Download - გამოხატვის თავისუფლება, ტომი II-II

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kanonmdebloba da praqtika

Tavisuflebis instituti, 2005

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gamoxatvis TavisuflebasaqarTveloSi

meore tomi

SFDBCEAKT<BC BYCNBNENB

Tbilisi 2005

ISBN 99940-714-2-499940-714-4-0

es gamocema Tavisuflebis institutma ganaxorciela amerikis saerTaSoriso

ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) finansuri daxmarebiT, saerTaSoriso kvlevisa

da gacvlebis sabWosgan (IREX) miRebuli grantis meSveobiT. miuxedavad amisa,

mxolod Tavisuflebis instituti agebs pasuxs am gamocemis Sinaarsze. masSi

gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes saerTaSoriso kvlevisa

da gacvlebis sabWos (IREX), amerikis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos

warmomadgenlobis (USAID) an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis oficialur po-

zicias.

avtorTa jgufi:

Tamar kinwuraSvili

levan ramiSvili

irakli kotetiSvili

redaqtori:

Tamar kinwuraSvili

koreqtori:

lia amonaSvili

dizaineri:

besik danelia

winasityvaoba

amboben, karg iurists ori ram moeTxoveba _ lo-

gikis unari da imis codna, Tu sad romeli kanoni unda

eZebo. am ori komponentis aucileblobaSi winamdebare

naSromic dagarwmunebT, romelic gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebis sferoSi saqarTvelos bolo rvawlian gamocdi-

lebas asaxavs.

gulwrfelad rom vTqvaT, sityvis Tavisuflebas-

Tan dakavSirebuli qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika

erTgvari testia logikaSi, romlis pasuxebis saZebne-

lad, albaT, mizanSewonilia pirvel toms, anu gamoxat-

vis Tavisuflebis maregulirebel saerTaSoriso stan-

dartebs CavxedoT. da ara imitom, rom yvelafris gasa-

Rebi sadRac Cvengan Sorsaa. ubralod imitom, rom ga-

moxatvis Tavisufleba Tavisi bunebiT universaluri

uflebaa, romelic geografiuli sazRvrebiT ar izRu-

deba da misi regulireba saerTaSoriso samarTals eq-

vemdebareba. adamianis uflebaTa universaluri dek-

laraciis me-19 muxli calsaxad gansazRvravs, rom az-

risa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba moicavs adamianis `Ta-

visuflebas, daubrkoleblad misdevdes Tavis mrwamss

da moiZios da gaavrcelos informacia da ideebi ne-

bismieri saSualebiT, saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxeda-

vad.~

winamdebare naSromi TvalnaTliv warmoaCens, rom

sityvisa da azris gamoxatvis uflebis erTgvarovani

gageba qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi jer kidev did

problemad rCeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am sferos

maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis reformirebis Sede-

gad gamoxatvis Tavisufleba maRali saerTaSoriso

standartebiTaa daculi, sasamarTlo praqtika cxad-

yofs, rom am uflebiT sargeblobaSi dausabuTebel

Carevas xSirad im mosamarTleTa msoflmxedvelobrivi

problema ganapirobebs, romelTac uWirT liberaluri

Rirebulebebis gaTaviseba da dResac sabWoTa kodeq-

sebiT xelmZRvaneloben.

meore tomis I kari (kanonmdebloba da praqtika) mo-

icavs rogorc komentarebs sityvisa da gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb axladmiRebul kanonze, aseve

ganvlili rva wlis sasamarTlo praqtikis analizs; I I

karSi (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi) mocemulia 1996-

2004 wlebSi qarTuli sasamarTloebis mier sityvis

TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT ganxiluli saqmeebi;

xolo I I I kari (informaciis Tavisufleba) asaxavs ro-

gorc informaciis Tavisuflebis filosofiur xedvas,

aseve komentarebs zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis

informaciis Tavisuflebis Tavze.

dasasruls unda aRiniSnos isic, rom winamdebare

naSromSi Tavmoyrili saqmeebi Jurnalistikis fakul-

tetis studentebisTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod

samarTlebrivi, aramed profesiuli TvalsazrisiTac.

rogorc qarTuli, aseve amerikuli da evropuli ga-

mocdilebis gacnoba noyier masalas iZleva imis gasa-

analizeblad, Tu ra moeTxoveba Jurnalists imisaT-

vis, rom misi mxridan profesiuli standartebis ugu-

lebelyofa sxvaTa uflebebis xelyofis safuZveli ar

gaxdes.

Tamar kinwuraSvili

kari Igamoxatvis Tavisufleba _ kanonmdebloba da praqtika .................................. 17

Tavi Ikomentarebi saqarTvelos kanonze�sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb� ......................................................... 19

irakli kotetiSvili

Sesavali ................................................................................................................ 19

sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis sakanonmdeblo garantiebi ........................................... 21

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva ................................................................................... 38

Tavi IIsityvisa da gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebulisasamarTlo praqtikis analizi ........................................................................................ 57

Tamar kinwuraSvili

irakli kotetiSvili

Sesavali ................................................................................................................ 57

1996-1998 wlebi ................................................................................................................ 58

1. sisxlissamarTlebrivi davebipolitikuri gamoxatva ............................................................................................. 60

nestan kirTaZisa da klara abramias saqme .................................................................. 60

klara Sukvanis saqme .......................................................................................................... 62

2. samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi davebi

difamacia ................................................................................................................ 65

sarCevi

gldanis raionis lomisis wm. giorgis eklesiismarTlmadidebeli mrevlisa da gazeT `gldani 2001�-is saqme ............................. 65

giorgi doliZisa da gazeT `7 dRis~ saqme .................................................................. 66

1999 weli ................................................................................................................ 67


politikuri gamoxatva .............................................................................................. 68

nugzar birkaiasa da mixeil saakaSvilis saqme .......................................................... 68

difamacia ................................................................................................................ 70

boris ivaniSvilis, nana da dimitri cincaZeebis,gazeT `saxalxo sityvisa~ da koba kapanaZis saqme .................................................... 70

bela SalvaSvilis, gazeT `qarTuli maxvilisa~

da jemal davlianiZis saqme ............................................................................................. 70

2000 weli ................................................................................................................ 72

1. sisxlissamarTlebrivi davebi

difamacia ................................................................................................................ 74

lavrenti naWyebiasa klara abramias saqme .................................................................. 74


politikuri gamoxatva ............................................................................................. 76

uSangi donjaSvilis, medea mezvriSvilisa dasainformacio analitikuri biuro `geas~ saqme ........................................................ 76

difamacia ................................................................................................................ 78

qeTevan wamebulis sazogadoebis Tavmjdomarisada kote maxaraZis saqme .................................................................................................... 78

soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministrosmcenareTa dacvis samsaxurisa da gela RliRvaSvilis saqme ................................ 80

mari ciyelaSvilis, gazeT àlias~ da daviT onofriSvilis saqme ...................... 81

gazeTebis àWara P.S.~-i da `qobuleTi~,nato qaTamaZisa da qobuleTis gamgeobis saqme ...................................................... 82

simon nozaZis, gazeT `meridianisa~ da ilnar goreliSvilis saqme ................... 84

a. d.-s, gazeTebis `kriminali~, `7 dRe~, àxali Taoba~da telekompania `rusTavi 2~-is saqme ........................................................................ 85

daviT gurgeniZis, gazeT àxali Taobisa~ da g. balaZis saqme ............................. 86

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba .................................................................... 88

n. b.-sa da v. b.-s saqme ........................................................................................................ 88

2001 weli ................................................................................................................ 90


difamacia ................................................................................................................ 93

basil mkalaviSvilisa da gazeT `rezonansis~ saqme ................................................ 93

Tamaz wivwivaZis, saqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo erovnuli kavSiris,akaki gogiCaiSvilisa da `rusTavi 2~-is saqme ........................................................... 96

telekompania `rionisa~ da telekompania `quTaisis~ saqme ................................... 99

manana arCvaZe-gamsaxurdias, gazeT `Sansi+~-is,bondo qurdaZisa da gogita meliqiZis saqme ........................................................... 100

roman kvaWaZis, gazeT `lanCxuTi Plus~-isada qeTevan da zaza nakaSiZeebis saqme ........................................................................ 101

demokratiuli aRorZinebis kavSiris quTaisis saqalaqo organizaciisada Temur SaSiaSvilis saqme ........................................................................................... 102

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba .................................................................. 103

g.x.-sa da telekompania �rusTavi-2�-is saqme ........................................................... 103

komerciuli gamoxatva ............................................................................................ 105

`saqarTvelos aviaxazebisa~ da `airzena-saqarTvelos aviaxazebis~ saqme ..... 105

2002 weli .............................................................................................................. 107


politikuri gamoxatva ........................................................................................... 109

ivane CxartiSvilisa da levan berZeniSvilis saqme ............................................... 109

difamacia .............................................................................................................. 112

oTar kvantriSvilis xsovnis fondisa da `dilis gazeTis~ saqme ..................... 112

mogeli tyebuCavas, gazeT �foTisa� da xaTuna comaias saqme ............................ 113

kaxa TargamaZis, avTandil CxaiZis, vasil daviTaias, zaqaria varaziSvilis,nikoloz ivaniSvilis, zurab urotaZis, revaz maWavarianis,gazeT `rezonansisa~ da eliso CafiZis saqme ........................................................... 115

g. WumburiZisa da g. didbariZis saqme ....................................................................... 116

mamuka nozaZisa da rezo kldiaSvilis saqme ............................................................ 117


jemal enjibaZis, gazeT `kriminalisa~ da eka Cadunelis saqme .......................... 119


`barakonis~ direqtoris iuri boWoriSvilis,gazeT `saqarTvelos respublikisa~ da `axali Taobis~ saqme ............................ 122

gogi TofaZisa da `bi-ji-ais~ saqme ............................................................................ 123

2003 weli .............................................................................................................. 126



guram SaraZisa da levan ramiSvilis saqme ............................................................... 128



judi uCiZis, cezar bubulaSvilisa da daviT saxvaZis saqme ............................. 132

givi jiqias, nana devdarianis, Tamaz nadareiSvilisada jondi baRaTurias saqmeebi ..................................................................................... 133

difamacia .............................................................................................................. 137

aWaris soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministros,a. gadaxabaZis, pres-klub baTumisa da gazeT àxali versiis~ saqme ................ 137

valeri asaTianis, telekompania `rusTavi 2~-is, akaki gogiCaiSvilisada irakli kereseliZis saqme ......................................................................................... 139

giorgi geTiaSvilisa da eTer kvezerelis saqme .................................................... 142

onise ugrexeliZis, gazeT `P.S.~-isa da TinaTin dvaliSvilis saqme ................ 143

paata SavaZis, tariel qaTamaZisa da àWara P.S.~-is saqme .................................... 145

givi lominaZis, gazeT `meridianisa~ da i. goreliSvilis saqme ........................ 148

aWaris a/r jandacvis saministros, veterinariis departamentis,

gazeT `baTumelebisa~ da emzar diasamiZis saqme ................................................... 151

merab tyeSelaSvilisa da gazeT `jorjian Taimsis~ saqme ................................... 154


s.w.-isa da gazeT �alias� saqme ...................................................................................... 155

2004 weli .............................................................................................................. 159


difamacia .............................................................................................................. 163

mamuka nozaZisa da saba wiwikaSvilis saqme .............................................................. 163


difamacia .............................................................................................................. 162a. CxaiZis, telekompania `rusTavi 2~-is, akaki gogiCaiSvilisada al. maRlaferiZis saqme ............................................................................................. 164

Temur SaSiaSvilis, daviT kupreiSvilisa da gazeT àxali versiis~ saqme .... 169

vaxtang xmalaZis, gazeT `jorjian Taimsisa~da Jurnalist eka sexniaSvilis saqme ......................................................................... 172

qitesa gurgenaSvilis, merab gurgenaSvilisa da `TrialeTis~ saqme .............. 174

z. Jvaniasa da `Tavisufali gazeTis~ saqme .............................................................. 175


S. S.-is, gazeT `kviris palitrisa~ da Jurnalist megi canavas saqme ............... 179

mamuka nozaZisa da gazeT �TrialeTis� saqme .......................................................... 182dodo Coxelis, `duSeTis sazogadoebis inteligenciisa~da �axali versiis� saqme ................................................................................................. 184


nugzar maRularias, �besana da giorgis� da guram ximSiaSvilis saqme ........... 185

3. administraciuli davebi


antimonopoliuri samsaxurisa da telekompania `rusTavi 2~-is saqme ........... 187

4. sakonstitucio davebi

a. gogiCaiSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg ........................................ 189

kari IIgamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebulisasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi ...................................................................................... 195

1996 weli

nestan kirTaZe klara abramias winaaRmdeg ..................................................................... 197

1998 weli

prokuratura klara Sukvanis winaaRmdeg ....................................................................... 203

gldanis raionis lomisis wm. giorgis eklesiis marTlmadidebeli mrevli`gldani 2001~-is winaaRmdeg ................................................................................................ 204

giorgi doliZe `7 dRis~ winaaRmdeg .............................................................................. 209

1999 weli

konstantine kemularia `rezonansis~ winaaRmdeg ......................................................... 212

boris ivaniSvili, nana da dimitri cincaZeebi `saxalxo sityvisa~da koba kapanaZis winaaRmdeg ............................................................................................... 214

bela SalvaSvili `qarTuli maxvilisa~ da jemal davlianiZis winaaRmdeg ........... 216

nugzar birkaia mixeil saakaSvilis winaaRmdeg ............................................................. 217

saqarTvelos konservatiul-monarqistuli partia `rezonansis~,`praim-niusisa~ da `geas~ winaaRmdeg ................................................................................ 219

2000 weli

akaki CxaiZe Tea rusitaSvilis winaaRmdeg ...................................................................... 221

lia gogoberaSvili levan berZeniSvilis winaaRmdeg ................................................. 222

n. ioseliani àxalcixis� winaaRmdeg ................................................................................. 224

qeTevan wamebulis sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare kote maxaraZis winaaRmdeg ......... 225

soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministros mcenareTa dacvis samsaxurigela RliRvaSvilis winaaRmdeg .......................................................................................... 228

mari ciyelaSvili da àlia~ daviT onofriSvilis winaaRmdeg ................................. 230

n. b. v. b-s winaaRmdeg .............................................................................................................. 232

gogi doliZe giga lorTqifaniZis winaaRmdeg .............................................................. 233

uSangi donjaSvili medea mezvriSvilisa da `geas~ winaaRmdeg ................................ 236

saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministrosimereTis regionaluri sammarTvelos ufrosi monadireTada meTevzeTa klubis prezidentebis winaaRmdeg .......................................................... 241

àWara P.S.~-i `qobuleTis~, nato qaTamaZisada qobuleTis gamgeobis winaaRmdeg ................................................................................. 243

ivane yaWiauri àliasa~ da darejan sulaSvilis winaaRmdeg .................................... 248

simon nozaZe `meridianisa~ da ilnar goreliSvilis winaaRmdeg ............................ 249

ìntervalis~ prezidenti vasil mZevaSvili `7 dRisa~da rati axalaZis winaaRmdeg ............................................................................................... 251

a. d. `kriminalis~, `7 dRis~, àxali Taobisa~ da `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg ........ 252

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departamentiTengiz kitovanisa da `dilis gazeTis~ winaaRmdeg ...................................................... 254

emzar CaCxiani `praim-niusis~ winaaRmdeg ........................................................................ 255

daviT gurgeniZe àxali Taobis~ da guliko balaZis winaaRmdeg ............................ 257

lavrenti naWyebia klara abramias winaaRmdeg ............................................................... 258

giorgi danelia da vaxtang kopaliani àliasa~da darejan sulaSvilis winaaRmdeg .................................................................................. 262

2001 weli

quTaisis meriis qalaq-muzeumis municipaliteti da gia grZeliZeSoTa RirdalaZisa da `reziumes~ winaaRmdeg ................................................................ 264

manana xomeriki àsaval-dasavalis~, elga foladiSvilisada revaz kverenCxilaZis winaaRmdeg ................................................................................. 266

saia guram mamulias winaaRmdeg ......................................................................................... 267

maxmud mamulaZe àWara P.S.~-isa da nato maxaraZis winaaRmdeg ............................... 269

kaxa cabaZe nunu gabunias winaaRmdeg ............................................................................... 271

g. x. `rusTavi 2-is~ winaaRmdeg ........................................................................................... 273

vladimer kereseliZe nodar jaianis winaaRmdeg .......................................................... 274

korneli salia da irakli kopaZe guram arabulisada `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg .............................................................................................. 277

cotne gvelesiani daviT liklikaZisa da `rionis~ winaaRmdeg ................................. 279

mevlud egrisaSvili mayvala berianiZis winaaRmdeg .................................................... 281maia giorgaZe levan vefxvaZis, gazeT àliasa~da nana vasaZis winaaRmdeg .................................................................................................... 285

n.n deputat m.m-sa da n.s-s winaaRmdeg .............................................................................. 286basil mkalaviSvili `rezonansis~ winaaRmdeg ................................................................ 288

Tamaz wivwivaZe da saqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo erovnuli kavSiriakaki gogiCaiSvilisa da `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg ..................................................... 291

giorgi jiSkariani fridon kervaliSvilis winaaRmdeg .............................................. 295

quTaisis Ss sammarTvelos sagzao policiis ganyofilebis ufrosidaviT ZimistaraSvili `reziumes~ winaaRmdeg ............................................................... 297

laSa SaniZe avTandil SaniZis winaaRmdeg ........................................................................ 298

`rioni~ `quTaisis~ winaaRmdeg ............................................................................................ 299

giorgi bogiSvili givi gamyreliZis winaaRmdeg ........................................................... 301

giorgi jiSkariani badri kapetivaZis, daviT liklikaZisada eliso kilaZis winaaRmdeg .............................................................................................. 302

zaira facuria `marTali gazeTis~, `saqarTvelos respublikis~,Tamar berZeniSvilisa da daviT qaquTias winaaRmdeg .................................................. 304

konstantine nuralovi ànareklis~ winaaRmdeg ............................................................ 308

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis asociacia `puri arsobisas~ winaaRmdeg ........ 308

manana arCvaZe-gamsaxurdia `Sansi +~-is, bondo qurdaZisada gogita meliqiZis winaaRmdeg ........................................................................................ 311

R. k. T. k.-isa da m. k.-is winaaRmdeg .................................................................................... 316

Tbilisis Ss mTavari sammarTvelo ia danelias winaaRmdeg ...................................... 317

roman kvaWaZe `lanCxuTi Plus~-is, qeTevan da zaza nakaSiZeebis winaaRmdeg ........ 319

valerian berikaSvili quTaisis sakrebulos da quTaisis meriis winaaRmdeg ..... 321

demokratiuli aRorZinebis kavSiris quTaisis saqalaqo organizaciaTemur SaSiaSvilis winaaRmdeg ............................................................................................ 323

`saqarTvelos aviaxazebi~ àirzena-saqarTvelos aviaxazebis~ winaaRmdeg .......... 325

2002 weli

Temur xevsuriani sozar subelianis winaaRmdeg .......................................................... 328

`barakonis~ direqtori iuri boWoriSvili`saqarTvelos respublikis~ winaaRmdeg .......................................................................... 329

gogi TofaZe `bi-ji-ais~ winaaRmdeg ................................................................................. 331

giorgi doliZe àxali 7 dRisa~ da beso solomonaSvilis winaaRmdeg .................. 335

oTar kvantriSvilis xsovnis fondi `dilis gazeTis~ winaaRmdeg .......................... 337

`barakonis~ direqtori iuri boWoriSvili àxali Taobis~ winaaRmdeg ................ 339

ìnvalidTa da veteranTa wminda Tamar mefis ordeni~ dak. da v.j-ebi ìnvalidTa kavSiris~ winaaRmdeg ............................................................... 340

jemal enjibaZe `kriminalisa~ da eka Cadunelis winaaRmdeg ..................................... 344

fadi asli `saqarTvelos Tambaqos warmoebis~, `samgori XXI~-is,rati axalaZisa da `kviris palitris~ winaaRmdeg ......................................................... 347

merab doliZe da gela RunwkiZe rusTavis meris, laSa mindelis winaaRmdeg ...... 348

àsociacia saganmanaTleblo reformebis centri~`kviris palitris~ winaaRmdeg ............................................................................................. 349

mogeli tyebuCava `foTisa~ da xaTuna comaias winaaRmdeg ....................................... 351

zelimxan giorgaZe `quTaisis~ winaaRmdeg ...................................................................... 354

jemal enjibaZe `praim-niusis~ winaaRmdeg ...................................................................... 355

karlo kalaZe àlias~ korespondentis jilda daTuaSvilis winaaRmdeg ............. 356

i. orjonikiZe n. xoferiasa da q. qurdovaniZis winaaRmdeg ....................................... 358

gogi biWaSvili qeTi xatiaSvilis da àlias~ winaaRmdeg ........................................... 360

ivane CxartiSvili levan berZeniSvilis winaaRmdeg .................................................... 361

aleqsandre kuWuxiZe mindia saluqvaZis, ivane kiRuraZis,giorgi xaraZisa da eduard koduas winaaRmdeg ............................................................ 366

akaki axalkaci `bazari saburTalo 2000~-is, ìberia Taimsisa~da àsaval-dasavalis~ winaaRmdeg ..................................................................................... 369

kaxa TargamaZe, avTandil CxaiZe, vasil daviTaia, zaqaria varaziSvili,nikoloz ivaniSvili, zurab urotaZe, revaz maWavariani `rezonansisa~da eliso CafiZis winaaRmdeg ............................................................................................... 371

guram WumburiZe `dilis gazeTis~ winaaRmdeg .............................................................. 376

g. WumburiZe g. didbariZis winaaRmdeg ............................................................................ 379

meri javaxiSvili `regionis tribunis~ winaaRmdeg ...................................................... 381

inga abaSiZe jansuR civaZisa da Temur TxilaiSvilis winaaRmdeg ......................... 382

nugzar eragia `quTaisis~ winaaRmdeg ............................................................................... 383

gregor gurovi guram SaraZis winaaRmdeg ...................................................................... 384

aleqsandre arabuli irakli maWaraSvilisda `kviris palitris~ winaaRmdeg ....................................................................................... 386

mamuka nozaZe rezo kldiaSvilis winaaRmdeg ................................................................ 387

roland nikolaiSvili givi TargamaZis, àxali Taobis~,`dilis gazeTisa~ da `rezonansis~ winaaRmdeg .............................................................. 392

emzar TurmaniZe àWara P.S.~-is winaaRmdeg .................................................................... 393

2003 weli

jemal jiqurauli èqos~, vano pavliaSvilisada ia danelias winaaRmdeg .................................................................................................... 395

judi uCiZe da cezar bubulaSvili daviT saxvaZis winaaRmdeg ............................... 397

aWaris soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministro avTandil gadaxabaZis,`pres-klub baTumisa~ da àxali versiis~ winaaRmdeg ................................................. 401

s. w. àlias~ winaaRmdeg ......................................................................................................... 403

valeri asaTiani `rusTavi 2~-is,akaki gogiCaiSvilis da irakli kereseliZis winaaRmdeg ............................................ 406

giorgi geTiaSvili eTer kvezerelis winaaRmdeg ......................................................... 417

foTis sakrebulos Tavmjdomare `foTis~,xaTuna comaiasa da ana jaxias winaaRmdeg ....................................................................... 419

guram SaraZe levan ramiSvilis winaaRmdeg .................................................................... 420

T. g.-i l. da n. a.-ebis winaaRmdeg ....................................................................................... 428

àzotis~ generaluri direqtori giorgi gogolaZemurman arjevaniZis winaaRmdeg ........................................................................................... 431

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis asociacia àlias~ winaaRmdeg ........................... 432

zaur samxaraZe Sromisa da socialuri dacvis imereTis regionisdepartamentis direqtoris giorgi kuxianiZisa da àlias~ winaaRmdeg ................ 435

onise ugrexeliZe `P.S.~-isa da TinaTin dvaliSvilis winaaRmdeg ........................... 438

paata SavaZe tariel qaTamaZisa da àWara P.S.~-is winaaRmdeg .................................. 440

Tamaz nadareiSvili jondi baRaTurias winaaRmdeg .................................................... 445

givi jiqia nana devdarianis winaaRmdeg ........................................................................... 450

`merani~ èqosa~ da ramin yuraSvilis winaaRmdeg ......................................................... 456

givi lominaZe `meridianisa~ da ilnar goreliSvilis winaaRmdeg .......................... 459

r. minaSvili n. comaias, m. jorbenaZisa da l. zaqariaZis winaaRmdeg ..................... 464

zurab yvavaZe ìnetr-presisa~ da àxali Taobis~ winaaRmdeg .................................. 467

aWaris a/r janmrTelobis dacvis saministro daveterinariis departamenti `baTumelebisa~ da emzar diasamiZis winaaRmdeg ..... 469

àgroteqniki~ da fadi asli eka qadagiSvilis, ramaz korTxonjias,mari WiWinaZis, `tribunisa~ da `jorjian Taimsis~ winaaRmdeg ................................ 472

akaki CxaiZe goCa cqitiSvilis winaaRmdeg ...................................................................... 474

akaki CxaiZe `Tavisufali gazeTisa~ da Jurnalist gia mgelaZis winaaRmdeg ...... 475

evgeni juRaSvili griSa onianis winaaRmdeg .................................................................. 477

v. kvaracxelia n. giorgaZe-siraZisa da e. mTiuliSvilis winaaRmdeg ..................... 479

merab tyeSelaSvili `jorjian Taimsisa~ da naTia omaZis winaaRmdeg ................... 480

2004 weli

m. buaCiZe l. lomsaZis winaaRmdeg ..................................................................................... 483

k. g. da m. raisianebi e. xodikianisa da a.ambarcumianis winaaRmdeg ......................... 485

akaki CxaiZe `rusTavi 2~-is, akaki gogiCaiSvilisada aleqsandre maRlaferiZis winaaRmdeg ........................................................................ 486

Temur SaSiaSvili daviT kupreiSvilisa da àxali versiis~ winaaRmdeg ............... 495

i. giorgaZe `nugbaris~ winaaRmdeg ..................................................................................... 499

S. S. `kviris palitrisa~ da megi canavas winaaRmdeg .................................................... 502

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo antimonopoliuri samsaxuri`rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg .................................................................................................... 507

avTandil wulukiani `axali Taobisa~ da Sorena kowowaSvilis winaaRmdeg ......... 510

vaxtang xmalaZe `jorjian Taimsisa~ da eka sexniaSvilis winaaRmdeg .................... 512

Tamaz buaZe `kviris palitris~ winaaRmdeg ..................................................................... 517

qitesa gurgenaSvili merab gurgenaSvilisa da `TrialeTis~ winaaRmdeg ............. 519

nugzar maRularia da `besana da giorgi~ guram ximSiaSvilis winaaRmdeg ........... 521

zurab Jvania `Tavisufali gazeTisa~ da irma mesxias winaaRmdeg ........................... 524

mamuka nozaZe saba wiwikaSvilis winaaRmdeg ................................................................... 529

mamuka nozaZe `TrialeTis~ winaaRmdeg ............................................................................ 531

mamuka nozaZe `TrialeTisa~ da saba wiwikaSvilis winaaRmdeg ................................. 536

dodo Coxeli `duSeTis sazogadoebis inteligenciis~da `axali versiis~ winaaRmdeg ............................................................................................ 537

kari IIIinformaciis Tavisufleba ................................................................................................ 541

levan ramiSvili

informaciis Tavisufleba _ fuZemdebluri principebi ............................................ 543

komentarebi zogadi administraciuli kodeqsisinformaciis Tavisuflebis Tavze ..................................................................................... 558

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba -

kanonmdebloba da

praqtika

RFHB 6

18

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba saqarTveloSi

19


Sesavali

2004 wlis 24 ivniss saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni sityvisa

da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, riTac radikalurad Seicvala is

sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic qveyanaSi sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebis reJims awesrigebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1995 wels qveynis kons-

tituciis miRebam da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebis ratificire-

bam safuZveli Cauyara saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove liberalur faseulo-

bebze dafuZnebul kanonmdeblobas, qveyanaSi damkvidrebulma arajansaR-

ma sasamarTlo praqtikam dRis wesrigSi daayena kanonmdeblobaSi arse-

buli winaaRmdegobebis daxvewisa da samarTlebrivi normebis detalizi-

rebis sakiTxi.

SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom axalma kanonma, romelic sityvisa da gamo-

xatvis Tavisuflebis erTgavr konstitucias warmoadgens da romelic

Tavisuflebis institutis mier aris inicirebuli1 , mniSvnelovani koreq-

tireba Seitana arsebul samarTlebriv sivrceSi da gamoaswora is xarve-

zebi, romelic qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi aqamde uxvad moipoveboda da

isedac winaaRmdegobriv sasamarTlo praqtikaze arasaxarbielod aisaxe-

boda.

pirveli da SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze saxarbielo cvlileba, romelic

axalma kanonma Semoitana, aris difamaciis2 dekriminalizacia, rac imas

niSnavs, rom saqarTvelo im erTeul qveyanaTa (aSS, ukraina, bosnia-her-

cogovina da xorvatia) ricxvSia, sadac ciliswameba sisxlis samarTlis

kanonmdeblobiT dasjadi danaSauli ar aris.

1 kanonproeqti 1999 wels pirveli mosmeniT miiRo saqarTvelos parlamentma, misi

sabolood miReba mxolod 5 wlis Semdeg, 2004 wels gaxda SesaZlebeli.2 pirisTvis ganzrax danaSaulis dabraleba.

