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Introduction to Minitab
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What is Minitab?
Minitab is a powerful statistical software package
that removes much of the pain associated with
analysing data and using statistical tools
This module provides an introduction andoverview of its use
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Section 1 - Introducing theSoftware
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Contents of this Section
Introduction to the Software
Navigating using the Project Manager
Data in Minitab
Data types
Changing Data types
Minitab Overview
Opening Worksheets
Worksheet Folder
Worksheet Description
Column Description
Data Structure and Manipulation
Subset/Split Worksheets
Information Folder
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Opening MinitabMenu Bar
Tool Bar
The Session Window
The Worksheet/Data Window
Project Manager Window
(minimised)
By default Minitab opens with the above
Contains the data,similar to a spreadsheet
Acts like a windows explorer ,
A chronological history of the analysis
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Minitab Worksheet
Worksheet looks like Excel spreadsheet, but be aware that: you cannot write formulae based on cells most operations work onwholecolumns of data any text in a cell will format the column as a Text Column, labelled Cn-T, which prevents any mathematical analysis on that column grey first row is for column names only, not for data two columns cannot have the same name in any one worksheet
Worksheet looks like Excel spreadsheet, but be aware that: You cannot write formulae based on cells, unless you use the calculator Most operations work onwholecolumns of data Any text in a cell will format the column as a Text Column, labelled Cn-T
which prevents any mathematical analysis on that column Grey first row is for column names only, not for data Two columns cannot have the same name in any one worksheet
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Minitab FilesThere are two basic types of Minitab file
1. Minitab Projects; filename.MPJ
Worksheets Graphs
Session Window Output Session Command History
2. Minitab Worksheets; filename.MTW
Columns Constants
Matrices Column DescriptionsWorksheet Descriptions
Save your work as a Minitab Project File in order to save all your data,graphs, preferences together.
If you save your work as a Worksheet file, you only save the data.
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Minitab Windows
Project Manager
Manage worksheets, output
Graphs, and related
documents
(Shortcut keys - Ctrl + l )
Session Window
View Statistical Output and
enter Session Commands(Shortcut keys - Ctrl + M )
Data Window
View and Edit Worksheets
(Shortcut keys - Ctrl + D )
Project
documents
(Shortcut keys - Ctrl + l )
Session
View
enter(Shortcut keys - Ctrl + M )
Data
View and
(Shortcut keys - Ctrl + D )
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Navigating with the Project Manager
Folder View
Shows all elementsof a project
Left pane shows thefolders
Right pane showsthe content of theactive folder
Toolbar View
Detached by clicking on
and dragging
Folder
Shows all elementsof a project
Left pane shows thefolders
Right pane showsthe content of theactive folder
Toolbar
Detached by clicking on
and dragging
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Minitab the Project Manager Toolbar
Open the Session Folder View Statistical Output
Open the Worksheet Folder Accesses all Worksheets
Open the Graphs Folder Access and Manage Graphs
Open the Show Info Folder Column Descriptions Constants
Open the History Folder Access Command Language
Open the Report Pad Create and Store Reports
Show the Related Documents Folder links to files
Open the
Open the
Open the
Open the
Open the
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Data Types in Minitab
In the next slide you will initially see three data types in a
Minitab worksheet:
Numeric Data for example, man hours spent on a particular
task
Text Data for example, the name of the department involved
Date/ Time Data for example, when a particular data item was
measured or collected
In this example, the company concerned is starting to take aclose look at where cost occurs in a particular process
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Data Types in Minitab
Minitab operatesusing columns ofdata.
The arrow indicates
the direction that thedata is entered in.Click on the arrow tochange its direction.
The names of thecolumns are enteredabove the column(not in row 1)
MInitab (automatically) recognisesseveral different types of data: Numeric
Date/Time (D)
using columns of
The arrow indicates
the direction that thedata is entered in.Click on the arrow tochange its direction.
The names of thecolumns are enteredabove the column(not in row 1)
several different types of data:
Numeric
Text (T)
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Entering Data in MinitabData can be entered into
Minitab in a variety ofways:
1) Manually
2) Cutting and pasting fromother applications likeExcel
3) Opening a worksheet
from another softwareapplication directly intoMinitab
Because Minitab columns
work top-down, missingdata is represented by anasterisk.
Data can be entered into
ways:
1) Manually
2) Cutting and pasting fromother applications likeExcel
3) Opening a worksheet
from another softwareapplication directly into work top-down, missingdata is represented by an
asterisk.
