Tetryonics 41.00 - Tetryonic Chem
istry
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BR
AH
AM
[2008] - All rights reserved
2
Tetryonics 41.01 - Strong Nuclear Force - Residual EM
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Protons + Nemrons
u+d+u d+u+d All elecrro11s. quarks a11d Bar)'OIIS are made
up of 411+ (Terryo11ic) sra11di11g·wave EM fields.
As well as having nerr Terryonic cl1arged ropologies ra11giug berween [+24} - /-•>} rlre)' all posses disriucr ELECTRIC Fl ELDS
that are concemrared in 3 apex poims as indica red in tl1e illustrations
Tl1ese poinrs resulr from the oriemario,, of Elecrric apexes 011d orrllagoual Magnetic dipole
field edges rlrar make up each parricles exremalised EM fields.
The Positive aud Negati\.•e elecrric apex poi11U. obey rlre Law of llueracriou forciug separared
nuceli to combine due ro rheir individual nell Terryonic charges and wovide a meatJS cf oriemiug '"'dei ro each otlzer to create Iarge1
parricles [elemems. allorropes aud compouud;j
fxrernal Magnetic (H} fields can lmeracc with dze iuregral magueric (B) dipoles ofTerryouic parrides
forcing rl1em ro oriemare in specific directions ro facilire chemical boudi11g fmrclear forces}
Addirio11ally. exremal Elecrric fields ca11 imerccr wirh rlre imegral elecrric fields arrracri11g or
repeUi11g rlrem depe11di11g 011 rlre polariry of rlre exremal elecrric field ( Elecrrosrarics}
Extemal energies ca11 he induced imo these iluegral EM fields via i11ducrive coupling
or rlre absarprio11 of specrral plrorous in wrn leading roan increase in rl1e srre11grlres of rlre i11regral EM apexes
itz tum iucreasing rlze Strong Nuclear Force.
Residua 1 Electro-Magnetic Forces allow Neutrons and Protons to attract via the opposite Beet ric charge points
credtcd by their constitu~nt Quarks in order to crt<ltC Elcmcnt<lry NuciQi
u
u
d
12 [l•H l)
d
d
u
u 36
u
The orientation of the component Ele<tric fields within 30 Matter
creates macroscopic force apexes via externalised ' E·points'
0 [l4-24)
~ d 48
Hydrogen
0 (42·4 2)
d
84
The Strong Nuclear force binds Matter together
0 (60·60)
d d
d
120
Tritium
d
d
u
u
0 [18 o$)
u
d
d 36
d
The orientation of the component Magnetic fields within 30 Matter creates macroscopic force apexes
via externalised 'M·dipoles'
Tetryonics 41.02 - Nucleon EM fields
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Neutrons
u
d d
d d
0
u
Nucleonic residual EM force The arrracrion bee ween Baryonic E&M field apexs. a resulr of rheir componelll
Quark arrangemems. resulrs in rite formarion of heavier and more complex N11clei
Tile residual e-field apexes and m-field dipoles form l\VO rings of residual EM fields around rite circumference of a comic nuclei
E-field apexes and rlteir polarilies higltliglu rhe quark aligmnelll of all aromic 1111clei and elemems
UP Quark Po$itlvt Elt<ttlc fitld optx
DOWN Quark Ntgotivt Eltctric field o,.x
Protons
d
u u
u u
d
Tetryonics 41.03 - Insulators and Conductors
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lnsu lators and Conductors 24~24 I _ + +
+ + p+ The position of electrons in Nuclei within Atomic Elements results in the properties of Insulators or Conductors
O~e-2:!,!)00
0
0
Conductor Electrical energ e~ move around
the material via boson exchanges and electron mcwement
Deuterium [42-42)
Tritium (60-60)
Insulator Electrical energy Is fixed Within the nucleus
as electrostatic charges & released upon demand via electron rotahon/motion within the nucleus
Deuterium [42-42)
Insulator atomic configurations art t-Quivll~nt to
Ovantvm convertors
Tritium (60.60)
Conductive materials contain 'free' electrons that can be readily or easily moved within the material
Insulator materials have electrons that are 'bound' tightly to the atoms and store charges locally where they are applied
Hydrogen
0
0
Coloumbic forces Eltcrrons are aurac1ed lO the rttiduol EM
11er .'+1:z) posilive drarge of Prorons or t•f+ 11} tmbalanc~d lmtic clrarges of nuclei
Ions Charge (cnetgy) is moved around mattri31 via el«:uon movement
Deuterium [42-30)
Tritium [60-48)
12
12
Materials that have been ionised are more likely to become Conductors
as they easily attract and bind free electrons to them
Tetryonics 41.04 - Nucleon Quark Arrangements
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Nucleon Quark Arrangement The nuclei arrongemem of eaclr atomic slrcH (qltCurwm lcvtiJ js the rcs11lr of q11ark EMftt-ld imcraclio,rs Atamk sherls
n8
n7
n6
nS
n4
n3
n2
n1
Tetryonics 41.05 - Nucleon Charges & Bonding
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Nucleon Charges and Bonding
(Strong force- topological Electric Points)
residua] EM forces
(
(Strong force- topological Magnetic dipoles)
Tetryonics 41.06 - External electron configuration
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Deuterium
electrons are l">:temally bou11d to tile Deweron mtclei
Conductors Charges are free to move and equalise
electrons require less energy to 'break free' from Nuclei
Bound e1ectron arrangements
Externally bound electrons produce sub-orbital patterns different to the electron orbitals of internally bound electrons
Deuterium
elecrro11S are imentally b01md in l11e De111erm1 mrdei
lnsu1ators Charges are bound to specific locations
The electron orbitals of conductors are lower energies
than those of insulators
electrons require more energy to 'break free' from Nuclei
Tetryonics 42.01 - Baryonic EM apexes
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20 mass-energy geomerries form rlre fabric of 30 Marrer ropologies
u
d
~ 12 nett Charge 12
nett Charge 0 ~ [42·30] e 0 [24·12] componenr charges component cltarges [ r8-r8]
~
!Z31~ drarged mass-energy charged mass-energy \\3!f),j ~ e geomerry geomerry ::l
cu ~ 207t Marter topology Matter topology 207t z 407t
Deuteron
u
d
Charge provides lite framework for lite mass-energy geomerry of Mauer
Tetryonics 42.02 - Nuclei formation
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Matter
mass-energy
........
.... ··········· (•8~8] ·········· ....
..... c~ ..... .. All Maner topologies are the result of <harged EM mass·energy geomevi4?s
Deuterons are the bulldlng blocks of
all periodic elements and compounds
... .. · , ........... .
12 [24-12]
.. ·· .. ··· ...
p;~/9~ ·. Proton ./
'•. . ... . . ...... . C4 .....
Matter
mass-energy
Tetryonics 42.03 - Nuclear Bonds - alignment
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Strong Forces and Nuclear Bonding
u
How do Baryons with Positive and Neutral charges attract each other and bind to form stable elements?
p Charged EM f<'ISCia N Elect(tC felds & Magnetic dipoles
u d d 10·2 10-2 + 4-8 4-8
Protons & Neutrons are o)tto&'l..,to:V tv~.,._h.;otltoet
d through the1r equal but opi)OSlte
u 4-8
charge fa~C<l of tht'ir M.tttt r topofog1es 10· 2
~§~~~~~ 0 [o8-o8)
~ +
i 12
{1;~~ [24-12)
The attraction and binding of Protons and Neutrons through their electric charge Imbalances
creates Deuterons which have+ 12 charges
The residual Z[+ 121 charge Is what attracts electrons to form neutral atomic nuclei vta Coulomblc attraction
(10 2
12 [42-30)
I s --:)~ -<E('---
Once nuclei have been created their external electric fields & magnetic dipoles continue to attract and bind lndMdual nuclei together vta the Residual EM Force as nuclei seek charge equilibrium by combining with each other
and electrons to form neutral elements
12
0 [42-42)
z
Tetryonics 42.04 - Nucleonic Bonding
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u
10·2:
p
Strong Nucleonic Bonding
In addition to t he Strong colour force + a separate residual binding force arises
from the external apexes formed by Positive and Negative Electric points of quarks
in each Baryon [nuclear-chemical bonds]
d
••
u 10· 2
d 4 ·8
All energy seeks equilibrium
External Electric field points bind via Charge fascia Interactions with Plus and Minus Electric points
combining and sharing energy throughout the resultant nuclei
e Positive Electric field apex
Negative Electric field apex e
Tetryonics 42.05 - Hydrogenic vs Nucleonic electron binding
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Hydrogenic vs Nucleonic
e1ectron binding
If a 1111001111d Protolt allraCls 011 Elecrron rlre Elecrro11 ca11 be bou11d to tire truclei
itr a 1111111ber of difjeri11g oriemario11s [each with differing spi11 etrergies}
All atomic nuclei (and elements) are Deuteron1c nuclei with a mixture of orthagonal, parallel and anti-paralllel
spin orientations
(this Is why Rydberg Is less accurate for elemental nuclei compared to Hydrogenlc atoms - see QM spin)
Electrons can be bound to deuteron nuclei in four distinct orientations [2 horizontal & 2 vertical]
with each spin coupling orientatio1 producing differing energy electron or3itals
[wrt to the nuclear magnetic moments]
Ejecting electrons from atomic nuclei by adding energies to their KEM fields
[the Photoelectric effect] creates Positive Ions
Vertically orientated electrons within Proton-Neutron Nuclei [Deuterons]
create quantum synchronous conver:or geometries
12
12 12 nuclear spin coupled
6ohf ma9neton Q (24·12] [0·12] (24·24]
electron Hydrogen
The energy levels of Baryons determines the KEM field energy of bound electrons
12 (().12]
Spin OOWN electron coupling 0 (anti·parallel moments!