SFDB 6RJVTYNFHT<B CFMFHSDTKJC RFYJYPT

3CBN>DBCF LF UFVJ{FNDBC SFDBCEAKT<BCITCF{T<4

20


sityvis da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovan garantias qmnis

kanonis is normac, romlis Tanaxmad, mtkicebis tvirTi Sebrunebulia. Tu

adre moqmedi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis mixedviT,

mopasuxe iyo valdebuli, emtkicebina gavrcelebuli cnobebis sinamd-

vile, axali kanonis Tanaxmad, es wesi Sebrunebulia da axla mosarClea

valdebuli, amtkicos mis mimarT gavrcelebuli cnobebis sinamdvilesTan

Sesabamisoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi sakanonmdeblo normebi ZiriTadad

dasavlur, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-s samarTlebriv sistemaSia damkvidre-

buli.

mtkicebis tvirTis Sebrunebis garda, axal kanons Semoaqvs sajaro pi-

ris cneba, erTmaneTisgan mijnavs faqtebsa da azrebs, amWidroebs xandaz-

mulobis vadebs, qmnis politikuri debatebis garantiebs, rac demokra-

tiul qveynebSi pluralizmis wamaxalisebel faqtorad iTvleba, Semoaqvs

mamxileblis instituti... da jamSi, awesebs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis iseT

maRal standartebs, romlebic mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba evropul da

amerikul samarTalSi (difamaciis dekriminalizaciisa da azris absolu-

turi Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT) damkvidrebul normebs.

novaciebs, romelic Semoaqvs kanons sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebis Sesaxeb, detalurad Cven qvemoT ganvixilavT, manamde ki unda aRi-

niSnos, rom mas aqvs upiratesi Zala sxva mimdinare kanonebTan mimarTebaSi,

radgan warmoadgens ufro gvian miRebul kanons. amave dros kanonTa ko-

liziis SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi koliziis gadawyvetis saqarT-

veloSi moqmedi wesi. am wesis mixedviT, sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebis Sesaxeb kanons gaaCnia upiratesi iuridiuli Zala sxva mimdinare

kanonebTan mimarTebiT, rasac ori mizezi aqvs: pirveli _ igi ufro gvianaa

miRebuli da meorec _ warmoadgens specialur kanons. amdenad, Tu 2004

wlis 24 ivnisamde miRebuli romelime mimdinare kanoni ewinaaRmdegeba

kanons sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, upiratesoba am uka-

nasknels eniWeba.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom bevri norma, romelic axal kanons Semoaqvs

evrosasamarTlos samarTlidan momdinareobs da saqarTvelosTvis, ro-

gorc evrosabWos wevri qveynisaTvis, precedentuli Zala isedac aqvs.

amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom Sidasakanonmdeblo aqtebTan mimarTebiT saqar-

TvelosTvis upiratesi iuriduli Zala evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasa-

21


marTlos gadawyvetilebebs aqvs; radganac samarTlebrivi aqtebis ierar-

qiaSi evrokonvencia mxolod saqarTvelos konstituciisa da konstitu-

ciuri SeTanxmebis Semdeg modis; xolo evrosasamarTlo erTaderTi or-

ganoa, romelsac evrokonvenciis teqstis oficialuri ganmartebis fun-

qcia akisria. axal kanonSi specialuri Canaweri _ �am kanonis ganmarteba

unda moxdes evrosasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis Sesabamisad~3 _

kidevac rom ar gakeTebuliyo, saqarTvelo mainc iqneboda SeboWili evro-

konvenciiTa da Sesabamisad, evrosasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebiT. kanon-

Si specialuri Canaweris gakeTeba isev da isev arsebulma praqtikam ga-

napiroba, radgan qarTuli sasamarTloebi TavianT gadawyvetilebebSi

iSviaTad apelirebdnen evrosasamarTlos mier dadgenili standartebiT4 .

dasasruls unda iTqvas imis Sesaxebac, Tu vin aris xsenebuli kanonis

momxmarebeli. CvenSi arsebuli mcdari stereotipis Tanaxmad, yvelaferi,

rac sityvis TavisuflebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, martooden Jurnalis-

tur uflebebTan asocirdeba. arada, axali kanoni erTnairad exeba saqar-

TveloSi mcxovreb nebismier adamians (rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ucxo

qveynis moqalaqes da aseve moqalaqeobis armqone pirs), maT Soris Jurna-

listsac, radganac sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, romlis gareSec

SeuZlebelia sxva uflebaTa realizeba, sayovelTao da ganuyofel uf-

lebaTa kategorias ganekuTvneba.

sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis

sakanonmdeblo garantiebi

difamaciis dekriminalizacia. axali kanonis miRebis Sedegad gauqmda

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 148-e muxli, romelic ciliswamebisTvis sis-

3 muxli 24 magaliTad, kaxa TargamaZe, avTandil CxaiZe, vasil daviTaia, zaqaria varaziSvili,

nikoloz ivaniSvili, zurab urotaZe, revaz maWavariani gazeT `rezonansisa~ da

eliso CafiZis winaaRmdeg, 2002 w. gv. 371; judi uCiZe da cezar bubulaSvili daviT

saxvaZis winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 397; vladimer kereseliZe nodar jaianis

winaaRmdeg, 2001 w. gv. 274;

22


xlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebda. ciliswameba danaSa-

ulis dabralebiT isjeboda jarimiT an sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo

SromiT, vadiT asidan oras saaTamde anda gamasworebeli samuSaoTi, vadiT

erT wlamde.

ratom aris kargi difamaciis dekriminalizacia? _ albaT, gacilebiT

marTebuli iqneboda, Tu kiTxvas sxvagvarad davsvamdiT: ratom aris

saWiri piris sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna imis gamo, rom is sityvis

Tavisuflebis uflebiT sargeblobs?

aRsaniSnavia, rom gavrcelebuli cnobebis gamo sisxlis samarTlebrivi

dasja (gansakuTrebiT ki, sasjelis saxiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTis Sefar-

deba) ar aris adekvaturi (proporciuli) dasjis RonisZieba reputaci-

isTvis miyenebuli zianisaTvis. zogadad, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom, ro-

desac saxelmwifo kriminalad acxadebs ama Tu im qmedebas, cxadia, rom is

cdilobs aRniSnuli qmedebis gakontrolebas. xolo Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

imas, rom reputaciis dacva iTvleba kerZo interesad, cilismwamebluri

gancxadebebis kriminalizacia (miT umetes, imgvari mkacri sasjelis arse-

boba, rogoricaa Tavisuflebis aRkveTa5 ) sruliad zedmetia pativisa da

Rirsebis restituciisaTvis. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom yovel-

Tvis arsebobs safrTxe, rom mTavroba am berkets gamoiyenebs kritikuli

azris CasaxSobad. aseTma safrTxem gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT maSin

5 mcdeloba, ciliswamebisaTvis saqarTveloSic aRedginaT sisxlissamarTlebrivi

pasuxismgeblobis sabWouri debulebebi, 2003 wlis ivnisSi iyo. 2003 wlis 6 ivniss

saqarTvelos parlamentma pirveli mosmeniT miiRo cvlilebebi da damatebebi

sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsebSi, rac

ciliswamebisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTas iTvaliswinebda. aRniSnuli proeqti

axleburad ayalibebda ciliswamebis cnebas da Semohqonda Seuracxyofis

definicia, rac sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

Tumca arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da mediis warmomadgenelTa aqtiurobis

Sedegad, aRniSnuli cvlilebebis miReba ver moxerxda.6 ix. nestan kirTaZe klara abramias winaaRmdeg, 1996 w. gv. 197; prokuratura klara

Sukvanis winaaRmdeg, 1998 w. gv. 203; n. ioseliani `axalcixis~ winaaRmdeg, 2000 w.

gv. 224; lavrenti naWyebia klara abramias winaaRmdeg, 2000 w. gv. 258; nugzar eragia

`quTaisis~ winaaRmdeg, 2002 w. gv. 383; foTis sakrebulos Tavmjdomare `foTis~,

xaTuna comaiasa da ana jaxias winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 419; guram SaraZe levan

ramiSvilis winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 420; m. buaCiZe l. lomsaZis winaaRmdeg, 2004 w.

gv. 483; mamuka nozaZe saba wiwikaSvilis winaaRmdeg, 2004 w. gv. 529.

23


SeiZleba iCinos Tavi, rodesac am tipis davebSi sasamarTloSi bralmdeb-

lad saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli _ prokurori gvevlineba. unda iTqvas,

rom swored amgvari mosazrebebi daedo safuZvlad kanonmdeblis gadaw-

yvetilebas, rodesac man gaauqma sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 148-e muxli.

paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom ciliswamebis dekriminalizaciamde sa-

qarTveloSi xelisuflebas arasodes Causvams piri cixeSi aRniSnuli

braldebiT, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom igi negatiurad ar iyenebda aRniSnul

muxls Tavisufali presisa da moqalaqeebis dasaSineblad: 1996-2004 wleb-

Si sasamarTlom ganixila aTamde sisxlis samarTlis saqme6 . zogierT Sem-

TxvevaSi braldebulebi, maT Soris Jurnalistebi, sisxlis samarTlis

braldebiT gaamtyunes, maT garkveuli vadiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTac ki

miusajes, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom Secvala sasjeli piro-

biT gamosacdeli vadis daniSvniT.

gasuli rva wlis sasamarTlo praqtikis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom am normis egreTwodebuli gamyinavi efeqti7 mainc arsebobda, rac,

Tavis mxriv, safrTxes uqmnida Tavisufali mediis arsebobas. is, rom am

wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi arc erTi Jurnalisti an moqalaqe ar

CausvamT cixeSi ciliswamebis muxliT, srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom sityvis

Tavisufleba kanonmdeblobiT yvelaze dacul uflebas warmoadgenda.

eqspertebi mizezebs ufro wina xelisuflebis sisustesa da xelisuflebis

mimarT sazogadoebis undoblobaSi eZeben8 . cxadia, nebismieri im xelisuf-

lebis pirobebSi, romelic am TvalsazrisiT arc erTis deficits (Zli-

eric aris da sazogadoebis ndobiTac sargeblobs) ar ganicdis, xsenebuli

normis gamoyenebis albaToba mxolod gamyinavi efeqtebiT ar Semoifar-

gleba. amdenad, zogadad, sityvis Tavisuflebis kanonmdeblobis libera-

lizacia da konkretulad, ciliswamebis dekriminalizacia sasicocxlod

mniSvnelovania sityvis Tavisuflebis garantiebis Seqmnis mxriv nebismi-

eri xelisuflebis pirobebSi.

7 termini gulisxmobs im safrTxes, romlis gamowveveac SeuZlia sisxlis

samarTlebriv sasjels, rodesac amgvari sanqciis SiSiT Jurnalisti momavalSi

uars ityvis kritikuli publikaciis gamoqveynebaze.8 `xelisufleba, romelsac sazogadoebis ndoba ar gaaCnia, verasodes gabedavs,

ieriSi miitanos Tavisufal mediaze, xolo Tu gabedavs, es SeiZleba misTvis

savalalod dasruldes.~ z. adeiSvili, `media da kanoni~, Tavisuflebis

instituti, Tbilisi, 2004.

24


Tu amerikis konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis wyalobiT, amerikuli

samarTali aRar icnobs ciliswamebis sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasjis

zomas, evropis bevr qveyanaSi (magaliTad, safrangeTsa da did britaneTSi)

igi dResac aprobirebuli formaa. metic, inglisSi sisxlis samarTlis

danaSauladaa miCneuli, magaliTad, monarqis Seuracxyofa. aRsaniSnavia,

rom evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos jer kidev ar daufiqsire-

bia sakuTari midgoma, Tu ramdenad SeTavsebadia evrokonvenciis me-10

muxlTan difamaciis sisxlis samarTlis wesiT devna. amgvari damokide-

bulebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi aris is garemoeba, rom evrosasamarTlo

ar warmoadgens im organos, romelsac SeuZlia gadawyvetilebis miReba

ama Tu im wevri saxelmwifos Sida kanonis konvenciasTan SeTavsebadobis

Sesaxeb. evrosasamarTlo mxolod konkretul saqmeebs ganixilavs da ad-

gens, hqonda Tu ara calkeul SemTxvevaSi adgili konvenciis (maT Soris,

me-10 muxlis) darRvevas. sisxlis samarTlis wesiT ganxilul saqmeebTan

dakavSirebiT ki, evrosasamarTlom umetes SemTxvevebSi daadgina, rom

dairRva evrokonvenciis me-10 muxli.9

garantiebi samoqalaqo davebSi. arasisxlissamarTlebriv (samoqala-

qo) davebs adre ZiriTadad saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi areguli-

rebda. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 18-e muxls, romlis me-2 punqti ukve istoriis

sakuTreba gaxda, araerTgvarovan interpretacias aZlevdnen sasamarT-

loebi. ufro metic, erTi da igive sasamarTlo Semadgenloba (an TiTqmis

identuri) erTsa da imave tipis davebze10 , sruliad gansxvavebul gadawyve-

tilebebs iRebda da swored xsenebuli kodeqsis me-18 muxlze axdenda

apelirebas. amdenad, axali kanonis Semqmnelebma arsebiTad CaTvales

9 ix. lingensi avstriis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, gv. 272; dalbani rumineTis winaaRmdeg,

tomi I, gv. 321.10 ix. uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis

(mosamarTleebi _ m. wiqvaZe, l. goCelaSvili, r. nadiriani, m. gogiSvili) mier

gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi saqmeebze vladimer kereseliZe nodar jaianis

winaaRmdeg, 2001 weli, gv. 274; Tamaz wivwivaZe da saqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo

erovnuli kavSiri akaki gogiCaiSvilisa da `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg, 2001 weli,

gv. 291; Tamaz nadareiSvili jondi baRaTurias winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 445;

ivane CxartiSvili levan berZeniSvilis winaaRmdeg, 2002 w. gv. 361; kaxa TargamaZe,

avTandil CxaiZe, vasil daviTaia, zaqaria varaziSvili, nikoloz ivaniSvili, zurab

urotaZe, revaz maWavariani `rezonansisa~ da eliso CafiZis winaaRmdeg, 2002 w.,

gv. 371.

25


ufro detalurad da farTod ganemartaT, Tu ras niSnavs gamoxatvis

Tavisufleba.

xsenebuli kanoni gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas ganmartavs, rogorc:

a) azris absolutur Tavisuflebas;

b) politikuri sityvisa da debatebis Tavisuflebas;

g) nebismieri formis informaciisa da ideebis moZiebis, miRebis, Seq-

mnis, Senaxvis, damuSavebisa da gavrcelebis uflebas;

d) cenzuris dauSveblobas, mediis saredaqcio damoukideblobasa da

pluralizms, Jurnalistis uflebas, daicvas informaciis wyaros saidum-

looba da sakuTari sindisis Sesabamisad miiRos saredaqcio gadawyveti-

lebebi;

e) swavlis, swavlebis da akademiuri kvlevis Tavisuflebas;

v) xelovnebis, Semoqmedebisa da gamogonebis Tavisuflebas;

z) nebismier enaze metyvelebis, nebismieri damwerlobis gamoyenebis

uflebas;

T) qvelmoqmedebis uflebas;

i) mxilebis Tavisuflebasa da mamxilebelTa dacvas;

k) Tavisuflebas iZulebisagan, gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexeduleba rwmenis,

aRmsareblobis, sindisisa da msoflmxdvelobis, eTnikuri, kulturuli

da socialuri kuTvnilebis, warmoSobis, ojaxuri, qonebrivi da wodeb-

rivi mdgomareobis, agreTve yvela im garemoebis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZ-

leba gaxdes misi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Selaxvis safuZveli.11

amasTanave unda iTqvas isic, rom aRniSnuli CamonaTvali ver iqneba

amomwuravi, radganac SeuZlebelia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dRevan-

deli tempebis gaTvaliswinebiT srulad moicva sityvisa da gamoxatvis

yvela SesaZlo gamovlineba. amasTanave, kanoni ar uaryofs sityvisa da

gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul, saqarTvelos konstituciiT

dacul da sxva sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebs, Tavisuflebebsa da

garantiebs, romlebic aRniSnul kanonSi ar aris moxseniebuli, magram

TavisTavad gamomdinareobs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ufle-

bebisa da Tavisuflebebis principebidan.

faqtebisa da mosazrebebis gamijvna. erT-erT mniSvnelovan siaxles

warmoadgens isic, rom axalma kanonma praqtikulad gadaWra is problema,

11 me-3 muxlis II punqti

26


rac maxinj sasamarTlo praqtikaSi aisaxeboda: sakuTari azris gamoxatvis

gamo sasamarTloebma araerTi adamianis mimarT gamoitanes gamamtyune-

beli gadawyvetileba12 . amis mizezi iyo is, rom uwindeli kanonmdebloba

(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi da saqarTvelos kanoni presisa da ma-

sobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb) faqtebisa da SefasebiTi

msjelobis gamijvnas ar iTvaliswinebda.

axalma kanonma Seavso sakanonmdeblo vakuumi, rodesac erTmaneTisgan

gamijna faqtebi da mosazrebebi13 da aRiara, rom azri daculia absolu-

turi privilegiiT, riTac kanoni miuaxlovda aSS-s konstituciis pirveli

SesworebiT dadgenil standarts.

amerikuli standartis Tanaxmad, mosazreba daculia pirveli Seswo-

rebiT. amave dros mxedvelobaSia misaRebi aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos

mier milkoviCi Jurnal loranis14 saqmeSi dadgenili norma, romliTac

SeizRuda SefasebiTi msjelobis formalurad farTo gageba. sasamarT-

lom miiCnia, rom ciliswamebis saqmeSi faqtobrivi monacemebis sizuste

warmoadgens dacvis safuZvels; mosazreba, romelic ar Seicavs miTiTebas

mcdarad miCneul faqtebze, kvlav aris daculi pirveli SesworebiT. aR-

12 ix. àWara P.S.~-i `qobuleTis~, nato qaTamaZisa da qobuleTis gamgeobis winaaRm-

deg, 2000 w., gv. 243; mevlud egrisaSvili mayvala berianiZis winaaRmdeg, 2001 w. gv.

281; basil mkalaviSvili `rezonansis~ winaaRmdeg, 2001 w. gv. 288; Tamaz wivwivaZe

da saqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo erovnuli kavSiri akaki gogiCaiSvilisa da

`rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg, 2001 w. gv. 291; `rioni~ `quTaisis~ winaaRmdeg, 2001 w.

gv. 299; manana arCvaZe-gamsaxurdia `Sansi +~-is, bondo qurdaZisa da gogita

meliqiZis winaaRmdeg, 2001 w. gv. 311; roman kvaWaZe `lanCxuTi Plus~-is, qeTevan da

zaza nakaSiZeebis winaaRmdeg, Coxatauris raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba,

2001 w. gv. 319; ivane CxartiSvili levan berZeniSvilis winaaRmdeg, 2002 w. gv. 361;

aWaris soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministro avTandil gadaxabaZis,

`pres-klub baTumisa~ da àxali versiis~ winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 401; giorgi

geTiaSvili eTer kvezerelis winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 417; paata SavaZe tariel

qaTamaZisa da àWara P.S.~-is winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 440; Tamaz nadareiSvili jondi

baRaTurias winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 445; givi lominaZe `meridianisa~ da

i. goreliSvilis winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 459; merab tyeSelaSvili `jorjian Taimsis~

da naTia omaZis winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 480; akaki CxaiZe `rusTavi 2~-is, akaki

gogiCaiSvilisa da aleqsandre maRlaferiZis winaaRmdeg, 2004 w. gv. 486; zurab

Jvania `Tavisufali gazeTisa~ da irma mesxias winaaRmdeg, 2004 w. gv. 524.13 muxli I, b) punqti.14 Milovich v. Lorain Journal, 497 U.S. 1(1990).

27


niSnuli standartis safuZvelze, sasamarTloebi valdebulni arian, Se-

amowmon, Tu ramdenad efuZneba SefasebiTi msjeloba faqtebs. `Sefase-

biTi msjeloba~ ar aris daculi, Tu faqti, romelsac is efuZneba, mcdari

an Seuracxmyofeli aRmoCndeba.

qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi ki absoluturi privilegia15 ganmartebulia,

rogorc kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobisagan piris sruli da

upirobo gaTavisufleba. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia, mopasuxes

daakisros pasuxismgebloba mis mier gavrcelebuli mosazrebis gamo.

axal kanonSi azri ganmartebulia, rogorc `SefasebiTi msjeloba,

Tvalsazrisi, komentari, agreTve nebismieri saxiT iseTi Sexedulebis ga-

moxatva, romelic asaxavs romelime pirovnebis, movlenis an sagnis mimarT

damokidebulebas da ar Seicavs dadasturebad an uaryofad faqts.~16

amgvari definiciis SemoRebiT Cven mivuaxlovdiT (Tu ar gavuswariT

kidec) evrosasamarTlos precedentul samarTals, romelic iSviaTi ga-

monaklisebis garda, praqtikulad ar iTvaliswinebs raime saxis pasuxis-

mgeblobas SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis. evrosasamarTlos precedentul

samarTalSi gamonakliss warmoadgens imgvari gancxadebebi, romelTac ara

aqvT politikuri, kulturuli, saganmanaTleblo an samecniero Rirebu-

leba da romlebic uxeSad laxaven sazogadoebaSi sayovelTaod damkvid-

rebul eTikur normebs.

politikuri debatebis garantiebi. aseve mniSvnelovan siaxles war-

moadgens kanonis mier imis aRiareba, rom ciliswamebisaTvis pasuxismgeb-

lobas ar iwvevs gancxadeba, romelic gakeTebulia:

a) politikuri debatebis farglebSi, agreTve parlamentis an sakrebu-

los wevris mier Tavisi movaleobis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT;

b) winasasamarTlo an sasamarTlo procesze, saxalxo damcvelis winaSe,

parlamentis an sakrebulos, agreTve maTi komitetis sxdomaze, piris mier

Tavisi uflebamosilebis ganxorcilebis farglebSi;

g) uflebamosili organos moTxovniT.17

politikuri debatebis garantia mniSvnelovani berketia nebismieri de-

mokratiuli saxelmwifosaTvis, romelic dainteresebulia politikuri

pluralizmis SenarCunebiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania

15 muxli I, f) punqti.16 muxli I, b) punqti.17 muxli 5, I nawili.

28


saxelmwifo institutebis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia,

rom politikuri debatebis konteqstSi gakeTebuli gancxadebebis dacvis

garantiebi ZiriTadad dasavleTis demokratiebidan da ra Tqma unda, upirve-

les yovlisa, aSS-s precedentuli samarTlidan momdinareobs18 .

rac Seexeba qarTul kanons, unda iTqvas, rom igi ar akonkretebs, Tu

rogori privilegiiT sargeblobs piri amgvari garemoebebis arseobisas

_ absoluturiT Tu kvalificiuriT.

kvalificiuri privilegiis cnebis ganmartebas gvTavazobs kanonis I

muxlis q) punqti, sadac aRniSnulia: `kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxis-

mgeblobisagan piris nawilobriv an pirobiT gaTavisufleba. sasamarTlos

dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebiT, pirma SeiZleba dakargos privilegia,

Tu es aucilebelia legitimuri miznis misaRwevad.~

es ki imas niSnavs, rom Jurnalistma, romlis saqmianobac daculia kva-

lificiuri privilegiiT, SeiZleba dakargos igi calkeul SemTxvevaSi sa-

samarTlos dasabuTebuli ganaCenis safuZvelze, Tu mis mier gavrcele-

buli cnobebi Seicavs danaSaulis niSnebs (magaliTad, mowodebas eTnikuri

SuRlis gaRvivebisaken).

politikuri debatebisa da sasamarTlo sityvis Tavisuflebis farg-

lebSi gakeTebuli gancxadebebisaTvis specialuri dacvis miniWeba gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan evrosasamarTlos precedentuli sa-

marTlis Tanaxmad, praqtikulad gamoricxulia piris gamtyuneba mis mier

politikuri da sasamarTlo sityvis Tavisuflebis konteqstSi gakeTe-

buli gancxadebis gamo19 .

kanonis mixedviT, ciliswamebis Sesaxeb aSkarad usafuZvlo sarCelis

wardgenis SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxes aqvs ufleba, mosarClisagan moiTxovos

fuladi anazRaurebis miReba gonivrul farglebSi. aqedan gamomdinare,

ibadeba kiTxva: gamoiwvevs Tu ara ciliswamebis Sesaxeb usafuZvlo sarCe-

lisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul pasuxismgeblobas iseTi sarCeli, romliTac

meore pirs brali edeba politikuri da sasamarTlo sityvis Tavisufle-

bis farglebSi gakeTebuli gancxadebis gamo?

pasuxi uaryofiTia, radgan me-5 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, aseTi

garemoebis dadasturebisas, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs saqarTvelos samoqa-

18 ix. `niu-iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, gv 173.19 ix. nikula fineTis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, gv 344; lingensi avstriis winaaRmde,

tomi I, gv 272.

29


laqo saproceso kodeqsis 209-e da 273-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gan-

Cineba, rac ar iwvevs ciliswamebis Sesaxeb usafuZvlo sarCelisaTvis gaT-

valiswinebul pasuxismgeblobas.

saTanado mopasuxe. metad saintereso siaxles gvTavazobs kanoni aseve

sasamarTlo davisas mopasuxis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT. adre moq-

medi presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb kanonis

25-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `yalbi cnobebis gavrcelebisaTvis, moqalaqeTa

da organizaciaTa ganzrax Seuracxyofisa da ciliswamebisaTvis pasuxis-

mgebloba ekisrebaT saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis ma-

sobrivi informaciis saSualebebs, maT xelmZRvanelebs, redaqtors (mTa-

var redaqtors) da masalebis avtorebs, romlebmac daarRvies es kanoni.~

aRniSnuli Canaweri Zalzed bundovani iyo, ris gamoc sasamarTloebi

xSirad erT saqmeSi ramdenime mopasuxes rTavdnen, rac sruliad araefeq-

turi iyo da srulebiT ar uwyobda xels saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenas.

axali kanonis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtis mixedviT ki, Jurnalistis sta-

tiasTan Tu siuJetTan dakavSirebiT warmoqmnili sasamarTlo davebisas,

mopasuxed gamodis mediis mesakuTre. aRniSnuli principi gaziarebuli

da damkvidrebulia aseve umetes evropul qveynebSi. es bunebrivicaa, rad-

gan xsenebuli norma xels uwyobs media organizaciebSi TviTregulire-

bis meqanizmebis ganviTarebas.

me-6 muxlis me-5 punqtis mixedviT, `sasamarTlo davisas arasaTanado

mopasuxea piri, romelic ar aris gancxadebis avtori an redaqtori, an

piri, romelmac teqnikurad uzrunvelyo gancxadebis gavrceleba, garda

im SemTxevevisa, roca is aSkarad da pirdapir uWers mxars gancxadebas.~

magaliTad, Tu pirdapir eTerSi gadis interviu, romlis drosac ada-

miani eTnikuri SuRlis gaRvivebisaken mouwodebs sazogadoebas, Jurna-

listi an sainformacio saSualeba ver iqneba pasuxismgebeli responden-

tis sityvebis gamo. pirdapiri eTeris specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT (prog-

rama winaswari Caweris gareSe mimdinareobs), sainformacio saSualeba ver

SeZlebs Tavidan aicilos am tipis gancxadebebis eTerSi gasvla20 .

me-2 puqntisagan gansxvavebiT (romelic mxolod mediaSi gamoqveynebul

masalas exeba), me-6 muxlis me-5 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli norma exeba

nebismieri saSulebiT gavrcelebul informacias.

20 ix. jersildi daniis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, gv. 304.

30


21 muxli 6, III punqti.22 soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministros mcenareTa dacvis samsaxuri gela

RliRvaSvilis winaaRmdeg, 2000 w. gv. 228; saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvissaxelmwifo departamenti Tengiz kitovanisa da `dilis gazeTis~ winaaRmdeg, 2000 w.,gv. 254; quTaisis meriis qalaq-muzeumis municipaliteti da gia grZeliZe SoTaRirdalaZisa da `reziumes~ winaaRmdeg, 2001 w. gv. 264; Tbilisis Ss mTavarisammarTvelo ia danelias winaaRmdeg, 2001 w. gv. 317; aWaris soflis meurneobisada sursaTis saministro avTandil gadaxabaZis, `pres-klub baTumisa~ da `axaliversiis~ winaaRmdeg, 2003 w. gv. 401.

kidev erT wingadadgmul nabijad SeiZleba miviCnioT kanonis mier imis

aRniSvna, rom `sasamarTlo davis sagani ar SeiZleba iyos iseTi gancxadeba,

romelic exeba pirTa ganusazRvrel jgufs an/da romelSic mosarCele

erTmniSvnelovnad ar aris identificirebuli.�21

Zvel kanonmdeblobaSi msgavsi Canaweris ararseboba mravaljer gamx-

dara sasamarTloebis mier mopasuxe sainformacio saSualebebis sawinaaR-

mdego gadawyvetilebebis gamotanis mizezi iseT saqmeebze, sadac �pativi

da Rirseba Selaxuli� hqondaT araidentificirebul pirebs. rogorc

wesi, umravles SemTxvevebSi amgvar �pirebs�, anu mosarCleebs warmoadgen-

dnen ara fizikuri, aramed iuridiuli pirebi, sxvadasxva saministroebisa

da saxelmwifo uwyebebis saxiT22 . iuridiulma pirma, iseve rogorc saminis-

trom Tu sxva saxelmwifo uwyebam ar SeiZleba moiTxovos pativis, Rirse-

bis an saqmiani reputaciis Selaxvis gamo moraluri zianisaTvis miyene-

buli garkveuli kompensacia. moraluri ziani SesaZlebelia miadges mxo-

lod sulier arsebas _ adamians, radganac mxolod mas aqvs unari, gani-

cados sulieri tanjva misi reputaciis, pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli

cnobebis gavrcelebis gamo. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iuridiul pirs

msgavsi unari ar gaaCnia, dauSvebelia, man moiTxovos moraluri zianis

anazRaureba. rac Seexeba iseTi faseulobebis dacvas, rogoricaa `saxel-

mwifos Rirseba~, `eris Rirseba~, ,,saxelmwifo an sxva oficialuri simbo-

loebi~, `saxelmwifo organoebis avtoriteti~, aseT kategoriebs ar ic-

nobs evrokonvenciis 10-e muxlis me-2 punqti, iseve rogorc sityvisa da

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-9 muxlis I punqti, sadac amom-

wuravad aris CamoTvlili gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis yvela

kanonieri mizani. iseTi abstraqtuli faseulobebis sityvebiT, JestebiT,

warmodgeniT an sxva formiT gamoxatuli kritika, romelic ar aris nax-

senebi me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtSi, ar SeiZleba aikrZalos wevr saxelmwi-

31


foTa kanonmdeblobiT an sasamarTlo praqtikiT. demokratiul sazoga-

doebaSi moqmedi wesis mixedviT, mediis, Cveulebrivi adamianebisa da, zo-

gadad, sazogadoebis fundamenturi ufleba da movaleobacaa xelisuf-

lebis warmomadgenelTa an saxelisuflebo institutebis kritika. magali-

Tad, saxelmwifos simbolos ganadgureba an misi Seuracxyofa SeiZleba,

iyos piris kritikuli damokidebulebis gamoxatva zogierTi politikuri

gadawyvetilebis, saxelmwifo organoebis moqmedebis an zogierT sferoSi

arsebuli sajaro politikis mimarT. amgvari kritika Tu protestis gamo-

xatva ar unda SeizRudos, radgan es aris sazogadobaSi mimdinare dade-

biTi da uaryofiTi movlenebis Sesaxeb sajaro diskusiis dawyebis erT-

erTi saSualeba. dabolos, imgvari abstraqtuli faseulobebis dacvam,

rogoricaa `saxelmwifos avtoriteti~, SeiZleba SeniRbos xelisuflebaSi

myof pirTa ukanono interesebi an maTi survili _ nebismier fasad Se-

inarCunon xelisufleba.

sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma exmianeba aseve evropis adamianis ufle-

baTa sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals23 , sadac sasamarTlom ganac-

xada, rom aragonivrulia, pasuxi mosTxovo presas sazogadoebrivi inte-

resis Semcveli im informaciis gavrcelebisaTvis, romelic exeba pirTa

ganusazRvrel jgufs.