Data can be entered into
ways:
1) Manually
2) Cutting and pasting fromother applications likeExcel
3) Opening a worksheet
from another softwareapplication directly into work top-down, missingdata is represented by an
asterisk.
Data can be entered into
ways:
1) Manually
2) Cutting and pasting fromother applications likeExcel
3) Opening a worksheet
from another softwareapplication directly into work top-down, missingdata is represented by an
asterisk.
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Changing Data Types in Minitab (1)
Sometimes Minitab makesmistakes in recognising thetype of data in a column.
Eg : When you cut and paste
data, just one piece of textwill cause the whole columnto be labelled as text, asshown.
Unfortunately, deleting the text wont change the columntype back automatically. This needs to be done manually
see next page.
mistakes in recognising thetype of data in a column.
: When you cut and paste
data, just one piece of textwill cause the whole columnto be labelled as text, asshown.
Unfortunately, deleting the text wont change the columntype back automatically. This needs to be done manually
see next page.
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Changing Data Types in Minitab (2)
NB: You can delete the text data before using this function, butdont need to.
MINITAB: Data > Change Data Type > Text to Numeric
This function is set to change all the data in column C5 (days) tonumeric data, and store it back in C5.
NB: You can delete the text data before using this function, but youdont need to.
Minitab: Data > Change Data Type > Text to Numeric
This function is set to change all the data in column C5 (
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Importing Data from ExcelIt is possible to import Excel worksheets directly into Minitab,but check the format
of the data first. Remember that Minitab only allows one row for the column
headings, and the Excel worksheet needs to reflect this.
File > Open > MINITAB Worksheet
Under Files Of Typechoose
Excel (*.xls), as below.
Find and Open the data worksheet:
Car Fleet Mileage Data-July.xls
It is possible to import Excel worksheets directly into
of the data first. Remember that
headings, and the Excel worksheet needs to reflect this.
File > Open Worksheet
Under
Excel (*.xls), as below.
-July.xls
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The following example introduces the basic functions ofMinitab and demonstrates the key navigation tools.
The example includes three worksheets:1 - Stacked data all the data in a stacked format2 Shift the data unstacked by shift3 Region the data unstacked by region
Normally, Minitab files are saved as Minitab projects,which have the file extension MPJ.
Find and Open the file Unavailability.mpjby double clicking on it from within Windows Explorer.
Minitab Overview
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Minitab Show Worksheets Folder
Click on the
Project manager
Toolbar
The live worksheet isshown by a greenfolder and asterisksafter its header
To make worksheets
active double-clickthe folder icon next
to the worksheet
name.
Click on the
The live worksheet isshown by afolder and asterisksafter its header
To make worksheets
active double-clickthe folder icon next
to the worksheet
name.
Call Centre study:Note that
unavailability is theunavailable time as apercentage of the totaltime across both callcentre location andshift..
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Worksheet Descriptions in MinitabTo add or edit an existing worksheet description click anywhere
in the relevant worksheet, then select:
Editor > Worksheet > description
Red triangle:
Indicates that there is a
worksheet description
present.
Hold the cursor over thetriangle to view, or double
click to edit.
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Column Descriptions in MinitabTo add or edit an existing column description click therelevant column, then select:
Editor > Column > Description
Red Triangle:
denotes anavailable Columndescription.
Hover the cursorover the triangle toview or double clickto edit.
To add or edit an existing column description click therelevant column, then select:
Editor > Column > Description
Red
denotes anavailabledescription.
Hover the cursorover the triangle toview or double clickto edit.
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Data Structure And Manipulation (1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr
Location 1 289 295 300 301
Location 2 70 73 75 76
Location 3 168 174 180 189
Minitab operates using columns of data.
So, wheretraditionally we mightstructure data likethis:
In Minitab, the data
should be structuredin columns like these:
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Data Structure and Manipulation (2)
Comparing old versus new (&improved?) processes
Open a new worksheet of rawdata
The next step is to include
categories against the data.
1.Sample Number
2.Time of Sample
File > Open Worksheet > OldversusNew.mpj
Open a new worksheet of rawdata
The next step is to include
categories against the data.
1.
2.Time of
File > Open Project > OldversusNew.mpj
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Data Structure and Manipulation (3)The sample number andthe time that the data was
recorded could be added.
Minitabs ability to create
patterned data could be
useful here (see nextpage).
Name columns C3 and C4
as shown.
NB: Note that Minitabmust have unique column
names.
The sample number andthe time that the data was
recorded could be added.
patterned data could be
useful here (see nextpage).
Name columns C3 and C4
as shown.
NB: Note thatmust have unique column
names.