[42·30] .,.-----y·r-- ---,
12 [42·30]
+
Deuteron electron
Bohr magnetons are always referenced wrt the Nuclear magneton
12 [().12)
+
Deuteron electron
Spin UP electron coupling I parallel moments! 0
.,.--- - .,.-:--- -, (42-42]
electrons produce stronger magnetic moments due to their mass-dlarge quotient
Tetryonics 43.01 - Atomic Nucleus - Master
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Atomic Nudeus u
Neutrons
Master Temp1ate d d d
Nucle~mber 1 Pl'OtOtl {,24·12) 1 ele<:((OO (0-12) 1 Neutron [18· 18]
~ G> ActinOid
@0 Lanth.lnoid ~1t.l
A
~u Po~t ~a~ TranS&tlon E ~ .. , d
@0 G r""'"..,. eltctrt>ns
Metal
0~ ~o s N
fG ~-<.J t ltctrtms
n, Q e~~:~, V1C::f' ~· v
2 Alkaline
~o E ~ .. h s
$ilh~t.l
0 A1k>U N.etal
Shell Enetgy 01bital$ .,. F miy level Olb!till
0 s 1 sub-Orbital (2 electrons max}
OP 3 sub-Orbitals (6 ~lectrons max}
0d 5 sub-Orbitals (JO electrons max)
Qt 7 sub-Orbitals {14 electrons max) Protons d d
Tetryonics 43.02 - The Chemical Elements
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Tetryonics 43.03 - Element Numbers
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E1ement Numbers 1 Proton 1 Neutron 1 tle<Hon
[24 · 12] (18 · 18) (0· 12]
Actlnold
tanth.anOid
Poit Transition Metal
Transition Metal
Non·M • Metalo->d PoorMet.1l
Alk.all Met.'! I
Shell Energy OrbH.lls sub Fam ly level orbital
0 S 1 sub .. Orbftol (2 tlectrons max)
0 P 3 sub-Orbitals (6 electrons max)
Q d S sub-Orbitals (1 0 electrons max)
0 f 7 sub-Orbitals (14 electrons max)
Each elementallUIClei Is made from Deuteri1011
There are a maxtnuon of uo elements
possible
Tetryonics 43.04 - Element Names
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E1ement Names
Z 1Ptoton * 1 Neutton 1 ek><uon
(24· 121 ( 18-181
(0· 121
Sh~ll En.c:rgy Orbitals sub Fam ly
0 5
0 p
0d Qt
l('ytl Of"!)! I a I
1 sub·Orbital (2 electrons max)
3 sub-Orbitals {6 electrons max)
5 sub-Orbitals (10 electrons maK)
7 sub-Orbitals (14 ele<:trons max)
There are a maximum of 120 elements
possible
71ley ,..,.. orf&inally named acconlJn& 10 rhdr propen1es by
rhdr c&coYmr bur h<M receJUly been named after jimwus scWr1Jsls
Tetryonics 43.05 - Electron orbital configurations
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E1ectron orbita1 configurations A huge number of differing d and f orbital configurations are possible given the number of nuclei and bond points
created by elemental topologies
As the number of nucleons increases so does the complexity of the electron orbitals possible
quantum snowflakes
However all have a stable 'core' grouping of nuclei comprised of
sand p electron orbitals
All nuclei bonding closely follows hexagonal packing rules
f
Tetryonics 43.06 - Exploded Atomic Nucleus
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Atomic Nucleus
Exploded view 1 Proton [24-12) 1 elecuon [0•12) 1 Neutron (18· 18)
ActinOid
lanlhanold
Tr.uuidon Metal
Shell Energy Orbit.ab sub F.1mily level orbit~l
0 S 1 sub· Orbital (2 electrons max}
Q p 3 sub·Orbitals (6 electrons max)
Q d Ssub~Orbitals (lOelectronsmax)
0 f 7sub·Orbitols (14electronsmax) G 2 3
Tetryonics 43.07 - Atomic radii of elements
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Tetryonics 43.08 - Periodic Table 2.0
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Tetryonics 44.01 - The Atomic Nucleus
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Tetryonics 44.02 - Periodicity of atomic elements
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Tetryonics 44.03 - Shells & energy levels
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Tetryonics 44.04 - Electron Orbitals
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Tetryonics 44.05 - Electron sub-Obitals
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Tetryonics 44.06 - Electron spin
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Tetryonics 45.01 - Schrodinger wave-numbers
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Quantum numbers 0 £ncrgy !cowls
00 ............................................ ~···· 8
@
~
@
•..... ,, ........ ...... 7
6 Kce~I·K8J\'H~'8J<:~ ..... 5
· ··~••~m·· 4 . Q 3
2 [)\\ . . ... ... . . . . ................. ~
~~
....................................... 1
At<>mic Shdls
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 0
El«tron SPINS
lhesefoor number!, n. t, m and scan be used IX> dosatle ""f electron In a stable-.. (and an be mapped badtiX>thedasslcol-nologyoiShells and electron -.1.
The pcopertiei ot evety .lt<>f'l\'~ spe<lft( cole<tron <onliguriltlon ( ,1on ~ des<.~ by fout quantutn roumbetS:
n (1 -8) Principal (n• 1.2.3,.4...)
l (0-3) Azimuthal
OcO.l _n-1)
m (2l+ 1) Magnetic
(ml • ~1. -1 •1 _0_1 .. 1, 1)
S ! 'l electron Spin
ems • -112 01 •112).
The Bohr mxtel was a one·dimensional model that used one quantum number to describe the distribution of elecuons
The three coordinates that come from SchrOdinger's wave equations are the p rincipal (n), angular (1), and magnetic (m} quantum n umbers.
These quantum numbers describe the size, shape, and orientation in space of the orbitals of any particular atom mathematically.
Eodlelectron~~ numbortaro unlqueandannotbesharod byanotl>erelectronlnthat-...
Azmithal & Magnetic numbers
0 Er\Crgy ~vel~
00 ················· ···· ···· ··················· ···· ···················································· ··:·: ····+ ······: • ····:····. ~· ..... +'i " " " " ""' ..... .... ....................... .................................................. . 8 @} ............................................................ ............ 2 ............... . ~ ............................... 3 .............. .
@
1M M 1!. ~ Atomic Sh~ll~
. .. , ....... , ..... 2 ..................... ..................................................... 7 6 5 4
14 3
r.~~~i:~:~:·.~·.·.: .... ·.·· .... : .· .· .·t::~:::::~:~: : : : : : : : : : : . :::::::::::::: : : : : : ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2
Orbitals & sub·Orbitals
A stable-.. has equal nurnoi>B ot-.., electrons (and Neutronsl all following the Paul E>duslon l'rlnclplethus Of'.elta,.'ll their spins so lhat eod1 element has a unique electron CIC>flfigumlon
Tetryonics 45.02 - Principal Quantum Number
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This is the only quantum number introduced by the Bohr model
PRlNClPAL quantum number The first describes the electron shell, or energy level. o1 an atom.
01l(1-8) atomic shells (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ... )
"' .... 0 3 ;:;·
"' :;; ~
"'
~ ...................................................................... ................. .
@
~
@
~
~~~
[b
~ As energies of the Baryons comprising the atomic nuclei increases,
the electron bound to each nuclei also possesses more KEM field energies and is therefore less t ightly bound to the nucleus
(K, L, , N, 0 , P, Q, R) Atomic shells relate directly to Principal quantum numbers
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
The principal quantum number can only have positive integer values
energy levels
8
7 6
"' 5 ~ Ql
>-
4 ~ Ql
3 2
l
Tetryonics 45.03 - Azimuthal Quantum Number
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Otbttals
Shells N._l -r--=---rls+p+d+f Ml IS+PH!
' ._I ,..... _ _.ls+p K a s
PM<rpal Quantum Numbet (1,2,3,4)
AZMlTHAL quantum number The azimuthal quantum numbe-r is;) quantum number .\SSigned to any atomic orbital that des.cribes i:S
orbital angular mome-ntum and dNetmines the shape of the ele<tron orbit<tl
ill [p) @l tr electron orbitals
(1 =0,1 - .n-1)
l (0-7) Azimuthal
Care must always be taken to never confuse
Orbital Angular Momentum [rotation about a poinl in atoms)
w ith Quantised Angular Momenta
[equilateral Planck energy geometries)
Orbit,) IS Pn(l(rpal Quantum Numbet (S,6,7.8)
0
Tetryonics 45.04 - Magnetic Quantum Number
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-l('(tfQflS orbit.Jis :>er Shell
Shells NLI --r---=---,.--Ji s+p+d+f •I Is~
' ..,I ::"-.r=-'1 S+P • B s
Principal Quantum Number (1.2.},4)
32 18 8 2
MAGNET1C quantum number The magnct•c quantum number de•lotes the energy levels ava•labte with1n any sul>shell
Magnetic numbers do not continue to increase as the Principal numbers increase inste.W they reverS() after n4 to rell«.t the ch.ar~ quanutm gMmetry of Elements
and do not follo'.v the current computer models in popvl.ar use
~ [p) @l tt electron sub-orbitals
(ml =-1, - 1+1 ... 0 ... 1-1, 1)
ml(2l+ 1) Magnetic
z 120 is the maximum elemental number
possible
el«t10t1S pet shell
2 8 18 32
orbitals Principal Quantum Number (S.6,7.8)
0
Tetryonics 45.05 - Spin Quantum Number
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parallel magnet ic momc-nu
higher coupling enetgies
@
J..la
SPlN quantum number The s.pin quantum number is a quantum number that parameterizes
the •ntnnsic angular mol'l'\('ntum (or sp•n anguiClr momentum), of any given electron anywhere in an atomic nucleus
Electron spin can orientate In either direction within Nuclei, providing the nett spins follow the Hund rule and Paull exclusion principle
v v
KE
(m s. = -112 or + 112)
1-ls electron Spin is .&.
referenced to the
/-!N
(ms = - 112 or + 112) vev !JB
v A A
~ffil-~~ ~[p)ftrro -o-~~
The nuclear energy levels of the Baryons comprising Elemental nuclei determine the energy-momenta of electrons bound to them
anti~parallcl mC~gnctic moments
lower coupling et~etg!es
n8
n7
n6
nS
n4
n3
n2
n1
Tetryonics 45.06 - Hunds rule
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Modifying Hund's Rule Electrons fill orbitals In an llttrna11ng sequential numbering pattern dut to nucleon pl•ctmtnt crta11ng opposed dlrettil)n electron spins
r. l(r o 'r fl ~ ffJ!ttgJ star' an.ses b«OtM tlw lllglt-tpln srott lotcn tht unpoimJ ri«trons ro lltskk., ditfnmt sptJtjd ort>.tols.
~ c0t'fltn0t7Jy 9iWft rtm«< fot tM lttcttmt'd s ry ol high rJUir.iplicity norts d tltDt 1M dilk.t'tnt occupitd spotial Otf)ifols c~ ~ o lot9f' 1JW1tt09t d.luoncf' bt!wtm rirctiCftl. tfdtKint} t1« n CM'I ritcuon rtpCJIJion ~ tt ff'OIIiC): it hos bMt shown that tM cxrua. nason bthittd the incmz:s.ed stobiiity lsDt/«~lnrJw~o/tl«rrott-ftUCit'OttmiOCDOII
~totolsp;nsro:en tdmllk' dnurntlfr'olunportdd«trons•l Oti'WJtrrlwtotolspin+ lwr tnasls•l
As a rnuU o! Hund's '1M. conwo;nn on pi(JcftJ on W Wdyttomk «bilols dlf' ~ USM19 rhe Aufbou _.,.
Bdotf 011)' two dtcrrons occupy on Otbnolln d sttfHhtft othtt ortNtttls •n tht SDtM wbshtll must linrNChcontomOMtkctron AIJQ. rhtff«rronJ Ill mgo w.nh wi11ftowt(>Ofollt.Jspmbdorf rM Wit storh fll rNJ p Wlrh '"*Of'PO tr ~p~>n f'l«rrons olttt tfw Mt ott1 ol 9CJms o secondel«tron
As a rnu ~ w~n f: "9 vp cuomlt Olbitals. •ht mc"imum nun~ of unpo r«i electrons and ~n(ftn(] .. mum rotol J.Pirt statf'J '' auurrd
Sub-orbitals fill in order of numbering
Electrons spins pair before next orbital is filled
ie. pi (DOWN] and p2 (UP) iill
before p3 (UP] and p4 (DOWN]
before pS (DOWN] and p6 (UP) etc
~ IPl @] (j
A 1 1 2T T 112 A A 11 2T A 1 1 2 ... A l 24 T A l 2 4T A 3 2 4 ... T 536A T s 36 A A s 3 6 ... ... T 7 48 A A 7 4 8 ...
Hund's rule of orbital tilling ,.. , 510A ... 9 5 10 A must be modified to reflect ... 11 6 12 A the true orbital tilling order
T ... 13 7 14 A
Tetryonics 46.01 - Principal quantum energies
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Principle quantum Energies
In ;an ;atom. 9IO<:tron onorgio' ;aro proportion~! tothoir intrini-ic Kil\etiC Ene(gi~S · whiCh in turn are directly proportiOMI tO the quantum energy I~ ofth~ nuclei which th~ele<tron binds to
in th<>ir r~p«-tiW atomic shel s
In a nucleus. lower energy orbits have less 'paired' nude-i supplying enec-gy. The more energy you give a nuclei the faster it casuses tte bound ele<troo to rotate.
If you give the nuclei enough energy, it will impart eneough energy to its ele<uon for it to leave the system entirely.
The same is true for an ele<tron or!>ital. Higher values of n mean more energy for the electron and the
correspo()(fing KEM field e~ies of the e-lewon is larg~. resulting in increas~ angular momtntum.