Tumca evropuli praqtika nawilobriv gansxvavdeba aSS-s uzenaesi sa-

samarTlos iurisprudenciisagan, romlis mixedviTac, SesaZloa, pirma

sasamarTlos meSveobiT moiTxovos miyenebuli moraluri zianis anazRa-

ureba im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac igi erTmniSvnelovnad ar yofila iden-

tificirebuli statiaSi, magram amavdroulad daamtkicebs, rom aSS-s

saSualo donis moqalaqe statiis wakiTxvisas mas amoicnobda24 .

kanonis me-6 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad, `sasamarTlo dava ar

SeiZleba exebodes gardacvlili piris, saxelmwifo an administra-

ciuli organos piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis dacvas.~

bunebrivia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saxelmwifosa da administraciul

organos ar gaaCnia pativi, Rirseba an saqmiani reputacia da Sesabamisad,

igi verc idavebs maTi Selaxvis gamo. rac Seexeba axali kanonis mier gar-

dacvlili piris reputaciis dacvis SesaZleblobis gamoricxvas, esec,

23 ix. torgeir torgeisoni islandiis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, kari II, gv 294.24 ix. `niu-iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg. tomi I, gv. 173.

32


ra Tqma unda, misasalmebeli normaa, radgan gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

imdenad mniSvnelovani faseulobaa demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis,

rom masSi Careva dasaSvebi unda iyos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca arse-

bobs am uflebis SezRudvis Zlieri socialuri moTxovnileba. cxadia,

aseTi aucilebloba ar arsebobs gardacvlili piris nacvlad sarCelis

wardgenis SemTxvevaSi.

Tumca kanonmdeblebma ver gaiTvaliswines SesaZlo sakanonmdeblo ko-

lizia, romelic xsenebuli muxlis miRebas mohyva, radganac imavdroulad

cvlilebebi ar Seitanes saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, romelic gar-

kveulwilad ewinaaRmdegeba aRniSnul debulebas. saxeldobr:

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 19-e muxlis Tanaxmad, �18-e muxlSi

aRniSnuli uflebebi SeuZlia gamoiyenos im pirmac, romelic, Tumca Tvi-

Ton ar aris saxelis an piradi Rirsebis uflebis matarebeli, magram sa-

amisod aqvs dacvis Rirsi interesi. mas SeuZlia saxelis da Rirsebis iseTi

dacvis ganxorcieleba, romelic pirovnebis arsebis ganmsazRvrelia da

grZeldeba sikvdilis Semdegac. saxelis, pativis, Rirsebis an saqmiani

reputaciis SelaxvisaTvis moraluri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna

sikvdilis Semdeg dauSvebelia�.

zemoT moyvanili ori Canaweri urTierTgamomricxavia, radgan erTi

(sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-6

muxlis me-4 punqti) krZalavs gardacvlili piris magivrad sarCelis war-

dgenis SesaZleblobas maSin, rodesac meore (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

kodeqsis 19-e muxli) pirdapir uSvebs gardacvlili piris nacvlad sar-

Celis Setanas im piris mier, visac saamiso dacvis Rirsi interesi gaaCnia

(aseTebi ki, rogorc wesi, gardacvlilis STamomavlebi da memkvidreebi

arian).

kanonmdeblebis mier daSvebuli amgvari iuridiuli xarvezis aRmosaf-

xvrelad sakmarisia, ubralod gauqmdes saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeq-

sis 19-e muxli. Tumca amave dros mxedvelobaSia misaRebi kanonis normaTa

koliziis gadawyvetis wesi, romlis mixedviT, Tanabari iuridiuli Zalis

mqone aqtebs Soris25 upiratesi Zala eniWeba gvian miRebul aqts, anu am

SemTxvevaSi kanons sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb.

mtkicebulebaTa standarti da tvirTi. mniSvnelovan siaxled unda

25 aseTia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi da kanoni sityvisa da gamoxatvisTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.

33


miviCnioT aseve sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisas mxareTa Soris mtkicebis

tvirTis gadanawileba. kanonis mixedviT, yovelgvari eWvi, romelic arse-

bobs sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisas, unda gadawydes sityvis Tavisuf-

lebis SezRudvis sawinaaRmdegod. eWvi SeiZleba exebodes mraval sakiTxs,

maT Soris:

a) kerZo an sajaro piris statusis miniWebis sakiTxs;

b) sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis an cnobismoyvareobis statusis mini-

Webis sakiTxs;

g) azris an faqtis statusis miniWebis sakiTxs.26

adre moqmedi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 18-e muxlis I I nawili

mxareebs Soris mtkicebis tvirTs Semdegnairad anawilebda: mosarCle

valdebuli iyo, daemtkicebina misi pativis, Rirsebis an saqmiani reputa-

ciis Semlaxveli cnobebis gavrcelebis faqti da aseve is, rom gavrcele-

buli cnobebiT Seilaxa misi pativi, Rirseba an saqmiani reputacia; xolo

mopasuxe valdebuli iyo, daedasturebina mis mier gavrcelebuli cnobe-

bis namdviloba.

radikalurad gansxvavebuli iyo mtkicebis tvirTis gadanawileba sisx-

lis samarTlis saqmeSi, sadac mTlianad bralmdebeli iyo valdebuli, em-

tkicebina braldebis yvela elementi, maT Soris: 1) faqti imis Sesaxeb,

rom sadavo cnobebi gavrcelda; 2) faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom sadavo cnobebi

gavrcelda braldebulis mier da 3) faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom sadavo cnobebi

Seicavda 148-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Semadgenel yvela

saWiro elements. aRsaniSnavia, rom mtkicebis tvirTis amgvari gadanawi-

leba sisxlis samarTalSi absoluturad gasagebia, radgan am SemTxvevaSi

moqmedebs udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principi, romlis mixedviTac,

mtkicebis tvirTi braldebis mxaresaa, xolo nebismieri eWvi, romelic

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT ver dadasturdeba, unda gadawydes braldebu-

lis sasargeblod.

axalma kanonma ki mtkicebis tvirTi mTlianad mosarClis mxares moaq-

cia, rac imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgenisas mosarC-

lea valdebuli, da ara mopasuxe, amtkicos, rom:

1) mopasuxis mier gavrcelda sadavo gancxadeba;

2) sadavo gancxadeba laxavs mis pativsa da Rirsebas;

26 me-7 muxli.

34


3) sadavo gancxadeba ar Seesabameba sinamdviles27 ;

4) gancxadeba ar gakeTebula politikuri an sasamarTlo sityvis Tavi-

suflebis farglebSi28 .

kanonis mixedviT, arsebobs ori saxis standarti, romelsac difamaciis

saqmeebSi iyeneben. rigiTi moqalaqis mier sarCelis wardgenisas, igi val-

debulia, daamtkicos mxolod ori garemoeba:

1. rom mopasuxem mis Sesaxeb gaavrcela mcdari faqtebis Semcveli gan-

cxadebebi;

2. aRniSnuli gancxadebebi zians ayenebs mis pativs, Rirsebas an saqmian

reputacias.

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom kanons Semoaqvs sajaro piris cneba, rac

ramdenime TvalsazrisiT aris mniSvnelovani: pirvel rigSi, difamaciis

saqmeebSi sajaro pirs ekisreba gacilebiT maRali standartis mqone mtki-

cebis tvirTi, vidre rigiT moqalaqes. es ki gamoixateba SemdegSi: 14-e

muxlis Tanaxmad, sajaro piri valdebulia, daadasturos ara mxolod is,

rom Jurnalistma gaavrcela cilismwamebluri faqtebi, aramed isic, rom

faqtebis sinamdvilesTan Seusabamoba mopasuxisaTvis winaswar iyos cno-

bili an mopasuxem gamoiCina aSkara da uxeSi daudevroba, ramac gamoiwvia

arsebiTad mcdari faqtebis Semcveli gancxadebis gavrceleba.

amiT axali kanoni miuaxlovda im standarts, romelic pirvelad aSS-s

uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina saqmeze `niu-iork taimsi~ salivanis wina-

aRmdeg. mocemul saqmeze sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom Tu saxeze ar aris

mediis mxridan boroti ganzraxva (actual malice) an uxeSi daudevroba, ar

SeiZleba, Jurnalistma pasuxi agos sajaro piris Sesaxeb araswori da

saxelis gamtexi informaciis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSic ki. rac Seexeba

evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos damokidebulebas am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, man dalbanis saqmeSi29 ganacxada, `rom udavoa, statiaSi

moyvanili faqtebi arasworia da miznad isaxavs X-is winaaRmdeg ciliswa-

mebis kampaniis xelSewyobas~, arsebiTad, keTilsindisiereba ikavebs simar-

Tlis mtkicebis valdebulebis adgils (`simarTlis mtkicebis~ dacva). Tu-

ki Jurnalists an publikacias gaaCnia kanonieri mizani, igi warmoadgens

sajaro interesis sagans da faqtebis dasamtkiceblad mimarTaven goniv-

27 muxli 13.28 muxli 5.29 ix. tomi I, gv. 321.

35


rul mcdelobas, presa ar CaiTvleba braleulad im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu

damtkicdeba faqtebis araswori Sinaarsi (uzustoba).

mamxilebeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis

Sesaxeb kanonis 12-e muxlis I I punqti icavs e.w. mamxileblebs. saxeldobr,

`piri Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu saidumloebis gamxela miz-

nad isaxavda, sazogadoebis kanonieri interesebis dacvas da daculi

sikeTe aRemateba miyenebul zians.~

dasavleTSi am terminiT aRiniSneba ama Tu im organizaciaSi momuSave

adamiani, romelmac garkveul momentSi, SesaZloa, saWirod CaTvalos sa-

zogadoebis informireba sakuTar organizaciaSi daculi im saidumlo in-

formaciis Sesaxeb, romlis gamxela, misi SexedulebiT, gamoaaSkaravebs uka-

nono qmedebebs. mamxilebluri saqmianoba daculia aseve evrosasamarTlos

iurisprudenciiT. evrosasamarTlos gancxadebiT, msgavsi tipis saqmiano-

bas ZaluZs, sazogadoebas Tavidan aacilos ufro didi zarali, vidre kon-

kretuli (Tundac komerciuli saidumloebis Semcveli) informaciis da-

ucvelobam. evrosasamarTlom Jurnalisturi Tavisuflebis uxeS SezRud-

vad Seafasa inglisis sasamarTloebis mier Jurnalistis pasuxisgebaSi mi-

cema imis gamo, rom am ukanasknelma mamxileblis saxeli ar gaamxila.30

Jurnalisturi wyaroebis konfidencialuroba. adre moqmedi kanoni

presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb ar iTvalis-

winebda Jurnalisturi wyaros konfidencialobis dacvis myar garantiebs.

marTalia, qarTuli sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs Sem-

Txveva, rodesac mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze, sasamarTlos Jurnalis-

tisTvis profesiuli saidumloebis gamxela daevalebinos, magram kanon-

mdeblebma mainc saWirod CaTvales axal kanonSi konfidencialuri wyaro-

ebis dacvis Sesaxeb specialuri debulebis Cadeba.

kanonis 11-e muxlis I punqtis mixedviT, `profesiuli saidumloebis

wyaro daculia absoluturi privilegiiT da aravis aqvs ufleba, moiT-

xovos am wyaros gamxela. sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb sasa-

marTlo davisas, ar SeiZleba, mopasuxes daekisros konfidencialuri in-

formaciis wyaros gamxelis valdebuleba~.

30 Jurnalists kompaniis ukanono saqmianobis Sesaxeb informacia sworedmamxilebelma miawoda, dawvrilebiT ix. gudvini didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg,tomi I, gv 308.

36


kanoni aseve dauSveblad miiCnevs konfidencialuri informaciis gamxe-

las TviT misi mflobelis Tanxmobis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxve-

vebSi, sasamarTlos dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gareSe.

media organizaciebis muSaoba SeuZlebelia konfidencialuri wyaro-

ebis gamoyenebis gareSe. Tuki konfidencialur wyaroebs ar eqnebaT imis

garantia, rom ar moxdeba maTi vinaobis gamJRavneba, isini Tavs Seikaveben

sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani informaciis gamJRavnebisgan.

es norma, rogorc gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovani garanti,

gansakuTrebulad aris daculi rogorc evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasa-

marTlos, aseve aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos iurisprudenciiT.

1991 wels aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganixila sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ramdenad SeeZlo wyaros, eCivla JurnalistisaTvis, Tuki es ukanask-

neli misi Tanxmobis gareSe gaamJRavnebda wyaros vinaobas31 . sasamarT-

lom daadgina, rom konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba ar icavs Jurnalis-

tebs amgvari sarCelebisagan da daaskvna, rom TiToeul Stats gaaCnia uf-

lebamosileba, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gadawyvitos, Tu ramdenad eq-

vemdebarebian media organizaciebi Cveulebriv sakontraqto samarTals.

am gadawyvetilebis Semdeg mravalma media organizaciam gadasinja sa-

kuTari politika wyaroebis konfidencialobis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT.

cnobebis uaryofis davaldebulebis akrZalva. aRsaniSnavia aseve

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi Setanili cvlileba, romlis mixedvi-

Tac, pirs aRar SeuZlia, sasamarTlos meSveobiT moiTxovos mopasuxisaT-

vis cnobebis uaryofis davaldebuleba, anu praqtikulad axali kanonis

mixedviT, mosarCles SeuZlia, moiTxovos mxolod jarimis dakisreba an/

da saTanado formiT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamoqveyneba. aRsaniS-

navia, rom msgavsi midgoma arsebobs dasavleT evropis zogierT qveyanasa

da aSS-s kanonmdeblobaSi. gamonakliss warmoadgens e.w. refutation, rac

garkveulwilad gulisxmobs araswori faqtobrivi monacemebis Semcveli

cnobebis uaryofasac (msgavsi norma arsebobs magaliTad, rogorc saf-

rangeTSi, aseve germaniaSi). Tumca am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia misaRebi

is garemoeba, rom im qveynebSic ki, sadac aRniSnuli norma moqmedebs, igi

ar gamoiyeneba SefasebiTi msjelobis uaryofisaTvis, rogorc es qarTu-

li sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi araerTxel momxdara.

31 Cohen v. Cowles Media, 501 U.S. 663, 1991.

37


media organizaciebis redaqciebis (newsroom ) Cxrekis SezRudva.

Jurnalisturi damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis dacvis erT-erT mniS-

vnelovan garantias warmoadgens media saSualebebis dacva redaqciebis

(newsroom) ukanono da dausabuTebeli Cxrekisagan. samwuxarod, axalma

kanonma ar gaiTvaliswina es damcavi zoma. arada, saqarTveloSi aseTi sa-

kanonmdeblo garantiis aucileblobas ganapirobebs is samwuxaro gamoc-

dileba, romelic 2001 wels �rusTavi-2�-is ofisSi uSiSroebis TanamSrom-

lebis Sesvlas, xolo 2004 wels �xalxis gazeTSi� policiis TanamSromle-

bis arasanqcirebul Cxrekas ukavSirdeba.

media organizaciebis redaqciebSi Cxrekis SezRudvis Taobaze aSS-s

uzenaesma sasamarTlom 1978 wels daadgina, rom SesaZloa, gaices Jurna-

listis samuSao an misi sacxovrebeli adgilis gaCxrekis brZaneba, Tu ar-

sebobs dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom SenobaSi mdebareobs gamoZiebisaTvis

mniSvnelovani mtkicebuleba. saqme exeboda demonstraciis dros poli-

cielis cemaSi monawile pirTa fotoebis kolejis gazeTidan amoRebis

mizniT Catarebul Cxrekas32 . es incidenti gaxda safuZveli imisa, rom kon-

gresma miiRo piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis 1980 wlis aqti, romelmac

federalur, Statis an adgilobriv Zalovan struqturebs SeuzRuda

`Jurnalistis naSromis~ an `redaqciaSi daculi dokumentaluri masale-

bis~ Cxrekisa da amoRebis ufleba33 .

am aqtis Tanaxmad, `Jurnalisturi naSromi~ moicavs `masalebs, rom-

lebic iqmneba sazogadoebisaTvis informaciis momzadebis procesSi~ da

arsebobs `gamouqveynebeli masalis, fotoebis negativebis an Savi Cana-

werebis~ saxiT. `dokumenturi masala~ ki moicavs `faqtobriv masalas do-

kumentaciis saxiT~, magaliTad, fotoebi an audio da video Canawerebi.

sasarCelo xandazmuloba. kanonma mniSvnelovnad SezRuda ciliswa-

mebis Sesaxeb sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgenis xandazmulobis vada da

igi 100 dRiT Semofargla. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogadad difamaciis saqmeebSi

xandazmulobis vadebi umravles evropul qveyanaSi gansxvavdeba Cveuleb-

rivi sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadebisagan (evropis qveynebSi es vada sa-

Sualod erT weliwads Seadgens). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi

davis obieqtia piris reputacia, rac Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare da-

uyovnebliv reagirebas (zianis miyenebis faqtis dadastureba) moiTxovs,

32 Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547, reh’g denied, 439 U.S. 885, 1978.33 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000aa, 1998.

38


saWiroa, gasaCivreba gonivrul vadebSi moxdes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

sasamarTlo procesis gamarTvas azri ekargeba.

dabolos, imisaTvis, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli sasamarTloebSi

ciliswamebis Sesaxeb usafuZvlo sarCelebis wardgena, pirvelad qarTul

saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi kanonma daawesa norma, romlis mixedviT,

`sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ukanono SezRudvis mizniT cilis-

wamebis Sesaxeb aSkarad usafuZvlo sarCelis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi, mo-

pasuxes ufleba aqvs, moiTxovis mosarCelisagan gonivrul farglebSi fu-

ladi anazRaurebis miReba.~34 aRsaniSnavia, rom usafuZvlo sarCelebis

wardgenisagan dacvis norma moqmedebs aSS-s samarTlebriv sivrceSic.

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva

miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

kanoni iZleva sakmaod vrcel CamonaTvals im tipis gamoxatvebisa, romel-

Ta SezRudvas igi SesaZleblad miiCnevs, mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom axalma

kanonma mniSvnelovani garRveva moaxdina pasuxismgeblobis formebis li-

beralizaciis mxriv. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia, rom win gadadgmul

nabijs warmoadgens samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlidan cnobebis uaryo-

fis davaldebulebis Sesaxeb normis amoReba da mis nacvlad axali kanonis

mier pasuxismgeblobis ZiriTad formebad zianis anazRaurebis moTxov-

nisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb cnobis gamoqveynebis dawe-

seba. kanonma aseve liberaluri midgoma airCia sxvadasxva tipis saidum-

loebis gamJRavnebisas pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis mxriv.

Sinaarsobrivi regulireba (content regulation ). axali kanoni uSvebs

Sinaarsobriv regulirebas, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod Tval-

sazrisobrivad neitraluri, aradiskriminaciuli SezRudvis saxiT. amas-

Tanave, Sinaarsobrivad neitraluri regulirebisas dauSvebelia gamoxat-

vis sagnis SezRudva.

Sinaarsobrivad neitraluri regulireba SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes iseT

aradiskriminaciul SezRudvas gamoxatvis adgilis, droisa da formis

34 muxli 18.

39


mixedviT, romelic gavlenas ar axdens informaciis an ideebis Sinaarsze an

gamomxatvelobiT efeqtze an tovebs maTi sxva gzebiT gamoxatvis efeqtur

SesaZleblobas.35 regulirebis msgavsi formebi uxvad moipoveba rogorc

evropis, ise aSS-s samarTlebriv sistemaSi. gansxvaveba mxolod is aris, rom

am qveynebis umetesobaSi ar arsebobs specialuri kanoni sityvisa da gamo-

xatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romelic am normas iTvaliswinebs. samagierod,

Sinaarsobrivi regulirebis safuZvelze sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebis SezRudvis wesebi mocemulia sxvadasxva aqtebSi (kanonebSi).

saqarTveloSi Sinaarsobrivi regulirebis normebi mocemulia rogorc

sakuTriv axal kanonSi, aseve arasrulwlovanTa mavne zegavlenisagan dac-

vis Sesaxeb da reklamis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonebSi.36

axali kanoni ki Sinaarsobrivad aregulirebs iseTi tipis gamoxatvebs,

rogoricaa mowodeba, ciliswameba, uxamsoba, pirispir Seuracxyofa, da-

naSaulis Cadenisaken waqezeba, muqara, saxelmwifo, komerciuli, piradi

an profesiuli saidumloeba, reklama, teleSopingi da sponsoroba. Sina-

arsobrivi regulireba specifikurad exeba samxedro da sajaro mosamsa-

xureTa, TavisuflebaRkveTil an TavisuflebaSezRudul pirTa, aseve qme-

duunaro an SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqone pirTa sityvisa da gamo-

xatvis Tavisuflebas37 . TiToeul maTgans detalurad Cven qvemoT ganvi-

xilavT:

mowodebis definicias iZleva kanonis pirvelive muxli:

mowodeba _ gancxadeba, romlis avtoric miznad isaxavs an aSkarad uS-

vebs garkveuli qmedebis gamowvevas.

xolo, kanonis me-4 muxlis me-2 punqti adgens, rom `mowodeba daculia

kvalificiuri privilegiiT da is pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs mxolod maSin,

roca piri Caidens ganzrax qmedebas, romelic qmnis kanonsawinaaRmdego

Sedegis dadgomis aSkara, pirdapir da arsebiT safrTxes.~

anu Tu piri akeTebs iseT mowodebas, romelic qmnis aSkara, pirdapir

da arsebiT safrTxes, is ukve aRar sargeblobs am kanonis dacvis meqaniz-

35 muxli 10.36 magaliTad, drois mixedviT SezRudvas SesaZloa, daeqvemdebaros saRamos 11

saaTamade eTerSi garkveuli kategoriis reklamis an filmis gaSveba; xoloformis mixedviT SezRudva SeiZleba, gamoiyenon, magaliTad, alkoholurisasmelis reklamirebisas uSualod siTxis smis procesis Cvenebis akrZalvismxriv.

37 muxli 9.

40


mebiT, xolo is adamiani, vinc uSualod Caidens danaSauls, calke agebs

pasuxs sisxlis samarTlis wesiT.

imisaTvis, rom sasamarTloebma ar moaxdinon mecxre muxlSi mocemuli

normebis araswori interpretacia, kanonma detalurad ganmarta zogi-

erTi maTgani. saxeldobr:

difamacia _ aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonis I muxlis e) punqtis mixedviT,

difamaciad miiCneva arsebiTad mcdari faqtebis Semcveli da pirisaTvis

zianis mimyenebeli, misi saxelis gamtexi gancxadebis gavrceleba.

pasuxismgebloba ciliswamebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom axali kanonis38

mixedviT, pirs ekisreba samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba kerZo

piris ciliswamebisaTvis, Tu mosarCle sasamarTloSi daamtkicebs, rom

mopasuxis gancxadeba Seicavs arsebiTad mcdar faqts uSualod mosarC-

lis Sesaxeb da am gancxadebiT mosarCles miadga ziani.

uxamsoba _ kanonis pirvelive muxlis mixedviT, uxamsobas `warmoad-

gens gancxadeba, romelsac ara aqvs politikuri, kulturuli, saganmanaT-

leblo an samecniero Rirebuleba da romelic uxeSad laxavs sazogado-

ebaSi sayovelTaod damkvidrebul eTikur normebs�. aRsaniSnavia, rom

zogadad moralis (da Sesabamisad uxamsobis) definiciis universaluri

cneba ar arsebobs. Tavad uxamsobis kanonismieri definiciis mixedviT,

ama Tu im gamoxatvis uxamsobad miCnevis sakiTxs gansazRvravs sazogado-

ebaSi sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli eTikuri normebi. sazogadoeba (da Se-

sabamisad, misi Sexedulebebi) arasdros aris ucvleli. Sesabamisad, sa-

ubari moralisa da uxamsobis erTiani, unificirebuli cnebis arsebobaze

azrs moklebulia. SesaZlebelia, garkveuli gamoxatva erT sazogadoebaSi

uxamsobad miiCnion, meoreSi ki ubralod adamianis mier sakuTari Sexe-

dulebis mkveTri formiT gamoxatvad. swored amis gamo ganacxada evro-

sasamarTlom, rom masTan (evrosasamarTlosTan) SedarebiT erovnuli

sasamarTloebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi imyofebian saimisod, rom gansaz-

Rvron ama Tu im gancxadebis uxamsobad miCnevis sakiTxi.

pirispir Seuracxyofa _ msgavsi tipis gamoxatva gulisxmobs piris-

Tvis pirispir Seuracxyofis miyenebas (magaliTad lanZRva, gineba) ro-

gorc sajarod, ise kerZo viTarebaSi. rogorc evrosasamarTlom moral-

Tan da uxamsobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilvisas daadgina,

38 muxli 13.

41


pirispir Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb sarCelis ganxilvis drosac sasamarT-

loebma mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon im droisaTvis sazogadoebaSi damk-

vidrebuli Sexedulebebi.

danaSaulis Cadenisaken waqezeba _ aRsaniSnavia, rom danaSaulis

Cadenisaken waqezeba arc erT qveyanaSi ar aris daculi sityvis Tavisuf-

lebis garantiebiT. evrosasamarTlom mraval saqmeze39 (romelTa umete-

sobaSi mopasuxes TurqeTi warmoadgenda) miuTiTa, rom miuxedavad imisa,

rom saxelmwifoebs danaSaulis Cadenisaken waqezebis Semcveli gamoxat-

vis SezRudvisas ar gaaCniaT diskreciis (margin of appreciation) iseTi far-

To sazRvrebi, rogorc moralTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadawyveti-

sas, isini mainc arian uflebamosilni, moaxdinon danaSaulis Cadenisaken

waqezebis Semcveli gancxadebebis regulireba. evrokonvenciis me-10 mux-

lis me-2 punqti sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis erT-

erT kanonier miznad swored danaSaulis Cadenis Tavidan acilebas asaxe-

lebs. gamonakliss am SemTxvevaSi arc saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba warmo-

adgens. sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis 10-e muxlis

I punqtis d) qvepunqti Sinaarsobrivi regulirebis erT-erT safuZvlad

swored danaSaulis Cadenisaken waqezebis Tavidan acilebas iTvaliswi-

nebs.

ufro metic, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi moipoveba specialuri mux-

li, romelic awesebs sisxlis samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas msgavsi

Sinaarsis Semcveli mowodebis gavrcelebisaTvis. magaliTad, sisxlis sa-

marTlis kodeqsis 317-e muxlis mixedviT, `saqveynod mowodeba saqarTve-

los konstituciuri wyobilebis ZaladobiT Secvlisaken an saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis damxobisaken, anda aseTi mowodebis Semcveli masalis gav-

rceleba, agreTve amave mizniT SeiaraRebisaken mowodeba isjeba jarimiT

an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT sam wlamde~.

imave kodeqsis 405-e muxlis mixedviT, `saqveynod mowodeba agresiuli

omis gaCaRebisaken isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT sam

wlamde.~ kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs sasjels analogiuri qmedebisaTvis, ro-

melic Cadenilia sainformacio saSualebiT an saxelmwifo-politikuri

Tanamdebobis piris mier da igi isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT

39 Seylan v. Turkey, 8 July, 1999.

42


vadiT oridan xuT wlamde, Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis

CamorTmeviT vadiT sam wlamde.~40

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawilis Tanaxmad, danaSaulSi Ta-

namonawileobis erT-erT saxes warmoadgens wamqezebloba anu ganzraxi

danaSaulis Cadenisaken dayolieba.

danaSaulis Cadenisaken waqezebad SeiZleba miviCnioT nebismieri iseTi

gamonaTqvami, romelic Seicavs mowodebas kanoniT dasjadi nebismieri da-

naSaulebrivi qmedebisaken da Seicavs myisier da aSkara safrTxes. maga-

liTad, Tu Cxorowyus adgilobriv gazeT `Cxorowyus siaxlenSi~ adgilob-

rivi sakrebulos wevri gamoaqveynebs statias, romliTac mouwodebs

sakrebulos danarCen wevrebs, `Wkua aswavlon~ `Tbilisidan daniSnul~

mosamarTles da SturmiT aiRon adgilobrivi sasamarTlos Senoba, am Sem-

TxvevaSi, bunebrivia, saxelmwifos gaaCnia legitimuri interesi, dasajos

statiis avtori danaSaulis Cadenisaken waqezebisaTvis.

muqara _ aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc zemoT ganxiluli mowodebebi ar

aris daculi sityvis Tavisuflebis garantiebiT, aseve ar aris daculi

muqaris Semcveli Sinaarsis gamoxatvac. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 151-e

muxlis mixedviT, `sicocxlis mospobis an janmrTelobis dazianebis anda

qonebis ganadgurebis muqara, rodesac imas, visac emuqrebian, gauCnda

muqaris ganxorcielebis safuZvliani SiSi, isjeba jarimiT an sazogado-

ebisaTvis sasargeblo SromiT vadiT as ocidan as oTxmoc saaTamde an ga-

masworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT erT wlamde anda tusaRobiT vadiT sam

Tvemde~.

profesiuli saidumloeba _ am tipis saidumloebas flobs da Sesaba-

misad, misi dacvis pozitiuri valdebuleba ekisreba mxolod pirTa gan-

sazRvrul wres (magaliTad, parlamentis wevrs, eqims, Jurnalists, uf-

lebadamcvels, sasuliero pirs). kanonis I muxlis o) punqtis Tanaxmad,

profesiuli saidumloebas ganekuTvneba informacia, `romelic gandobil

iqna maTTvis profesiul saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve profe-

siuli faseulobis mqone informacia, romelic misTvis cnobili gaxda

konfidencialobis dacvis pirobiT, mis mier profesiuli movaleobis Ses-

rulebasTan dakavSirebiT da romlis gamJRavnebam SeiZleba ziani miaye-

nos piris profesiul reputacias. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom informa-

40 muxli 405, nawili II.

43


cia, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo saidumloeba an sxva piris piradi an

komerciuli saidumloeba, agreTve adiministraciuli organos Sesaxeb

informacia ar warmoadgens profesiul saidumloebas~.