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Data Structure and Manipulation (4)Exercise:Use Minitabs Patterned data function as shown tocreate a set of sample numbers in Column 3 (C3).
Calc > Make Patterned Data > Simple Set of Numbers
Where do want thedata to be stored?
What number do youwant the column tostart at?
What number do youwant the column tofinish at?
Exercise:Usecreate a set of sample numbers in
Calc > Make Patterned Data > Simple Set of Numbers
Where do want thedata to be stored?
What number do youwant the column tostart at?
What number do youwant the column tofinish at?
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Data Structure and Manipulation (5)Exercise:Use Minitab s Patterned data function as shown tocreate a set of sample numbers in Column 4 (C4).
Calc > Make Patterned Data > Simple Set of Date/Time Numbers
Where do want thedata to be stored?
When does thesequence start?
When does thesequence finish?
What increment
between values?Unit of increment?
Exercise:Usecreate a set of sample numbers in
Calc > Make Patterned Data > Simple Set of Date/Time Numbers
Where do want thedata to be stored?
When does thesequence start?
When does thesequence finish?
What increment
between values?Unit of increment?
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Data Structure and Manipulation (6)
Your data should now look like this:
Note that the heading of Column 4 has a
D Suffix, because it is a date/time
format.
Before analysing the data, you need to
check all the different types of data havetheir own column.
Columns 1 and 2 contain the same type
of data, so would be better placed in the
same column. Minitab can stack data
like this into one column;
next page.
Your data should now look like this:
Note that the heading of
D
format.
Before analysing the data, you need to
check all the different types of data havetheir own column.
Columns 1 and 2 contain the same type
of data, so would be better placed in the
same column.
like this into one column;see
next page.
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Data Structure and Manipulation (7)What are we trying to do by stacking the data?
Answer: we would like to have one column containing the measured data(from C1 and C2).
Data > Stack > ColumnsPlace all the columnsto be stacked here.
Decide where youwant the data to go.
Name the newcolumns
Tick to use originalcolumn names whenstacked
What are we trying to do by stacking the data?
d data(from C1 and C2).
Data > stack > columnsPlace all the columnsto be stacked here
Decide where youwant the data to go
Name the newcolumns
Tick to use originalcolumn names whenstacked
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Data Structure and Manipulation (8)
The resulting data set looks likethis:
The stacked data has beenplaced in C5, with a subscriptin C6.
A subscript defines acharacteristic of the data - in thiscase whether it was from the oldor new process.
Exercise: Copy and paste the
Time Data manually into C7, asshown here, and save the project
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Subset/Splitting out data
Subset WorksheetFunction:Use to copy specified rows from the active worksheet to anew worksheet. You can specify the subset based on rownumbers, brushed points on a graph, or a condition suchas unmarried males under 50 years old.
Split WorksheetFunctionSplits, or unstacks, the active worksheet into two or morenew worksheets based on one or more by" variables.
Subset Worksheetand Split Worksheetalways copy datato new worksheets. You can use Copy Columnsto replacedata in the current worksheet with a subset.
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Subset Worksheet (1)
Using the Unavailability.mpjfile again:
We want to separate out the dataat point 25 where it changes fromCentral to Western
A key point here is that we shouldalways retain the original raw datafile intact.
Therefore, we could use thesubset worksheetfunction.
Using the Unavailability.mpjfile again:
We want to separate out the dataat point 25 where it changes from
A key point here is that we shouldalways retain the original raw datafile intact.
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Subset Worksheet (2)
In name enter Central
Click specify which rows toinclude
Click row numbers and enterthe row numbers in the box.
You can enter either everynumber 1 2 3 4 5 etc or enterthe range 1:24
NB: The colon is essential
The result is shown on the next page
Data > Subset Worksheet
Central
Click include
Click row numbers and enterthe row numbers in the box.
You can enter either everynumber 1 2 3 4 5 etc or enterthe range 1:24
NB: The colon is essential
The result is shown on the next page
Data > Subset Worksheet
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Subset Worksheet (3)
A separate worksheet for the Central data has been created and theoriginal raw data file for all centres has been retained.
This can now be repeated for Western and Eastern data
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Subset Worksheet (4)If we click on the
Show Worksheets icon
Project Manager shows
the original worksheet andthe newly created ones forCentral, Western and
Eastern.
The Green Folder shows
which folder is currentlyactive.
If we want to separate the worksheet by shift, we would thenuse Split Worksheet
If we click on the
icon
the original worksheet andthe newly created ones forCentral, Western and
Eastern.
which folder is currentlyactive.