Values of n start at 1 and go up by Integ(:( amounts..
If enough energy Is added to the system by lnddeot Photons a electron will leave the atom creating a positiwly charged nuclei
[ionisation).
n8
n7
n6
n5
n4
n3
n1
En = -0.211 eV
En = -0.276 eV
En = -0.375 eV
En = -0.541 eV
En = -0.845 eV
En=-1.502eV
En" -3.381 eV
En " -13.525 eV
IJi) Quamum tevel
• 8 • .. I 1- I I •
_._ .. I li 1 ..... - llli*: ·GQ;; § Iii Bli'ID : K ... 00!10 XKX)()o<X:Qo-C 1 >0::.0 o:a:ox: 0 .... "()
a:o:o~co:m
~ 0 1 0
~ I?> &I I?> ~
s orbits nl-8 porbits n2·7 d orbits n3~ f orbits n4·5
Eigenstate value KtM field energy (per n] required
to exceed 13.525 eV at which point the photo-electron has
sufficient KEto break free of the Nucleus
E = E1 _ __ 13-::.6_eV_ n 2 2 ,n = 1,2,3 ...
n n
The possible Kinetic Energies (quantum levels) of an electron are directly related to
the energy level ofthe Nuclei In each Quantum Level
Tetryonics 46.02 - Quantum level 1
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Quantum Leve1 l
.. 1
'
'I "'*" nf OOund e-lectr~ tS determ nH by 8aryon•
2
Ocuteor1um (not Hydrogen) is the building block of elemenu
lr.l @
~ @
~I
~
fl. ~
.. 1
)
'
2 0 2 l
8
7
6
5 l
~
2
d • • • • '
Hvdrogef\ •s a free rad cal element
K shell nl
v
ifi = · IJ.JIJ eV
""'"'""'
0
n1~ ~iij
Tetryonics 46.03 - Quantum level 2
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 36
Quantum Level 2 The energy le~ls of bound electrons is determined by Baryons ..
3 2sl
• 2s2 s lpl
6 lpZ c.ot>oo 7 lp3 Nitrogen
8 Jp4 oxyge11 9 lpS Fluorin-e
ID lp6 NeOtl
Deuterium (not Hydrogen)•s the building block of elements
3 2 0 2 3
IRl @ ~ @
00
1!,
~
f d • ~ p Cl f
8
8
7 6
5 4
·~
2
n2
n1
L shell n2
Ground St.lte electron v
v•
i£= ·12.679 eV
(nttgy lt'wl
0
Tetryonics 46.04 - Quantum level 3
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 37
Quantum Leve1 3 The energy le~ls of bound electrons is determined by Ba-yons
z, N I",~ ., .
11 '" Sodium
12 3s2 Maaneslum l3 2p1 Aluminium 14 ]p2 Silicon 15 2p3 Phosphorus
16 ]p4 SUlfur 17 2pS Chlorine
18 ]p6 ...... 21 3d1 SQndlum
22 342 ncanium 2l 3d3 Vo1nadlum 24 3d4 Chromium
2S 3dS M<ti'I.B<VW!Se
26 3d6 l.ron
27 3d7 Cobalt 28 3d8 Nicke l
29 3d9 Cop~r
~ 3dl0 ""' ocvter•um (not Hydrogen) •s the bu•lding blcxk of elements
3 2 0 2 3
00 [ l 8
@ ( 1 7
1¥' r 1 6
@( 5 ~ ( 4
~ ( ~@ j 3 ll, ( 1 2
~ [ l f d " " .. .. f
n3
n2
n1
M she11 n3
v
iE = -11.623 eV
0
Tetryonics 46.05 - Quantum level 4
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 38
Quantum Level 4 TM en~rgy l~ls of bound tlectrons is dttcrmincd by B<!rVOns
21
19 .. , 20 ... " .. , 32 4P2 Gcrmt~nl u.m
33 4p3 Atsel'lk
34 4p4 Sehtnlum
35 4p5 Bromin~
36 ••• Krypton
39 4dl Yttrium
40 4d2 Zlroontum 41 4d3 Niobium
42 4d4 Molybdenum
43 4d5 Technetium
44 4d6 Rtrthenlum
46 4d1 Rhodium
46 4d8 Pal.lad.ium
41 4d9 Sll~r
48 411!0 cadmium 57 4{! Linth¥Wm
58 4{1 Cerium
59 4{3 Praseodymium
60 4{4 Neodymium
61 4{5 Promethium 6'2 4{6 »m~um
63 4{7 Eurot)ium
64 4{8 GadoUnium
63 4{9 TerbiuM
66 4{!0 l)vsptoslum
61 4/ll ~lum
68 4/12 Erbh1m 69 4/JJ Thulium
20 J Ytterbium
Deuterium (not Hydrogen) is the buikJing block of eleMents
0 '
d • e , 4
8
7 6
5 4
2
N shel1 n4
Ground State el«tton v
i£ = -10. 143 eV
0 n4 ~:\ n3 ~ n2 ~ n1 ~
Tetryonics 46.06 - Quantum level 5
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 39
Quantum Level 5 The ~nergy l~ls of bound elccuons is det('rmined by Baryons
,. 37 SsJ 38 SsZ 49 Spl Indium
so St>2 nn Sl Sp3 Antimony
S2 .,. Tellurium
S3 St>S lodin.e
54 St>6 ..... 71 SdJ Lutetium
72 Sd2 Hafnium
73 Sd3 T<Jntllum
74 Sd4 Tungsten 7S SdS A;hcnlum
76 Sd6 OSMium
n Sd7 Iridium
78 Sd8 Platfnum
79 Sd9 Gold
80 SdJO Mercury
89 5/J Actinium
90 5/1 Thorium .. 5/3 """""•m 92 5/4 Urnnium
93 5/5 Neptunium
94 5/6 Plutonium
95 5/7 AmeriCium
96 5/8 Curium w 5/9 Bttkelium
98 S(JO Cillfomh1m
99 5f1J Einsteinium JOO 5/12 Fermium
101 5/13 ~~levium
102 • Nobelium
~utcnum (not Hydrottn) is tht buildmg block of tlcmcnts
' 0 ' Ill 8
@) 7 !;> 6 @ 5
~ 4
M )
0. 2
~
f d p • p • f
0 shell nS
Ground State electron
iE = ·8.241 eV
n4
n3
n2
n1
Tetryonics 46.07 - Quantum level 6
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 40
Quantum Level 6 The energy levels of bound electrons is determined by Bcryons
" 5S
56 81
82 83 6p3 Bismuth 84 6p4 Polonium 8S 6p5 As:tati.M
86 6p6 ......
103 104 1(16
lll6 101
6d1 Ulwrencium 6d2 RuttlerfOtdlum
6d3 Oubnlum
6d4 seaborgium 6d5 Bohrium
108 6d6 Hass.i um 109 6d1 Meltnerl1.1m 110 1U 1U
6d8 D:lrmstadtium 6d9 Rot>tse nlum 6d10 Copemidum
De-uterium (not Hydrogen) is tM building block of elcm~nts
3 2 0
f d • • •
2
d
3
f
8
7 6
5
4
~
2
n6
nS
n4
n3
n2
n1
P shel1 n6
Ground Statecle<uon v
i£ = ·5·9'7 ev
(
Tetryonics 46.08 - Quantum level 7
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 41
Quantum Level 7 The cnetgy levels of bound ele<Hons •s determmt<t bv 83ryons
to 87
88 113 ... flefovfum us 7pJ Ununpcntium
116 '"' llve-~rnorlum
111 7p5 Ununscptium 118 , .. UnutiOnfum
~uttnum (not Hydrogen] is the build•ns block of elements
3 2 0 2 3
fRl @
~ @
00
1!,
~ ~ ) f d II' I II' <II f
8
8
7
6
5 4
J
2
n7
n6
Q she1l n7
Ground State e-lectron v
Tetryonics 46.09 - Quantum level 8
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 42
Quantum Leve1 8 The energy levels of bound electrons is determined by Baryons .. 11. 120
Deuterium (not Hydrogen) is the building block of ele'nenu
3 2 0 2 3
IKl 8
@ 7
(fl 6 @ 5 ~ 4
~ ') v
a. 2
I]((
, d • $ .. dl f
""'""""'
Q
2
n8
n7
n6
nS
n4
n3
R shell n8
Ground State efe<tron
~ n2 ¢ n1 ~ + - +
Tetryonics 46.10 - Quantum level jumps
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 43
Spectral line
transitions
llumplrries
Pfund
2
1
Quantum level
jumps
EmlUIOn
• • o .
• • • • • r1 • s p d ~ 2 10 • . .. .. ..
• ., f
• • ••• !fl
•
~ Jt E
i 'i l
Spe<•ral line tr.an~;ition)-
v
•
...... l\,p.kl
... "'
"""""' ~~HMco-.u.IIMI "" ... --·-
Quantum Level Jumps Photon Absorption and Release
Phot<H!Iectrons can only transition between principal energy Baryons In the atomic nuclei In discrete steps [or quantum jumps] because
Baryons determine the KEM energy levels of electrons In nuclei
[see TelryOnlc QED for full delalls on specnlllne m«f>anlal
768 756 no 660 576 468 336 1.80
588 576 540 480 396 288 156
432 420 384 324 240 132
300 288 2S2 192 tal
192 1.80 144 84
= ~Mv = hf ~p 106 96 60
• •• •• •
-~ •
48 36 "" 1 19 p., >to e'~trom produce s.pP.Ctral nes
12
Kt.\\
• 192 )()()
432
S88
0 192 300 432 588 768
4 5 6 7 8 f inal Quantum tovtf
Nuclear energy emission- absorption If -..sore left undlsturbe<l. lhelrelectrons usuollyftll lho ---_-.
and 111)' lhore.ln- "ground-·
Ocaslonoly, '-'.they miiY abo bo """*'up to-higher -('bocomeea:llled") ~ byo-.wft!tofostotoma<oleclnl<\OMwNch goc...,.spoodtlonon
W>Itago 0< !'rom...,. ....... d hoot.
kl-..'-.-toonodltshlghor.__._,fllsbodttoo-lowl ~oquoown,....,"'. .,-.go photon"'-._
""'""""""to"'"-· .. -"'"-Thotneod not be11>eground soooe:lho-..'-mlgtic-.cl tolhlt-ln-..,..
...-.g • phoCion 11-" *I> on"'"-
Velocity
Tetryonics 46.11 - Quantum transitions
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 44
Quantum transitions (Orbital Shells- Bound energy states)
hf =
nl
w , fl&!~
Qu..lt'ltum lcwl
OK
\ M v = ~'~, p ~·
n2 v
Ou"n1um CYt"l
G 2 l ._, ....
QuJfetum le\'eiS 1-8 are also referred to as
Atomic Shells K-rt 0 l .. --Photo-electrons can only transition In discrete steps [or quantum jumps] within
atomic nuclei shells because Baryons determine the KEM energy levels of electrons In nuclei
Any photo-electron bound In a Deuterium nuclei will have specific quantlsed
KEM field energies and angular momenta ns
n4 v
' v
3
n8
n7
n6
(5p
Tetryonics 47.01 - Elemental Orbits
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 45
z
Tetryonics 47.02 - Atomic Orbitals
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 46
En~rgy lewl
8
7 6
5 4
3 2
Quantum numbers
0
@
'1~11
[L ....................................... [J:K
Atomic Shell el«tfon orbitals
s
s+p
S+p+d
S+p+d+f
s+p+d+f
s+p
s
Aufbau
0 IRl ''''''''''''''""' ................. ''"''"'''''''' ................. ''''""""""''' ........................... 1 ........... .
