-Sun-Teotihuacan-300x225.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_of_the_Sun,_Palenque.jpg*for educational purposes only*
TEMPLE OF THE MOON Largely ceremonial and religious function Contains burials as well Later bricks in the structure bear one of over 100 different
markings, corresponding to each group of laborers
http://jackmaryetc.com/Travel/Americas/Mexico/Images/TeoMoonTemp.jpg*for educational purposes only*
Of or pertaining to the Americans before the voyages of Columbia
Meso American culture from 00-900 CE Development of hieroglyphic writing 3000 and 900 CE Meso American
Central Mexico and the Yucatan peninsula to Honduras and Nicaragua
Cultures excelled in astronomy and measurement of time, and shared temp pyramids and a pantheon of deities including sun, wind, and rain Gods.
*for educational purposes only*
Past & present Indians of Guatemala, BelizeCreated one of American’s greatest civilizationsMajor Capitals
TikalPalenqueSeipanCopanCalakmulMotul de San Jose
Hieroglyphic writing
*for educational purposes only*
1 CE – to its peak in 9 CE Character
Magnificent ceremonial centers Temple-pyramids Ritual Ball courts Spacious plazas Palaces
Sculptured façadeLower than temple-pyramidsNumerous roomsArranged around courts along with temples
*for educational purposes only*
TEMPLE PYRAMIDS Most impt. Building type Flat roofs One entrance square headed
door Windowless Decorated with symbols and
glyphs connected with their gods.
Masonry facing TIKAL
Largest & earliest Mayan City Main ceremonial center Had distinct pyramids Most beautiful of all Mayan cities 7 BCE marked the western
reaches of Maya expansionhttp://www.history.com/photos/mesoamerican-pyramids/photo9
*for educational purposes only*
PALENQUE Medium size site Has finest architecture, sculpture,
roof comb and bas-relief carvings TEMPLE OF INSCRIPTIONS
7c, stepped mound of earth, faced with stone Tomb of the Mayan king Pacal Temple of the top of the pyramid has carved panels describing the events of the king’s reign King Pacal’s tomb
Sarcophagus covered by a large rectangular stone slab
5 tones heavy, 12.5’ long Only tomb temple in Mexico
Central plaza Central area that is only visible Other parts of the city covered by rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_the_Inscriptions#mediaviewer/File:Palenque_temple_1.jpg
*for educational purposes only*
Held power over Mexico Built : Tenochtitian; walled
compound, center of Aztec religion
Practice human sacrifice, believing it pleases the gods
Pyramidal temples were similar to Mayans
They had many gods & goddesses.
Great Temple of Tenochtitlan Twin shrines on top dedicated
to Tlaloc, the god of rain and Huitzilopochtli, the god of war.
*for educational purposes only*
South America’s first great builders 15th century Buildings were irregularly shaped
stones; which skilled stonemasons ground to fit tighter perfectly
MACHU PICCHU 3,150 m above sea level Stone blocks of the stairs linking its
different levels were cut so precisely that no mortar was required
Terraced City Temple of the sun palace,
building of local stone and terraces for crop growing Machu Picchu is typical of Inca provincial city.
The building varies in shape, but most have trapezoid window and doorways.
http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43ancients/02files/Earth_Images_05.html
*for educational purposes only*
TIAHUANACO Precursors to the Inca
Empire As ritual & administrative
capital of a major state power for approximately 500 years
GATE OF THE SUN 1000 years old Cut from a single block of
stone 3 m high
http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/ancient-time-keepers-archaeoastronomy/*for educational purposes only*
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