Sesabamisad, am normis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, daawesos

SezRudvebi imgvari Sinaarsis mqone gamoxatvaze, romelic dakavSirebulia

profesiul saidumloebasTan. magaliTad, notariusi valdebulia, da-

icvas uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis procesSi misTvis gandobili in-

formacia; aseve Zalovani struqturis uSiSroebis TanamSromeli, romel-

sac samsaxurebrivad evaleba saxelmwifo saidumloebis Semcveli infor-

maciis dacva, valdebulia, ar gaamJRavnos igi41 .

samxedro mosamsaxuris, administraciuli organos, agreTve misi

Tanamdebobis piris, wevris an TanamSromlis sityvisa da gamoxatvis

Tavisufleba. aRsaniSnavia, rom sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis

Sesaxeb kanonis me-9 muxlis I punqtis mixedviT, SeiZleba, SeizRudos

samxedro mosamsaxuris, adiministraciuli organos, agreTve misi Tanam-

debobis piris, wevris an TanamSromlis sityvis Tavisufleba. evropis TiT-

qmis yvela saxelmwifoSi, iseve rogorc aSS-Si samxedro mosamsaxureebi

moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas, Seikribon da koleqtiurad gamoTqvan

sakuTari azri, anu maT akrZaluli aqvT mitingebisa da manifestaciebis

Catareba. aRsaniSnavia, rom xsenebuli principi asaxulia aseve saqarTve-

los konstituciis 25-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviT, `yvelas, garda im pi-

rebisa, romlebic arian samxedro Zalebis, policiisa da uSiSroebis samsa-

xuris SemadgenlobaSi, ufleba aqvs, winasawari nebarTvis gareSe Seikri-

bos sajarod da uiaraRod rogorc WerqveS, ise gareT.~

Tumca es norma srulebiTac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom samxedro mosam-

saxures ar SeuZlia, individualurad gamoTqvas sakuTari azri nebismier

sakiTxze. mas igive xarisxis sityvis Tavisufleba gaaCnia, rac nebismier

samoqalaqo (arasamxedro) pirs.

pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifo saidumloebis gamxelisaTvis. saxel-

mwifo saidumloebis definicias iZleva kanonis pirvelive muxli, romlis

mixedviT, saxelmwifo saidumloebas warmoadgens informacia, romelic

41 evrosasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebasJurnalistis mier profesiuli saidumloebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiTwarmoadgens saqme gudvini didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg. tomi I, gv 308.

44


saxelmwifo saidumloebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenili wesiT

aRiarebulia saxelmwifo saidumloebad da eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos

mier dacvas.

sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebis parale-

lurad, saqarTvelos parlamentma cvlilebebi Seitana saxelmwifo sai-

dumloebis Sesaxeb kanonSi, romlis mixedviTac, rigiTi moqalaqe, maT So-

ris Jurnalisti amoiricxa im pirTa siidan, vinc SeiZleba, pasuxi agos

saxelmwifo saidumloebis gamxelisaTvis.

amasTanave, sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Sedegad, piri im SemTxvevaSic

Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu saidumloebis gamxela miznad

isaxavda sazogadoebis kanonieri interesis dacvas da daculi sikeTe aRe-

mateba miyenebul zians.

ukve dRes moqmedi kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs mniSvnelovan siaxles

Jurnalistis mier saidumloebis gamxelis TvalsazrisiT. saxelmwifo

saidumloebis gamxelisaTvis pasuxs aRar agebs aravin, garda im pirisa,

visac samsaxurebrivad evaleboda misi dacva. saxeldobr, sityvisa da ga-

moxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-12( I) muxlis Tanaxmad, `piri

pasuxs agebs mxolod im saidumloebis gamxelisaTvis, romlis dacvac mas

evaleba samsaxurebrivad an samoqalaqo garigebiT da romlis gamxela

aSkara, pirdapir da arsebiT safrTxes uqmnis kanoniT dacul sikeTeebs.~

anu Tuki, magaliTad, nasvam mdgomareobaSi myofi uSiSroebis saminis-

tros polkovniki Jurnalists gaandobs saxelmwifo saidumloebis Semc-

vel informacias, romelsac es ukanaskneli meore dResve gazeTis pirvel

gverdze dabeWdavs, aRniSnulis gamo pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisros

mxolod uSiSroebis TanamSromels, da ara Jurnalists.

pasuxismgebloba komerciuli saidumlos gamJRavnebisTvis. komer-

ciuli saidumlo ganmartebulia, rogorc saqarTvelos zogadi adminis-

traciuli kodeqsiT42 gansazRvruli informacia. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia,

rom administraciuli organos Sesaxeb informacia ar warmoadgens komer-

ciul saidumloebas. bunebrivia, aRniSnuli SezRudva arsebobs TiTqmis

yvela demokratiul saxelmwifoSi.

komerciuli saidumloebis dacva pirs SeiZleba daekisros or SemTxveva-

Si: I. rodesac mas kanoniT evaleba, ar gaamJRavnos es informacia; I I . rodesac

igi xelSekrulebiT kisrulobs valdebulebas, daicvas aRniSnuli informa-

42 muxli 272.

45


cia. magaliTad, bankis TanamSromeli da zogadad banki valdebulia, ar

gaamJRavnos misi klientis Sesaxeb bankSi daculi informacia. aseve nebis-

mieri sxva organizacia da misi TanamSromeli valdebulia, daicvas misi kli-

entis komerciuli saidumloeba. am wesis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, maT SesaZ-

loa, daekisroT pasuxismgebloba. zog SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba

Semoifarglos mxolod samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebiT, rogorc Sedegi Sro-

mis kontraqtis darRvevisa (romlis ZaliTac igi valdebuli iyo, saidumlod

daecva klientis komerciuli saidumloeba). Tuki igive bankis TanamSromelis

meSveobiT media saSualebaSi gaJonavs bankis komerciuli saidumloeba,

cxadia, am SemTxvevaSic pasuxs agebs mxolod bankis TanamSromeli, romelsac

samsaxurebrivad evaleboda saidumloebis dacva43 .

reklama, teleSopingi an sponsoroba _ aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc ev-

ropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos iurisprudenciis, aseve aSS-s uze-

naesi sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT, komerciuli gamoxatva warmoad-

gens gacilebiT naklebad dacul kategorias, vidre sxva tipis (magaliTad,

politikuri) gamoxatva. komerciul gamoxatvaSi metwilad moiazreba rek-

lama an/da konkurentis kritika. aRsaniSnavia, rom axali kanoni icnobs

yvela saxis, maT Soris, komerciul gamoxatvasac. masSi ar aris mocemuli

raime principi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda moxdes komerciuli sityvis

Tavisuflebis regulireba (garda me-8 muxlisa, sadac zogadi principebia

mocemuli nebismieri Sinaarsis mqone gamoxatvis regulirebisaTvis). am-

gvari midgoma gamarTlebulic aris, radgan arsebobs specialuri kanoni,

romelic detalurad awesrigebs reklamis gaSvebasTan dakavSirebul sa-

kiTxebs. reklamis Sesaxeb kanoni iZleva im ZiriTad pirobebsa da SezRud-

vebs44 , rac reklamis sferoSi SesaZloa, arsebobdes.

reklamis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdebloba awesebs mTel

rig SezRudvebs, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac marTebs reklamis gamSvebs.

magaliTad, ar SeiZleba garkveuli tipis produqciis reklamireba dRis

garkveul periodSi. aRniSnuli tipis SezRudva vrceldeba spirtian sas-

melebsa da Tambaqos reklamaze.

garda Sinaarsobrivi SezRudvisa, reklama SeiZleba SeizRudos xangr-

43 me-12 muxlis I punqti.44 kanoni aregulirebs komerciuli gamoxatvis iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa,

magaliTad, arasaTanadio reklama, arakeTilsindisieri reklama, arasarwmunoreklama, araeTikuri reklama, kontrreklama, Tambaqos nawarmis reklama,alkoholuri sasmelebis reklama da a.S.

46


Zlivobis mxrivac. magaliTad, saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, daawesos gar-

kveuli SezRudvebi erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi eTerSi gasaSvebi reklamis

moculobaze.

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba (privacy). aRsaniSnavia, rom sityvis

Tavisuflebis garSemo warmoSobil davaTa did nawilSi ZiriTadad swo-

red piradi saidumloebis darRvevis faqtebia sakamaTo, radganac anglo-

saqsuri cneba privacy Tvisobriv siaxles warmoadgens qarTuli samarT-

lebrivi sivrcisaTvis. pirad saidumloebad kanoni ganmartavs `piradi

faseulobis mqone informacias, romlis saidumloobis dacvasac moiTxovs

kanoni, agreTve yvela im informacias da garemoebas, romelTan dakavSi-

rebiTac adamians aqvs kerZo cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis gonivruli

molodini. amasTanave, administraciuli organos Sesaxeb informacia ar

SeiZleba warmoadgendes pirad saidumloebas~.45

saerTod unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba metad mwiria

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis sakiTxis regulirebis mxriv. igive

SeiZleba iTqvas sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonzec,

romlis me-12 muxlis me-3 nawili Seicavs mxolod Zalzed zogad Canawers,

Tu ra SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba SeizRudos es ufleba. saxeldobr: `kerZo

cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobisa da piradi saidumloebis dacvis motiviT ar

SeiZleba SeizRudos gamoxatvis Tavisufleba im movlenasTan dakavSire-

biT, romlis codnac aucilebelia adamianisaTvis demokratiul saxelm-

wifoSi sazogadoebrivi TviTmmarTvelobis gansaxorcieleblad.�

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad ki, `yoveli adami-

anis piradi cxovreba, piradi saqmianobis adgili, piradi Canaweri, mimo-

wera, saubari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualebiT, agreTve

teqnikuri saSualebebiT miRebuli Setyobinebani xelSeuxebelia. aRniS-

nuli uflebebis SezRudva daiSveba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an mis

gareSe, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gadaudebeli aucileblobisas.~ gada-

udebel aucileblobas warmoadgens imis realuri safrTxe, rom sasa-

marTlos gadawyvetilebis (nebarTvis) misaRebad saWiro drois ganmav-

lobaSi SeiZleba, Seiqmnas mtkicebulebis ganadgurebis saSiSroeba.

amasTanave, sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-12

muxlis me-4 punqti iTvaliswinebs amave muxlis I da I I punqtebiT daculi

45 muxli I, punqti n).

47


uflebebis xelyofiT miyenebuli qonebrivi da araqonebrivi (moraluri)

zianis anazRaurebasac. me-12 muxlis I punqti exeba piris pasuxismgeblobas

im informaciis gamxelisaTvis, romlis dacvac mas samsaxurebrivad an sa-

moqalaqo-samarTlebrivi garigebiT evaleboda. xolo me-2 punqti saub-

robs I punqtiT gansazRvruli saidumloebis gamxelisaTvis gaTvaliswine-

buli pasuxismgeblobisagan piris gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobaze. me-12

muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad, zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba ga-

aCnia rogorc im pirs, vinc aramarTlzomierad daisaja saidumloebis gam-

xelisaTvis46 , ise im pirs, visi saidumloebac aramarTlzomierad gamJRav-

nda (anu ar arsebobda am informaciis gamJRavnebis sazogadoebrivi auci-

lebloba).

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis darRvevis Sesaxeb sasamar-

Tlo saqme warmoebs kerZo wesiT da gamiznulia individis im grZnobebis

dasacavad, romelsac sasamarTloebi xSirad uwodeben `piradi cxovrebis

xelSeuxeblobis dacvis gonivrul molodins~. iuridiul pirebs, rogorc

wesi, ar gaaCniaT aRniSnuli ufleba da Sesabamisad, ar SeuZliaT sarCelis

Setana mesame pirTa am uflebis dasacavad47 .

marTalia, kerZo individebs SeuZliaT, isargeblon `ganmartoebis uf-

lebiT~48, es ufleba ar aris absoluturi. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeb-

lobis ufleba SesaZloa, dairRves komunikaciis nebismieri saSualebiT,

maT Soris zepiradac.

sajaro figurebs SezRudulad gaaCniaT piradi cxovrebis ufleba. yo-

fili da axlandeli mTavrobis wevrebi, politikosebi, Soubiznesis war-

momadgenlebi da sportsmenebi zogadad miCneuli arian sajaro figure-

bad. amis mizezi aris is, rom maT Tavidanve ganacxades Tanxmoba, qceuliy-

vnen sajaro ganxilvis obieqtebad, sul mcire im movlenebTan dakavSire-

biT, romelTac SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon maT sajaro funqciaze.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Jurnalisti da zogadad nebismieri moqalaqe

valdebulia, daicvas sxvaTa piradi cxovrebis saidumloeba. magaliTad,

46 magaliTad, Tu skolis maswavlebeli gaaTavisufles samsaxuridan sajaroTanamdebobaze myofi im piris personaluri monacemis gamxelisaTvis, romelicTavis droze swavlobda am skolaSi.

47 Tumca, ix. mag.: saqme Reid v. Pierce County, 961 P.2d 333 (Wash. 1998), sadacsasamarTlom dasaSvebad cno naTesavebis mier sarCelis Setana piris autofsiisamsaxveli fotoebis gavrcelebis gamo.

48 `The right to be left alone~.

48


Jurnalisti valdebulia, Tavi Seikavos imgvari informaciis gamoqveyne-

bisagan, romelic ar ukavSirdeba piris mier misi sajaro funqciis ganxor-

cielebas. magaliTad, Jurnalisti da zogadad nebismieri moqalaqe valde-

bulia, ar gaamJRavnos Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb nebismieri informacia. ra

Tqma unda, gamonaklisi am saerTo wesidanac arsebobs. magaliTad, infor-

macia sajaro piris meuRlis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, aris

piradi saidumlo, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es adamiani gavlenas axdens

sajaro piris mier miRebul arasaojaxo, samsaxurebriv gadawyvetilebeb-

ze, maSin sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba, flobdes informacias am sakiTxis

Sesaxeb. kanoni iTvaliswinebs aseT gamonaklisebs da uTiTebs im SemTxve-

vebze, rodesac sazogadoebas aqvs legitimuri interesi, icodes sajaro

piris pirad cxovrebas mikuTvnebuli informaciis detalebi. kanonis I

muxlis mixedviT, legitimuri interesi ganmartebulia, rogorc saqarT-

velos konstituciis 24-e muxlis me-4 punqtiTa da 26-e muxlis me-3

punqtiT daculi sikeTeebi. saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT, es miz-

nebia: saxelmwifo uSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoeb-

rivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, danaSaulis Tavidan acileba, sxvaTa

uflebebisa da Rirsebis dacva, konfidencialurad aRiarebuli infor-

maciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan acileba an sasamarTlos damoukideblobisa

da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelyofa. xolo 26-e muxlis me-3 punqtis mixed-

viT, dacul sikeTeebs ganekuTvneba qveynis dacva imgvari safrTxisagan,

rogoricaa saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis damxoba an Zalado-

biT Secvla, qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofa, teritoriuli mTliano-

bis darRveva, omisa da Zaladobis propaganda, SuRlis gaRviveba.

Jurnalistis valdebuleba, daicvas sxva pirTa piradi cxovrebis

xelSeuxebloba. qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi ar arsebobs detaluri miTi-

Tebebi, Tu ra iTvleba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevad da

ra ara. amasTanave, rogorc Semdgom TavSi vnaxavT, saqarTveloSi arc am

uflebis samarTlebrivi dacvis tradicia arsebobs. aSS-Si, sadac piradi

cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb koncefcia Tavdapirvelad 1890 wels har-

vardis samarTlis mimoxilvis JurnalSi Camoyalibda, sasamarTloebs das-

WirdaT 15 welze meti dro imisaTvis, raTa gaecnobierebinaT es ufleba49 .

49 jorjiis uzenaesi sasamarTlo iyo pirveli, vinc es ufleba aRiara saqmeSiPavesich v. New England Life Insurance Co. saqme Seexeboda sagazeTo reklamaSiindividualuri fotoebis gamoqveynebas piris Tanxmobis gareSe.

49


piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis dacva sakanonmdeblo regulirebis

garda TviTregulirebiTac xorcieldeba, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-

vania sakanonmdeblo vakuumis arsebobis pirobebSi. amdenad, mxedvelo-

baSia misaRebi is gamocdileba, romelic am sferoSi sxva qveynebSi arse-

bobs. magaliTad, aSS-Si moqmedi organizacia �presis Tavisuflebis dacvis

JurnalistTa komitetis� mier momzadebuli kiTxvaris Tanaxmad, piradi

cxovrebis saidumlos Semcveli informaciis gamoqveynebamde Jurnalis-

tma unda gaiTvaliswinos:

obieqtis Tanxmoba _ srulwlovania Tu ara obieqti? arsebobs Tu ara

mSoblis, meurvis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba publikaci-

aze? Seswevs Tu ara unari pirs, Tavad ganacxados Tanxmoba? Tanxmobis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, xom ar momxdara misi gadaTqma? masalis publika-

ciis periodSi kerZo figuras warmoadgens obieqti Tu sajaros? xom ar

Secvlila droTa ganmavlobaSi misi statusi?

informaciis mopovebis meTodi _ ganxorcielda Tu ara gadaReba

sajaro adgilze? gaqvT Tu ara kerZo adgilze Sesvlis, fotoebis gada-

Rebisa da intervius aRebis nebarTva? mopovebulia Tu ara sadavo infor-

macia sajaro dokumentebidan?

Sinarsi _ informaciis gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi, moaxdens Tu ara ma-

sala sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli eTikis normebis darRvevas? moxda

Tu ara sadavo faqtebis gazviadeba daudasturebeli informaciiT? xom

ar aris informacia Zalzed moZvelebuli, romelic ar warmoadgens sazo-

gadoebrivad mniSvnelovan aqtualur sakiTxs an bolodroindelma mov-

lenam kiTxvis niSnis qveS xom ar daayena misi utyuaroba? ramdenad arse-

biTia sadavo informacia ZiriTadi ambis gadmosacemad?

konfidencialuri wyaros gamJRavneba. marTalia, kanonis me-11 mux-

lis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, profesiuli saidumloebis wyaro daculia

absoluturi privilegiiT da aravis aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos misi gamxela,

magram rogorc evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos iurispudencia

da aSS-Si moqmedi wesi, aseve axali kanonic SesaZleblad miiCnevs sasamar-

Tlos mier mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb ganCinebis gamotanas

konfidencialuri informaciis mxolod im nawilis gamxelasTan dakavSi-

rebiT, romlis gamxelis aucileblobac damtkicda. magaliTad, Tuki sa-

samarTloSi mimdinareobs dava, sadac arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba gar-

kveuli profesiuli saidumloebis Semcvel informacias, sasamarTlo uf-

50


lebamosilia (Tu mxare mimarTavs SuamdgomlobiT), gamoitanos ganCineba,

romliTac saqmeze saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde daavaldebulebs

mxares, gaamxilos kanoniT daculi, magram amave dros saqmis gadawyveti-

saTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone saidumloebis mxolod is nawili, ro-

melic aucilebelia zemoT miTiTebuli miznis uzrunvelsayofad.

amave dros, gamxeliT miRebuli konfidencialuri informaciis gamo-

yeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod im mizniT, romlisTvisac moxda misi gamxela.

anu sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia X-is saqmeze miRebuli gansaidumloebuli

informacia gamoiyenos Y-is saqmeze. Tu Y-is saqmeze mxare marTlac daaye-

nebs msgavss Suamdgomlobas, sasamarTlo vadlebulia, igi imave principiT

ganixilos, ra principiTac Tavis droze gamoitana ganCineba X saqmeze.

Jurnalisturi wyaroebis gadamowmeba. Zveli kanonis msgavsad, arc

axali kanoni aTavisuflebs Jurnalists srulad pasuxismgeblobisagan,

Tuki is gonivrul farglebSi ar gadaamowmebs mis mier gamoqveynebuli

informaciis wyaroebs. gonivruloba gulisxmobs wyaroebis gadamowmebis

mcdelobis im dones, rac saSualo profesiuli Tvisebebis mqone Jurna-

lists reportaJis momzadebisas moeTxoveba. samarTliani da dabalanse-

buli reportaJis (fair report) momzadeba, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs komen-

tarisaTvis im pirisadmi mimarTvas, viszec gadaicema reportaJi; aseve,

sadac es SesaZlebelia, oficialuri saxelmwifo dawesebulebidan infor-

maciis gamoTxovas, wyaros mier mowodebuli cnobebis namdvilobis gada-

samowmeblad. Tu Jurnalistma keTilsindisierad da zustad gadmosca

sajaro interesis Semcveli informacia, ar SeiZleba man agos pasuxi mesame

pirTa mier gakeTebuli cilismwamebluri gancxadebebis gamo. kvalifi-

ciuri privilegia Cveulebriv esadageba oficialur sxdomebs, rogoricaa

sasamarTlo sxdoma an magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo organos sesia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Jurnalisturi wyaroebis gadamowmeba gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania, rodesac Jurnalisti avrcelebs konkretuli faqtebis

Semcvel informacias, romlis gadamowmebac SesaZlebelicaa da aucile-

belic. meore TavSi Cven vnaxavT,50 rogor gamoiCina Jurnalistma aSkara

daudevroba, rodesac ucxo piris mier miwodebuli, faqtobrivi monacemis

Semcveli informacia ise gaavrcela, rom ar gadaumowmebia, marTlac ina-

50 ix. qitesa gurgenaSvili merab gurgenaSvilisa da `TrialeTis~ winaaRmdeg,2004 w. gv 519.

51


xavda Tu ara konkretuli piri sakuTar ezoSi moparul avtomobilebs.

aRniSnuli warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze naTel magaliTs imisa, Tu ro-

gor SeiZleba Seilaxos piris pativi da Rirseba, Tuki Jurnalisti daar-

Rvevs Jurnalistur profesiul standarts da ar gadaamowmebs faqtob-

rivi cnobebis Semcvel informacias sul mcire or damoukidebel wya-

rosTan. profesiuli normis darRvevam SesaZloa, gamoiwvios araswori

cnobis gavrceleba da gaxdes samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sagani.

gavrcelebuli cnobebis simcdare. cxadia, gancxadebis utyuaroba

warmoadgens absolutur dacvas, Tu saqme sasamarTlomde mivida. Tumca,

imisaTvis, rom cnoba CaiTvalos utyuarad, ar aris aucilebeli absolu-

turi akuratulobis gamoCena. zogadi standartis mixedviT, gancxadeba

mxolod arsebiTad unda iyos namdvili.

saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi mopasuxe media saSualebaa valdebuli,

amtkicos, rom mosarClis mier sadavod gamxdari gancxadebebi Seesabameba

sinamdviles. aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSnuli standarti Secvala

im saqmeebTan mimarTebiT, sadac mosarCleebs Tanamdebobis pirebi da

sajaro figurebi warmoadgendnen51 . aRniSnuli kategoriis mopasuxeebi

valdebuli arian, Tavad daamtkicon, rom sadavo gancxadebebi ar Seesa-

bameboda sinamdviles.

xolo mogvianebiT ganxilul saqmeSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyve-

tilebiT, kerZo mosarCle kerZo pirebic arian valdebuli, Tavad daadas-

turon gancxadebebis namdviloba, Tu sakiTxi sazogadoebrivad mniSvne-

lovania52 .

agebs Tu ara piri pasuxs nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tuki damtkicdeba,

rom man gaavrcela sinamdvilesTan Seusabamo faqtebi, ramac aSkara

ziani miayena konkretul pirs?

pasuxi uaryofiTia. kanonis me-15 muxlis mixedviT, pirs eniWeba kvali-

ficiuri privilegia arsebiTad mcdari faqtis Semcveli gancxadebisaT-

vis, Tu:

man miiRo gonivruli zomebi faqtis sisworis gadasamowmeblad, mag-

ram ver SeZlo Secdomis Tavidan acileba da gaatara qmediTi RonisZiebebi

ciliswamebiT dazianebuli piris reputaciis aRsadgenad;

51 ix. `niu-iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, gv. 173. Curtis Publishing Co. v.Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 1967.

52 Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps, 475 U.S. 767, 1986.

52


igi miznad isaxavda sazogadoebis kanonieri interesebis dacvas da

daculi sikeTe aRemateba miyenebul zians;

man gancxadeba gaakeTa mosarClis TanxmobiT. Tu piri iZleva Tanx-

mobas informaciis gamoqveynebaze, mas ar SeuZlia, momavalSi sarCeli Se-

itanos difamaciis gamo. Tumca uari pasuxis gacemaze an dumili ar SeiZ-

leba CaiTvalos Tanxmobad.

gancxadeba warmoadgenda mosarClis mier mis winaaRmdeg gakeTebul

gancxadebaze Tanazomier pasuxs;

misi gancxadeba warmoadgenda samarTlian da obieqtur reportaJs

im movlenasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis obi-

eqti iyo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonis me-16 muxlis mixedviT, pirs ar ekisreba pasu-

xismgebloba ciliswamebisaTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man ar icoda da arc

SeiZleboda, scodnoda, rom ciliswamebas avrcelebda. amasTan dakavSi-

rebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom saxezea garkveuli winaaRmdegoba kanonis me-14

muxlsa da aRniSnul normas Soris. kerZod, me-14 muxlis mixedviT, cno-

bebis gamavrceleblis mxridan winaswar imis codna, rom cnobebi, romlis

gavrcelebasac igi apirebs, cilismwamebluria, exeba mxolod sajaro pi-

ris Sesaxeb gavrcelebul faqtebs. kanonis me-16 muxli ki cnobebis gamavr-

celeblis pasuxismgeblobas ciliswamebis saqmeebSi (maT Soris, kerZo pi-

ris ciliswamebis saqmeebSic) ukavSirebs cnobebis gamavrceleblis mxri-

dan ganzrax moqmedebas. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom ganzrax qmedebis elemen-

ti ar aris Cadebuli me-13 muxlSi, romelic kerZo piris ciliswamebas

exeba.

pirs SeuZlia, moiTxovos ori saxis qmedebis ganxorcieleba mopasuxis

mxridan, Tuki damtkicdeba, rom man gaavrcela cilismwamebluri faqtebi.

saxeldobr:

a) sasamarTlos meSveobiT daavaldebulos mopasuxe, rom am ukanask-

nelma dadgenili formiT gamoaqveynos sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

(sadac bunebrivia, miTiTebuli iqneba imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlo gan-

xilvis Sedegad dadasturda mopasuxis mier cilismwamebluri gancxade-

bebis gavrcelebis faqti).

b) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mopasuxe kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi gamoaqveynebs

Sesworebas an uaryofas, magram mosarClisaTvis es ar aris sakmarisi

53


ciliswamebiT miyenebuli zianis jerovani anazRaurebisaTvis, mopasuxes

SeiZleba, daekisros mosarClisaTvis miyenebuli qonebrivi an/da araqo-

nebrivi (moraluri) zianis anazRaureba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvis Tavisuflebis maregulirebeli uwinde-

li kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebda bodiSis moxdis dakisrebis SesaZ-

leblobas, saerTo sasamarTleobi (gansakuTrebiT ki pirveli instanci-

is)53 xSirad mimarTavdnen pasuxismgeblobis amgvar formas, rac aSkara

kanondarRvevas warmoadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare misasalmebelia axal

kanonSi imis mkafiod aRniSvna, rom dauSvebelia mopasuxis iZuleba, mo-

ixados bodiSi.

pasuxis ufleba. marTalia, sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Se-

saxeb kanonproeqtis Tavdapirveli versia iTvaliswinebda specialur

normas pasuxis uflebis Sesaxeb, Tumca sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebam igi

ar gaiziara.

pasuxis uflebas samoqalaqo kodeqsi aqamde isedac iTvaliswinebda

da kanonmdeblebs arc axali kanonis miRebis Semdeg gauuqmebiaT igi, Tum-

ca, Tu arsebul sasamarTlo praqtikas gaviTvaliswinebT, SesaZloa, iT-

qvas, rom pasuxis ufleba faqtiurad mkvdari norma iyo, radgan qarTuli

sasamarTloebi Zalzed iSviaTad iyenebdnen mas.

53 ix. bela SalvaSvili `qarTuli maxvilisa~ da jemal davlianiZis winaaRmdeg(gldani-naZaladevis raionuli sasamarTlo), 1999 w. gv. 216; i. orjonikiZen. xoferiasa da q. qurdovaniZis winaaRmdeg (vake-saburTalos raionulisasamarTlo), 2002 w. gv. 358; mevlud egrisaSvili mayvala berianiZis winaaRmdeg(vake-saburTalos raionuli sasamarTlo), 2001 w. gv. 281; Tamaz wivwivaZe dasaqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo erovnuli kavSiri akaki gogiCaiSvilisa da`rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg (Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlo), 2001 w., gv. 291;`rioni~ `quTaisis~ winaaRmdeg (quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo), 2001 w. gv. 299;giorgi jiSkariani badri kapetivaZis, daviT liklikaZisa da eliso kilaZiswinaaRmdeg (quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo), 2001 w. gv. 302; roman kvaWaZe`lanCxuTi Plus~- is, qeTevan da zaza nakaSiZeebis winaaRmdeg (Coxataurisraionuli sasamarTlo), 2001 w. gv. 319; evgeni juRaSvili griSa onianis winaaRmdeg(krwanisi-mTawmindis raionuli sasamarTlo), 2003 w. gv. 477; aWaris soflismeurneobisa da sursaTis saministro avTandil gadaxabaZis, `pres-klubbaTumisa~ da `axali versiis~ winaaRmdeg (baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo), 2003 w.gv. 401; paata SavaZe tariel qaTamaZisa da `aWara P.S.~-is winaaRmdeg (baTumissaqalaqo sasamarTlo), 2003 w. gv. 440; nugzar maRularia da `besana da giorgi~guram ximSiaSvilis winaaRmdeg (baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo), 2004 w. gv. 521;mamuka nozaZe `TrialeTisa~ da saba wiwikaSvilis winaaRmdeg (goris raionulisasamarTlo), 2004 w. gv. 536.