+ 1 0 - 1
@ ... "'"""" ............. " """"""""""" .......... , . ""~i"""~"'. : ·; .... .
IP ................................. 3 ....................... . @
~
lif.l 1),
~ .......................... ................................... ..................... ~ ...................... ,,· ........ , ........ : .. . ~
Atomic Shells ~ 0fbitals & sub·Otbitals
Atomic Orbitals A'' atomic O(bital is a math~matical function
that describes the wave-l ike behavior of either one el«:tfon ot a
pair of electrons in an atom
Atomic Ofbitals are typicalty categorized by n.l. and m quantum numbers, which
correspond to the electron' s ei\Crgy, angular momentum. and an angular momentum
vector component. f~I)KtiWiy.
Histoflc.ally used to define th-e pedagogical electron cloud model of a'' atom Tettyonk.s reveals the
t rue geometry of atomic nuclei
Each otbital ts define<! by a d ifferent set of quantum numbers
and contains a maximum of two spin opposed electrons.
Ene~gy levels
. . 3 .... " ..................... " 0 + I +2 +3
• 10
8 7 6 5 4
3 2 1
Electron Spins can be either up or down providing they obey the Pauli exclusion principle
Tetryonics 47.03 - 's' Orbital
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 47
g) Orbital J Orbit (2 el•ctrons mGX}
00 ................................. ·········iK1'~1········- · · ····················"'"" ' ''' 8 @ ............................. ...... .. ............................. 7
~ .............. .. ..................... 6
@.... .. .... s ~ 4 J
, 3 2
~ ....................................... ti'C ~, ............................................ l Atomic ~hdl
NmitNI numbtt
mognocl< oumbtt1
spin!
I! ~le<tr()'' Ot'biu~l s
0
0
·Ill
+Ill
ITU
i m 5
Alkali Metals &:1. Alkali Earths
s
"' AeA vev
"'
Tetryonics 47.04 - 'p' Orbital
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 48
[F) Orbital 3 Orbits (6 tloctrons max)
Quantum number$ Energy IC'Vt'l
~ ................................................................................................ 8 _, +1
@··· ... . ............. 7
~ ······ · · · · · · · · ·y· ;;~ ···t:~~~~ ~·--·;~'""·· ········ · ············ 6 @ ....... , .... ?'l''i'Y"'"'K:~~.:j.,tl
~ ....... . ... .. .
7t1l f
., ...... 4
3 lb .............................. IL:r:;. SJ..::.Jl.:~~= .. .. . .. .. .... ............ . 2
Atomic s.hdl
electron orbitals
[ft)
azmilhal 1 i numbt-r
magnNi< ·1 0 +1 m numbers
· 1/2 · 1/2 · 1/2 s spins +112 +112 +112
Non-Metals, [}lm~«»>®tril5 &2 N
z z z
"' &-a A
va v 'V
, , · :~:~: <N.tntvm &c~ls
0 2 3
Tetryonics 47.05 - 'd' Orbital
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 49
@J Orbital SOrbits (10electronsmDx)
Quantum numbers
~ ... """""""' .......................................... ""'"""""" ............. """ 8
@ ...... , ........... ~--~:
IN!I ........ .
~~t
............. 6
~~...J<1t"""""''""" 5 .. ...... 4
3 11, " """"""" .. ~.... . 2
~ ................................................................................................ 1 Atomic shell
electron orbitals
au azmithal 2 i number
magnetic -2
_, 0 +1 +2 m numbers
•1/2 •1/2 •1/2 •1/2 •1/2 s spins +112 +112 +112 +112 +112
Transition ~ post-Transition Metals
' ,.-,-... ..... : *:: ____ ,·' ___ . ....,, erroneous computet model of 'd' ek:<tton Otbftals
ve '!l v
Tetryonics 47.06 - 'f' Orbital
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 50
if Orbital lanthanolds Adlnolds
70rblts (!4 •loctrons max)
Owntum numbets
~ .................. ·········------··· @ ............................. . .
n 7
... ~ .,
[](\ ......................................... . ··········································· 1 ruonrou\ compul 1 mo dt I of 1 ' ( tton orbll.tl~
Atomi~ !!hell
cle<tron orbitals
[JU
a.zmith~l 3 l numbef
magnetic -3 -2 numbers _, 0 +I +2 +3 m
·112 ·112 ·112 ·112 ·112 ·112 ·112
"""' s +112 +112 +1/2 +112 +112 +112 +112 0
Tetryonics 47.07 - Orbital energy variations
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 51
Orbital energy variations All Elements have stable core electron configurations of s & p orbitals for each energy level as revealed through diffraction studies
The final energy levels of each orbital Is the result of the energy of the Baryons In the nuclei and the spin coupling energies of the photo-electrons bound to them
om t u.
As additional nuclei bind to form d & f orbitals they can do so by bonding In many positions, with each location producing different orbital energies for each electron that binds to nuclei in that position
Tetryonics 47.08 - Schrodinger's Quantum numbers
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 52
Electrons per shell
z ltules govHI'IIng th~ .-owed combln.,.UOf\~ of OY"mvm Nvmbt11
Tht tlwtt (Ju;'!l'ltum numbfN (n, I, end m) tl\at dfKilbt an 01 b. tal &rt ll'ltfgfl~ 0, 1, 2, l. 1nd loO on
n (1 -8) Tht ptlnclpal qu;tntum numtl« tl) 1, :t 3.4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Prindpal (~bof'l~ • ·'l-••
l (0.,;~ TM 11nguiM qwntum nu~(l:c"'"' bt ~ny s, p,d, f
.,, ,._~ Wf9t' bi4wtf'ft 0 Jtld n • 1 1 2
3.5 2.4.t ml(2l+ 1) Tht ,...,wtl( .,..t!MI I'U!Mbef(ln.l <M bf atft 1. 3. 5.7. 9 2.4. 6.8.10
~·'"' 11\Cftt'~lltt'ld•l 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 -"' . ' 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,1 2, 14
m, 1 down 2 l'M-oftltcliiO'\t•~nuci:-M~ up Spn Pfot«tiOO U. onty bt •I/) cs.-..., Of ·I 1 rs,M OOWNl. up down - ....
Each energy shell of a periodic element
can hold only a fixed number of electrons
[& ................................................. .
@ ····································-he
[¥> ······················1":1¥~
©····· ~
~ [L
(}[ ................................................. .
enerqy levels
\ ················································· 8
~·································· 7
6 lit Hi~~H-<110}.-;f .... 5 ~'!···· 4
········ ·········· 2
t ················································· 1
{l @] Atc:mtc Orbitals @] {l 'Q) g) ~
S, 11, 3, 13, I, 9, 7 8,2,10, 4, 6 1, 1·2 6,1 4 7, 1,9,3,5 6. 12.4. 14, 2, 10, 8
7 + 5 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 7
Quantum Numbers
n 4·5 J-6 2-7 1·8 2·7 3-6 4·5
l 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
m -3 -2 -1 1 +1 +2 +3 I
+112 +In +112 +112 +112 s +112 +112 ·112 ·112 ·1/2 ·1/2 -In -In -In
Tetryonics 47.09 - Electron position uncertainty
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 53
Erwin SchrOdinger
(12 Augus't 1887 - 4 January 1961)
Using Terryonic charged geomelries for mass-ENERGY-Maller. an elearon's posirion and velociry CAN be modelled simulwneously
(bur any au~mpl to measure or imeract wilh ir. will affecr iu componen1 energy-momemaJ
Electron Position Uncertainty Atom1c orbitills are typJCillly deswbed as •hycfrogen·hke· (mean1ng one·electron) wave functions
0\l"er any spatial region ot measurement, categorized by n.l and mquantum numbers.. which correspond to the electron·~ Metgy, .lngul.lr mome1num, and a vector momentum component, respectively
Lepton's are physically Spin 1 fermion particles that can easily be misconstrued as having entirely different
spin numbers without the correct physical topologies to base the observed measurements on
Wemer Heisenberg
(S Dt<:tmber 1901 - I Febru.)ry 1976)
Leptons are 121oop quantum rotors A
~ Quamum Mechanics is a marlremarica/ represemarion of equi/areral energy momema inleracrions and rhe charged geomerries
of mass-EN ERGY-Marrer
Is presented with every an identical fas<ia • ~U/.>.
Spin UP
Detennining the motion of electrons bound to atomic nuclei is akin to measuring the motion of variable speed electric fan blades
mounted at various heights within a rotating carousel
120 degree rotat•on 12
Spin DOWN
'l~V y v
•
•
12
their spin number is a measurement of their
magnetic moment
The energies of photo-electrons are determined by the Baryons they bind to & incident photons
Every charged radial arm of a Lepton's Matter topology is
Identical to -every other
The uniqve 12 faceted topology of leptons res:ults in an identical EM geometry
being ober'VM for every 120° rotation of the particle
Making accurate measurement and mathematical modelling of its totational dynamics & me<hanics incortect
without the correct physical topologies
Leading to the intei"J)fetation that th~ Lepton disap~3rSMd rC•<lP~3rs when belng'Ob$erve<l' or mea$ured
Tetryonics 47.10 - Electron modelling & probability calculations
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 54
12 Electron modelling & probability calculations
[ 0 -12) RE Electron positional measurements have proven to be historically difficult to accurately model
due to the charged 12n rotating topologies
of leptons
Every elemental atom can be viewed as a quantum carousel with a unique number
of oscillating fans positioned around lt. 3
..
.. '
';..;.. ·( ' -" K>
2s ' •
6p .. '• ·' ~-'
' x /~'x
' ~·' ... .. ~ .. .:
14f
Aunithal quantum number
2 I 0 I 2 3
Computer generated plots of 'douds' of electron probabllltes are
Inaccurate m~tlons and should be abandoned In
f.Mlur of reallsdc atomic models reflective of the charged geometry
of each periodic element
Each fan has 3 blades and a fixed speed n[l-8] related to Its height above ground level,
AND the carousel Is turning around on Its axis
8 • • • • • • no • •• ' nnnonnnn•• • . nnnnnonnn C nnono • • • • n • 2
0 42·4 2
M
Allpetlodlcelements are made form
Oeute!fum nude!
The baryonlc energies of nude! detennlnes the energies of
bound photo-eleclrons
7 n••• • no no
, c
6 f 5 •
J4 [ 3
2
1
11 c§l
8 16
32 ~ ~
32 j 16 8
•
........ "'... .. .... 2
~ 1W c§l 11
Th~ curr~nt computer generated electron probability diagrams in popular use at present <:an now be show to be a
misrepre-sentative model of mathematical modelling of electron sub-orbital energies
The nuclear quantum levels [n], intrinsic quanti sed angular momentum (h] and orbital angular momentum (I) of each electron bound within atomic nuclei are all the direct result of the Baryonic energies of the nuclei
they are bound to
Each level of the quantum carousel can contain only a limited number of fans each running at a specific speed
Imagine trying to measure (or model} the motion of any 1 quantum scale blade while the carousel rotates
Tetryonics 48.01 - aufbau geometry
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 55
Tetryonics 48.02 - Quantum Topologies
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 56
Da1ton Mode1
Thomson Mode1
Quantum Topologies
:.y . ·.y .:
Historically viewed as a spherical object
Tetryonic charge geometry has finally revealed the true quantum topology of all atoms
Quantum Mode1
Rutherford Mode1
...... ...
Tetryonics 48.03 - Element Numbers
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 57
Element numbers The rut. d1ct•ton9 how many nuclei form each Atom1c .hell~ known as the Aufbau prindple.
The phy<lcal and chemiCal propen1es of elemenu "determ1ned by the atom1c structure. The atomic structure is, in turn. determ.ned by the electrons and
which shells. subshells and orb1tals they reside 1n.