If we want to separate the worksheet by shift, we would then
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Split Worksheet (1)The Split Worksheet function will create two or more worksheets from anoriginal data file
Example: Split Stacked Data into three separate worksheets, one for eachshift
Data > Split Worksheet
Enter Shift under ByVariables
Click OK
Data > Split Worksheet
Enter under
Click OK
Data > Split Worksheet
Enter under
Click OK
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Split Worksheet (2)Minitab will then create three new worksheets one for eachShift
NB. The active worksheet is identified by the 3 AsterisksNB. The active worksheet is identified by the 3
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Split Worksheet (3)
If we click on the
Show worksheets icon, theProject Manager shows theoriginal worksheet and thenewly created ones forShift 1, Shift 2 and Shift 3.
The green folder showswhich folder is currentlyactive.
If we click on the
original worksheet and thenewly created ones for
which folder is currentlyactive.
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The Info FolderMinitabs Project Manager can be used to provide a summary
of the worksheet. Click here for information .
The infowindow can be useful for identifying missing data etc,particularly on large worksheets.
of the worksheet. Click here for information .
The infowindow can be useful for identifying missing data etc,particularly on large worksheets.
Section 2 - Analysing theData
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Contents of this section
Minitabs Functions Statistical & Graphical
Accessing the Stat Guide
Minitab Graphs Updating
Displaying Basic Statistics
Graphical summary
Scatterplot and Brushing
Bar Chart Changing colours of bars Adding reference lines
Time Series plot
Histogram
Boxplot
Dotplot
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Analysing the Data using Graphs
Graphing (or plotting) is one of the most powerful tools of theSix Sigma process. By reading graphs they will often tell youthe story of the process.
The statistics can then be used to provide mathematical
confidence in the conclusions you draw from the graphs.
In the following pages we look at the following graphs inMinitab:
Basic Statistics Scatterplots
Bar Chart HistogramsTime Series Plots Box Plot
Graphing is alwaysthe first step of analysing data
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Minitabs Statistical FunctionsMinitab Stat menucontains all of thestatistical functions thatyou will need within SixSigma.
Basic Statisticscontains the most
frequently usedcommands.
s contains all of thestatistical functions thatyou will need within SixSigma.
Basic contains the most
frequently usedcommands.
contains all of thestatistical functions thatyou will need within SixSigma.
Basic contains the most
frequently usedcommands.
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Minitabs Graphical Functions (1)
Minitabs Graph menu contains all of thegraphical functions that you will need withinSix Sigma.
For correlations
For plotting distributions
For comparing groups of data
For analysing categories
For studying trends over time
For 3D graphs
graphical functions that you will need withinSix Sigma.
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Minitabs Graphical Functions (2)Almost all of Minitab graphs can be accessed through severaldifferent menu locations. For example
Stat > Basic Stats > Display Descriptive Stats
An Individual Value Plotof column C1(Old data) can be created through thegraph options of the DisplayDescriptive Statisticsfunction, asshown on the left.
s
Stat > Basic Stats > Display Descriptive Stats
An
function, asshown on the left.
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Minitabs Graphical Functions (3)
Graph > Individual Value Plot
An Individual Value Plotof column C1 (Old data) can also be createdthrough the Graph menu, as shown below
Exercise:Create Individual Value Plots for the Old data (C1) using thetwo methods shown on the last two slides.
Graph > Individual Value Plot
An
Exercise: data (C1) using thetwo methods shown on the last two slides.
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Minitabs Graphical Functions (4)The Individual Value Plotsbelow show the same data, but look differentbecause they were created in different ways in Minitab.
Exercise: Take a closer look at the graphics in the top left hand cornethe graph windows youve created.
Now go back to the data in the worksheet and change one of the vthe old Column. What happens to the graphics?
The below show the same data, but look different
Exercise: Take a closer look at the graphics in the top left hand corner ofthe graph windows youve created.
Now go back to the data in the worksheet and change one of the values inthe
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Accessing the Stat Guide
Minitabs StatGuidehelps to interpret the results of the analyses.
Contextual help is available form all input dialogue boxes
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Minitabs Graphs Updating (1)graph in Minitab, and subsequently change the source data, the graph
does not necessarilyupdate itself.
Some graphs do not have the capability to be updated. In this c
A green cross indicates the graph is up to date
And a white cross indicates the graph is not
up to date, and cannot be updated
does not necessarilyupdate itself.
Some graphs do not have the capability to be updated. In this c
And a white cross indicates the graph is not
Unlike common spreadsheet packages such as Excel, when you create a
does not necessarilyupdate itself.