54


aRsaniSnavia, rom pasuxis uflebis modificirebuli variantia gaTva-

liswinebulia mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb axal kanonSi, romelic parlamentma

2004 wlis 23 dekembers miiRo. kanonis 52-e muxlis mixedviT, dainterese-

bul pirs aqvs ufleba, sawyisi gancxadebis gakeTebidan, maT Soris, faqtis

moyvanidan 10 dRis vadaSi mosTxovos Sesabamis mauwyebels sawyis gancxa-

debaSi mocemuli mcdari faqtis Tanazomadi saSualebebiTa da formiT

Sesworeba an uaryofa. anu am normis SemoRebiT, kanonmdebeli pasuxis

uflebas akanonebs mxolod eleqtronul mediaSi da Riad (ufro swored

ki samoqalaqo kodeqsis 18-e muxlis ufunqcio normis anabarad) tovebs

beWdviT medias. amgvari gadawyvetilebiT, kanonmdebelma nawilobriv

uaryo am sakiTxisadmi evropuli midgoma da upiratesoba amerikul mo-

dels mianiWa.

amerikuli midgoma. amerikul samarTalSi pasuxis ufleba aRar arse-

bobs 1974 wlidan, anu mas Semdeg, rac uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoitana

gadawyvetileba saqmeze maiami heraldi tornilos winaaRmdeg, pasuxis

uflebis instituti, rogorc konstituciis pirvel SesworebasTan wina-

aRmdegobaSi myofi SezRudva, ugulebelyofilia. amis mizezi aris is, rom

amerikul samarTalSi pasuxis uflebas miiCneven mediis saredaqcio damo-

ukideblobaSi uxeS Carevad, rac ewinaaRmdegeba ideaTa Tavisufali baz-

ris princips, sadac yovel mosazrebas gaaCnia arsebobis ufleba. aSS-Si

pasuxis uflebaze msjelobis dros gansxvavebas axdenen beWdviTsa da

eleqtronul medias Soris. beWdviTi mediis SemTxvevaSi pasuxis gamoqvey-

nebis davaldebulebiT saxezea ramdenime sanqcia: Sepasuxebis dabeWdvis

xarjebi, misi momzadebisTvis saWiro dro da sagazeTo sivrce, rasac sa-

varaudod daikavebda Sepasuxeba. televiziisagan gansxvavebiT, pasuxis

uflebis gamoyenebiT gazeTi ar awydeba iseT teqnologiur sirTuleebs,

rogoricaa magaliTad dro. Tumca, arc imis Tqma iqneboda swori, rom

gazeTi ar ganicdis ekonomikur zarals, rodesac aqveynebs mTavrobis

Tu kanonis mier nakarnaxev informacias. swored am mosazrebebis gaTva-

liswinebiT, amerikuli samarTali Tvlis, rom pasuxis uflebis arsebobiT

saxezea mediis saredaqcio damoukideblobaSi saxelmwifos mxridan uxeSi

Careva.

evropuli midgoma. amerikuli samarTlisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli

tendencia ikveTeba evropaSi. SesaZlebelia, iTqvas, rom pasuxis ufleba

55


arsebobs umetes evropul saxelmwifoebSi. ufro metic, evropis sabWos

ministrTa komitetma 2004 wlis 15 dekembers miiRo specialuri rekomen-

dacia evrosabWos wevr qveynebSi axal media garemoSi pasuxis uflebis

dawesebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnul rekomendacias wevri qveynebisTvis savalde-

bulo xasiaTi ara aqvs. igi mxolod rekomendacias aZlevs wevr saxelmwi-

foebs difamaciis Sesaxeb nacionalur kanonmdeblobaSi gaiTvaliswinon

aRniSnuli ufleba, radgan mravalmxrivi (gansxvavebuli) informaciis

Tavisufali gavrcelebis (free flow of information) ufleba miCneulia plu-

ralizmis erT-erT umTavres garantad. evrosabWos rekomendaciis Tanax-

mad, pasuxi unda gamoqveyndes ufasod, imave adgilas da imave dros ra

viTarebaSic moxda faqtobrivi uzustobis Semcveli Tavdapirveli in-

formaciis gaSveba.

jarima. aRsaniSnavia, rom iseve, rogorc yvela kanons, sityvisa da ga-

moxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonsac aqvs Tavisi naklovanebebi. kano-

nis erT-erT uaryofiT mxares warmoadgens is, rom Tuki piri gaavrcelebs

cilismwameblur faqtebs mosarClis Sesaxeb, sasamarTlos ar gaaCnia ara-

viTari saxelmZRvanelo principi, Tu ra zomiTa da moculobiT unda da-

ekisros mopasuxes fuladi Tanxa. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom

Tavisuflebis institutis mier momzadebuli kanonproeqtis Tavdapirvel

versiaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo jarimis dakisreba gonivrulobis krite-

riumis safuZvelze.

Tumca am problemas garkveulwilad agvarebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

kodeqsis 413-e muxli, sadac miTiTebulia, rom sasamarTlo araqonebrivi

zianis anazRaurebis odenobas gansazRvravs gonivruli da samarTliani

anazRaurebis wesiT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xsenebuli kanoni damkvid-

rebuli mavne praqtikis koreqtirebisa da damatebiTi garantiebis mizniT

Seiqmna, albaT umjobesi iqneboda es norma specialur kanonSic asaxu-

liyo. aseTi daTqmis aucileblobis safuZvels qarTuli sasamarTloebis

uaxloesi praqtika iZleva, rodesac sasamarTlom iseTi finansuri sanqcia

(milioni lari) daakisra sainformacio saSualebas54 , romelsac SeeZlo

mopasuxe media saSualebis gakotreba.

amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi kanoni swored

54 ix. Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze akaki CxaiZe akakigogiCaiSvilisa da `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg, 2004 w. gv. 486.

56


msgavsi zogadi debulebebiT Semoifargleba. magaliTad, inglisSi gaxma-

urebul saqmeze lordi edlinqToni tolstoi miloslavskis winaaRmdeg

naficma msajulebma mopasuxes daakisres milion xuTasi aTasi funtis

gadaxda am ukanasknelis mier gavrcelebuli cnobebis gamo. am saqmesTan

dakavSirebiT evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom

inglisSi moqmedi kanoni, romlis mixedviTac nafici msajulebisTvis ar

aris dawesebuli araviTari saxelmZRvanelo principebi da ar aris miTi-

Tebuli Tanxa, romlis zeviTac ar SeuZliaT jarimis dakisreba, warmo-

adgens evrokonveciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom TavisTavad jarimis dakisrebisas sasamarTlosTvis

garkveuli saxelmZRvenelo principebis ararseboba, saxifaToa, radgan,

erTis mxriv, aragonivrulad maRalma sanqciam SesaZloa, gamoiwvios me-

dia saSualebis gakotreba, rac saxifaToa demokratiuli sazogadoebis

arsebobisaTvis; xolo, meores mxriv, aragonivrulad dabali sanqciis

dakisrebiT, ar miiRweva is efeqti, rac zogadad jarimas (ZiriTadad

igulisxmeba jarimis satisfaqciuri da restituciuli funqcia) gaaCnia.

amgvarad, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom axali kanonis miRebiT saqarTvelo

miuaxlovda sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb arsebul saer-

TaSoriso standartebs, Tumca faqtia, rom rac ar unda kargi iyos kanoni,

is faratina qaRaldad darCeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mowodebis simaRleze

ar dadgeba is organo, romelsac kanonis oficialuri ganmarteba evaleba.

57


Sesavali

winamdebare Tavi moicavs 1996-2004 wlebis sasamarTlo praqtikis

analizs sityvisa da gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul davebze.

analizi mocemulia wlebis mixedviT, rac saSualebas iZleva, marTlmsa-

julebis efeqturoba Sefasdes ara mxolod sakuTriv sasamarTlo siste-

mis SigniT mimdinare procesebis, aramed zogadad qveyanaSi mimdinare

politikuri movlenebis WrilSi.

analizi efuZneba rva wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTo sasamarTloebis mier

ganxilul 13355 , prokuraturaSi warmarTul erT56 da sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos mier ganxilul erT saqmes. saqmeebi dajgufebulia samar-

Talwarmoebis wesis (sisxlis samarTlis, samoqalaqo, administraciuli,

sakonstitucio) mixedviT, rac, Tavis mxriv, moicavs Tematur klasifika-

cias (politikuri gamoxatva, komerciuli gamoxatva, piradi cxovrebis

xelSeuxebloba).

55 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos, aWaris a/r umaRlesi sasamarTlos,Tbilisisa da quTaisis saolqo sasamarTloebis, Tbilisis raionulisasamarTloebis, quTaisis, foTis, rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTloebis, goris,gurjaanis, Coxatauris, xaragaulis, duSeTis raionuli sasamarTloebisgadawyvetilebebi. es monacemebi ar aris srulyofili, radgan sasamarTloarqivebis teqnikuri da organizaciuli gaumarTaobis gamo ver moxerxdaamomwuravi informaciis mopoveba. dawvrilebiT ix. gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTandakavSirebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi, kari II. gv 195.

56 axalcixis prokuraturis dadgenileba, kari II. gv 224.

SFDB 66CBN>DBCF LF UFVJ{FNDBC

SFDBCEAKT<FCSFY LFRFDIBHT<EKBCFCFVFHSKJ GHFMNBRBC FYFKBPB

58


rogorc mocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxiluli rva wliani periodis

analizi aCvenebs, sawyis etapze moqalaqeebi iSviaTad mimarTavdnen sasa-

marTloebs iseTi sikeTeebis dasacavad, rogoricaa pativi, Rirseba da

saqmiani reputacia. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1996-1998 wlebis sasa-

marTlo praqtika mwiria sityvisa da gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli sasamarTlo davebiT, am periodSi ganxiluli erTeuli saqmeebic

ki Tavisi simZimiT gadaswonis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi sarCelebis

bolodroindel siWarbes. es ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom swored 1996-

1998 wlebSi Seecada xelisufleba, aemoqmedebina sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsis is muxli, romelic ciliswamebisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTas

iTvaliswinebda.

mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT isic, rom gansaxilvel periodSi saqarT-

velo ar iyo SeboWili evrosabWos valdebulebebiT, radgan am organiza-

ciis wevri igi mxolod 1999 wels gaxda; aseve qveyanaSi moqmedebda 1961

wels miRebuli sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, romelic ciliswa-

mebisa da SeuracxyofisaTvis metad arademokratiul normebs iTvalis-

winebda da Tavisi bunebiT sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis gakont-

rolebaze iyo orientirebuli.

rogorc qvemoT ganxilul or saqmeSi naxavT, miuxedavad xelisuflebis

mcdelobisa, politikuri gamoxatvis SesazRudad gamoeyenebina sisxlis-

samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis formebi, man mainc ver SeZlo sruli

datvirTviT aemoqmedebina sabWouri kodeqis normebi: sasamarTlos arc

1996-98w l e b i

59


erT SemTxvevaSi ar Causvams braldebulebi cixeSi da sasjelis forma

pirobiT gamosacdeli vadiT Secvala. amis mizezi, albaT, sazogadoebaSi

arsebul liberalur damokidebulebaSic unda veZeboT, rac, Tavis mxriv,

aiZulebda xelisuflebas, Tavi aeridebina sityvis Tavisuflebis iseTi

formiT SezRudvisaTvis, romelsac sazogadoebaSi mkveTrad uaryofiTi

rezonansi mohyveboda.

am periodSi sasamarTlom ganixila ori sisxlis samarTlis saqme: pir-

vel SemTxvevaSi58 Jurnalists brali dasdes deputatis ciliswamebaSi;

xolo meore SemTxvevaSi59 moqalaqes _ mitingze Sekrebili sazogadoebis

upativcemulobaSi. swored samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuroba da

saxalxo damcvelis Suamdgomloba gaxda imis safuZveli, rom meore SemTx-

vevaSi braldebuls Tavisuflebis aRkveTa pirobiT gamosacdeli vadiT

Seecvala. es ukanaskneli SemTxveva iyo pirveli precedenti, roca bralm-

deblad mogvevlina saxelmwifo, romelmac gansxvavebuli politikuri

Sexedulebis mqone adamianis dasasjelad sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeb-

loba gamoiyena.

rac Seexeba samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi difamaciis saqmeebs, 1996 wlis-

gan gansxvavebiT, roca sasamarTlom mxolod erTi sisxlissamarTlebrivi

difamaciis saqme ganixila, 1998 weli pativis, Rirsebisa da saqmiani repu-

taciis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT dacvis ori saqmiT aRiniSna. unda

iTqvas, rom orive samoqalaqo saqmeSi sasamarTlos arasaTanado mosarC-

leebma mimarTes. pirvel SemTxvevaSi60 sasamarTlom kanondarRveviT ga-

moitana gadawyvetileba, xolo meoreSi61 _ argumentirebulad. TavisTa-

vad is tendencia, rom mosarCleebs bevri araferi hqondaT saerTo davis

saganTan, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis kulturis deficitzec miuTiTebs,

rac damaxasiaTebeli swored sawyisi etapisTvis iyo da bunebrivia, sa-

marTlebrivi urTierTobebis tradiciis ararsebobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

1996-1998 wlebSi ganxiluli oTxi saqmidan sasamarTlom sam SemTxve-

vaSi gamoitana ukanono, xolo erT SemTxvevaSi dasabuTebuli gadawyve-

tileba.

58 ix. nestan kirTaZe klara abramias winaaRmdeg, 1996w, kari II, gv. 197.59 ix. prokuratura klara Sukvanis winaaRmdeg, 1998w, kari II, gv. 203.60 ix. gldanis raionis lomisis wm. giorgis eklesiis marTlmadidebeli mrevli

`gldani 2001~-is winaaRmdeg, 1998w, kari II, gv 204.61 ix. giorgi doliZe `7 dRis~ winaaRmdeg. 1998, kar II, gv. 209.

60



politikuri gamoxatva

nestan kirTaZisa da klara abramias saqme

pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos is, rom dava mimdinareobda 1995 wlis

oqtombris saprezidento arCevnebis wina periodSi, Sesabamisad, sakiTxi

sasamarTlos swored arCevnebis konteqstSi unda ganexila.

mopasuxis mier gavrcelebuli cnoba imis Taobaze, rom nestan kirTaZem

bankidan sesxad aiRo 85 aTasi dolari da dabrunebas aRar apirebda, _

SesaZloa, Cveulebriv viTarebaSi marTlac yofiliyo piris reputaci-

isaTvis garkveuli zianis momtani cnobebi. Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi

es gancxadeba unda ganvixiloT ara konteqstidan amovardnilad, aramed

im diskusiis farglebSi, romelic mosarClesa da mopasuxes, rogorc ori

sxvadasxva saprezidento kandidatis momxreebs Soris mimdinareobda. cxa-

dia, Tundac mZafri politikuri diskusiis farglebSi gakeTebuli ganc-

xadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom parlamentarma bankidan ukanonod gaitana sesxi,

mtkicebas eqvemdebareba. Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi eWvs badebs is, Tu

ramdenad iyo dainteresebuli gamoZieba da sasamarTlo, saqmeze WeSmari-

tebis dadgeniT da Sesabamisad, faqtis sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobis dad-

geniT. aseTi eWvis safuZvels Semdegi garemoebebi iZleva:

erTaderTi mowmis _ maradi anasaSvilis Cveneba, rom klara abramiam

kreditis Sesaxeb informacia deputat iza orjonikiZisagan Seityo, sasa-

marTlom ar gaiziara. Tu maradi anasaSvilma cru Cveneba misca sasamar-

Tlos, maSin cru Cvenebis micemisaTvis mis mimarT sisxlis samarTlis saqme

unda aReZraT, rogorc es im dros moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT

iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs sasamarTlos mier

saqmis araRZvris motivad imis miTiTeba, rom maradi anasaSvils klara

abramias mimarT megobruli grZnobebi amoZravebda. xolo, meores mxriv,

Tu sasamarTlom anasaSvilis winaaRmdeg ar gamoitana gamamtyunebeli

ganaCeni, maSin am ukanasknelis Cveneba gamoZiebas unda gaeziarebina. es ki

xels Seuwyobda imis dadgenas, Tu ramdenad Seesabameboda gavrcelebuli

cnoba sinamdviles.

61


mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom am epizodTan dakavSirebiT erT-

erTma msajulma gansakuTrebuli azri daafiqsira, sadac aRniSna, rom

igi iziarebda gavrcelebul cnobas, radgan mimdinare periodSi analo-

giuri Sinaarsis araerTi publikacia qveyndeboda presaSi da rom Jurna-

lists ar hqonda safuZveli, ar daejerebina is informacia, romelic mas

parlamentarma iza orjonikiZem miawoda.

rac Seexeba klara abramias mier gavrcelebul cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom

nestan kirTaZe xSirad etaneba sasmels, deputatis nasvamobis faqti da-

adastura sasamarTloze mowmed miwveulma besarion fanculaiam. sru-

liad gaugebaria gamoZiebis mier fanculaias Cvenebis argaziarebis moti-

vad zaza petriaSvilis Cvenebis dasaxeleba. saxeldobr, am ukanasknelma

ganacxada, rom man moismina, Tu rogor dahpirda fanculaia abramias, rom

nestan kirTaZis nasvamobis Sesaxeb informacias daadasturebda. rogorc

maradi asaniSvilis, aseve fanculaias SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom gana-

xorciela araswori saproceso moqmedebebi, rodesac, erTis mxriv, cru

Cvenebad miiCnia fanculaias informacia, meores mxriv ki, ar aRZra sisx-

lis samarTlis saqme mxolod imis gamo, rom mowme devnili iyo. saqarT-

veloSi minimum 300 000 devnilia. am logikis Tanaxmad, am 300 000 adamians

hqonia cru Cvenebis micemis konstituciuri ufleba, rac, cxadia, abso-

luturad SeuTavsebelia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cnebasTan.

saerTo jamSi, rCeba STabeWdileba, rom sasamarTlo mikerZoebulad

moqmedebda, radgan man mxolod im mowmeebis Cvenebebi ar gaiziara, vinc

adasturebda Jurnalistis mier gavrcelebul cnobebs.

rac Seexeba iseTi cnobis Seuracxmyofelad miCnevas, rogoricaa `ma-

saJisti~, Tuki momCivani zogad masaJistis profesias da masaJistobas Se-

uracxmyofelad miiCnevs, maSin igi avtomaturad Tavad ayenebs Seuracx-

yofas am profesiis warmomadgenel uamrav adamians, rac SesaZloa, Tavad

ganmcxadeblis winaaRmdeg uamravi sarCelis Setanis safuZveli gamxda-

riyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros moqmedi kanonmdebloba metad arade-

mokratiul sasjelis zomebs iTvaliswinebda, aseTi sakanonmdeblo nor-

mebic ki ar iZleoda politikosis �masaJistad� moxseniebis gamo Jurna-

listis sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis safuZvels.

sasamarTlom ar gaiTvaliswina ganmcxadeblis statusi: igi iyo sajaro

figura, politikosi, saqarTvelos parlamentis wevri, romelsac gaci-

62


lebiT meti TavSekaveba da Tmenis valdebuleba marTebda, vidre Cveuleb-

riv moqalaqes. meorec, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saxeze iyo mxareebs Soris

sajaro debatebi. sadavo statia ar warmoadgenda pirvel `agurs~ am dis-

kusiis procesSi, aramed iyo misi logikuri gagrZeleba.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am saqmeSi arsebuli sadavo cnobebis umete-

soba warmoadgens SefasebiT msjelobas, da ara faqts. Jurnalists yo-

velTvis aqvs ufleba, SefasebiTi msjelobis safuZvelze gaakeTos dask-

vnebi da gadmosces sakuTari mosazrebebi.

evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom mraval saqmeze daadgina,

rom `presis Tavisufleba moicavs gazviadebis SesaZlo xarisxs da provo-

kaciasac ki�62 .

zogadad SesaZloa iTqvas, rom sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCeni

sruliad ver akmayofilebs evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mi-

er Camoyalibebul iurisprudencias sityvis TavisuflebasTan mimarTe-

biT. ufro metic, igi ewinaaRmdegeba ara marto evropis adamianis ufle-

baTa sasamarTlos, aramed saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqti-

kasac. qarTulma sasamarTloebma araerTxel daadgines63 , rom sajaro mo-

xeleebis mimarT kritikis farglebi gacilebiT farTo SeiZleba iyos,

vidre kerZo pirTa mimarT da, rom sajaro pirebze ar unda gavrceldes

dacvis is sqema, rac Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebisaTvis aris dadgenili.

mocemul davaze sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba (Jurna-

lists jer 3 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusajes, Semdeg ki igi pirobi-

Tad Seucvales da gamosacdelad dauniSnes sami weli) SesaZloa, miviCnioT

xelisuflebis erTgvar mcdelobad, daeSinebina is Jurnalistebi, vinc

kritikul azrs gamoTqvamda xelisuflebisa da misi wevrebis saqmianobis

Sesaxeb.

klara Sukvanis saqme

imis nimuSad, Tu rogor SeiZleba gauswordes xelisufleba gansxvave-

buli politikuri Sexedulebis mqone moqalaqeebs, sasamarTlos mier 1998

62 ix. saqme dalbani rumineTis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, gv 321.63 ix. vladimer kereseliZe nodar jaianis winaaRmdeg, 2001, kari II, gv 274; kaxa

TargamaZe, avTandil CxaiZe, vasil daviTaia, zaqaria varaziSvili, nikolozivaniSvili, zurab urotaZe, revaz maWavariani `rezonansisa~ da eliso CafiZiswinaaRmdeg, 2002, kari II, gv 371.

63


wels ganxiluli saqme prokuratura klara Sukvanis winaaRmdeg gamod-

geba. rogorc ukve vTqviT, am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifom praqtikulad pir-

velad aamoqmeda sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi pirovnebis dasasjelad mis

mier sityvis Tavisuflebis uflebiT sargeblobis gamo.

klara Sukvans brali waeyena boroti xulignobis Cadenasa da sazoga-

doebis dacvis momentSi policiis muSakebis Seuracxyofis gamo.

mocemul saqmeze mTawminda-krwanisis raionuli sasamarTlos mier mi-

Rebuli gadawyvetileba warmoadgens sityvis TavisuflebaSi uxeS Carevas,

Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo: sadavo gancxadebebi gakeTda mitingze, romelic

Seexeboda sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan sakiTxs _ afxazeTidan devnil-

Ta Temas da Tavad braldebulic afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli

piri iyo.

prokuraturam klara Sukvans bralad wauyena boroti xulignuri gan-

zraxviT moqmedeba, rac mitingze Sekrebili sazogadoebisadmi aSkara upa-

tivcemulobaSi gamoixata da policielebis Seuracxyofa. amasTan dakav-

SirebiT aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba: dazaralebulTa wre mxolod poli-

cielebiT Semoifargla da mravalaTasiani mitingidan arc erTi adamiani

ar daukiTxavT, rogorc dazaralebuli. Tuki sasamarTlo daadasturebda

klara Sukvanis mier boroti xulignobis Cadenis faqts, maSin mas unda

daekiTxa kidec mitingze Sekrebili xalxi, radganac aSkara upativcemu-

loba swored maTken iyo mimarTuli. mxolod amis Semdeg unda daedastu-

rebina sasamarTlos is, rom dakiTxuli da mowmeebad mowveuli xalxis

umravlesoba Seuracxyofilad miiCnevda Tavs im transparantis gamo, ro-

melic klara Sukvans demonstraciis dros xelSi eWera. imis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT, rom es xalxi mitingze swored prezident SevardnaZisa da misi po-

litikis gasakritikeblad Seikriba, logikuricaa da naklebad savaraudo,

rom xsenebuli transparantis gamo maT Tavi Seuracxyofilad CaeTvalaT.

rac Seexeba klara Sukvanis qmedebaSi bralis arsebobas, Tavad bral-

debulis gancxadebiT, sadavo transparanti mas SemTxveviT ise miawodes,

rom misi Sinaarsi arc ki icoda. aqedan gamomdinare, saTuoa gansasjelis

qmedebaSi bralis arseboba.

roca saubaria transparantis Sinaarsobriv (`Zirs arZinbas naxmari

SevardnaZe~) mxareze, SesaZloa, moviSvelioT msgavsi frazebisa da Sefa-

sebebis mimarT moqmedi amerikuli standarti: Tuki fraza imdenad ara-

64


realuria, rom mas saSualo donis moqalaqe ver daijerebs, ar SeiZleba

misi faqtad miCneva. sisxlissamarTlebriv difamaciaSi ki piris dasja mxo-

lod araswori faqtis gavrcelebis gamoa SesaZlebeli. mocemul SemTx-

vevaSi warmoudgeneli iyo, saqarTvelos saSualo moqalaqes marTlac

daejerebina transparantis Sinaarsi sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobiT.

rac Seexeba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis momentSi policiis muSa-

kebisaTvis Seuracxyofis miyenebas, cxadia, klara Sukvanis gamonaTqva-

mebi _ `ZaRlebo~, `Rorebo~ da `SevardnaZis monebo~ sakuTari mosazrebis

gamoxatvis Zalzed kritikuli formaa, Tumca evrosasamarTlo msgavss

frazebs konteqstidan amoglejilad ar ganixilavs.

sasamarTlos isic unda gaeTvaliswinebina, rom aRniSnuli gancxadeba

gakeTda ara masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis meSveobiT, aramed _ mi-

tingze. Sesabamisad, es fraza mxolod sazogadoebis garkveulma nawilma

aRiqva. aseTi tipis davebSi ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ramden

adamians hqonda SesaZlebloba, moesmina sadavo gancxadebebi anu ra

auditorias faravs gancxadebis avtori. beWdviTi mediis SemTxvevaSi es

ganisazRvreba gamocemebis tiraJis mixedviT, xolo eleqtronuli media

saSualebebis (igulismeba radio da televizia) SemTxvevaSi _ dafarvis

arealiT.

calsaxaa, rom is konteqsti da garemoeba, romelSic gakeTda aRniSnu-

li gancxadeba, sasamarTlos klara Sukvanis damnaSaved cnobis safuZvels

ar aZlevda. TavisTavad is garemoeba, rom erTi wliT Tavisuflebis aR-

kveTa sasamarTlom mas pirobiTi sasjeliT Seucvala, ukve metyvelebs

imaze, rom am SemTxvevaSi sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna aucileblobas ar

warmoadgenda.

65



difamacia

gldanis raionis lomisis wm. giorgis eklesiis

marTlmadidebeli mrevlisa da gazeT `gldani 2001~-is saqme

am saqmeSi mosarCleebma moiTxoves, gazeT `gldani 2001~-s dakisreboda

pasuxismgebloba im cnobebis gavrcelebisaTvis, romlebic exeboda ara

uSualod mosarCleebs, aramed mesame pirs _ b. mkalaviSvils.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis Ta-

naxmad, pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvis saqmeebze sasamarTloSi sarCelis

Setana pirs SeuZlia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gavrcelebuli cnobebis

Sedegad uSualod mas miadga ziani. analogiuri norma moqmedebs evro-

sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSic, sadac dauSvebelia pirma moiTxovos

garkveuli kompensaciis miReba mesame piris nacvlad. Tu piri uSualo

`msxverpls~ ar warmoadgens, aseT SemTxvevaSi evrosasamarTlo ubralod

arc ki miiRebs warmoebaSi saCivars, radganac pativi da Rirseba sakmaod

subieqturi kategoriebia saimisod, rom mis gamo sxva, Tundac Zalzed

axlobelma adamianma64 idavos.

xsenebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas sasamarTlom dauSva mniSvne-

lovani Secdoma. kerZod, sasamarTlos Tavdapirvelad, saqmis arsebiTad

ganxilvis etapzeve unda gaerkvia da Seemowmebina, ramdenad warmoadgenda

saTanado mosarCles b. mkalaviSvilis mrevli. rogoc ukve aRvniSneT, piri

uflebamosilia, mimarTos sasamarTlos mxolod sakuTari uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis dasacavad. iseve rogorc praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, ame-

rikis prezidentis pativisa da Rirsebis gamo, sasamarTloSi idavos mTel-

ma amerikelma xalxma, aseve SeuZlebelia, moZRvaris pativisa da Rirsebis

Selaxvis gamo sasamarTlos mimarTos mrevlma, romelic mudmivad ganax-

64 am saerTo wesidan erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgenda is SemTxveva, rodesac pirisamoqalaqo kodeqsis 19-e muxlis safuZvelze mimarTavs sasamarTlosgardacvlili piris reputaciis dasacavad (isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarClesgaaCnia gardacvlili piris saxelisa da pativis dacvis Rirsi interesi).nebismier sxva SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom arasaTanado mosarCleobis safuZvliTunda uTxras uari pirs sarCelis dakmayofilebaze.

66


lebadi erTobaa da aqedan gamomdinare, saerTodac sakamaToa, Tu rogor

unda moxdes misi identificireba.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi sadavo uflebebi ar

ekuTvnoda mosarCles, sasamarTlos saerTod uari unda eTqva sarCelis

dakmayofilebaze da Sesabamisad, arc is unda erkvia, sadavo frazebidan

romeli warmoadgenda SefasebiT msjelobas da romeli mtkicebas faqtis

Sesaxeb.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlom gamoitana araswori gadawyveti-

leba, unda aRiniSnos, rom es is iSviaTi SemTxvevaTagania, rodesac sasa-

marTlom moaxdina faqtebisa da SefasebiTi msjelobebis erTmaneTisagan

gamijvna. SesaZloa, amis mizezi isic iyo, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi mopa-

suxes warmoadgenda oficialuri uwyebis _ gldanis raionis gamgeobis

media saSualeba. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, am ukanasknels mxolod

im cnobis uaryofa daevala, romelic faqtobriv uzustobas ukavSirde-

boda.

giorgi doliZisa da gazeT `7 dRis~ saqme

aRsaniSnavia, rom imave periodSi ganxilul `gldani 2001~-is saqmisgan

gansxvavebiT, am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom gamoitana swori gadwyvetileba,

roca arasaTanado mosarCleobis gamo ar daakmayofila sarCeli.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-2 nawili

pirdapir gansazRvravs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba idavos pirma samoqa-

laqo samarTlebrivi difamaciis gamo. saxeldobr, cnobebi unda laxavdes

uSualod mosarCle piris pativs, Rirsebas an saqmian reputacias, unda

warmoadgendes dadasturebad faqtebs, romlebic amave dros, ar unda

Seesabamebodes sinamdviles. arc erTi elementi am SemTxvevaSi saxeze ar

aris, radganac, pirvel rigSi, gavrcelebuli cnobebi warmoadgens ara

faqtebs, aramed SefasebiT msjelobas qarTuli kinos mdgomareobasTan

dakavSirebiT. rac Seexeba imas, Tu ramdenad exeba gavrcelebuli cnobebi

mosarClis pirovnebas, amis dadastureba procesze ver moxerxda da arc

SeiZleboda, momxdariyo, radganac zogadad qarTuli kinos Sesaxeb gake-

Tebuli kritikuli gamonaTqvamebi ver Selaxavda qarTuli kinos rome-

lime konkretuli moRvawis pativsa da Rirsebas.