The 1na>Cin'lum periodic elemental number is 120
2 • 8 •
18 •
32 + z
32 + , +
8 • 2
- <I _... ........
The number of nuclei per quantum level is reflective of photonic energy levels and
provides the foundational geometry for all of the periodic elements
... ....,.. 120
11 9
11 8
Ill
110
93
92
61
60
29
28
II
10
3
2 Shdl
The number of possible nuclei in each Quantum level follows aufbau principle 'numbers' which can be
determined using the following summation formula
Element Number
Nudti
8 ........................................ .
7 ........ ..
6
5 4
2 1 .......................................... .
2:+6+Hl····················· 18
, .. ·2·~:10+·14 · 32
2+6+10+14 32
2+6+10 18
2+6 8
........................................................... 2 •uh orbit•ls
Deuterium is the building block of all elements
Each element has equal numbers of Protons, electron & Neutrons
with their stored mass-energies making up the molar masses
of elements not excess neutron as currently modelled
Tetryonics 48.04 - Aufbau Principle
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 58
. 0 ; •• ;.
"' ..
S Sub-Orbits (JOelectrons max) 1 Sub-Orbit (2 electrons max) O S Aufbau Principle (Nuclei number and position)
Q f 7 Su,.Orbits (14 electrons max) 3 Su,.Orbits (6 electrons max) OP Aznuth.1l (lu.mtum numbtr
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
[Ri ................... 2 ............................................................................... .. ............................................................................. 2 ............................. 8
@ ................... 2 + 6-··········
IP> 2 + 6 + 10
@ 2 +6 + 10+ 14
[/\1] 2 + 6 + 10+ 14
J~J 2 + 6 + 10
[b. 2 + 6
> ~
~
..... ....................................................... " 8 ""''''''''''''''''''""' 7
18 6 32
32
18
8
~ ················ 2""""''''''' ................................... ....................... . . .... , ......... , .................................. ·········· 2 ···""'"''''''''''''''''''' l
Shells
2 2 3 4
~ ~ ff @] 7 + 5 + 3 + 2 +
10 891011213 41516
~ @] ff 3 + 5 + 7
14 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 2 27 28 29 30 u 2
A specific nudear """'9Y b assodatod with eaclo electn>n configurotlon and. upon cenaln CIOndltfons, bound elearons aoe able to """" from one orbital"'-by emission Of aboorpaon of. quorrtum of
-· 1n tho form of. phOOn
Tho Aufbau plindple can abo be used to model tho binding configurotton of-. and NoWons In an-nucleus. IC<Oidlng to their specific Baryonlc Energy lewis, In tum A!YeOhng tho quantum geometry of all pe<lodlc Elements
sJ s2 p J p2 p3 p~ pS p6 dl d2 d3 d4 dS d6 dJ d8 d9 dJO fl /1 /3 /4 / 5 /6 / 7 /8 /9 /JO /l l /l2 /13 /l4 sub-orbl~l s
numbe,r
Tetryonics 48.05 - electron orbital filling
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 59
Wolfgang Pauli
(15 April 1900 - I S December 1958)
The orbitals of lower energy ore filled in first with the electrons and only then ore the higher energy orbitals ~fled.
A~mithal qtl.lntum number
3 1 I 0 I 1 3
00 ... , ...... 1.. . . . . • • • • n •••••••••••• 8
@ ··c·····;···
@
~
~
IL 1% ••••••••,•n••••••;•••••••••o•••
7 6
5 ] ['
4 ~
3 2
............. , ..... ·········· 1
aufbau electron orbita 1 filling
Azmithal & Magnette numbers
Friedrich Hermann Hund
(4 February 1896 • 31 March 1997)
Olbitols of tquol (!Mfgy Oft! toch oc<upitd tlyoneek!cuon beforeonyorbitol is occupied by o sec ()lid el«tton. and oil t!ltcuoos in Sitt<Jiy occupied 01bltofs must hcrve the same spin stare
0 Energy lev•ls
(Rl • • •• • • •• • •Ooononnnnnnnnnoonoooooooooonoonnnnn nono .. •••••••••••"••"""""""""~j' '''' 1••• .. :•;-" tmJ <lJ9 ••.;•••• -!-nn• • • ; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • •••••••• • ••• • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • n ••• ••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••• 8 @ •• • • • • • • • •••••• ••• • • • • • • • •• ••••••••••>• +i • • ·~• •• :; ••••••;:i •• iW ~ ·~ • •• ~ • ~· •::;"''";; • • • • •~nn"""n""""'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '" '"""'"'"'"'"' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '""""' 7
~ ••••• :;j''''"+:inn•••;n"•~••• • ••:;•••••::;"'"::i" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -.® ~j) : ~ "4J'iJi ~ <00 !iiZJ ~ • ~ 6 @ ... !il~ ~ <@ <lll!l ~il ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ 'lJ,iJ ~ 'lJ,!il ill 'II® ~ ~ w ~ &~ ~ ~ <'@ <W ~ 5 ~ .. ml ~ w ~j) ~ w ?W ~ w 'lJ,j) ~ j)@ 1117 'll@ 'UO 'Il® 'll® 1)1,7 'll@ 76@ ~1} ~ ~ ~ 4 lilf 73
" • ; 5 3 llfil 'il~ 'll~ 'll?6 'll'll ® @ II @. ® II @ ® 'll'll 'il?6 'il~ 'il~ ~fil 3
(!, • n•••o•••••nonnn•••••••••••••••••••••••••n••••n••••••• •• L . ..' ....... L ... .L .... .'... !i) <6 $ 'lJ, ~ ~ ~ 2 • • • ,. 2 IlK @] s 3 I 'i 1' ••• • on • •••••~ • •••••••n•"'" ••••••••••""' o " o 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • n ono n n n •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •••••••• • • •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••• • •••• •••• • • • • • • • jpj • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • •~•••••••••••"•"•"•• • ••• • •••• • • • •""""""'"""'' """'"' '""""""'""""' "'"""""""""'"
Atomic Shells
Orb4tals & sub·Orbitals
Tetryonics 48.06 - Element constructions
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 60
Aufbau construction •
7 ' 7 • • •
m ' ' ' 60 14 18 8 ' • • • • ff I ' '
2 2
IP>
IRl
@ -===JjiijBii.l ~ -- ~4H~ @ II.A:•,,,•J\\"1
~
~
1!. It{
00 @ ••n •••
~ .....
@
00 ~
1!. It{ ··············'····
0
o. Hemispl'ere Orbitals
8
5 4
3 2
of··········•·············· I
I li! 2
Otbit;al,. & sub-()fbit.)l~
8
7
Neutron • base ' 8
• Hemisphere
2
~
' 00 .....•....
@······•····
Proton ~ @
base ~
Hemisphere H
1!. ~
g d
p Hemisphe(e Orbitals
• ' 18 20 • •
~
0
IP ' p
7
14 Bl • 'I .(1
ff
'
.. 411 g
60
7 6
5 4
3 2
8 7
6
5 4
3 2
1
Tetryonics 49.01 - Atomic Weight
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 61
Tetryonics 49.02 - Quantum level nuclei masses
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 62
Baryon . mass-cncrg•cs E
Tl1e q110itllm 1 ltllel mO$$·energies of Baryo11s dtttrmiues lire kineric e~1ergirs of elecrro"s
1n - 1e19v
electron KEM field
······69;t92···········n3l· . . .......... :z.s028o49:U-eJs .... .
·····64,800··········ll30···
·····56;448··········n28···
Compton frequencies
930MeV
1.2e20 electron rest Matter Is velocity Invariant
496keV
spectral frequencies
13.6eV
Atomic nuclei mass-energies Each elemem's weigla [mass-Matter in a gravitational field)
is tire result of the total quanta comprising tlwt element
M ......... ······· ... ...
e-
The nude! funning each atorric shell have specific mass-energy quanta
8 Baryon rest lllJsses lc1>t<>n 1-tSl m.us KE.M
au [ [72(n) 2]+[12el9]+[mev2J] l Deuterium mass-energy per shell
Despite having differing mass-energies each Deuterium nuclei has the same velocity invariant Matter geometry [841!)
spin orbital coupling in synchronous quantum convertors Elecrrons acr as quanwm scale rotaling armatures in atomic nuclei and can only have specific e11ergies reflective of rhe electron orbital
energy level of rile Baryo11s in wl•icl• riley are found
They acheive rl•ese energy levels by absorbing or emirring pl1otons ro aclleive rhe specifiC angular momemum required
Tetryonics 49.03 - Hydrogen Ionisation Energies
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 63
768 ~ 588 ~ 432 ~
300 + 192 ~
I ~ 48 ~ 12 ~
Hydrogen lonisation Energies [/ITU2]
Quantum numbers
0 emission
00 ................................................................. . 1
mm•••••••••••• m ,,~·, 1 r.. ,~, ;
@············· .. ················ ·... Jt ...... • • • • • • •••••••••• •••••• • • • • :::~- 1\, ·::: •••••• •
~ · · ··· ·· ·· · ··· · · .. · ·
OJ .-+
~ @ ·· ·
~ [b .................... .
@ electron orbitals
accelerating electrons Mv 2 = KEM = hv2 produce spectral lines
8
7 6
Vl
5 ~ >-
4 Ol ,_ Q)
c Q)
3 2
1
13.6eV Free electron
5.107765145 e13
6.671366720 e13
9.078047137 e13
1.307587877 c14
2.043106058 e14
3.632188548 e14
8.172424234 e14
3.268969693 e15
Planck quanta
Spectra/line series frequencies
[ Hydroge11[
Tetryonics 49.04 - Redefining Atomic weights
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 64
Carbon 12
504 12
c
270,072 6s1
6 Ptotons ~4-1 2)] 6 Nevtrons (18-18) n 1 6 et«.1 rons ( O.l l)
Unified atomic Matter unit
[~~ .. ~. ~ ~ .. H Li'2Jp• 22,!;12
1.660538783e-27 kg I Ptoton (l4· 12)]
n1 1 de<.'lron (D-12)
Redefining Atomic weights Atomi< wei9ht (symbol: Ar) is a dimensionless physical quantity,
the ratio of tM averc)9e mass of atoms of .-.n element (from a giwn source) to 1/12 of th~ ~ss of an atom of carbon·12 (known as the unified atomic mass un~t)
The'unified atomic mass unit' currently in use is known to be inaccurate and must be corrected
in order to bring clarity & increased accuracy to the atomic weights of all elements
Ar = 22,512 Hydrogen
Defining Hydrogen as having an exact atomic Planck mass of 2251211 quanta
provides uniformity with Tetryonics
Deuterium is the building block
of a11 elements in the period table
Ar = 45,012 Deuterium
Defining Deuterium as having an exact atomic Planck mass of 4501211 quanta
reflects the true charged geometries of all Elements & their topologies
1/12 C,2
Ar = 22,506
1.660096209e-27 kg
.Selec:uon
(l4·1J n1
0-6
D l/6 c
3.320192418e-27 kg
1 Proton (24-12) ] 1 Neutron (IS. IS) n1 I tlt<ttOn (0.12)
Tetryonics 49.05 - Planck mass-energy quanta
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 65
NAu • 0.001 kg
48 (24-24)
1.660538841 e-27 kg One Dais approximat~ly equal to the
mass of one ptoton Ot one neutron
1.659653693 e-27 kg
36
::: t +\I+ '\ p+
Deuterium is the building block of aU elements
84
o.<998Q67()2 H
o.<998Q6702 H
(<2-42) ~ e~· 2H
~p· 45.012
3.320192534 e-27 kg
P1anck mass-energy units The unified atomic mass unit (symbol: u) or Dalton {symbol: Da}
is a unit that Is. us.ed for Indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale
270,072
1/12 the mass of a C12 graphene atom at rest in its electronic ground state
1.660538782(83)x10--27 kg
22,506
is an inaccurate means of detennining the
exact rest mass of a Hydrogen atom 22,512
Carbon 12 has 2JO.OJ2n planck quama (2JO.OJ2 I 12 = 22.500)
Hydrogen has a mass of 22.512n ( 22.500+ 12) requiring all mass 10 be ca/culared direcrly using rhe Planck mass-energy quantum (.oo1kg IN, I 22.512)
& Terryonic charge geometries
Using Tetryonic theory to define
n Planck mass = 7-376238634 x 10-32
Kc (-Tetryt>nics QM 15-04)
exact atomic rest masses for all particles, elements and compounds
can be determined directly &om atomic theory
N, = 6 .02214179 e23 The mole Is the amount of s.ubstance of a system which contains as many elementary entities.
as thet"~ are atoms in O.o12 kilogr<'lm of carbon 12; its symbol is ~moa·.
