LEARNING
Learning…
Learning: relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience
18-1 Learning Examples
Classical Conditioning
Type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to gain a response
Stimulus: anything in the environment that one can respond to
Response: any behavior or action
Classical Conditioning Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQmHgBZhlwc&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1
One stimulus begins to produce the same response as another stimulus because the learner has developed an association between the two
Components of Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): the UCS is a stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically, just as scalding water makes someone jump away
Hot shower water is a UCS for jumping away. Classical conditioning cannot happen without a UCS. The only behaviors and emotions that can be classically conditioned are those that are reliably produced by a UCS
Components of Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Response(UCR): the unconditioned response is the automatic response to the UCS. If hot water is the UCS, jumping away is the UCR. This relationship is reflexive, not learned.
Jumping from hot water
Components of Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gains the power to cause a (conditioned) response.
The word flush provokes a neutral response, before conditioning. It is a neutral stimulus before learning
Components of Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR): The CR is the response to the CS (conditioned stimulus). It is the same behavior that is identified as the UCR (unconditioned response)
Jumping away
Pavlov’s Dogs
For each: identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR
Your romantic partner always uses the same shampoo. Soon, the smell of that shampoo makes you feel happy.
The door to your house squeaks loudly when you open it. Soon, your dog begins wagging its tail when the door squeaks.
The nurse says “Now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next time you hear “This won’t hurt” you cringe in fear.
You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.
While George was having a cavity filled by his dentist, the drill hit a nerve that had not been dulled by anesthetic, a couple of times. Each time he cringed in pain. George now gets anxious each time he sees the dentist.
Every time a psychology instructor enters the classroom, she goes straight to the board to write an outline on it. Unfortunately, she has long finger nails and each time she writes the outline, her nails screech on the board, making students cringe. After a few weeks of this, students cringe at the sight of the teacher entering the classroom.
Make up your own examples! How would you experiment to prove
learning? You need:
UCS UCR CS CR*Can anybody think of some we could test inthe classroom?
Acquisition
Process of developing a learned response When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly
paired with a UCS Each pairing is called a trial Pavlov repeatedly paired the meat
powder with the tuning fork
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Extinction Not like what
happened to the dinosaurs
Diminishing of a learned response
Responses tend to linger
Spontaneous recovery: return of an extinguished classically conditioned response after a rest period
Weaker than the original one
Generalization and Discrimination
Generalization: producing the same response to two similar stimuli
Pavlov used a different tuning fork with his dogs.
Discrimination: producing different responses to two stimuli
A child being able to discriminate between different animals
John Watson
Behaviorism: view that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes
Phobias can be explained by the principles of classical conditioning
Little Albert http://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE
Association Principle
Human Taste Aversions
Food examples Soup cookie
9 point scale 1=dislike 5=neutral 9= really like
Taste Aversion
John Garcia Can use nausea
producing drugs as a UCS to condition an aversion to a particular taste
Taste aversion: learning to avoid a food that makes you sick. The signal or CS is the taste of a food. The reflex that follows it is sickness. Organisms quickly learn to associate taste with sickness.
Examples?
Operant conditioning
Type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior
Candy bar example
Law of Effect
Behaviors with favorable consequences will occur with more frequency and behaviors followed by less favorable consequences will occur with less frequency
Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Reinforcement: any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior
Getting money for good grades
Punishment: any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior
Bad behavior- detention
WHAT AFFECTS OUR LEARNING MORE- IMMEDIATE REWARDS
OR DELAYED REWARDS?
Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcer: strengthen a response by reducing or removing an aversive (unpleasant stimulus)
List of examples
Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviors
If you clean your room, you will no longer have to stay inside
If you do what I want I will remove an aversive stimulus
Punishment weakens behaviors
Because you did not clean your room, you have to stay inside today
Because you did not do what I want, I will supply an aversive stimulus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPHcw2vz9H0&feature=related
B.F. SKinner
Developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world
Shaping: reinforcement of behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired one; the operant technique used to establish new behaviors or shape new behaviors
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA&feature=related
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