67


wina periodisagan gansxvavebiT, 1999 wels gamoikveTa pozitiuri ten-

dencia im TvalsazrisiT, rom sasamarTloebSi sakuTar uflebebs moqa-

laqeebi ZiriTadad samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT icavdnen (am periodSi

saerTod ar vxvdebiT sisxlissamarTlebrivi difamaciis saqmeebs) da mo-

sarCleebic ukve identificirebadi pirebi iyvnen, romlebic uSualod ma-

Ti misamarTiT gamoTqmuli cnobebis gamo daobdnen. cxadia, Tu ar CavT-

vliT saqarTvelos konservatiul-monarqistuli partiis sarCels65 , ro-

melic partiis Tavmjdomaris mimarT gavrcelebul cilismwameblur cno-

bebs mTeli partiis Rirsebisa da saqmiani reputaciis diskreditacias-

Tan aigivebda. am tipis dava66 Cven ukve ganvixileT da am nawilSi masze

aRar SevCerdebiT.

rac Seexeba mosarCle subieqtebs, unda iTqvas, rom ukve 1999 wlidan

imata sarCelebma, romelTa avtorebi sajaro pirebi iyvnen. sasamarTlo-

ebSi warmarTuli eqvsi saqmidan oTx SemTxvevaSi mosarCle sajaro figu-

ra67 , xolo erT SemTxvevaSi _ sajaro piris pativis gamo politikuri par-

tia68 iyo. amave periodSi didube-CuRureTis raionulma sasamarTlom ga-

1999w e l i

65 ix. saqarTvelos konservatiul-monarqistuli partia `rezonansis~, `praim-niusisa~ da `geas~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 219.

66 ix. gazeT `gldani 2001~-is saqme, gv. 65.67 konstantine kemularia, bela SalvaSvili, nugzar birkaia, vaxtang quTaTelaZe

(gazeT `rezonansis~ winaaRmdeg uSiSroebis ministris, vaxtang quTaTelaZissaqmis moZieba didube-CuRureTis raionuli sasamarTlos arqividan vermoxerxda, ris gamoc igi mocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi ver Sevida).

68 saqarTvelos konservatiul-monarqistuli partia.

68


nixila imJamindeli uSiSroebis ministris vaxtang quTaTelaZis sarCeli

gazeT `rezonansisa~ da Jurnalist eliso CafiZis winaaRmdeg, romelic

mosarClis Svilis mier sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadenas Seexeboda.

unda iTqvas, rom davaTa umetesoba, romlebic sajaro pirebis mier iyo

inicirebuli, procesze mxareTa gamoucxadeblobis gamo ganuxilveli

darCa, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom mosarCleebi kargavdnen saqmis samarT-

lebrivi ganxilvis interess da SesaZloa, eridebodnen damatebiT aJi-

otaJs publikaciebSi wamoWril sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

pirveli SemTxvevebi69 , roca sasamarTlom mopasuxeebs kanonSi arar-sebuli sasjelis forma _ bodiSis moxda daakisra, swored mocemulperiods ukavSirdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas isic, rom xsenebuli periodisaTvis,iseve rogorc SemdgomisaTvis arc faqtebisa da mosazrebebiserTmaneTisagan gamijvnis problema yofila ucxo, rasac dawvrilebiTCven qvemoT ganvixilavT.

1999 wels sasamarTloebSi warmarTuli eqvsi saqmidan erT SemTxvevaSimiRebulia kanonSeusabamo gadawyvetileba, xolo xuT saqmeze sasamar-Tlos arsebiTad ar umsjelia sarCelze uaris Tqmis, mxareTa gamoucxa-deblobisa da morigebis gamo.



nugzar birkaiasa da mixeil saakaSvilis saqme

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli saqme70 arsebiT ganxilvaSi ar Sesula,is warmoadgens aratipiur davas qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis ,radganac mosarCled am SemTxvevaSi mosamarTle gvevlineba.71

69 ix. bela SalvaSvili `qarTuli maxvilisa~ da jemal davlianiZis winaaRmdeg,kari II, gv. 216; i. orjonikiZe n. xoferiasa da q. qurdovaniZis winaaRmdeg, 2002weli, kari II, gv. 358.

70 ix. nugzar birkaia mixeil saakaSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 217.71 meore SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos sarCeliT mimarTa uzenaesi sasamarTlos sisxlis

samarTlis kolegiis wevrma avTandil wulukianma. dawvrilebiT ix. avTandilwulukiani `axali Taobisa~ da Sorena kowowaSvilis winaaRmdeg, 2004, kari II,gv. 510.

69


aRsaniSnavia, rom mosamarTleTa kritikisadmi gansxvavebuli midgoma

arsebobda evropis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi.

adreul etapze mosamarTleebis mimarT kritika imdenad Ria ar iyo, ro-

gorc es politikosis da sxva sajaro figuris mimarTaa daSvebuli, radgan

mosamarTleebi ar sargebloben imgvari tribuniT, romliTac sargeblo-

bis saSualeba sxva sajaro pirebs gaaCniaT. amasTanave maT SezRuduli

aqvT ufleba, gamoTqvan sakuTari Sexeduleba gansaxilvel saqmesTan

dakavSirebiT. Tumca sruli imunitetiT arc mosamarTleebi sargebloben.

miT ufro iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sakiTxi sazogadoebrivi interesis

sagania da is sabWoTa marTlmsajulebis reformirebis mwvave problemas

Seexeba, rogorc es mocemul SemTxvevaSi iyo.

bunebrivia, SeuZlebelia am sakiTxis ganxilva politikuri konteqs-

tidan amovardnilad da im sajaro diskusiis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, ro-

melic zogadad qveyanaSi sasamarTlo reformis gatarebasTan dakavSi-

rebiT mimdinareobda.

saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxis politikuri gamo-

xatvis SezRudvis araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobda: mosarClec da mo-

pasuxec sajaro pirebs warmoadgendnen da Sesabamisad, maT mimarT dasaS-

vebi kritikis gansxvavebuli standarti moqmedebda; mopasuxis gamonaT-

qvamebi SefasebiTi msjeloba iyo; arsebobda sakiTxisadmi sazogadoebrivi

interesi da mimdinareobda sajaro debatebi.

evrosasamarTlom bolodroindel gadawyvetilebebSi gadasinja Ta-

visi damokidebuleba mosamarTleTa mimarT dasaSvebi kritikis SezRudvis

Taobaze, im motiviT, rom Tavad mosamarTleTa sajaro statusi da maT

mier ganxiluli saqmeebisadmi sajaro interesi TavisTavad ganapirobebs

mosamarTleTa qmedebis marTlzomierebis gansjis aucileblobas. mo-

samarTleebis Seuracxyofis konteqstSi ukanasknel xans ganxilul saq-

meSi de haesi da gijselsi belgiis winaaRmdeg72 evropulma sasamarTlom

ar gaamarTla piris dasja mosamarTleTa mkacri kritikis gamo da ganac-

xada, rom presas ver aekrZaleba kritikuli gamosvlebi, romelTa adre-

sati Tundac mosamarTlea (sasamarTlo), imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mo-

samarTleebi (sasamarTloebi) mudmivad arian sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis

centrSi, radgan ganixilaven sajaro sakiTxebs. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom

daadgina me-10 muxlis darRveva.

72 ix. tomi I, gv. 310.

70


difamacia

boris ivaniSvilis, nana da dimitri cincaZeebis,

gazeT `saxalxo sityvisa~ da koba kapanaZis saqme

aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemuli dava73 aris pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvistipiuri saqme da ara piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis, rogorc amasmosarCleebi amtkicebdnen, radgan arc erTi gavrcelebuli cnobiT argamJRavnebula piradi cxovrebis raime saidumloeba. sadavo cnobaTaganzogi SefasebiTi msjelobaa, zogierTi ki _ mtkiceba faqtis Sesaxeb.

amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom sarCelSi miTiTebuli cnobebidan mxolodnawili warmoadgens faqts, romlis uaryofa an dadastureba SesaZlebe-lia. magaliTad, cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom mosarCle ukanonod atarebdakrebebs; q-n z. k.-s cemis faqti.

sakamaToa mosarCleTa moTxovnac mopasuxeebze sajarod bodiSis mox-dis valdebulebis dakisrebis Taobaze, radgan saqarTvelos kanonm-debloba ar iTvaliswinebda (da arc axla iTvaliswinebs) pasuxismgeblobismsgavss formas.

rac Seexeba iseT gamonaTqvams, rogoricaa Svilis mier mamisa da meuR-lisaTvis Tavze kolgotkebis Camocma, marTalia, gamoxatvis forma sakma-od mkveTria, magram igi ufro alegoriuli xasiaTis gamoTqmaa, vidrerealuri faqti, rac Cvens sazogadoebaSi qalis mier mamakacis poziciisSesustebas gamoxatavs.

saboloo jamSi SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom sasamarTlos arsebiTad romganexila saqme, faqtebis Semcveli cnobebis verdadasturebis SemTxvevaSi,mas unda mieRo gadawyvetileba sarCelis nawilobriv dakmayofilebisSesaxeb da mopasuxeebs unda dakisrebodaT garkveuli cnobebis uaryofa.

bela SalvaSvilis, gazeT `qarTuli maxvilisa~

da jemal davlianiZis saqme

am saqmeze araswori gadawyvetileba gamoitana rogorc gldani-naZa-ladevis, ise Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlomac. kerZod:

imisaTvis, rom pirs daekisros pasuxismgebloba gavrcelebuli cnobe-bis gamo, aucilebelia, rom es cnobebi warmoadgendes mtkicebas faqtisSesaxeb. calsaxaa, rom cnobebi gavrcelda metad mZafri formiT, mopa-suxem gamoiyena Seuracxmyofeli terminebi, romlebic exeba uSualod

73 ix. boris ivaniSvili, nana da dimitri cincaZeebi `saxalxo sityvisa~ da kobakapanaZis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 214.

71


mosarClis pativsa da Rirsebas. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, sadavo cnobebiar warmoadgens faqtobrivi monacemebis Semcvel cnobebs. am SemTxvevaze,SesaZloa, gavrceldes evrosasamarTlos mier dadgenili standarti,romelic erTmaneTisagan mijnavs faqtebsa da SefasebiT msjelobas. maSin,rodesac mosazreba aris personaluri Sexeduleba ama Tu im movlenasa anfaqtze da SeuZlebelia, misi sisworis damtkiceba, faqtebi, romlebsaceyrdnoba es mosazreba, SeiZleba CaiTvalos sworad an arasworad.

sasamarTlos aseve mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo is garemoeba, rom rogorcmosarCle, ise mopasuxe, warmoadgendnen sajaro pirebs: pirveli maTganigaxldaT mwerali, xolo mopasuxe _ gazeT `qarTuli maxvilis~ redaqtorida maT Soris mimdinareobda sajaro polemika.

rac Seexeba mopasuxeze moraluri zianis anazRaurebis dakisrebas, sa-moqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-6 nawilis Tanaxmad, pirs SeuZlia,moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mopasuxe moq-medebda braleulad. braleulobis dasadgenad ki sasamarTlos unda da-edasturebina Semdegi garemoebebi:

a) is, rom mopasuxis mier gavrcelebuli cnobebi warmoadgenda dadas-turebad faqtebs;

b) rom es cnobebi exeboda uSualod mosarCles;g) rom gavrcelebuli faqtebi Seuracxmyofeli iyo.rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gavrcelebuli cnobebidan arc erTi ar war-

moadgens mtkicebas faqtis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi saxezea metad mkveTrida Seuracxmyofeli SefasebiTi msjeloba, Sesabamisad, ar aris moralurizianis dakisrebisaTvis aucilebeli elementi _ cnobebi ar warmoadgensmtkicebas faqtis Sesaxeb.

rac Seexeba fotomontaJs, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi sakmaod mkveTriformiT iyo momzadebuli, gazeTs hqonda sruli ufleba, b. SalvaSvilisnebarTvis gareSe gamoeqveynebina misi fotosuraTi, radganac es ukanas-kneli warmoadgenda sajaro figuras da samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlismixedviT, sajaro pirebis fotos gamoqveynebaze ar vrceldeba nebarTvismiRebis valdebuleba.

veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs sasamarTlos (rogorc gldani-naZa-ladevis, ise Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos) mier mopasuxisaTvis bodiSismoxdis dakisreba, radgan saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, iseve ro-gorc im dros moqmedi presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebe-bis Sesaxeb kanoni ar iTvaliswinebda msgavs sanqcias. Sesabamisad, sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetileba am nawilSi aSkarad ukanonoa.

72


mocemul periodSi ukve sagrZnoblad imata sityvis TavisuflebasTan

dakavSirebulma sasamarTlo davebma. Cvens xelT arsebuli statistikis

Tanaxmad, am periodSi sasamarTloebma ocamde difamaciuri saqme ganixiles.

Tumca yvelaze mTavari, rac am periods gamoarCevs, aris is, rom Seiqmna

strasburgis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTloSi saqarTvelos saerTo sa-

samarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis74 gasaCivrebis precedentebi. TavisTa-

vad saerTaSoriso instanciaSi gasaCivrebis faqti ukve imaze metyvelebs,

rom saqarTvelos, rogorc evrosabWos wevri qveynis moqalaqeebs miecaT

SesaZlebloba, nacionalur doneze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi saerTa-

Soriso doneze (evropis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sasamarTlo) gaasa-

Civron. aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokonvenciis Tanaxmad, evrosabWos wevr sa-

xelmwifoebs akisriaT `pozitiuri valdebuleba~, ara marto Tavad ar

daarRvion adamianis fundamenturi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, aramed

kerZo subieqtebs Soris mimdinare davisas, uzrunvelyon am uflebaTa

dacva. aqedan gamomdinare, strasburgis sasamarTloSi sarCelis daSvebis

SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe mxared gamodis saxelmwifo da swored is agebs pa-

suxs adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis yovel konkretul faqtze. Tu ra per-

speqtiva SeiZleba hqondes strasburgis sasamarTloSi saqarTvelodan Se-

sul or saqmes, detalurad Cven qvemoT ganvixilavT. aqve davsZenT, rom

2000w e l i

74 ix. `aWara P.S.~-i `qobuleTis~, nato qaTamaZisa da qobuleTis gamgeobiswinaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 243; daviT gurgeniZe `axali Taobis~ da guliko balaZiswinaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 257.

73


miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom evrosasamarTloSi saqmeebis ganxilva

droSi sakmaod gawelili procesia, strasburgSi gasaCivrebis perspeq-

tivas mainc aqvs garkveuli SemboWavi efeqti Tundac qarTuli samarT-

lebrivi sivrcisaTvis, romelic evropul precedentul samarTalze me-

tad politikuri koniunqturis gavlenis qveS eqceva.

rac Seexeba sxva samoqalaqo difamaciur saqmeebs, unda iTqvas, rom am

periodSi sasamarTloSi warmarTuli 20 davidan TerTmeti saqme saboloo

gadawyvetilebamde ar misula, mxareebis mier sarCelze uaris Tqmis, pro-

cesze gamoucxadeblobis an morigebis gamo. aseTi davebi ki ZiriTadad

sajaro pirebis mxridan kanondarRvevebs, Tanamdebobrivi uflebamosi-

lebis gadaWarbebas, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki korufciul Tematikasac ki

ukavSirdeboda. is, rom modave mxareebma dakarges saqmisaTvis Semdgomi

samarTlebrivi msvlelobis micemis interesi, rig SemTxvevebSi SesaZloa,

imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom sarCelis Sedgenisas mosarCleTa qmedebas

ufro emociebi gansazRvravda, vidre samarTlebrivi motivacia.

arasaTanado mosarClisa75 da kanonSi ararsebuli pasuxismgeblobis

formis _ bodiSis moxdis dakisrebis problema76 arc mocemuli periodi-

saTvis yofila ucxo.

siaxled unda miviCnioT samoqalaqosamarTlebriv difamaciur davebSi

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis xelyofasTan dakavSirebuli

pirveli saqmis77 ganxilva. marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi arsobrivad swored

piradi cxovrebis saidumlosTan dakavSirebuli konfliqti iyo saxeze,

magram arc mosarCles gauxdia sadavod am uflebis xelyofa da arc sasa-

marTlos umsjelia am kuTxiT. qaTamaZe _ `aWara P.S~-is saqmeSi ki sasamar-

Tlom saerTod arasworad moaxdina am uflebis arsis interpretireba.

cxadia, mizezebi, pirvel rigSi, am mimarTulebiT samarTlebrivi tradi-

ciis arqonaSi unda veZeboT. tradiciis Camoyalibebas ki, Tavis mxriv,

msgavsi saqmeebis sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilvac ganapirobebs, rac naklebad

aris damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli sazogadoebebisTvis, sadac piradi sa-

kiTxebis sazogadoebriv samsjavroze gamotana ar Seesabameba sazogado-

ebaSi damkvidrebul Sexedulebebs. swored am mxriv aris sayuradRebo aR-

75 ix. soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministros mcenareTa dacvis samsaxurigela RliRvaSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 228.

76 ix. mevlud egrisaSvili mayvala berianiZis winaaRmdeg, 2001 w., kari II, gv. 281.77 ix. n. b. v. b. winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 232.

74


niSnuli saqme. rogorc momdevno wlebis praqtika gviCvenebs, aseTi kate-

goriis saqmeebis samarTlebrivi wesiT ganxilvam TavisTavad ganapiroba

mosamarTleTa kompetenciis SedarebiTi gaumjobeseba piradi cxovrebis

xelSeuxeblobis uflebis sferoSi da warmoSva misi sakanonmdeblo re-

gulirebis aucilebloba.

rac Seexeba sisxlissamarTlebriv difamacias, aq SesaZloa, pozitiur

tendenciaze saubari im TvalsazrisiT, rom mocemul periodSi warmoqm-

nili ori davidan, erT-erTSi78 saqme sasamarTlomdec ki ar misula, rad-

gan axalcixis prokuraturam ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamgis mimarT ga-

moTqmuli kritikuli mosazrebebi arasakmarisad miiCnia sisxlis samar-

Tlis saqmis aRZvrisaTvis; xolo meore SemTxvevaSi79 jer generalurma

prokuraturam, xolo Semdeg sasamarTlom uari uTxres momCivans, Jurna-

listis winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvraze.

2000 wels ganxiluli 20 saqmidan 4 SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom sabolood

gamoitana kanonieri gadawyvetileba, 5 SemTxvevaSi kanonSeusabamo, xolo

11 saqme, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT arsobriv ganxilvamde ar misula.


difamacia

lavrenti naWyebiasa da klara abramias saqme

sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organom, kerZod ki, generalurma pro-

kuraturam da aseve sasamarTlom mocemul saqmeze miiRes gadawyvetileba,

romelic srul SesabamisobaSia kanonTan da evrokonvenciasTan. sasamar-

Tlo xelisuflebam am gadawyvetilebiT Jurnalistis mier gamoqveynebu-

li statiebi arasakmarisad cno mis mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis

aRsaZravad.

Tumca TavisTavad is faqti, rom klara abramias statiebis gamo q.

78 ix. n. ioseliani `axalcixis~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 224.79 ix. lavrenti naWyebia klara abramias winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 258.

75


Tbilisis prokuraturam sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRZra da mokvlevac

daiwyo, pozitiur movlenad ver CaiTvleba.

klara abramias ver daekisreboda pasuxismgebloba sadavo statiis ga-

mo, radganac mas gaaCnda sakmarisi safuZveli publikaciaSi moyvanili

daskvnebis gasakeTeblad:

TavisTavad is faqti, rom saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro da saxel-

mwifo dazvervis departamenti galis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT awarmo-

ebdnen mokvlevas da uamravi mowmec dakiTxes, srul safuZvels aZlevda

Jurnalists, raTa aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mas sakuTari vara-

udebi gamoeTqva. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, saboloo jamSi riTi

dasrulda gamoZieba _ konkretuli pirovnebis mimarT bralis wayenebiT

Tu sisxlis samarTlis saqmis SewyvetiT. mTavaria is, rom Jurnalists

hqonda garkveuli safuZveli da am safuZvels oficialuri dokumenti _

saxelmwifo uSiSroebisa da saxelmwifo dazvervis departamentis mier

sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvris Sesaxeb dadgenileba iZleoda.

Tavad sadavo statiis Tema Seexeboda sazogadoebisaTvis erT-erT yve-

laze ufro mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, afxazeTis problemas. Sesabamisad, sa-

zogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxze polemikis aucileblobis gaTvalis-

winebiT, JurnalistisaTvis raime saxis SezRudvis daweseba gamoiwvevda

garkveul cenzuras, rac, Tavis mxriv, momavalSi ara marto klara abra-

mias, aramed sxva Jurnalistebsac SezRudavda msgavs sakiTxebze kriti-

kuli masalis gamoqveynebisa Tu sakuTari daskvnebis gakeTebisagan.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom statiaSi konkretulad arc lavrenti naWyebias

danaSauli yofila naxsenebi, arc romelime identificirebuli Tanamde-

bobis piris, aramed gamoiTqva eWvi da varaudi, romelic calkeuli faq-

tebis analizs efuZneboda. es ki publikaciaSi Tavad Jurnalistmac aR-

niSna.

dasasruls, unda iTqvas isic, rom saqarTvelos generalurma prokura-

turam marTebulad miuTiTa, rom axali sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mi-

xedviT, Seuracxyofa dasjadi danaSauli aRar iyo da miuxedavad imisa,

rom statia Seicavda Zalze mZafr gamonaTqvamebs, sisxlis samarTlebrivi

devnis am safuZvliT aRZvra SeuZlebeli iyo.

76




uSangi donjaSvilis, medea mezvriSvilisa

da sainformacio analitikuri biuro `geas~ saqme

aRniSnuli saqme80 wamoWris sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, unda daekisros Tu

ara pasuxismgebloba Jurnalistsa da sainformacio saSualebas im cno-

bebis gavrcelebis gamo, romlebic sajaro Sexvedrazea gakeTebuli.

pirvel rigSi, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom sadavo cnobebi

gavrcelda winasaarCevni periodSi, anu im dros, romlisTvisac damaxasi-

aTebelia yvelaze mZafri da kritikuli politikuri Sefasebebi. Sesaba-

misad, am dros mxareebs moeTxovebaT Tmenis gacilebiT farTo valdebu-

leba.

sasamarTlom marTebulad gadawyvita saTanado mopasuxeobis sakiTxi,

rodesac uari uTxra mosarCle mxares, Tanamopasuxed CaerTo `dilis ga-

zeTi~, radganac am ukanasknelma saagento `geas~ mier miwodebul infor-

maciaze dayrdnobiT dabeWda medea mezvriSvilis gancxadebebi, romlebic

sajaro Sexvedraze gakeTda. Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom marTebulad

miuTiTa presisa da masobrivi informaciebis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb

kanonis 28-e muxlze, rodesac arasaTanado mopasuxed miiCnia ara marto

`dilis gazeTi~, aramed saagento `geac~. aRniSnuli norma pasuxismgeblo-

bisagan aTavisuflebs redaqtorsa da Jurnalists im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki

gavrcelebuli cnoba sityvasityviT imeorebs sxvadasxva oficialur

Tavyrilobebze pasuxsmgebel pirTa gamosvlebs.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki saagento sityvasityviT imeorebda winasaar-

Cevno kampaniis farglebSi oficialuri piris _ Telavis gamgeblis, medea

mezvriSvilis gamosvlas.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sakuTari gamonaTqvamebis gamo pasuxismgeblo-

bis media saSualebebze gadabralebas cdilobda Tavad mopasuxe mxare,

romelmac ganacxada, rom sadavo gamonaTqvami gamoqveynda misi xelmowe-

risa da nebarTvis gareSe. TviT sabWoTa kanonmdeblobaSic ki ar yofila

80 ix. uSangi donjaSvili medea mezvriSvilisa da `geas~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 236.

77


Cadebuli norma, romelic sajaro Sexvedrebze gakeTebuli gancxadebebis

gamoqveynebisaTvis Tanamdebobis piris specialur rezolucia-nebarTvas

saWiroebda. aRarafers vambobT Tanamedrove qarTul kanonmdeblobaze,

romelic demokratiul samarTlebriv normebTan harmonizaciazea orien-

tirebuli.

sasamarTlom marTebulad ar gaiziara mosarClis mtkiceba imis Taobaze,

rom mopasuxis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebi laxavda da amcirebda mis

pativsa da Rirsebas, kanonmdeblobis an moraluri principebis Seusru-

leblobis TvalsazrisiT. kolegiis miTiTebiT, cnoba pirovnebis popu-

larobis an arapopularobis Sesaxeb ver iqneba sasamarTloSi gansjis sa-

gani. procesze uSangi donjaSvilis arapopularoba kidevac rom damtki-

cebuliyo, amis gamo mopasuxis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi mainc ver dad-

geboda.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sadavo cnobebis gavrcelebis momentSi

uSangi donjaSvili warmoadgenda sajaro figuras, miuxedavad imisa, rom

igi oficialurad registrirebuli prezidentobis kandidati ar iyo.

aucilebeli ar aris, prezidentobis kandidatad piris oficialuri re-

gistracia imisaTvis, raTa sazogadoebas mis mimarT legitimuri interesi

gauCndes. Tuki ukve gacxadda, rom uSangi donjaSvili apirebda saprezi-

dento arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebas, es ukve sakmarisi safuZveli iyo

imisaTvis, rom igi araformalurad prezidentobis kandidatad CaTvli-

liyo da Sesabamisad, masze aRar gavrcelebuliyo pativisa da Rirsebis

dacvis is norma, romelic dadgenilia rigiTi moqalaqeebisaTvis. is faqti,

rom xsenebulma kandidatma ver SeZlo mxardamWerTa saWiro raodenobis

xmebis Segroveba, kidev erT damatebiT arguments aZlevda mopasuxes,

msgavsi kritikuli gancxadebebis gasakeTeblad.

evrokonvenciis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, politikur sferoSi gamoxa-

tul SefasebiT msjelobebs, rogorc demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis

aucilebel pluralizmis moTxovnebs, gaaCniaT specialuri dacva. aseve

daculia mkacri da gazviadebuli Sefasebebic. winasaarCevno periodSi

SeuzRudavi kritikis mniSvnelobas evrosasamarTlom xazi gausva bouma-

nis81 saqmeSi.

81 Bowman v. United Kingdom, 17 February, 1998.

78


difamacia

qeTevan wamebulis sazogadoebis Tavmjdomarisa

da kote maxaraZis saqme

aRniSnul davas82 , rbilad rom vTqvaT, Zalzed cota ram aqvs saerTo

samarTlebriv urTierTobebTan da saerTodac ar unda ganxiluliyo,

sasamarTlos marTebulad rom ganesazRvra saTanado mosarCleobis sa-

kiTxi.

saqme Seexeboda XV I I saukunis istoriuli piris reputaciis dacvis sa-

kiTxs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-19 muxlis mixedviT, me-18 mux-

lSi aRniSnuli uflebebi SeuZlia gamoiyenos im pirmac, romelic marTa-

lia, TviTon ar aris saxelis an piradi Rirsebis uflebis matarebeli,

magram saamisod aqvs dacvis Rirsi interesi. mas SeuZlia, saxelisa da Rir-

sebis iseTi dacvis moTxovnis ganxorcieleba, romelic pirovnebis arsebis

ganmsazRvrelia da grZeldeba sikvdilis Semdegac.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi mosarCle sazogadoeba ar warmoadgens wm. qeTevan

wamebulis memkvidres, romelsac sruli ufleba aqvs, idavos qeTevan wame-

bulis misamarTiT gavrcelebuli Seuracxmyofeli gamonaTqvamebis gamo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-19 muxli ar akon-

kretebs im pirTa vinaobas, visac SeuZlia sarCeli Seitanos gardacvlili

piris pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvis gamo. Tumca amavdroulad SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom aseT pirebs savaraudod warmoadgenen gardacvlili piris

uSualo memkvidreebi, visac amgvari sarCelis Setanis Rirsi interesi

gaaCnia. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos uari unda eTqva sarCelis dakma-

yofilebaze im motiviT, rom igi arasaTanado mosarClis mier iyo Setani-

li.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi aseve is garemoeba, rom sityvisa da gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb axali kanonis mixedviT, ukve gamoricxulia gardac-

vlili piris Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli cnobis gamo sarCelis Setana; radga-

nac gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, SesaZloa, SeizRudos Zlieri socialuri

moTxovnilebis arsebobis pirobebSi, rac ar arsebobs gardacvili piris

nacvlad sarCelis wardgenisas.

82 ix. qeTevan wamebulis sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare kote maxaraZis winaaRmdeg,kari II. gv. 225.

79


bunebrivia, saTanado mosarCleobis sakiTxis samarTlebrivad gadaw-

yvetis SemTxvevaSi, arc saqmis arsebiTi detalebis ganxilva mogviwevda.