Some graphs do not have the capability to be updated. In this case
And a white cross indicates the graph is not
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Minitabs Graphs Updating (2)Some graphsdohave the capability to be updated. In this case
A green cross on white indicates the graph is up to date
and a yellow circle indicates the graph is notup to date, but can be updated
Graphs can be updated by right-clicking the graph and selecting:Update Graph Automatically
or Update Graph Now
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Minitabs Basic Statistics (1)Minitab has a wide variety of ways of displaying data. The following is auseful tool.
Stat > Basic Statistics > Descriptive Statistics
Double click on old and
New to place them in the
variables box
Click Statistics
useful tool.
Stat > Basic Statistics > Descriptive Statistics
Double click on
New to place them in the
Click
Stat > Basic Statistics > Descriptive Statistics
Double click on
New to place them in the
Click
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Minitabs Basic Statistics (2)
Trimmed Mean: The top and bottom 5% of data is ignored in calculatingthis version of the mean (average).
Minitab gives the option to select a number of different statistFor example, check Trimmed Mean
Click OK
this version of the mean (average).
Minitab gives the option to select a number of different statisticsFor example, check
Click OK
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Minitabs Basic Statistics (3)The output from this function appears in the Session Window.
Trimmedmean
Trimmed Mean When the Trimmed Mean is very close to the StandardMean it shows the absence of significant outliers.
First andThird quartile
Trimmedmean
First andThird quartile
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Minitabs Basic Statistics (4)This information can also be shown graphically. Select:
Stat > Basic Statistics > Graphical Summary
Double click on
Old and New
Click OK
This information can also be shown graphically. Select:
Stat > Basic Statistics > Graphical Summary
Double click on
Click OK
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Minitabs Basic Statistics (5)
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Scatter Plots (1)What do we want to know?How does the output from the Old process compare to the output from theNew process?
The first step is to select thetype of Scatter Plot yourequire.
In this case, select Simple
Click Simple
Graph > Scatter Plot > Simple
What do we want to know?
Graph > Scatter Plot > Simple
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Scatter Plots (2)
Firstly, double leftclick on Oldtoplace it in the Y box
Then double left clickon Newto place it inthe X box
Click OK
The Scatter Plot will graph point 1 of the Olddata against point 1 of theNewdata, then point 2 of the Oldagainst point 2 of the Newand so on.
Firstly, double leftclick on toplace it in the Y box
Then double left clickon to place it in
Click OK
data, then point 2 of the against point 2 of the and so on.
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Scatter Plots (3)
Analysis:
The alignment isnt perfect, but itlooks like the old and new
processes produce about thesame outputexcept for onesmall detail
The scales are not the same!
In order to see a true
representation then the X axis
and the Y axis must be scaledthe same.
If the two processes are producing the same outputs, we would ex
Scatter Plot to show a 45 degree line through the origin.
The output should look like this:Analysis:
The alignment isnt perfect, but it
processes produce about thesame outputsmall detail
The scales are not the same!
In order to see a true
representation then the X axis
and the Y axis must be scaledthe same.
If the two processes are producing the same outputs, we would expect a
The output should look like this:
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Scatter Plots (4)To adjust the ScatterPlot with axes of the thesame scale, then followthis process:
Click on Y axis
Select: Editor
thesame scale, then followthis process:
Select: Edit Y Scale
Check same scale range for
Y and X
Click OK
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Scatter Plots (5)
Question: Are the two processes producing the same results?If not, how are they different?
Question: Are the two processes producing the same results?If not, how are they different?
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Minitab Graphs - BrushingSome Minitab graphs can also be interrogated using the Brush function,found under the menu: Editor > Brush
Exercise: Practice using the Brush function on the Scatter Plots that youvecreated. Note that the Brush function can only be used on graphs that areup to date.
The Brush function allows you tobrush over specific points on agraph, and a smaller window thenappears to give you the rownumbers of those data points.
Exercise
up to date.
brush over specific points on agraph, and a smaller window thenappears to give you the rownumbers of those data points.
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Bar Charts (1)What do we want to know?How do we graphically summarise frequency data where there are scategorical variables?
Open the file:
Under bars represent chooseA function of a variable
Under one Y choose cluster
Click OK
Graph > Bar Chart
Unavailability.MPJ
What do we want to know?How do we graphically summarise frequency data where there are severalcategorical variables?