504
270,072
NA(Jlu) = 0.012 kg
12
c
6 [sl J
6 PrOtOt\S 6Neutrons 6 electrons
[24·1ll] [18-18] n l (().12)
Carbon has a number of difTc•·ing atomic configurations
(allotropes)
504
6 1'ro ton ) 6 Neutrons 6 electrons
t>• 'OJ] (18· 18] n l -2 (().12)
6 c
12.6493
[He] 2s2 2p2
Tetryonics 49.06 - Planck mass contributions in Elements
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 66
45,000n
36 [24·12)
p +
45,000n
12 [0-12)
e-12n
\_ -zs-:/ 1.659653693 e-27 kg
8.851486361 c-31 kg
2.411109611 e-35 kg
Planck mass-energy contributions to the measured
weights of periodic, elementary mass-Matter topologies
Baryons have 2,25e23 Planck quanta comprising their rest Matter topologies
[930.974 MeV)
~ 1875x [496.5 keV)
Leptons have 1.2 e2o Planck quanta comprising their rest Matter topologies
[496.5 kcV)
~ 36,711 X [13.6 eVJ
Photons are planar geometries {Matter-less] (purely Kinetic mass-Energy and momenta.)
The Lyman alpha spectral line mass-energy contribution
to the mass of a Deuterium nucleus is negligible
Electron quantum level energies are detennined by the energy of
the Nuclei they bind to in elements
o+ 84
(1.862 GcV)
[42-42]
-· - No
90,012n+
Photons contribute spectral mass-energies to the nuclei mass
but are themselves Matterless ( 20 zero rest mass-energies]
PhoLons are 27t charge mass-energy geomeLries
Tetryonics 49.07 - Ionisation energies
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 67
lonisation energies Fr·actional quantum differentials
RE
hf ~Mv ~P spcctralli~~arc produced by <KC~Icrat ing cle<:ttons.
Note: this is 011 lllusrrallvt schema for modelling KEM Jidd tnergirs All K EM fields pcssess 1ht sam< physical spmiolgtonrmy C 4
in radiof.time defined 3palial c<t*ordinare S)'5tems
E 1~~ • . 1 ..... 1.1.1.1.1.1 .•. 1.1,1,1.1.1.1 ••. {kj!m""J
H He U Be B C N 0 F Ne Na Mg M Si P S Cl k I( Ce.
Higher cn~iu
S do""'
Photo-electrons absorb/emit
spectral energies
1 ne2
E = eV = ----47reo a
v
4
R~ ............... .............. ~E
· .. KEM \.
EnC"rgics \ /.-SP«t<•l 9
•• 36
: h'¥...,_-4 •••• ••• <H2]
······ ..... . Q M
12
48
lot
192
300
., 588
768
Mapping pllouHiecrron rransirion energies co Terryonic energy mom en ra geomerries
reveals many key faces abour rhe ionisarion energies of nuclei
1:3.6Z2 V 2 e n
'tht diffi:•ringfroctromtl K IJM fie-ld i-"!t'&V mOmt',IIO of e-l«trOJIS rha1 n.>sullsfrom rlteir rransif(om ro sp«ijict11ergy lltlCiti
in demtnrs rtsulrs in dlffiring QA.M quama and procluces specrral lir1es a11d fine line spliuing
Qu~nt\un
difrt"n:nh.ll,.
'"
s,-.1 htsa; ltl: w
llv, R. fl, p. KE PS,nd(. Rydbetg. LOtel'lu. Newton. Lelbnlz
VMII'Ig(I.J~S<·I physl(~ ¥1(1 ft?l.ltJ,.ot)' through equil.lt~ alge<>rnoetry
......
K£M
4$
0$
192
300 432
588
768
Tetryonics 49.08 - Elementary ionisation energies
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 68
Elementary ionisation energies v
llil z
8 2
7 8
6 18
5 32
4 32
3 18
2 8
2
Nud•l 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1S 16 17
The term ·ionlzatioo energy-Is sometin.es used as a name for the wOtk needed to remove (or un-bind) the highest ener9} photoelectron from an atom or molecule.
However, due to interactions with surfaces, this value differs from tile ionization energy of the atom or mole<ule in question when it is located by itself in free space.
So, in theca~ of surface·adsorb«< atoms and molecules, it may be better to use the more general term •etooron binding energy•, In order to avoid confusion.
8oth these names are also sometimes used to describe the WOf'k needed to rem~ an electron from a •tower" orbital (i.e ... not the topmost orbital) (or both free and adsorbed atoms; in such cases it is ne<Ms.aryto specify tre orbital from which the electron has been removed
13.6Z 2 V 2 e n
Every electron in each elementary orbit has a unique ionisation energy
,..., .., -·~· ... - · -· -· _,.
~-- F
~--~---+--------1--------t--------------~r--~
~ !!>·-i .g 11)00 g
~~~~N~------~K~--------;-----------------+-->o f
xe 5 1-!"!:~F'-it::''r.ll---:: ·uft-----::TO'J'I------,.---Jt-- •o ·iS
~ 000
u
0 10 36 54
Atorrlc Number Z
18 19 20 21 22 2J 24 2S 26 2' 28 29 30 31 32 ~r shell
El-em-ent number 2
8
18
32
32
18
8
Orbitals 2
Shells ~ Energy
level S1 sz P1 pZ p3 p4 p5 p6 d1 dZ d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10 /1 IZ /3 /4 /5 /6 /7 /8 /9 /10 /ll /12 /13 /14
sub-orbitals
Tetryonics 49.09 - Hyperfine splitting and Lamb Shifts
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 69
Tetryonics 49.10 - Nuclear mass-ENERGY-Matter
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 70
30 Matter topologies are comprised of cha-rged 20 mass-energies
Energy per second 2
.. . ····~····· ····· ····· .. ·••········· •..
··•·•··· ... ·· ........... ~.~- - ···· ... ··
:;e<ond:;1
RE Relativistic mass-ENERGY-Matter
Relariviry fails arrlre foulldariollallevelro explai11 and differenriare berwee11mass·ENERGY and Marrer i11 plrysical sysrems
3
~
@
.>!! -.; .<= ~
c g u
'* ll,
[]((
f1
Schrodinger's quantum numbers
.. l ···... 2 3
···1·, ...•.. .............. , ...... ,, ........... 8
Rf> ..
Bohr's atomic orbitals
.. , ............. ·., .... 7
f1
6 : ~ \5 i; : >-: "' 4 ~
"' 3 2
l
Einsrein 's relarivisric ( wre111z correcredj srress e11ergy rensor aggregates all forms of e11ergy illlo a single energy densiry gradie111
Tn[[mov 2]] atomic t rztrgies Tmrru
C4 + tloctroll 5pins
C 4 n~ w &oci1y
mass-Matter stMding wave mass~energ~sc:reate
the material substance of all c:.hemical elements
30 rest Matter+ Lorentz corrected 20 Kinetic Energies = total Relativistic Energies
KE 20 equilateral mass-energies
are euclidean geometries
Energy per second
.. ············ ... ··
········ ..... ... , ··. ·· ..•.
·· ... \\
mass Pllnck q...,nt;'l
n~ [[mnv2]] MW~SJ V~:&od1y
. mass-energ~es
rad iMt planar masN~nergiM create EM field$. spe<ttallines& c:h.emic:al inter.xtlons
Tetryonics 50.01 - Elementary mass-Matter
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 71
.!!! Q)
.£: V>
c 0 ... ..... u Q)
di
Deuterium is the building block of all Elements (save Hydrogen)
TINt goomoll') olonyls -....med byllsOiorge
~
@
~
@
1M
C.~
IL ................... . .
~ ··········rMo··J···················
11 @] Wl +3 +2 +1
The rest mass-MaUler olony-
~ 0
orbitals
The MolarWelghtoiiiiY a..rris a measure of Its standlng wave
mosHnerllles
8
7
6 V>
5 Q)
> Q)
>-
4 Ol ... Q)
c Q)
3 ..: 2
··············[-"l<EJ··········· 1
[pl @] 11 · 1 ·2 · 3
Is determln«< by the total numb« al quama maldng up the Protons, Neutn>ns and eleclrons
that oomprlsethem On tllelr rospedlw energy lewis)
Any mass-energies In excess of the molar [n1] weight
Is a measurement of a element's CHEMICAL energies
Imporram poitu ro nore: The Kineric Energy difference berween any Elemem ·s roral { 111] Oemeron mass-energies and irs Molar mass
has ltisrorically been incorrecrly explained as resulringfrotn an excess mrmber of Neurrons in rite arom ir is nor. Z# =(number of Prawns = mmtber of elecrrons = number of Nemrons)
Elementary mass-Matter
2
8
18
32
32
18
8
2
npernud!N 1e l9\·- n
2 1\udei ( 7-4.496ea)
+ 81\udei
(69.780eaJ
+ 18 I'IUCiei
(65,232ea)
+ 32 nuclei
(60,8S2ea)
+ 32 nuclei
(S6,640ea]
+ 18 nudei
(S2.S96ea)
+ 8..,..;
(<18,720eaJ
+ 2 nudti
(45,012 ea)
120 Unbinilium 11 9 Ununennium
11 8 Vnunoctium
87 Francium
1 12 Copernicium
55 Caesium
I 02 Nobelium 37 Rubidium
70 Ytte(buim
19 Potassium
30 Zinc II Sodium
10 Neon
3 lithium
2 Helium
Oeuterium
The rest mass-Matter of any Element is the sum total of its constituent
Z[n2] energy level Deuterium nuclei
Aufbau
[
z Protons Z# z Neutrons
z electrons
(24·12] ] (18·18] n l -8 (0· 12]
(i~ Calcillm 1201 • 2+8+ 10 n lev~ Deuterium nuclei)
Tetryonics 50.02 - Periodic Harmonic motions
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 72
X= A cos (wt + <p)
Circular motion
circular harmonic motion
Circular motions describe the motion of a body
with a changing velocity vector [the result of an acceleration force].
Periodic Harmonic motions Much of the math in of modern physics is predicated on the assumption that
11 [where it appears] is related to the properties of a circle
F= -kx
Linear motion
Simple harmonic motion can be visual ized as the ptoject.ion of uni fotm circular motion onto ooe axis
~
-.; -& c e ~ "
Principal Quantum Numbers
' IRl . . .. . . . ....
Q @ ··········-'·'········
@
00
fu!1 11.
Mo ~
{I ~
Sub·orbitals
. .... ·····-······ 8 .. RE 7 ' ............ '. . 6
KE
5 4
3 2
simple harmonic motion
Nuclei per shell in elements follows a'perlodlc summation rule'
that Is reflective of photonlc energies
Tetryonics 50.03 - Periodic Summation
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 73
,.., pI ,h.