Tumca krwanisi-mTawmindis raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba amis

safuZvels namdvilad ar iZleva.

kanonTan Seusabamo iyo sasamarTlos is gadawyvetilebac, romlis Za-

liTac saqmeSi TanamosarCled CaerTo sapatriarqo.

absurdulia aseve, samarTlebrivi davisas samotivacio nawilSi aRsa-

rebis saidumloze raime formiT apelireba. miT ufro, Tu am SemTxvevaSic

ki sasamarTlo arasworad axdens kanonis interpretacias, ufro metic,

kanonTan erTad Teologiuri sakiTxebisac. saxeldobr:

sasamarTlom samotivacio nawilSi miuTiTa werilis Sinaarsze, rome-

lic procesze sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis mdivanma, de-

kanozma levan fircxalaiSvilma waradgina da romlis Tanaxmad, mopasuxem

aRiara da moinania mis mier daSvebuli mZime Secdoma. amasTanave sasamar-

Tlom arasworad miuTiTa samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 141-e muxlis

`b~ punqtze, rogorc aRniSnuli werilis mtkicebulebad armiRebis sa-

fuZvelze, im sababiT, rom sasamarTlosTvis aRsarebis saidumloeba uc-

nobi iyo. arada, xsenebuli muxli saSualebas aZlevs sasuliero pirs, uari

ganacxados Cvenebis micemaze, roca sakiTxi aRsarebis dros gandobili

garemoebebis gamJRavnebas Seexeba. anu aRniSnuli muxli ubralod icavs

sasuliero pirs aRsarebis saidumlos gamJRavnebis valdebulebisgan da

araferi aqvs saerTo Tavad am davis samarTlebriv arsTan. sasamarTlom

gamoiCina arakompetenturoba ara marto wminda iuridiul sakiTxebSi,

aramed TeologiurSic, radgan werili, romlis Sinaarsi sapatriaroqom

monaniebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo sxdomaze gaaxmovana, ar Seicavda aRsarebis

saidumlos.

rac Seexeba gavrcelebuli cnobebis Sinaarsobriv mxares, aq, albaT,

zedmetia, imis mtkiceba, rom sadavo frazebs araferi aqvT saerTo faq-

tebTan da saxezea mopasuxis SefasebiTi msjeloba konkretuli istori-

uli pirovnebis Sesaxeb. azri SesaZlebelia, iyos misaRebi an miuRebeli,

rac srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom dasaSvebia misi SezRudva im SemTxvevaSi,

Tuki mas ar iziarebs sazogadoebis mcire Tu didi nawili. gamoxatvis

Tavisufleba imitom aris universaluri ufleba, rom ama Tu im sa-

zogadoebaSi arsebuli stereotipebis miuxedavad, is ar zRudavs adami-

80


ans, gamoTqvas sakuTari Sexeduleba nebismieri, Tundac istoriuli an

saeklesio pirovnebisa da gnebavT, movlenis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciis me-19 muxlis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia adamianis iZuleba, gamoTqvas

sakuTari azris sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba.

evrosasamarTlos iurisprudenciiT, sityvis Tavisufleba warmoad-

gens demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan monapovars da

is esadageba ara marto iseT informacias, romelic uwyinarad an indife-

rentulad aris miCneuli, aramed iseTsac, romelic Seuracxyofs, Soks

gvris an aforiaqebs saxelmwifos an mosaxleobis romelime seqtors83 .

soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministros

mcenareTa dacvis samsaxurisa da gela RliRvaSvilis saqme

es saqme84 ganekuTvneba im davaTa kategorias, sadac pativisa da Rirse-

bis Selaxvis gamo iseTi subieqti daobda, romelsac, rogorc aseTi, pativi

da Rirseba ar gaaCnia.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saminis-

tros zemoxsenebuli bunebiTi sikeTeebi ar gaaCnia, is warmoadgenda ara-

saTanado mosarCles, romelsac arc pativisa da Rirsebis SelaxviT miye-

nebuli moralur zianis moTxovnis ufleba hqonda.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebiT, Tbilisis saolqo

sasamarTlom, miiRo absurduli gadawyvetileba, romliTac mosarClis

pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvelad miiCnia mopasuxis gancxadeba imis Ta-

obaze, rom saqarTveloSi ekologiur genocids saxelmwifo axorcieleb-

da. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu dasaSvebad miviCnevT, rom saministros gaaCnia

reputacia, maSinac ki saTuo da yovelgvar kanonier safuZvels mokle-

buli iqneba mopasuxisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba im gancxadebis

gamo, romelSic mosarCle calsaxad identificirebuli ar aris.

mniSvnelovania is, rom uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma qvemdgomi ins-

tanciis gadawyvetileba da miuTiTa im garemoebaze, rom mopasuxes ar

SeiZleboda, dakisreboda pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifo uwyebis mier daS-

vebuli Secdomis gamo, radganac genocidis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli mosazreba

83 ix. sandi taimsis saqme, tomi I, gv. 268.84 ix. soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministros mcenareTa dacvis samsaxuri

gela RliRvaSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 228.

81


efuZneboda mcdar faqts, saxeldobr, sabaJos mier dokumentaciaSi wam-

lis dasaxelebis SecdomiT miTiTebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, msgavsi Sefasebis

gakeTebis safuZvels iZleoda.

mari ciyelaSvilis, gazeT àlias~

da daviT onofriSvilis saqme

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqme85 morigebiT dasrulda, masze uTuod Rirs

yuradRebis gamaxvileba, Tundac imis gamo, rom tipiuri difamaciis saqme-

ebisagan gansxvavebiT, roca mosarCles _ sajaro figura, xolo mopasu-

xeebs ZiriTadad Jurnalisti da media saSualeba warmoadgenen, am SemTx-

vevaSi rolebi Secvlilia. mosarCled Jurnalisti da gazeTi, xolo mopa-

suxed politikuri Tanamdebobis piri _ finansTa ministri gvevlineba.

am SemTxvevaSic warmoiSva saTanado mosarClis problema. saxeldobr,

gazeTi àlia~ ar SeiZleba yofiliyo saTanado mosarCle, radgan misi

saqmiani reputacia ver Seilaxeboda imis gamo, rom ministrma gazeTis

erT-erTi Jurnalisti gaakritika. miT ufro, rom am ukanasknelma xaz-

gasmiT aRniSna, rom gamonaTqvamebi exeboda mxolod erT konkretul Jur-

nalists, xolo gazeTSi dasaqmebuli iyvnen sxva Jurnalistebi, romlebic

TavianTi codniTa da profesionalizmiT gamoirCeodnen.

mopasuxis mier warmodgenili dasabuTebuli mtkicebulebebi Jurna-listis mier arazusti cnobebis sistematiurad gavrcelebasTan dakavSi-rebiT, srul safuZvels aZlevda mas, gamoeTqva sakuTari Sefaseba Jurna-listis profesionalizmis Taobaze.

amasTanave mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom finansTa minis-tris xsenebuli gamonaTqvami ar iyo konfliqtis dasawyisi. igi warmo-adgenda im polemikis gagrZelebas, romelic mimdinareobda gazeTsa dasaministros Soris. Sesabamisad, rogorc evropuli kanonmdeblobis, isesaqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier Camoyalibebuli praqtikismixedviT, Tuki polemika dawyebulia, SemdgomSi mxareebis mier gakeTebu-li kritikuli gamonaTqvamebi ufro metad aris daculi, vidre Tavdapir-veli `Tavdasxma~.

85 ix. mari ciyelaSvili da àlia~ daviT onofriSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II. gv. 230.

82


gazeTebis `aWara P.S.~-i da `qobuleTi~,

nato qaTamaZisa da qobuleTis gamgeobis saqme

mocemuli dava mniSvnelovania im mxriv, rom es aris pirveli saqme, ro-

melic sityvis Tavisuflebis uflebis xelyofasTan dakavSirebiT saqar-

Tvelodan evrosasamarTloSi Sevida da registrirebulia saxelwodebiT

qaTamaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.

or media saSualebas Soris warmoqmnil davaSi, romelTagan mopasuxes

saxelmwifo uwyebis (gamgeobis) mier dafuZnebuli gazeTi warmoadgenda,

sasamarTlom gamoitana dausabuTebeli gadawyvetileba. kerZod:

imisaTvis, rom pirs daekisros pasuxismgebloba gavrcelebuli cno-

bebis gamo, aucilebelia, am cnobebSi igi uSualod iyos identificire-

buli da amave dros es cnobebi warmoadgendes araswor faqtebs, riTac

ilaxeba mosarClis pativi da Rirseba. SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom sadavo

cnobaTagan ramdenime marTlac warmoadgens arazust faqtobriv mona-

cems, romelic aSkarad laxavs konkretuli piris pativsa da Rirsebas

(magaliTad, t. qaTamaZis iaraRiT vaWrobisaTvis gasamarTlebis bralde-

ba).

Tumca, amave dros, sasamarTlos pativis, Rirsebisa da saqmiani reputa-

ciis Semlaxvelad ar unda mieCnia iseTi gamonaTqvamebi, rogoricaa, maga-

liTad, �SantaJisti,� �yvelafris mkadrebeli~, �umaduri~, �Worikana�,

�erTujrediani� da a.S. radgan es gamonaTqvamebi aris SefasebiTi msje-

loba da ara faqtebi, xolo SefasebiTi msjelobisTvis piris pasuxism-

geblobis sakiTxis dayeneba dauSvebelia. saboloo jamSi, sasamarTlos

es dava unda ganexila im sajaro diskusiis farglebSi, romelic mxareebs

Soris mimdinareobda.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aWaris umaRles sasamarTlos arasworad es-

mis Tavad piradi cxovrebis saidumlos arsi. kerZod, sasamarTlom piradi

cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevad miiCnia iseTi gamonaTqvamebi, ro-

goricaa magaliTad, `saeWvo reputaciis~, `samxedro nawilidan gamoZe-

veba~, �Cven aseTebis adgilad gazeTi rom migveCnia da ara xelvaCauri~.

calsaxad unda iTqvas, rom msgavs gamonaTqvamebs araferi aqvT saerTo

piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis Semcvel informaciasTan, radgan maTi

sajarod gacxadebiT ar momxdara sazogadoebis informireba mosarCleTa

kerZo cxovrebidan raime faqtis Sesaxeb. piradi cxovrebis saidumloeba

83


mecnierebaSi ganmartebulia, rogorc �ganmartoebis ufleba�, Sesabami-

sad, warmoudgenelia raime tipis gancxadebam, romelic ar Seicavs adami-

anis piradi cxovrebis detalebs, Selaxos es ufleba. piradi cxovrebis

xelyofa mxolod realur faqtebs SeuZlia, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki amgvari

gancxadebebi mxolod da mxolod Seuracxmyofelia (isic im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu maTze vrceldeba SeuracxyofisTvis dadgenili standarti). xolo im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarCleebi mainc miiCneven am cnobebs maTi piradi sa-

idumloebis darRvevad, maSin gamodis, rom isini Tavad eTanxmebian maT

namdvilobas, Tumca Tvlian, rom mopasuxeebs isini ar unda gaevrcelebina.

kanonTan Seusabamoa aseve saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos pozi-

ciac. marTalia, qveynis marTlmsajulebis uzenaesma instanciam gaiziara

kasatorTa mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom aWaris umaRlesma sasamarTlom

mopasuxeebs iseTi cnobebis uaryofa daakisra, rac Tavad mosarCleebs

ar mouTxoviaT, Tumca es garemoeba man samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis

384-e muxlis darRvevad ar miiCnia. calsaxaa, rom sasamarTlo gascda

sarCelis farglebs, rodesac man mosarCles miakuTvna is, rac mas ar

mouTxovia.

aseve dausabuTebelia mopasuxeebisaTvis moraluri zianis anazRaure-

bis dakisreba. imisaTvis, rom pirs daekisros zianis anazRaureba, auci-

lebelia mopasuxis qmedebaSi bralis arseboba. am saqmeSi bralis arsebo-

bas gamoricxavs Tavad uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier gakeTebuli daskvna,

romlis mixedviTac, igi ar daeTanxma qvemdgomi instanciis mier dadgenil

faqtad imis miCnevas, rom publikacia gamoqveynda dakveTiT da samagi-

eros gadaxdis mizniT, risi safuZvelic yofili gamgeblis Sesaxeb `aWara

P.S.~-Si gamoqveynebuli kritikul publikaciebi iyo. amdenad, Tu mopasu-

xeebis qmedebaSi SurisZieba an sxva angarebiTi motivi gamoricxulia, maSin

saTuoa maT qmedebaSi bralis arseboba.

bundovania isic, Tu ris safuZvelze daadgina sasamarTlom saqmiani

reputaciis Selaxvis faqti, rodesac mopasuxem miuTiTa `aWara P.S.~-Si

gamoqveynebul publikaciaze, saTauriT �isev gavucrueT imedi qalbaton

natos, Cveni mcire pauza da Svebuleba Cvenma mopasuxem Cvens daxurvad

miiCnia�. Tavad statiis saTauri ar iZleva saqmiani reputaciis Selaxvasa

da miyenebul materialur zaralze saubris safuZvels.

rac Seexeba xsenebuli davis strasburgis adamianis uflebaTa sasa-

84


marTloSi ganxilvis perspeqtivas, unda iTqvas, rom evrosasamarTlos

praqtikis safuZvelze, mopasuxe mxarem _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifom, Se-

saZloa, waagos procesi. mosalodnelia, evrosasamarTlom daadginos

konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRveva, sul mcire, saCivris im nawilSi, rom-

liTac saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma ganmcxadebels daakisres pasuxis-

mgebloba SefasebiTi msjelobebis gamo. rac Seexeba iseT gamonaTqvamebs,

rogoricaa iaraRiT vaWrobaSi piris dadanaSauleba, am dros mxedveloba-

Sia misaRebi aseve evrosasamarTlos iurisprudencia, romlis mixedviT,

araswori Seuracxmyofeli faqtis gavrcelebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba ar

SeiZleba daekisros pirs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gancxadebebi poli-

tikur sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. evrosasamarTlos iurisprudenciiT, presa

movalea, ar gadaabijos dawesebul zRvars, maT Soris, `sxvaTa reputaciis

dacvis~ mxriv, Tumca igi ar aris SezRuduli valdebulebiT, politikur

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT informacia imgvaradve miawodos sazogadoebas,

rogorc amas sajaro interesis sxva sferoebSi akeTebs86 . Sesabamisad, Tuki

gancxadebebi ar exeba politikur da zogadad sajaro sakiTxebs, presa

valdebulia, daicvas ufro meti sizuste faqtobrivi monacemebis

Semcveli cnobebis gavrcelebisas.

simon nozaZis, gazeT `meridianisa~

da ilnar goreliSvilis saqme

miuxedavad imisa, rom gansaxilveli saqme87 morigebiT dasrulda, masze

yuradRebis SeCereba uTuod Rirs. pirvel rigSi, imis gamo, rom es aris

erT-erTi pirveli dava, romelic korufciul Tematikas ukavSirdeba. am

tipis davebis, romelTac Cven mogvianebiTac SevxvdebiT, warmoSoba gana-

piroba 1997 wels miRebulma kanonma sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTav-

seblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb, romelic sajaro pirebs qonebrivi da

finansuri deklaraciis Sevsebas avaldebulebda. mocemul SemTxvevaSi

swored uSiSroebis ministris moadgilis safinanso da qonebrivi mdgo-

mareobis deklaraciis Sesaxeb Jurnalistis mier momzadebuli sagazeTo

publikacia gaxda sasamarTloSi mimarTvis safuZveli.

86 ix. lingensis saqme, tomi I, gv. 272.87 ix. simon nozaZe `meridianisa~ da ilnar goreliSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv 249.

85


am SemTxvevaSi sakamaToa mosarClis argumenti imis Taobaze, rom Jur-

nalists unda gadaemowmebina is, rac ewera oficialur dokumentSi _ dek-

laraciaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom presisa da masobrivi informaciis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos kanonis 28-e muxlis Sesabamisad,�`redaqtors (mTavar re-

daqtors), aseve Jurnalists ar ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba araswori in-

formaciis gavrcelebisaTvis, Tu am cnobebs Seicavda oficiluri infor-

maciebi~.

kanonis am normidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, absurdulia Jurnalistis

dadanaSauleba raime saxis uzustobis daSvebaSi; iseve rogorc pasuxis-

mgeblobis (uaryofis gamoqveyneba) dakisreba iseTi gamonaTqvamebisaTvis,

romlebic mxolod Jurnalistur mosazrebebsa da varaudebs Seicavda

xsenebuli deklaraciis Sesaxeb.

a. d.-is, gazeTebis `kriminali~, `7 dRe~, `axali Taoba~

da telekompania `rusTavi 2~-is saqme

aRniSnuli saqme88 mniSvnelovania im mxriv, rom pasuxs scems SekiTxvas,

vin arRvevs udanaSaulobis prezumfcias _ Jurnalisti Tu sasamarTlo,

romelic saxelmwifos saxeliT iRebs gadawyvetilebas piris damnaSaved

an udanaSaulod cnobis Sesaxeb? igi wamoWris aseve JurnalistTa mxridan

profesiuli standartis dacvis aucileblobis sakiTxs, rac danaSaulis

Sesaxeb masalebis gaSuqebas ukavSirdeba

mocemul SemTxvevaSi media saSualebebma dausabuTeblad gamoacxades

braldebuli damnaSaved maSin, rodesac jer kidev ar arsebobda kanonier

ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni da ixileboda dakave-

bulisaTvis aRmkveTi RonisZiebis Sefardebis sakiTxi. Tavad mosarClem

arasworad miiCnia gavrcelebuli cnobebi udanaSaulobis prezumfciis

darRvevad. ar SeiZleba, presam daarRvios udanaSaulobis prezumfcia,

radgan medias ar ZaluZs iuridiulad piris damnaSaved an udanaSaulod

cnoba, anu misi gasamarTleba da es mxolod sasamarTlos prerogativaa.

Tumca amave dros unda iTqvas, rom saxezea JurnalistTa daudevroba.

demokratiul qveynebSi presa am dros SeboWilia sakuTari eTikuri stan-

88 ix. a. d. `kriminalis~, `7 dRis~, `axali Taobisa~ da `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg,kari II, gv. 252.

86


dartebiT89 , romlis mixedviTac, ar SeiZleba, sajarod gamoacxado damna-

Saved piri, romelic kanoniT dadgenili wesiT sasamarTlos jer kidev

ar gaumtyunebia. aseTi qmedeba gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa, rodesac sain-

formacio saSualebebSi piris damnaSaved gamocxadeba kampaniur saxes

iRebs da win uswrebs sasamarTloSi aRmkveTi RonisZiebis Sefardebis sa-

kiTxis garkvevas, rogorc es mocemul SemTxvevaSi moxda. am gziT media

saSualebebi axdenen sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebas eWvmitanilis

damnaSaveobis Sesaxeb da winaswari mikerZoebuli azris SeqmniT gavlenas

axdenen sasamarTlos saboloo verdiqtze.

marTalia, media miCneulia samarTliani da obieqturi sasamarTlo

ganxilvis garantad, romelic uzrunvelyofs sasamarTlo ganxilvis obi-

eqturad Catarebas, aseve imas, rom sasamarTlos, policiisa da prokura-

turis qmedebebi farTo sazogadoebrivi ganxilvisa da diskusiis sagnad

iqces, magram es srulebiTac ar niSnavs sityvis TavisuflebiT borotad

sargeblobas samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis xarjze.

daviT gurgeniZis, gazeT `axali Taobisa~ da g. balaZis saqme

aRniSnuli saqme aris meore dava, romelic evropis adamianis uflebaTa

dacvis konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTve-

lodan evrosasamarTloSi Sevida. wina saqmisgan gansxvavebiT, mocemul

davas strasburgis sasamarTloSi warmatebis naklebi Sansi aqvs, im martivi

mizezis gamo, rom saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSi da-

sabuTebuli da kanonieri gadawyvetileba gamoitana.

pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom am saqmeze mosarClem sarCeli Seitana

ara Tavad informaciis wyaros _ manana arCvaZe-gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg,

aramed gazeTis mimarT, romlisganac moiTxova moraluri zianis kompen-

sacia. ra Tqma unda, mosarCles amis sruli ufleba hqonda. mas SeeZlo,

89 �reportaJebi, romlebic mimdinare gamoZiebebs, sisxlis samarTlis procesebsada sxva oficialuri saqmeebis warmoebas Seexeba, ar unda Seicavdes winaswarmosazrebebs. am mizniT procesamde an procesis msvlelobis periodSi presa undamoeridos, rogorc saTaurSi, ise reportaJSi, iseTi saxis komentaris gakeTebas,romelic SesaZloa, aRqmuli iyos mikerZoebulad. eWvmitanili ar undawarmoCndes damnaSaved saboloo ganaCenis gamotanamde. sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebis gamocxadebamde ganaCenis gaSuqeba ar aris mizanSewonili, TuamisTvis seriozuli mizezi ar arsebobs.� muxli 13, germaniis presis kodeqsi.`mediis TviTregulirebis qrestomaTia~, Tavisuflebis instituti, 2004.

87


Seetana sarCeli rogorc manana arCvaZe-gamsaxurdias, aseve Jurnalistis

winaaRmdegac. mas hqonda sruli diskrecia, ganesazRvra mopasuxeTa vina-

oba.

im droisaTvis saqarTveloSi moqmedebda presisa da masobrivi infor-

maciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb kanoni, romlis 25-e muxli iTvaliswi-

nebda pasuxismgeblobas yalbi cnobebis gavrcelebisaTvis da moqalaqeTa

da organizaciaTa Rirsebisa da pativis SelaxvisaTvis. am kanonis Tanax-

mad, yalbi cnobebis gavrcelebisaTvis moqalaqeTa da organizaciaTa

ganzrax Seuracxyofisa da ciliswamebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba ekisre-

bodaT sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis masobrivi informaciis saSuale-

bebs, maT xelmZRvanels, redaqtors, mTavar redaqtors da masalis avto-

rebs, romlebmac daarRvies es kanoni.

imis gamo, rom sarCeli Setanili iyo mxolod gazeTis winaaRmdeg, sa-

samarTlom miiRo absoluturad swori gadawyvetileba, rodesac ar daak-

mayofila mosarClis meore moTxovna moraluri zianis kompensaciis Ta-

obaze. gazeTma am SemTxvevaSi gamoaqveyna mxolod interviu. mniSvneloba

ara aqvs, ramdenad Seuracxmyofeli iyo misi Sinaarsi, mTavaria, rom ga-

zeTs ar gaukeTebia sakuTari komentari. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 mux-

lis me-6 nawilis Tanaxmad, pirs SeuZlia, moiTxovos piradi araqonebrivi

uflebebis darRvevisaTvis moraluri zianis anazRaureba mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelmyofi moqmedebda braleulad. am SemTxvevaSi gaze-

Tis brali gamoricxulia, radgan man mxolod respondentis interviu ga-

moaqveyna.

rac Seexeba sasamarTlos mier sarCelis nawilobriv dakmayofilebas,

aSkaraa, rom Jurnalists unda gamoeCina meti windaxeduleba, rodesac

aqveynebda masalas, sadac mosarCle dadanaSaulebuli iyo sisxlis samar-

Tlebrivad dasjad qmedebaSi, saxeldobr, kolxuri koSkis gaZarcvaSi. am

SemTxvevaSi Jurnalists unda Seemowmebina respondentis mier miwodebuli

informaciis namdviloba im farglebSi, ra farglebSic es Jurnalists

moeTxoveba. aSkaraa, rom manana arCvaZe-gamsaxurdias garda, Jurnalists

ar miumarTavs sxva damoukidebeli wyarosaTvis, raTa gadaemowmebina in-

formacia da gamoeqveynebina met-naklebad dabalansebuli masala.

Jurnalists aseve unda gaeTvaliswinebina is, rom q. Tbilisis mTawmin-dis raionis Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTvelom uari Tqva daviT gurgeniZis

88


mimarT sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvraze, mis qmedebaSi danaSaulis

ararsebobis gamo. Sesabamisad, Jurnalists respondentis monaTxrobTanerTad, rogorc minimum, unda mieTiTebina mTawmindis raionis Sinagan saq-

meTa sammarTvelos aRniSnuli dadgenilebis arsebobis Taobaze, raTa sa-zogadoebas hqonoda naTeli warmodgena, rogorc gurgeniZesTan mimar-

TebiT manana arCvaZe-gamsaxurdias mosazrebis Taobaze, aseve imis Sesaxeb,Tu ra samarTlebrivi nabijebi mohyva konkretul faqts.

rac Seexeba evrosasamarTloSi wardgenil sarCels, daviT gurgeniZeasaCivrebs gadawyvetilebis im nawils, romliTac mas uari eTqva mora-

luri zianis anazRaurebaze.

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba

n. b.-sa da v. b.-s saqme

pirvel saqmeze, romelic piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebasSeexeboda, sasamarTlom aSkarad kanonSeusabamo gadawyvetileba gamoita-

na. kerZod:kanonis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos mxolod maSin SeuZlia dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis miReba, Tu igi damtkicebulad miiCnevs sarCelSi miTi-Tebul faqtobriv garemoebebs, romlebic iuridiulad amarTleben sasar-

Celo moTxovnas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki sasamarTlos ar hqonda safuZ-veli, mieRo dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo:

pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlos unda gaerkvia, Tu ra viTarebaSi gavrcel-da cnobebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlo procesze (romelic ganqorwi-

nebas exeboda) sakuTari poziciisa da argumentebis dasaxeleba ar niS-navs cnobebis sajarod gavrcelebas. aseTi gancxadebebis mizani, rogorc

wesi, mosamarTleze garkveuli STabeWdilebis moxdenaa. gasaTvaliswine-belia is garemoebac, rom zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-3 Tavis

Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo saqmeebis dros sasamarTlosTvis wardgenili mtki-cebulebebi ar warmoadgens Ria informacias. sasamarTlos unda gaeTva-

liswinebina evrosasamarTlos iurisprudenciac, romlis mixedviTac, sa-samarTlo procesis msvlelobisas sxdomis darbazSi ganxorcielebuli

gamoxatva (gansakuTrebiT ki mxaris interesebis damcvelis) daculia TiT-qmis absoluturi privilegiiT90 .

90 ix. nikula fineTis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, gv. 344.

89


mocemul SemTxvevaSi, saqmeSi arsebuli masalebis mixedviT, o. b.-s

warmomadgenels SeeZlo piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis Semcveli infor-

maciis sasamarTlosTvis miwodeba.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom TavisTavad saojaxo dava metad spe-

cifikuria da garkveuli piradi saidumloebis Semcveli informaciis ga-

moyenebis gareSe, gamoricxulia, mxarem SeZlos, sakuTari poziciis dacva.

es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tu saqme bavSvis romelime mSoblisaTvis

mikuTvnebis sakiTxis garkvevas exeba. magaliTad, mxares araTu SeuZlia,

aramed valdebulic aris, sasamarTlos miawodos informacia mowinaaRm-

dege mxaris alkoholizmis Tu sxva �gatacebebis� Sesaxeb da es ar CaiTv-

leba vinmes piradi cxovrebis uflebis xelyofad.

amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlom uxeSad daarRvia samoqa-

laqo saproceso kodeqsi, rodesac mosarCles miakuTvna is, rac mas ar

mouTxovia, saxeldobr, cnobebis uaryofa.

winaaRmdegobrivia gadawyvetilebis is nawilic, sadac miTiTebulia,

rom sasamarTlo srulad akmayofilebs sarCels, magram amave dros ar

aris dakmayofilebuli mosarClis sami moTxovna: bodiSis moxda, mopasu-

xisaTvis procesze rwmunebulis uflebis CamorTmeva da saqmis masalebi-

dan misi pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli werilis amoReba (am ukanaskne-

lis dakisreba TavisTavad kanonis darRveva iqneboda). sasamarTlos ga-

dawyvetilebiT, aseve bundovania isic, Tu sad da rogori formiT unda

moexdina v. b.-s mis mier gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofa.

90


gansaxilveli periodi, iseve rogorc 1999 weli, gamorCeulia im niSniT,

rom drois am monakveTSi praqtikulad ar vxvdebiT sisxlissamarTlebrivi

difamaciis saqmeebs. Tuki wina wlebSi saxelmwifo politikuri Tanamde-

bobisa da zogadad sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebi ZiriTadad sisxlis samar-

Tlis wesiT icavdnen sakuTar pativsa da Rirsebas, TavisTavad pozitiuri

tendenciis maCvenebelia is, rom 2001 wels rogorc rangirebuli, aseve

ararangirebuli pirebi TavianTi uflebebis samoqalaqo wesiT dacvas

aniWebdnen upiratesobas. anu samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlsa da sisx-

lis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 148-e muxls Soris, romelic sityvis

TavisuflebiT borotad sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobis gaci-

lebiT mZime formebs iTvaliswinebs, isini arCevans samoqalaqo kodeqsis

me-18 muxlze akeTebdnen.

amave periods ukavSirdeba uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli erT-

erTi yvelaze samagaliTo gadawyvetileba saqmeze vladimer kereseliZe

nodar jaianis winaaRmdeg91 . es iyo pirveli saqme, romelSic uzenaesma

instanciam mkveTri zRvari gaavlo faqtebsa da SefasebiT msjelobas So-

ris; daadgina sajaro moxelis pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis gacilebiT

dabali standarti; Semoitana sazogadoebrivi da sajaro mniSvnelobis

sakiTxebis cneba da rac mTavaria, moaxdina apelireba evrosasamarTlos

iurisprudenciaze, riTac faqtiurad qmediTi gaxada is norma, romliTac

evrosabWos gadawyvetilebebs saqarTvelosTvis precedentuli Zala aqvs.

2001w e l i

91 ix. kari II, gv. 274.

91


miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTriv saqarTvelos Sida kanonmdebloba pre-

cedentul samarTals ar iTvaliswinebs, es garemoeba srulebiTac ar gana-

pirobebs kanonis araerTgvarovani interpretaciis dasaSvebobas. yvelaze

paradoqsuli, albaT, is aris, rom araerTgvarovan da winaaRmdegobriv

praqtikas xSirad amkvidreben ara mxolod sxvadasxva donis sasamarTlo

instanciebi, aramed erTi da imave sasamarTlos erTi da igive mosamarT-

leebi.92 magaliTad, absoluturad identurma sasamarTlo Semadgenlobam,

romelmac jaiani-kereseliZis zemoxsenebul saqmeze gamoitana erT-erTi

yvelaze sanimuSo gadawyvetileba Tanamedrove qarTuli sasamarTlo

praqtikis istoriaSi, amave periodSi analogiuri tipis davaze miiRo ar-

sobrivad winaaRmdegobrivi gadawyvetileba93. Sedegad, moxda yvela im

Rirebuli normis uaryofa, riTac gamorCeuli iyo mrewvelobis ministris

pirveli moadgilis saqmeze gamotanili verdiqti.

aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi praqtika damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod moce-

muli periodisaTvis, aramed SemdgomisTvisac da igi wamoWris kanonis

erTgvarovani gagebis damkvidrebis aucileblobis sakiTxs, rac konsti-

tuciuri principebis _ Tanasworobisa da winaswarganWvretadobis dasa-

cavad aris saWiro.

niSandoblivia isic, rom sasamarTlo erTgvarovnad da dasabuTebulad

axdenda kanonis interpretacias iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mopasuxe mxa-

res saxelmwifo politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebi warmoadgendnen. aseTi

daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels iZleva am periodSi ganxiluli saqme94, ro-

melSic mosarCle imereTis mxareSi prezidentis saxelmwifo rwmunebulis,

Temur SaSiaSvilis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs ayenebda; aseve wina wels gan-

xiluli saqme95 , sadac sadavod iyo gamxdari kaxeTis mxareSi prezidentis

saxelmwifo rwmunebulis, medea mezvriSvilis sajaro gamonaTqvamebi. or-

Tave SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom sworad moaxdina sakanonmdeblo normebis

ganmarteba, Tumca ar ganavrco es praqtika iseT davebze, romlebSic saqme

92 ix. sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis sakanonmdeblo garantiebi, Tavi I, gv. 24, sq. 10.93 ix. Tamaz wivwivaZe da saqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo erovnuli kavSiri akaki

gogiCaiSvilisa da `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 291.94 ix. demokratiuli aRorZinebis kavSiris quTaisis saqalaqo organizacia Temur

SaSiaSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 323.95 ix. uSangi donjaSvilis, medea mezvriSvilisa da sainformacio analitikuri

biuro `geas~ saqme, gv. 76.