Open the file:
A function of a variable
Click OK
Graph > Bar Chart
Unavailability.MPJ
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In the Graph Variablesbox enter Unavailability
Under categoricalvariables enter, Call
Centrethen Shift
Click OK
Bar Charts (2)
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Bar Charts (3)Interpreting the results...
Why does the level ofUnavailability over thethree shifts decline inCentral and increase in
Western?
Why is the level ofUnavailability on Shift 2 somuch higher in Easternthan the other tworegions?
Minitab can cluster the data by regions within the shifts
In Minitab press the shortcut keys. CTRL-E to bring back your last dialogue
box. Now enter the Categorical variables in the order Shift, then Call Centre.
Does this tell us anything different?
Why does the level of
three shifts decline inCentral and
Western?
Why is the level of
much higher in Easternthan the other tworegions?
Shift, then
Does this tell us anything different?
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Bar Charts (4)Changing the colours of the bars
Editor > Edit bars
Click once any bar on the chart and Minitab will highlight all the bars.
Once the bars are highlighted, select:
In the dialogue box clickGroups
Enter Shift in Categoricalvariables
Click OK
Changing the colours of the bars
Editor > Edit Bars
Once the bars are highlighted, select:
In the dialogue box click
variables
Click OK
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Bar Charts (5)Changing the colours of the barsChanging the colours of the bars
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Bar Charts - Adding Reference Lines
We can add these reference lines to the chart. Firstly right click the greyarea around the graph and select :
Add > Reference Lines
Complete the dialogue box withthe 3%, 4% and 5% targets
(remember to leave a spacebetween each number)
Click OK
Management may want to know where each region performed against
targets of 3%, 4% and 5%.
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Target
Lines
Bar Charts - Adding Reference Lines
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Time Series Plots (1)
Check
What do we want to know?
Because our data is time ordered we should look to see if there
Graph > Time Series Plot > Simple
Click OK
What do we want to know?
Because our data is time ordered we should look to see if there are anypatterns over time. Open the file OldversusNew.mpj
Graph > Time Series Plot > Simple
Select Old and New,thenclick on Multiple Graphs
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Time Series Plots (2)The Time Series Plotappears to show that thenew process is givingslightly higher figures
(overall) than the old
process.
This confirms what wasseen in the Scatter Plot.
Remember the Time
Series Plot gives asequential view.Index
20161284
12.975
12.950
12.925
12.900
12.875
12.850
20161284
Old New
TimeSeriesPlotof Old, New
We can now superimpose the New process onto the Old process toconfirm this difference between New and Old.
appears to show that the
slightly higher figures
process.
This confirms what was
sequential view.Index20161284
12.975
12.950
12.925
12.900
12.875
12.850
20161284
Old New
TimeSeriesPlotof Old, New
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Time Series Plots (3)To superimpose the two Time Series Plots directly on top of each other
Double click onOld
Double click onNew
Click OK
Graph > Time Series Plot > Multiple
Click OK
Graph > Time Series Plot > Multiple
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This version showsclearly that not only
does the newprocess take longerthan the Old, but
also both sets ofdata are followingvirtually the samepattern over thetwenty readings.Index
Data
2018161412108642
12.975
12.950
12.925
12.900
12.875
12.850
Variable
Old
New
Time Series Plot of Old, New
Time Series Plots (4)
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Histograms (1)Continuing with graphical analysisThe two processes in the previous graphs appear to be different, and soit may be worth investigating the distributions within each process tounderstand their differences.
Double click on Old toplace it in Graph 1
Double click on Newto place it in Graph 2
Click Multiple Graphs
Graph > Histogram > Simple
Continuing with graphical analysisThe two processes in the previous graphs appear to be different, and soit may be worth investigating the distributions within each process tounderstand their differences.
Double click on
Double click on
Graph > Histogram > Simple
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Histograms (2)The Multiple Graphscommand enables you to plot 2 graphs side by side,using the same scale for comparison
Click in separate panelsof the same graph
Tick Same Y and Same X
The command enables you to plot 2 graphs side by side,using the same scale for comparison.
Click of the same graph
Click OK
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Histograms (3)
Frequency
12.9612.9412.9212.9012.8812.86
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
12.9612.9412.9212.9012.8812.86
Old New
Histogram of Old, NewAlthough the processes look
very similar the Newprocess
seems to be producingslightly higher figures.
It might be useful to have the
Newgraph sitting above the
Oldgraph.
Right click the graph
Select Panel, then Arrangement
Choose Custom Enter 2 in Rows and 1 in
columns
Click OK
Although the processes look
very similar the process
seems to be producingslightly higher figures.