STtPONE
Periodic summation follows the atomic shell electron config
. oo l
)
• • l
l
1
2(x 2)
[]\\
Each atomic shell can hold only a fixed number of deuterium nuclei
Each periodic element is made of Z [nlenergyl deuterium nuclei
2
8
18
32
32
18
8
2
z ~ .... -
Periodic Summation Periodic summation is a notation developed for Tetryonic theory
to model the geometric se<ies addtion of Zln-1 energy !<!vel Deuterium nuclei that form the periochc elements
IRl
@J
~
@
~
~
'l,
~
·•<··· .....
!Mo ........ r ......... g @] ~ ~ ~ @]
+3 +2 + 1 0 ·2
Aufbau
[
z Protons Z# z Neutrons z electrons
[24-12) J [18-18 n l -8 [()-12]
(I ·)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
120 t 01.1f""'ber
1
STEP TWO
Periodic elements build up following the aufbau sequence
~R ~ 2 2 nuclei 120 Unbinilium
[74.496t•l +
£q ~ 8 Snuclei
(69,780 .. 1 na Ununoctium
+ ~p ~ 18 18nudei
(65,2)2••1 110 C>armst.ldtium
~ + ~ "'
~0 ~ 32 J2nudei (60.852••1
92 Uranium
>. e> "' c "'
+
~N = 32 J2nuclei 60 Neodymuim (56.640••1
+ ~ ~ 11 r,z., ..... 28 "¥>"
+
·~) = 8 8nud('1 10 Nf<l<l (48,720NI
+
.£K ~ 2 2 nuclei (4S,OI2eal
2 Helium
~ Hydroget>
Planck mass-energies form the surface integral of rest Matter topologies for each periodic element
Tetryonics 50.04 - mass-ENERGY & Matter
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 74
E1ement numbers Nuclei per shell in elements follow
a 'periodic summation rule' that is reflective of photonic energies
•Ill
z 120 Unblnlllum 119 Ununennium
l iS Ununoctium
87 Frar'M:Ium
112 Copemklum .s.s Caesium
I 02 Nob<'livm 37 Rubidium
70 Yu(-.bvim 19 P<>l.lSS•um
30 ZinC II Sodium
10 """" 3 lilt'ium
2 Helium I f>e.u1etium
2 +
8 +
18 +
32 +
32 +
18 +
8 +
2
.!!! a; .<= ~
c e t;
"*
Principal Quantum Numbers 3 2 2 3
IRl ........... ....................... 8 @ ........... 7
6 @ 5
~ 4 ~ 3 1!, 2
~ Mo KE
1
iJ @I ~ ~ ~ @I iJ Sub-orbitals
Periodic mass-ENERGY-Matter
Following periodic summation rules for shell filling n[ 1-8] quanwm energy deuterium nuclei
combine !0 form elemenrary Mauer
ftl 32 &I')'Ofl ~!.t •no~)W$ arp,..._.. ....,,.. KEM 8
~ [ [72(n) 2]+[12el9 ]+[ m ev 2] l
~ 25 Oeuttrium •na.ss.-energy per shell
The measured weight of Maner in gravitational fields is the result of planar mass-energies in tetryonic standing-wave geometries
The periodicity of all the elemellts,
~
a; > ~ >.
~ c "'
along with rheir exact molar rest mass-energies and quantum wavefimcrions can be described wirh Tetryonic geometries
Ionisation energies
y i ~U11-110med series
Humphries series
Brackerr series
Balmer series
yman ser;es
[ Mv' = KEM = heR, ]
Tetryonics 50.05 - Photo-electron ionisation energies
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 75
Photo-electron ionisation energies
unbound photo-electron <•)~ontinuous spectrum
8 56
7 6
6 8 420
5 a -
4 y 180
3 ~ 96
2 0: 36 · ll.S)S tV
1 ~ """" ~·
8 540
s 384
y 252
~ 144
0: 60 · J.l:SI ..V
~ • B.11m<'t
~·
7 ~ s 480
y 3l4
ll 192
0: 84 UOle:V
6
y 396
~ ~
0: 108
Y 468
0: 132 oO.s.ti..V
00 • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • o oooooooooooo o oo• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o o o ooo o oooooooo o o o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • o oooo•ooooo oo oo : o; •o• • •O ~ n
@ "''"'' OOOOO OOOoOOoOnnoOoOoOoOoOo000 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '"nnoooooooooooo" ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 2 ' ' ' "' ' ooo
IP '''''''''''''''''00000nooon 3 oooo • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~dl3~ @
~ ~ .... !f ... , f !, •. 9,, •• ' ·· .• ~ ..... ~ .. ... 1 • .
1!. ,. ,,., ,,.,.n,.,. ,.0~"""" ""' • • • nn,. o o~ o no ,7, , ~ • ,. ,3, ,
~ " '''''' ''''''' ' ' ' '"nnon,.o,.oo• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •onoonnonoono • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o o o,.no,. nnn nn~o nn • :'!:.nn o o .' ,.,. ol.t'
~ Atomic Shells
Orb1tals & sub-Orbitals
t
768
+ 588
+ 432
+ 300 •
+ 192
+ 108 <l
· 48 12
@l oo !;> o on 0 o
@)
1M &ll l\. ~
00 @ • • no
~
@
1M .H 1!. ~ n n n on n no' " " " 0 " '
0
0
~ ~ IP> II IP>
2 ~ 7 8~
!~m o 6 18 ~ 5 32. 4 32 . 3 18 t 2 8.
2 ~
8 2 *
7 8 *
OoOoOOOOO 6 18 *
5 32 •
4 32 •
3 18 ~
2 8 • · '·· ·· ··0 00 00 00 0 I
2 * ~ g
Energy level~
8 •:;on • n : o~onononn•• • • • • • • • • • • nnnnnnnnnn• • • • • • • • • • • oOo o n,. ,. 7
JO r1 14
6
5 4
3
Tetryonics 50.06 - Ionisation Energies
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 76
Atom•<~lls
0 Q
L
0 2 3
Eigenstate - lonisation energies
2 +
8 +
18 +
32 "' ~ + •• 32 e g
• + 18 +
8 +
2
nudei
per shell
A:tmith.ll & magn~ic 1umbcf'$
3 2 I 0 I 2 3
~ ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••v••••••••• • • • • • • • ~·· · ··· · · · ·· · ·········· 8 @ ·····'·· .................•.......... 7
~ 6 @ 5 ] ~ 4
~ 3 IL 2
~ ... 'il~ I (} @I ~ ~ Wl @I (}
The ionisation energies of individual atoms vaies due to many factors, namely: ele<tron spin·ofbital coupling with Baryons of spec_ifi< energies,
the relativistic energies of photo-electrons bound in nuclei and Zittcf~ung effe<ts Or'! bound elccuons
[' ~ •
121)
119
118 Ill
110
93
92 61
60
29
28 II
10
3
2
ekment n u tn ber
Z 2 ke2
FiTSt ionisation energies for all periodic elements E = - --- = 13.6Z2 V
2 e n n 2 2ao
:: tu~~f aGi-r;~[ ~OOii:~oo~;U~llK::~;;~oorurlt:dloouil;o,ooiilL::;;ooooom"'".oiL" .. w""· d p s d p s ... f d p s ... f d s s p s p s p s
~ lb (Mil ~ @ 2 8 18 32 32 18 8 2
Tetryonics 50.07 - Proton-Neutron curve
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 77
Proton- Neutron Curve The graph below is a plot of neutron number against proton number.
It is used as rule to determine which nuclei are stable or unstable.
140
130
120
110
~ 100
N ~
90 1-
Jl 80 §
z 70 a:: g 60 ::1 ...
50 z 40
30
20
10
00
Plot of Baryon numbers based on excess Neutton model of pefiodic elements
.. l .. . .J D . . fi ~ . stability ltne ..:i: ev!allon rom Jetryomc ~ ,.1:: · plot is I he result of tire itrtriusic
?.if mass-e11ergies of ead1 par1icle :X~ comprisiug tire aromic nucleus
unstai>Je ~J : "~> nuclides . ; ••· {j>f!;,
-......... ., ..... ~ "-..••• . a, •v
. :. "'&' , .. : . 1=l: :.: .
• :J .-;::1 rr: · L. :.r:T
Plot of Baryonlc nudd numbers based on Tetryonlctcpologles "'pertodJc elements
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Proton Number (Z)
Historically, Proton-electron numbers are viewed as being equivalent in neutral elementary matter with the excess molar mass measured
being the result of 'excess or extra' Neutrons in the atom
"'
Atomic Nudei Numbers
All periodic elements have an EQUAL number of Protons, Neutrons & Electrons with their molar mass-Matter
being derermined by their qu.anrum level mass-energies
~ ·· .. ra r .... .......... :~ ............... . ~~ ........ 8
@ ............................ .
~
7
6
Q; @ ~
"' -~ E ~ 0 -"'
n . . ·t~,J1: .~~~~-)~~( ....... ~ ... 1.!, ........................ , .... ..
~ .......... , .. Moj .............. ; ....... M &.Woii.IOI
If @] $ @] +3 +2 0 ·2
orbitals
3 2
1
If ·3
Terryonic modelling of the charged mass-ENERGY-Matter topologies of elementary atoms and the nuclei rhat comprise rhem, reveals a DIRECf
LINEAR relationship for the nllmber of Protons-elecrrons-Neurrons in aU periodic elements and nuclear isotopes
Tetryonics 50.08 - Planck mass-energy in elementary Matter & Isotopes
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 78
Planck mass-energy contributions to elementary Matter and isotopes electron
Deut eron KEM
28 l..UUMoo\1
27
"
m:l ·
[fill] Elementary
nuclei
z 291,166
285,065
262,158
213,887
133,697
58,940
19,840
are comprised of equal numbers of Protons, Neutrons & electrons
with varying energy levels
The mass·energy content of Deuterium nuclei aeates the molar mass of elements (not extra neutrons in excess of the elemental number]
291,107 M eV
+
22,903MeV J.t1lbV h•~•u.v
Schrodinger's quantum numbers
3 ....... ~······· ·l ·
·.:.>'a ············ r····... 2
···•···••··· ... 3
8 Elemen~al mass·Matrer
{in MeV]
S9,S80keV
• 48,262MeV
+
80,174 MeV
.. ,,. .. v (n ·IMo•t¥
@ }l ... ,.,v:, J . ....
~ r¥' .r -.;
7 ....... , ... \.6 ~
?! •
+
+
74, 40MeV s. ...... v
.~ .. •
u ... uv IO..W..V
565.11 keV
KEM fltld mass r.>nt.>rgits /ill eV}
KE
~ @! ~ ~\ -.;
]lA. \\.
IL ~
2 + 8 + 18 + 32 + 32 + 18 + 8 + 2 Bohr's atomic orbitals
nuclei number per shell
Baryons electrons KEM fields
930.947 MeV + 496.519 keV + 13.525 ev The mass-energy content of Matter topologies is velocity invariant
The mass-energy content of Baryons determines the KEM field of electrons
1
e' <II c <II
Tetryonics 50.09 - Quadratic mass-energy formulation
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 79
Baryons KEM fields ele<trons
930.947MeV + 13.525 ev + 496.519 keV Mapping Planck mass-energy contributions to elementary Matter and isotopes
Schrodinger's quant~m numbers
3 3
general form quarroric equarion
..... ,.Mo KE/1
•·... ,.·
2
1 E nhv ~ ·····~·· ·····!lll ....... C.~ ..... jjl)········@j........ ~ polar arifbau
Bohr's atomic orbitals polt~r energy spirals counesy of Rtnt Cormier
ldentifying electron rest Matter topologies as velocity invariant we can re-arrange the
component Planck mass-energy geometry formulation of periodic elements to
h[o?.~l~t2ss + Sp«t:!Unes + l .. ~~m!s~~s v] reveal a quadratic formulation for all Z numbers
Tetryonics 50.10 - rest masses in atomic Matter
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 80
The atomic shell energy levels of Deuterium nuclei in elements
ele<tron
Deuteron KEM
29 £II S1StY
2,SOS.4MIV
28 (..- • UhY
l,llS.6MtV
27 l,171.8Mt V
26 l,.013.9Mt V
25
Determines the spectral line [KEM field energies]
of electrons bound to them
"' Q)
£
"' u
E 0 ..... IQ
All elements are comprised of n level Duetrium nuclei
~
I~
~
I:Q)
ri\!1
~~J
[L
[]\\
Baryons KEM fields electrons
Z [[72n 2] + [12v2 ] + [1.2e20]]
1,861,949 MeV 13.525 eV 496,519 keV
... ···········r···········... . .. ... ··· .. ,•' ·· ...