It might be useful to have the
graph sitting above the
columns
Click OK
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Histograms (4)
Frequency
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 . 9 61 2 . 9 41 2 . 9 21 2 . 9 01 2 . 8 81 2 . 8 6
8
6
4
2
0
Ol d
Ne w
Histogr am of O ld , Ne w
The observation that the New process appears to be producing slightly
higher figures than the Old process is now much easier to see.
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Histograms (5)We can also get Minitab to fit a distribution line on to the Histogram
Frequency
12.9612.9412.9212.9012.8812.86
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
12.9612.9412.9212.9012.8812.86
Old Ne w O ld
12.92
S t D e v 0 . 02 1 05
N 20
M ea n 12 .90
S t D e v 0 . 01 9 16
N 20
New
Mean
Histogram of Old, NewN orma l
Graph > Histogram > With Fit
Frequency
12.9612.9412.9212.9012.8812.86
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
12.9612.9412.9212.9012.8812.86
Old Ne w O ld
12.92
S t D e v 0 . 02 1 05
N 20
M ea n 12 .90
S t D e v 0 . 01 9 16
N 20
New
Mean
Histogram of Old, NewN orma l
Graph > Histogram > With Fit
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Boxplots (1)
A Boxplot is a tool for observing differences in position and/orspread between data groups
They are often used before more advanced statistical HypothesisTests such as t-Tests, f-Tests, ANOVA etc
They are particularly useful during the Analyse Phase, to dividedata out by rational sub-groups. This can help identify potentially
critical Xs and sources of non-normality
If data has been well collected then it can be stratified into rationalsub-groups, by logical factors such as:
Shift Number
Equipment Type
Order Number
Day of the Week
Operator
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Boxplots (2)
Double click OldandNewto place them in theGraph Variables box.
In this first example weare comparing the outputof the two processes, Oldand New.
Click OK
Graph > Boxplot > Multiple Ys - Simple
Double click andto place them in the
In this first example weare comparing the output
Click OK
Graph > Boxplot > Multiple Ys - Simple
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Data
NewOld
12.975
12.950
12.925
12.900
12.875
12.850
Boxplot of Old, New
Data
NewOld
12.975
12.950
12.925
12.900
12.875
12.850
Boxplot of Old, New
Structure of a Boxplot:The vertical lines above and below the box are Whiskers and represent thetails of the distribution. The Box represents the middle 50% of the data, andthe horizontal line in the box is the Median or the mid point of the data. Aquartile represents one quarter of the data.So in this example what does the Boxplot tells us about the processes?
Structure of a :
quartile represents one quarter of the data.
3rd QuartileData rangeindicated byWhiskers(excludingoutliers)
3rd Quartile
Median
1st Quartile
Data rangeindicated by
Boxplots (3)
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Boxplots (4)
Place the data to be
plotted under Graph
Variable
In this case we want to
show different Boxplots
for the different time
periods that data was
gathered, so placeTime
in Categorical Variables.
Click OK
Graph > Boxplot > One Y With Groups
Place the data to be
plotted under
In this case we want to
show different
for the different time
periods that data was
gathered, so place
in .
Click OK
Graph > Boxplot > One Y With Groups
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Boxplots (5)
Time
Old
09:00pm06:00pm03:00pm12:00 pm09:00am
12.950
12.925
12.900
12.875
12.850
Time
New
09:00pm06:00pm03:00pm12:00pm09:00 am
12.96
12.94
12.92
12.90
12.88
Boxplot of Oldvs Time Boxplot of Newvs Time
From these boxplots , immediate points for investigation stand out:
1. Why a wider spread of data on both processes at 9:00 am?
2. Why are the results at 6:00pm higher in both processes?
Editor > Layout Tool
Time
Old
09:00pm06:00pm03:00pm12:00 pm09:00am
12.950
12.925
12.900
12.875
12.850
Time
New
09:00pm06:00pm03:00pm12:00pm09:00 am
12.96
12.94
12.92
12.90
12.88
Boxplot of Oldvs Time Boxplot of Newvs Time
From these Boxplots, immediate points for investigation stand out:
1. Why a wider spread of data on both processes at 9:00 am?
2. Why are the results at 6:00pm higher in both processes?
Editor > Layout tool
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Boxplots (6)We can, if we wish, put both of these charts on to one chart.
Place the data columns to
be plotted under Graph
Variables
In this case we want to
show different Boxplots for
the different times
data was gathered, so
enter Timeunder
Categorical Variables
Click OK
Graph > Boxplot > Multiple Ys With Groups
We can, if we wish, put both of these charts on to one chart.
Place the data columns to
be plotted under
In this case we want to
show different for
the different times
data was gathered, so
enter under
Click OK
Graph > Boxplot > Multiple Ys With Groups
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Data
Time
New
Old
09:00pm
06:00pm
03:00pm
12:00pm
09:00am
09:00pm
06:00pm
03:00pm
12:00pm
09:00am
12.975
12.950
12.925
12.900
12.875
12.850
Boxplot of Old, New vs Time
Boxplots (7)
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Dotplots (1)Another useful graphical tool is the Dotplot.
Enter the columns to begraphed in Graph Variables
In this case, enter OldandNew
Then Click on OK
Graph > Dotplot> Multiple Ys Simple
Another useful graphical tool is the .
Enter the columns to be
In this case, enter
Graph > Dotplot> Multiple Ys Simple
Another useful graphical tool is the .
Enter the columns to be
In this case, enter
Graph > Dotplot> Multiple Ys Simple
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Dotplots (2)
The Dotplot is similar to a Histogram, because it helps toshow the distribution of data groups.
In this case, the two Dotplots enable the variation in twoor more groups to be examined side by side.
Data
12.9612.9412.9212.9012.8812.86
Old
New
Dotplot of Old, New
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Graph Editing Tools (1) EditingToolbar
Put the activegraph incrosshairsmode
Select a graphitem for editing.
Access the editingdialogue box for theselected item
Put the activegraph in selectmode
Put the activegraph in brushmode
Delete theselected item
Select a graphitem to add
Make the graph
appear largeror smaller usingzoom option
Put the active
crosshairsmode
item for editing.
Access the editingdialogue box for theselected item
Put the activegraph in selectmode
Put the activegraph in brushmode
Delete theselected item
item to add
Make the graph
appear largeror smaller usingzoom option
item for editing
Access the editingdialogue box for theselected item
Put the active
mode
Put the active
mode
Delete theselected item
item to add
Make the graph
appear largeror smaller usingzoom option
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Graph Editing Tools (2) AnnotationToolbar
Draw a polyline (aseries ofconnecting lines)
on a graph
Put the activegraph in selectmode
Add text to agraph
Draw rectangles orsquares on a graph
Draw ellipses orcircles on a graph
Draw lines on agraph
Add markersymbols on a
graph
Draw a polygonon a graph
Draw a polyline (aseries ofconnecting lines)
on a graph
Put the activegraph in selectmode
Add text to agraph
Draw rectangles orsquares on a graph
Draw ellipses orcircles on a graph
Draw lines on agraph
Add markersymbols on a
graph
Draw a polygonon a graph
Put the activegraph in selectmode
Add text to agraph
Draw rectangles orsquares on a graph
Draw ellipses orcircles on a graph
Draw lines on agraph
Add markersymbols on a
graph
Draw a polygonon a graph
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Analysing the Data using Graphs -SummaryThe Scatterplot was used to compare the Newand Oldprocesses.
Basic Statistics were used to confirm differences in key statistics such as themean (average) and standard deviation (variation).
The Histogram provided a visual check of the shape of the distribution ofeach process (data set).
Times Series Plots were used to check for trends over time.
A Boxplot was used to compare the Newand Oldprocesses against each
other, and the results were also stratified into different time sections.
The Dotplot was used to confirm information from previous graphs.
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Data Analysis Group Exercise Page 1
1. Open the worksheet, poplar1.mtw
2. Add the following data to the bottom of the existing columns:
Diameter Height Weight
1.52 2.9 0.07
4.51 5.27 0.79
1.18 2.2 0.03
3.17 4.93 0.443.33 4.89 0.52
3. Create a new column variable that indicates whether an observation was taken from a site with rich,
well drained soil (1), or a site with dry, sandy soil (2). Create a Variable called sitecontaining ten 1sfollowed by ten 2s.
4. Produce a separate summary table for each of the 3 variables, stratified by sitetype. Create
Boxplots & Dotplots of the three variables stratified by sitetype.
What do the descriptive data and the graphs tell you?
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Data Analysis Group Exercise Page 2
5. Researchers have discovered that the weight of the tree is closely related to thesquare of diameter, multiplied by height.
Create a new column called D2Hcontaining the above calculation, using Minitabscolumn calculator.
6. Create a Scatterplot to see if there is a relationship between weight and the newvariable D2H.
What does the Scatterplot tell you?
Is there any unusual data?
7. Do a normality test on the two variables (weight & D2H).
What does the Normality Test tell you?
8. Produce Histograms of the Variables, Weight and D2H.
What do they tell you?
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