,;;··· ~ .... ········3;1JSO·.~:MeV····················· 3.5!25 eV·······················•··:O•~:•••••v············
.• / Z ([72*32n'1 + [12'8v' 1 + (1.2e20)J '·· ...
· · · · · · · ·2;1i~~;9 ·Mev· · · · · · ···············1Msev·············· .........•.. ., •. m·~:~\·· · · · · · · · · · Z [72'31n 1 (12'7v 1 .. (1.2e2 )J ·
··t·2;68·l;~MeV
r 2,505.4 MeV
2,335.6MeV
2,171.7MeV
1.2e20)J
Z ([72*27n'1 + (1 t3v'1 + (1.2e20JI
2,013.8 MeV 0.84eV
496;519 keY ······~-:···
496,S19keV
496.S19 keV
496,S19keV
\ Z ([72*26n'1 + (1 ~·2v'1 + (1.2e20JI _..
18~~·:9..MeV 0.21 eV ·• 496,.Si~·~:v ···... Z ([72*2Sn'1 + (12'1v '1 + (1.2e20)J .... /
'•, .··
······ .. ·· ............ C.~ ............ ···· .. ···
~ • @ •
'il® • ~~ • ~~ •
'il® • @ •
~
The relativistic rest mass-energy-Matter of all periodic elements is the sum of the mass-energies of ail atomic nuclei and spectral lines
that comprise its mass-Mat ter topology as measured in any spatial co-ordinate system per unit of time
Qj £
"' ~ Q) Q.
Q)
u :::J c
z 'Y
Elememalmass-MaLCer [i11 MeVJ
6,101MeV 99) ktV
(1> • ·27.o$c¥
+ 22,903MeV
S,t7'2 ktV En • .al.fi.V
+ 48,262MeV
, ,937k•V (• .. ·JIU('V
• 80,174 MeV
I S,&UktV (" -1(49hV
+ 74,740 MeV
15 .... k•V f., -lCJI.lhY'
+ 39,092MeV
1.9l7k•V (n• 11!4l~
+ 16,1 11MeV
3.91'1hV ... +
3,724MeV 99lk•V rn .. 4.04'V
[1.2e20]]
e the rest mass-Matter of
bound photo-electrons is velocity invariant
Tetryonics 50.11 - absolute rest mass-Matter
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 81
Carbon
rtm 12
Platinum
191
Avagadro's number
6.022141579 e26 1 KG mass 1.660538841 e-27 kg atoms In lK.Gof Matter [of Matter]
atomic rest mass·Matter
using $/ 1m irs Avagadro 's number can be expressed exacrly as rhe inverse resr mass of Hydroge"
5.019789213 e25 atoms in 1 KG of Matter
Weighted atomic mass
6.0221 4078 e 23 1.99211552 e-26 kg atomic rest mass--Matter
Terryonic cllarge geomeiries make weiglued atomic mass measuremenrs and calcularious obsolete
22,506 1/12 of Carbon 12 (Graphene) is not equal to 1 Hydrogen atom 22.51 2 (Deuterium is the building block of all atomic elements)
1.966225348 e25 atoms In lK.Gof Matter
International Avagadro project 5.085887033 e-26 kg atomic rest mass·Matter
The gram was originally dellned in 179S as the mass of one cubic centimeter of water at 4~c.
making the kilogram equ.al to the mass of ooe liter of water.
The prototype kilogram.. manufactured in 1799 and from which {he current kilogram is based has a mass equal to the mass of 1.000025 liters of water
In recent years two major experiments. namety the Watt balance & Av~ro projects. have been attempting to measure Md define 1 KG of mass•Matter in terms of electrical force and the num~r of ~toms respe<tivety
2.817950081 e24 atoms in tKGof Matter
3.181804449 e23
In order to better define tKG of mass-Matter precisely for all future physk al references
-, ...
La GrandeK Tht (.0) gun.k K b 41141kiy of oo'9 rbun11m (. 10"'9 h;Ji.,"'
1flo1 AIJJ 6MI sf.,_ly /l)sl"l ION"'I $l'ltt IU "'•liiUjKiutt
3.1893811012 e-25 kg atomic restmass·Matter ,,
3.142870708 c-25 kg
All aromlc rest masses are for aroms at absolllre uro 01ld any deviation Is a meas~~re of the ropological MatreT's Kinetic mezxy colltellt {chemical enezxy, KBM.fields and/or spectral lilies]
Hydrogen
~
01
Silicon
28
Tetryonics 50.12 - Periodic Table 2.0
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 82
Tetryonics 51.00 - Hydrogen atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 83
Tetryonics 51.01 - Deuterium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 84
Tetryonics 51.02 - Helium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 85
Tetryonics 51.03 - Lithium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 86
Tetryonics 51.04 - Beryllium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 87
Tetryonics 51.05 - Boron atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 88
Tetryonics 51.06 - Carbon atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 89
Tetryonics 51.07 - Nitrogen atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 90
Tetryonics 51.08 - Oxygen atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 91
Tetryonics 51.09 - Fluorine atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 92
Tetryonics 51.10 - Neon atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 93
Tetryonics 51.11 - Sodium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 94
Tetryonics 51.12 - Magnesium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 95
Tetryonics 51.13 - Aluminium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 96
Tetryonics 51.14 - Silicon atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 97
Tetryonics 51.15 - Phosphorus atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 98
Tetryonics 51.16 - Sulfur atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 99
Tetryonics 51.17 - Chlorine atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 100
Tetryonics 51.18 - Argon atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 101
Tetryonics 51.19 - Potassium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 102
Tetryonics 51.20 - Calcium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 103
Tetryonics 51.21 - Scandium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 104
Tetryonics 51.22 - Titanium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 105
Tetryonics 51.23 - Vanadium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 106
Tetryonics 51.24 - Chromium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 107
Tetryonics 51.25 - Manganese atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 108
Tetryonics 51.26 - Iron atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 109
Tetryonics 51.27 - Cobalt atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 110
Tetryonics 51.28 - Nickel atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 111
Tetryonics 51.29 - Copper atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 112
Tetryonics 51.30 - Zinc atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 113
Tetryonics 51.31 - Gallium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 114
Tetryonics 51.32 - Germanium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 115
Tetryonics 51.33 - Arsenic atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 116
Tetryonics 51.34 - Selenium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 117
Tetryonics 51.35 - Bromine atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 118
Tetryonics 51.36 - Krypton atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 119
Tetryonics 51.37 - Rubidium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 120
Tetryonics 51.38 - Strontium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 121
Tetryonics 51.39 - Yttrium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 122
Tetryonics 51.40 - Zirconium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 123
Tetryonics 51.41 - Niobium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 124
Tetryonics 51.42 - Molybdenum atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 125
Tetryonics 51.43 - Technetium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 126
Tetryonics 51.44 - Ruthenium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 127
Tetryonics 51.45 - Rhodium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 128
Tetryonics 51.46 - Palladium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 129
Tetryonics 51.47 - Silver atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 130
Tetryonics 51.48 - Cadmium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 131
Tetryonics 51.49 - Indium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 132
Tetryonics 51.50 - Tin atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 133
Tetryonics 51.51 - Antimony atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 134
Tetryonics 51.52 - Tellurium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 135
Tetryonics 51.53 - Iodine atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 136
Tetryonics 51.54 - Xenon atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 137
Tetryonics 51.55 - Caesium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 138
Tetryonics 51.56 - Barium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 139
Tetryonics 51.57 - Lanthanum atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 140
Tetryonics 51.58 - Cerium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 141
Tetryonics 51.59 - Praseodymium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 142
Tetryonics 51.60 - Neodymium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 143
Tetryonics 51.61 - Promethium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 144
Tetryonics 51.62 - Samarium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 145
Tetryonics 51.63 - Europium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 146
Tetryonics 51.64 - Gadolinium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 147
Tetryonics 51.65 -Terbium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 148
Tetryonics 51.66 - Dysprosium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 149
Tetryonics 51.67 - Holmium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 150
Tetryonics 51.68 - Erbium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 151
Tetryonics 51.69 - Thulium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 152
Tetryonics 51.70 - Ytterbium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 153
Tetryonics 51.71 - Lutetium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 154
Tetryonics 51.72 - Hafnium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 155
Tetryonics 51.73 - Tantalum atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 156
Tetryonics 51.74 - Tungsten atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 157
Tetryonics 51.75 - Rhenium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 158
Tetryonics 51.76 - Osmium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 159
Tetryonics 51.77 - Iridium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 160
Tetryonics 51.78 - Platinum atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 161
Tetryonics 51.79 - Gold atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 162
Tetryonics 51.80 - Mercury atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 163
Tetryonics 51.81 - Thallium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 164
Tetryonics 51.82 - Lead atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 165
Tetryonics 51.83 - Bismuth atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 166
Tetryonics 51.84 - Polonium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 167
Tetryonics 51.85 - Astatine atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 168
Tetryonics 51.86 - Radon atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 169
Tetryonics 51.87 - Francium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 170
Tetryonics 51.88 - Radium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 171
Tetryonics 51.89 - Actinium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 172
Tetryonics 51.90 - Thorium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 173
Tetryonics 51.91 - Protactinium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 174
Tetryonics 51.92 - Uranium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 175
Tetryonics 51.93 - Neptunium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 176
Tetryonics 51.94 - Plutonium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 177
Tetryonics 51.95 - Americium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 178
Tetryonics 51.96 - Curium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 179
Tetryonics 51.97 - Berkelium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 180
Tetryonics 51.98 - Californium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 181
Tetryonics 51.99 - Einsteinium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 182
Tetryonics 51.100 - Fermium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 183
Tetryonics 51.101 - Mendelevium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 184
Tetryonics 51.102 - Nobelium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 185
Tetryonics 51.103 - Lawrencium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 186
Tetryonics 51.104 - Rutherfordium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 187
Tetryonics 51.105 - Dubnium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 188
Tetryonics 51.106 - Seaborgium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 189
Tetryonics 51.107 - Bohrium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 190
Tetryonics 51.108 - Hassium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 191
Tetryonics 51.109 - Meitnerium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 192
Tetryonics 51.110 - Darmstadtium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 193
Tetryonics 51.111 - Roetgenium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 194
Tetryonics 51.112 - Copernicium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 195
Tetryonics 51.113 - Ununtrium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 196
Tetryonics 51.114 - Flerovium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 197
Tetryonics 51.115 - Ununpentium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 198
Tetryonics 51.116 - Livermorium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 199
Tetryonics 51.117 - Ununseptium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 200
Tetryonics 51.118 - Ununoctium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 201
Tetryonics 51.119 - Ununnenium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 202
Tetryonics 51.120 - Unbinilium atom
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 203
Tetryonics 52.01 - Tetryonic Element Table
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 204
Tetryonics 52.02 - Periodic Table [Elements]
Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 205
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