92


ara Tanamdebobis pirebs, aramed Jurnalistebsa da rigiT moqalaqeebs

exebodaT.

mocemul periodSi gamoikveTa aseve sakmaod SemaSfoTebeli tendencia,

rodesac sasamarTloebma, faqtiurad, tabuirebulad gamoacxades gark-

veuli kategoriis adamianebis kritika. erT SemTxvevaSi96 es iyo sasuliero

piri _ basil mkalaviSvili, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi97 gardacvlili piri

_ saqarTvelos yofili prezidenti, zviad gamsaxurdia. am ukanasknel saq-

meSi sasamarTlom akrZala iseTi sajaro politikuri figurebis kritika,

romlebic sazogadoebis mier xmaTa umravlesobiT arian arCeuli. Tbi-

lisis saolqo sasamarTlos mier gamotanili es gadawyvetileba sakmaod

dacilebulia saqarTvelos konstitucias, romelic icavs azris Tavi-

suflebas da Zalzed axlosaa Sua aziuri tipis marTlmsajulebasTan, sa-

dac `eris winamZRolis~ kritika arc sicocxleSi da arc gardacvalebis

Semdeg nebadarTuli ar aris.

unda aRiniSnos im negatiuri tendenciis Sesaxebac, romelic yvelaze

rekordulad am periodSi gamovlinda: 2001 wels sasamarTloebma98 xuT

SemTxvevaSi daakisres mopasuxeebs kanonSi ararsebuli pasuxismgeblobis

forma _ bodiSis moxda, maT mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebisa da SefasebiTi

msjelobis gamo. aqedan mxolod or saqmeSi99 gaauqmes SemdgomSi zemd-

gomma instanciebma gadawyvetilebis is nawili, romelic bodiSis moxdas

iTvaliswinebda.

rac Seexeba sxva tipis davebs, mocemul periodSi sasamarTloSi wari-

marTa saqme100 , romelSic aSkara iyo sainformacio saSualebis mxridan

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebisa da eTikuri normebis uxeSi

xelyofa; amave periodSi vxvdebiT saqmeebs101 , romlebSic Selaxuli pa-

96 ix. basil mkalaviSvili gazeT `rezonansis~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 288.97 ix. manana arCvaZe-gamsaxurdia `Sansi +~-is, bondo qurdaZisa da gogita meliqiZis

winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 311.98 Tbilisisa da quTaisis saolqo, Coxatauris, krwanisi-mTawmindis raionuli da

quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTloebi. ix. gv. 53, sq. 53.99 quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlom saqmeSi roman kvaWaZe `lanCxuTi Plus ~- is, qeTevan

da zaza nakaSiZeebis winaaRmdeg da Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom saqmeSi evgeni

juRaSvili griSa onianis winaaRmdeg.100 ix. g. x. `rusTavi 2-is~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 273.101 ix. quTaisis meriis qalaq-muzeumis municipaliteti da gia grZeliZe SoTa

RirdalaZisa da `reziumes~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 264; Tbilisis Ss mTavari

sammarTvelo ia danelias winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 317.

93


tivisa da Rirsebis gamo iseTi uwyebebi daobdnen, romelTac pativi da

Rirseba bunebiT ara aqvT boZebuli; aseve pirvel saqmes102 , romelic ko-

merciul gamoxatvas ukavSirdeba.

saerTo jamSi, am periodSi ganxiluli 30 saqmidan, saerTo sasamar-

Tloebma 7 SemTxvevaSi miiRes dasabuTebuli, 10 SemTxvevaSi _ ukanono,

erT saqmeze _ nawilobriv dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba; 12 saqmeSi ki

saxeze iyo morigebis, mxareebis procesze gamoucxadeblobisa da sar-

Celze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevebi.


difamacia

basil mkalaviSvilisa da gazeT `rezonansis~ saqme

azris Tavisufleba daculia ara mxolod samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, aramed

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 da 24-e muxlebiT. Sesabamisad, sasa-

marTlos nebismieri gadawyvetileba, romelic pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs

pirs mis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gamo, SeuTavsebelia konstitu-

ciasTan.

marTalia, rogorc qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT, aseve evropis adamianis

uflebaTa sasamarTlos praqtikiT, mosazreba ar eqvemdebareba mtkicebas

im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac is eyrdnoba faqtebs, magram didube-CuRu-

reTis raionuli sasamarTlosTvis sakanonmdeblo Tu saerTaSoriso nor-

mebi srulebiTac ar aRmoCnda saxelmZRvanelo principi am sakiTxis ga-

dawyvetisas.

mocemul saqmeze sasamarTlos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas aravi-

Tari samarTlebrivi safuZveli ara aqvs da warmoadgens azris gamoxatvis

SezRudvis erT-erT klasikur magaliTs.

arc erTi gamonaTqvami, romelTa uaryofac sasamarTlom sainforma-

102 ix. `saqarTvelos aviaxazebi~ `airzena-saqarTvelos aviaxazebis~ winaaRmdeg,

kari II, gv. 325.

94


cio saSualebas daakisra, ar warmoadgens faqts, romelic mtkicebas

eqvemdebareba. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-2 nawili ki iTvalis-

winebda pasuxismgeblobas mxolod dadasturebadi faqtebis gavrcelebis

SemTxvevaSi.

sasamarTlo Zalzed Sors wavida, roca mopasuxes daavala iseTi mosaz-

rebis uaryofa, rogoricaa minaweri karikaturaze _ `moqalaqe mkalaviS-

vili fsiqiatriulSi Tavisi fexiT wava~. cxadia, arc erTi samarTlebrivi

norma ar iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas hopoTezuri gamonaTqvamebis

gamo, radgan SeuZlebelia, pirs awmyoSi mosTxovo pasuxi imisaTvis, risi

SesaZleblobac man momaval droSi ivarauda. aRniSnuli cnobis uaryofis

davaldebulebiT sasamarTlom avtomaturad damtkicebulad miiCnia is

garemoeba, rom mosarCle momavalSi am qmedebas apriori ar ganaxorci-

elebs. sasamarTlo dava SeiZleba mimdinareobdes mxolod im faqtebis

sizusteTan dakavSirebiT, rac ukve momxdaria. mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki

sasamarTlom metad uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Caiyena Tavi, radgan winaswar

ganacxada, Tu ra SeiZleoboda (ar) momxdariyo momavalSi.

sasamarTlom mopasuxes aseve daavala iseTi gamonaTqvamebis uaryofa,

romlebic warmoadgendnen Sefasebebs faqtebis Sesaxeb. saxeldobr, `svar-

Ciki mkalaviSvili xulignobas ar iSlis~ da `aralicenzirebuli mRvdeli

da misi morCili brbo~.

pirveli gamonaTqvami Seexeboda basil mkalaviSvilis mier gazeT `re-

zonansze~ Tavdasxmis faqts, kerZod, mosarClis mier redaqciis rkinis

karebis SeduRebas, ris Sedegadac Jurnalistebs Senobidan gamosvlis sa-

Sualeba moespoT. am SemTxvevaSi `svarCiki mkalaviSvili xulignobas ar

iSlis~ aris momxdari faqtis Jurnalisturi Sefaseba. esec rom ar iyos,

TavisTavad `svarCikis~ profesia damamcirebeli ar aris. aRniSnuli gamo-

naTqvamis uaryofis davaldebulebiT sasamarTlom Tavad miayena Seurac-

xyofa am profesiis aTasobiT adamians.

termini `xuligani~ ki mkalaviSvilis saqmianobis avtoriseul Sefase-

bas warmoadgens, ris safuZvelsac Jurnalists mosarClis mier ganxor-

cielebuli ukanono qmedebebi aZlevda. amasTan mxedvelobaSia misaRebi

sasamarTlos mier samotivacio nawilSi sainformacio saSualebis dada-

naSauleba udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRvevaSi. wina nawilSi Cven ukve

visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRveva Se-

uZlia mxolod sasamarTlos da ara media saSualebas, romelic moklebu-

95


lia SesaZleblobas, vinme damnaSaved cnos103 . aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemul

SemTxvevaSi sainformacio saSualebas hqonda sruli ufleba, esaubra mka-

laviSvilisa da misi jgufis danaSaulebriv qmedebebze, Tundac imitom,

rom erT-erTi aseTi sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis msxverpli Tavad

mopasuxe redaqcia iyo. mkalaviSvilis mxridan `rezonansis~ redaqciaze

Tavdasxmis faqti sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT dasjad danaSauls

warmoadgens: garda imisa, rom moxda aRniSnuli organizaciis qonebis xel-

yofa da gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, Jurnalistebs profe-

siuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi ukanonod SeeSalaT xeli, rac, Tavis

mxriv, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 154-e muxliT dasjadi danaSaulia.

rac Seexeba meore Sefasebas _ `aralicenzirebul mRvdels~, rogorc

mopasuxem sasamarTlo ganxilvisas aRniSna, igi efuZneboda konkretul

faqts, kerZod, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sinodis mier

basil mkalaviSvilis eklesiidan gankveTas. amdenad, Jurnalists sruli

safuZveli hqonda, mieCnia mkalaviSvili `aralicenzirebulad~.

calke gansjis sagania is, rom sami gamonaTqvami, romelTa uaryofac

sasamarTlom mopasuxes daakisra, warmoadgenda minawers karikaturaze.

amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom karikatura gansakuTrebuli dac-

viT sargeblobs rogorc aSS-s uzenaesi, ise evropis adamianis uflebaTa

sasamarTloebis iurisprudenciiT. karikaturisaTvis dacvis msgavsi xa-

risxis miniWeba ganpirobebulia misi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT, rad-

gan is Seicavs ara marto politikur (Tu, ra Tqma unda, karikatura poli-

tikur sakiTxs exeba), aramed kulturul Rirebulebasac (artistuli ga-

moxatva). SeuZlebelia karikaturis mixedviT sasamarTlom gansazRvros

faqtebis simcdare an utyuaroba, radgan is realobis asaxvis Semoqmede-

biTi formaa da mas ara aqvs pretenzia faqtobrivi monacemis Semcveli

cnobebis gavrcelebaze. karikaturis mizania, gadmosces avtoriseuli

damokidebuleba ama Tu im movlenis mimarT mZafri, sarkastuli formiT

da amisaTvis is artistul gamoxatvas iyenebs. amdenad, mocemul SemTxve-

vaSi sasamarTlom daarRvia ara marto sityvis, aramed artistuli gamo-

xatvis Tavisuflebac.

sabolood unda iTqvas isic, rom sasamarTlom konteqstidan amovar-

dnilad ganixila TiToeuli cnoba da ar gaiTvaliswina is, rom sadavo

gamonaTqvamebi im sajaro diskusiis farglebSi gakeTda, romelic mxa-103 ix. gv. 85.

96


reebs Soris mimdinareobda. amdenad, am diskusiis farglebSi gakeTebuli,

Tundac mwvave Sefasebebi, ar SeiZleba gamxdariyo mopasuxisaTvis pasu-

xismgeblobis dakisrebis safuZveli.

Tamaz wivwivaZis, saqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo erovnuli

kavSiris, akaki gogiCaiSvilisa da `rusTavi 2~-is saqme

iseve rogorc qarTuli sasamarTloebis mier ganxilul saqmeTa ume-

tesobaSi, sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSic moaxdina iseTi cnebebis erTma-

neTSi aRreva, rogoricaa faqti da Sexeduleba. mocemul saqmeze miRe-

buli gadawyvetileba kanonSeusabamoa, radganac sasamarTlom Jurnalis-

tsa da sainformacio saSualebas daakisra pasuxismgebloba maT mier

gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gamo.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgebloba

mxolod faqtebis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebas exeba, Tanac im SemT-

xvevaSi, Tuki cnobaTa gamavrcelebeli ver SeZlebs maTi sinamdvilesTan

Sesabamisobis damtkiebas. imis dasturad, rom sasamarTlom mopasuxes pa-

suxismgebloba mosazrebebisa da Sexedulebebis gamo daakisra, SeiZleba

ramodenime gamonaTqvamis moyvana samotivacio nawilidan:

magaliTad, saqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo erovnuli kavSiris saqmiani

reputaciis Semlaxvelad miiCnia sasamarTlom iseTi gamonaTqvami, romlis

Tanaxmadac, es organizacia qveynisaTvis stiqiur ubedurebadaa miCneuli.

sasamarTlom arc iseTi gamonaTqvamebi CaTvala subieqtur mosazre-

bad, rogoricaa `sacodavi~, `qosamatyuara~, àferisti~, `Sarlatani~,

ùvici~, `suleli~, ùWkuo~, `naZirala~ da `malefuWebadi produqti~ _

da isini Seuracxmyofelad da akaki gogiCaiSvilis pativisa da Rirsebas

Semlaxvelad miiCnia.

bunebrivia, am gadawyvetilebis gamomtani sasamarTlo kolegiisTvis

vinmes rom daekisrebina iseTi gamonaTqvamebis sinamdvilesTan Sesabami-

sobis mtkiceba, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, `stiqiur ubedurebad moevlina~, gne-

bavT, `sacodavi~ an `malefuWebadi produqti~, maTac ueWveli gauWir-

debodaT am amocanisaTvis Tavis garTmeva. mizezi martivia, SeuZlebelia

iseTi gamoxatvis faqtad miCneva, romelic mxolod piris subieqtur Se-

fasebas asaxavs.

97


cxadia, calke msjelobis Temaa, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba miviCnioT aseTi

Sefasebebi Seuracxmyofelad, Tumca imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kanonm-

debloba SeuracxyofisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas ar iTvaliswinebs, am

TvalsazrisiT arc sakiTxis samarTlebriv WrilSi ganxilvaa mizanSewo-

nili. saqmis ganxilvis momentisaTvis kanonmdebloba arc uxamsi gamonaTq-

vamebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebda. kanonmdeblobaSi ararse-

buli normis kompensireba ki arsebulis araswori interpretirebis gziT

dauSvebelia, rogorc es mocemul SemTxvevaSi moxda.

sasamarTlom moaxdina iseTi Temis ignorireba, romelic sazogado-

ebrivi interesis sagans warmoadgenda. saxeldobr, mas saerTod ar ums-

jelia satelevizio gadacemaSi ganxilul sabiujeti saxsrebis xarjvis

marTlzomierebis sakiTxze. arada, sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba, flobdes

informacias qveynis biujetSi akumulirebuli Tanxebis moZraobis Sesa-

xeb. Tavis mxriv, sajaro moxeleebi Tu sxva pirebi, visac saxelmwifo bi-

ujetis saxsrebis gankargva akisria, angariSvaldebulni arian moqalaqe-

ebis winaSe. Tuki sazogadoebaSi Cndeba raime eWvi sabiujeto saxsrebis

gankargvis kanonierebasTan dakavSirebiT, sazogadoebis nebismier wevrs,

maT Soris Jurnalists, aqvs ufleba, sajarod gamoTqvas Tavisi eWvebi

Tu mosazrebebi da moaxdinos am Temaze sajaro debatebis inicireba. mo-

cemul SemTxvevaSi eWvis safuZvels oficialuri uwyebis _ saqarTvelos

kontrolis palatis 1998 wlis daskvna iZleoda.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtika cxadyofs, rom

sajaro diskusiisas, romlis mTavari mizani WeSmaritebis garkvevaa, pa-

tivisa da Rirsebis dacvis moTxovnebi gacilebiT dabalia, vidre poli-

tikuri sakiTxebis Ria ganxilvis interesi.

garda imisa, rom sadavo Jurnalisturi gamoZieba Seexeboda sazoga-

doebisaTvis saintereso sakiTxebs da sajaro polemikaSi orTave mxares

hqonda mowinaaRmdegis gancxadebebsa da Sefasebebze pasuxis gacemis

saSualeba, mosarCle warmoadgenda sajaro pirs.

aqve unda iTqvas im mcdari stereotipis Sesaxebac, romlis Tanaxmad,

sajaro figurebad mxolod sajaro moxeleebi aRiqmebian. arada, sajaro

figura SeiZleba iyos nebismieri piri, romelsac SeuZlia sazogadoebriv

azrze zegavlenis moxdena (magaliTad, cnobili msaxiobi, arasamTavrobo

organizaciis warmomadgeneli, mwerali, mecnieri, musikosi da a.S.) da

98


romelTa mimarT sazogadoebas didi interesi gaaCnia. mocemul SemTx-

vevaSi sajaro figurebad CaiTvleba rogorc mosarCle, ise mopasuxe mxare

da bunebrivia, maT mimarT pativis, Rirsebis an saqmiani reputaciis dacvis

igive standartebi ver gavrceldeba, rac Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebisaTvis

aris dadgenili.

sasamarTlom arc am SemTxvevaSi uRalata qarTul samarTlebriv sis-

temaSi damkvidrebul mavne praqtikas, rodesac, erTis mxriv, iuridiuli

piris _ saqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo erovnuli kavSiris sasargeblod

media saSualebas moraluri zianis anazRaureba daakisra; xolo meores

mxriv, sabWoTa kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli da imJamad gauqmebuli _

bodiSis moxdis _ reanimacia moaxdina.

pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom iuridiulma pirma SeiZleba pretenzia

ganacxados mxolod araswori informaciis gavrcelebiT gamowveuli qo-

nebrivi zianis anazRaurebis gamo da araviTar SemTxvevaSi saqmiani repu-

taciis SelaxviT gamowveuli moraluri zianisaTvis. rogorc ukve ara-

erTi saqmis komentirebisas aRvniSneT, iuridiul pirs ar SeiZleba miadges

moraluri ziani, radgan es ukanaskneli fizikur da fsiqikur gancdebs

ukavSirdeba, rasac moklebulia iuridiuli piri. erTaderTi, visac aseTi

gancdebis da Sesabamisad, moraluri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna Za-

luZs, fizikuri piria.

rac Seexeba bodiSis moxdis institutis Semotanas, mas arc samoqalaqo

kodeqsi icnobs da miT ufro, saqarTvelos konstitucia, romlis me-19

muxli imperatiulad krZalavs vinmes iZulebas, gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexedu-

leba mis mier adre gavrcelebuli cnobebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli uflebis

SezRudva mxolod kanoniTaa SesaZlebeli. iseTi sikeTis dasacavad, ro-

goricaa pativi, Rirseba an saqmiani reputacia saqmis ganxilvis momenti-

saTvis kanonmdeblobaSi sxva formebi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. es iyo

gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofa, moraluri zianis anazRaureba, cilis-

wamebisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. am CamonaTvalSi ar

yofila bodiSis moxda, rac kidev erTi argumentia imis dasamtkiceblad,

rom xsenebuli gadawyvetileba aSkara SeusabamobaSia moqmed kanonmdeb-

lobasTan.

99


telekompania `rionisa~ da telekompania `quTaisis~ saqme

quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi,

rogorc wesi, yovelTvis gamoirCeoda uxeSi kanondarRvevebis mxriv da

gamonakliss am wesidan arc qvemoT ganxiluli saqme104 warmoadgens.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xsenebul gadawyvetilebaSi erTobliobaSia Tav-

moyrili yvela is �ukeTuroba�, rac qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi cal-

keul SemTxvevebSi iCenda Tavs. saxeldobr:

pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom am saqmeSi mosarCles warmoadgenda

iuridiuli piri. yvelaze uxeSi darRveva, rac sasamarTlom dauSva, aris

is, rom man mopasuxes daakisra cnobebis uaryofa iuridiuli piris pati-

visa da Rirsebis Selaxvis gamo. iuridiul pirs ki ar gaaCnia pativi da

Rirseba im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom is grZnobebis gancdis, Sesabamisad,

sulieri tanjvis unars moklebulia.

meore tipiuri Seusabamoba sasamarTlos mier faqtebisa da mosazre-

bebis erTmaneTTan gaigiveba iyo. yvela is cnoba, romelTa uaryofac sasa-

marTlom mopasuxeebs daakisra, warmoadgenda SefasebiT msjelobas, maSin,

roca, kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, am tipis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba

mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu gavrcelebuli cnobebi warmoad-

gens dadasturebad faqtebs da ara mosazrebebs. Zalzed Znelia da praqti-

kulad SeuZlebeli, iseTi gamonaTqvamebis sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobis

mtkiceba, rogoricaa `a-talanti~, `oTxfexa pirutyvebi~, `rions gatane-

buli sindisi~, `wyalSi Cayrili elementaruli kolegialoba~. aq ufro

alegoriebTan, SedarebebTan da metaforul gamonaTqvamebTan gvaqvs

saqme, vidre faqtebTan, romlebic mtkicebas eqvemdebareba. SeuZlebelia,

saqarTvelos nebismierma saSualo moqalaqem sityvasityviT aRiqvas

zemoxsenebuli romelime gamonaTqvami da cnobad miiCnios, vTqvaT, is,

rom telekompania �rionma� marTlac gaatana mdinare rions sindisi,

romelic TavisTavad abstraqtuli ram aris imisaTvis, rom vinmem sasa-

marTlo procesze misi moZraobis traeqtoria arkvios.

mesame kanonSeusabamoba, romelic sasamarTlom dauSva, aris is, rom

mopasuxes daakisra bodiSis moxda maSin, roca bodiSis moxdis instituts

im droisaTvis kanonmdebloba saerTod ar iTvaliswinebda.

sasamarTlos amasTanave ar gauTvaliswinebia arc is, Tu ra konteqstSi

104 ix. `rioni~ `quTaisis~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 299.

100


gaakeTa telekompania �quTaisma� sadavo komentari. amasTan dakavSirebiT

aRsaniSnavia, rom �pirveli Tavdasxma� telekompania �quTaisis� mxridan

ar yofila inicirebuli. `quTaisis~ mier momzadebuli siuJeti mxolod

da mxolod pasuxi iyo telekompania �rionis� eTerSi gasuli siuJetisa,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, mopasuxem arakolegialurad da maT winaaRmdeg

mimarTul kampaniad miiCnia. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos unda gaeTvaliswi-

nebina evrosasamarTlos is praqtika, romelic sajaro diskusiasTan mi-

marTebaSi Camoyalibda. saxeldobr, sajaro diskusiaSi monawile mxareebs

Tmenis meti valdebuleba aqvT, vidre rigiT moqalaqeebs, radgan isini

Tavidanve nebayoflobiT daTanxmdnen, Cabmuliyvnen am diskusiaSi da

eTminaT maT mimarT gavrcelebuli yvelaze mwvave gancxadebebic ki.

manana arCvaZe-gamsaxurdias, gazeT `Sansi+~-is,

bondo qurdaZisa da gogita meliqiZis saqme

mocemul davaze sasamarTlom miiRo uprecedento gadawyvetileba,

rodesac dauSveblad gamoacxada xmaTa umravlesobiT arCeuli `eris wi-

namZRolis� kritika.

saqme Seexeboda gardacvlili piris pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis sa-

kiTxs. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-19 muxlis Tanaxmad, me-18 muxlSi aRniSnu-

li uflebebi SeiZleba gamoiyenos im pirmac, romelic Tumca TviTon ar

aris saxelis da Rirsebis uflebis matarebeli, magram saamisod aqvs dac-

vis Rirsi interesi. aseTi interesi ki mosarCles gardacvlili meuRlis

saxelisa da Rirsebis mimarT udavod gaaCnda. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad

SeiZleboda miCneuliyo mocemul SemTxvevaSi mopasuxis mier gavrcele-

buli mosazrebebi samarTlebrivi davis sagnad da ramdenad SeiZleboda

sikvdilis Semdeg saxelis, pativis, Rirsebis an saqmiani reputaciis Selax-

visaTvis moraluri kompensaciis moTxovna.

gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom Tavad statia imgvari formiT

iyo gadmocemuli, rom SeuZlebeli iyo, masSi moyvanili cnobebi vinmes

sinamdviled aReqva. statia ufro satirul-politikuri xasiaTis naSromi

iyo, rac zrdida misi Sinaarsis dacvis aucileblobas. magaliTad, aSkaraa,

rom gamonaTqvami _ `beCavi konstantine, gakrul balR hyolia~ _ warmoad-

gens ara mtkicebas faqtis Sesaxeb, aramed literaturul-mxatvrul gamo-

naTqvams, romelic mtkicebas ar eqvemdebareba.

101


marTalia, qarTuli sasamarTloebis praqtikisTvis ucxo ar aris kri-

tikuli azris SezRudvis praqtika, magram gansaxilveli saqme am tipis

davebidanac ki gamorCeulia, radgan samotivacio nawilSi imperatiulad

uTiTebs, Tu visi miCneva ar SeiZleba mSiSrad da mxdalad. kerZod:

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom mopasuxes daakisra iseTi cnobis uar-

yofa, rogoricaa `Tavisi simxdalisa da ucnauri `nariadis~ gamo saswra-

fod ukan Sebrunda~; xolo gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilSi miuTi-

Ta, rom ar SeiZleba zviad gamsaxurdias moxsenieba mSiSarad da mxdalad,

radgan igi sazogadoebas qveynisa da eris winamZRolobis Rirsad hyavda

miCneuli. xmaTa didi umravlesobiT gamsaxurdias prezidentad arCeva ki

saolqo sasamarTlom miiCnia erTsulovan sazogadoebriv Sefasebad, ro-

melic mosamarTleTa logikis Tanaxmad, gadasinjvas ar eqvemdebareba.

sasamarTlos logikas rom mivyveT, cxadia, Zalzed Sors wavalT da gamova,

rom aqamde arCeuli yvela piris kritika, iqneba es saqarTvelos prezi-

denti, sakrebulosa Tu parlamentis deputati, tabudadebuli yofila;

xolo arCevnebSi damarcxebulTa, ragind uSiSarebi ar unda iyvnen isini,

_ nebadarTuli.

bunebrivia, msgavsi SezRudvebi ucxoa demokratiuli sazogadoebisaT-

vis, romelic Tavadaa dainteresebuli kritikuli azris waxalisebiT,

radganac demokratiis arsi swored pluralizmSia. am tipis sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis komentirebisas gacilebiT iolia paralelebis Zieba

iseTi tipis qveynebSi, sadac prezidentis Seuracxyofa sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsiT dasjadi danaSaulia, rogorc es Cvens mezobel azerbaijanSia.

marTalia, Tavad aRniSnuli davis sasamarTloSi ganxilva quCaSi prezi-

dent gamsaxurdias momxreTa mitingebis fonze mimdinareobda, magram es ver

gamodgeba im sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gasamarTleblad, romelsac

romelime Turqmenuli tipis saxelmwifosTvis precedentuli Zala eqneboda.

roman kvaWaZis, gazeT `lanCxuTi Plus ~- isa

da qeTevan da zaza nakaSiZeebis saqme

aRniSnul saqmeze105 pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier miRebuli

kanonSeusabamo gadawyvetileba, rac zemdgomi instanciis mxridan misi

105 ix. roman kvaWaZe `lanCxuTi Plus~-is, qeTevan da zaza nakaSiZeebis winaaRmdeg,

kari II, gv. 319.

102


gauqmebis safuZveli gaxda, kidev erTxel cxadyofs im maxinj sasamarTlo

praqtikaze, romelic gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT regionebSi iCenda Tavs.

raionuli sasamarTlos xsenebuli gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmdegeba ro-

gorc samoqalaqo kodeqss, ise presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva sa-

Sualebebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonsac.

Tavdapirvelad unda iTqvas, rom Tavad sadavo statiis Tematika war-

moadgenda sazogadoebis legitimuri interesis sagans, radganac exeboda

mocemuli raionisaTvis metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. Sesabamisad, gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebisas, sasamarTlos unda gaeTvaliswinebina is, rom saja-

ro debatebi gansakuTrebuli dacviT sargeblobs.

sasamarTlos arc is miuRia mxedvelobaSi, rom kritikis obieqti iyo

sajaro piri, romlis mimarTac dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi gacilebiT

farToa, vidre rigiTi moqalaqeebis mimarT. amdenad, Jurnalists sruli

ufleba hqonda, gamoeTqva Sefasebebi maTi raionis maJoritari deputatis

saparlamento saqmianobis Sesaxeb; raionul sasamarTlos ki ar hqonda

araviTari samarTlebrivi safuZveli, SefasebiTi msjelobis uaryofa da-

ekisrebina sainformacio saSualebisaTvis. miT ufro, rom bevri gamo-

naTqvami SekiTxvis formiT iyo formulirebuli da saerTodac saTuo

iyo, Tu ra formiT unda momxdariyo maTi uaryofa. magaliTad, iseTebis,

rogoricaa `matylis saCeCad gagiSva lanCxuTma parlamentSi?~ an `davi-

jero samive mosmenis dros geZina?~

quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlos mxridan xsenebuli gadawyvetilebis ga-

dasinjvis safuZveli gaxda is, rom qvemdgomma instanciam arasworad mo-

axdina samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis ganmarteba.

demokratiuli aRorZinebis kavSiris

quTaisis saqalaqo organizaciisa da Temur SaSiaSvilis saqme

gansaxilveli saqme im iSviaT gamonaklisTagania, romelic samarTleb-

rivad aris dasabuTebeli. SesaZloa, amis mizezi isic iyos, rom mopasuxe

mxares am SemTxvevaSi prezidentis saxelmwifo rwmunebuli warmoadgenda.

samarTlebrivi davis iniciatori iyo iuridiuli piri, romelsac pa-

tivi da Rirseba ar gaaCnia. metic, mas arc saqmiani reputacia gaaCnia,

radganac warmoadgens politikur partias, romelic ar SeiZleba mogvev-

linos mxared komerciul urTierTobebSi; ara aqvs saqme partniorebTan,

103


romelTac SeiZleba, Tavi aaridon masTan saqmian urTierTobas mesame

pirebis mier gavrcelebuli ama Tu im cnobis gamo; mas ar SeiZleba miadges

qonebrivi ziani. politikuri partiis imijis da `saqmiani reputaciis~ gan-

msazRvreli erTaderTi kriteriumi aris arCevnebi. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis,

raTa amomrCevelma gaakeTos informirebuli arCevani, politikis (da po-

litikuri partiis) Sesaxeb diskusia unda iyos SeuzRudavi.

gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom sadavo cnobebSi ar arsebobda

calsaxad identificirebuli piri. partiis im wevris vinaobac rom dasa-

xelebuliyo, romelsac Seexeboda mopasuxis sajaro gancxadeba, sasamar-

Tlos mainc ar unda daekmayofilebina sarCeli, radgan politikuri par-

tia nebismier SemTxvevaSi arasaTanado mosarCle iqneboda.

cxadia, demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebis msjelobis sagani

unda gaxdes nebismieri is sakiTxi, romelic politikur Zalebs Soris uke-

Tesis arCevis saSualebas iZleva. aRniSnuli konfliqti, pirvel rigSi,

sajaro debatebis konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT da gaviTvaliswinoT isic,

rom modave partias hqonda saSualeba, pasuxi gaeca saxelmwifo rwmune-

bulis gancxadebaze da adekvaturi informacia miewodebina sazogado-

ebisaTvis.


g.x.-sa da telekompania `rusTavi-2~-is saqme

sainformacio saSualebam am SemTxvevaSi moaxdina rogorc mosarClis

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis xelyofa, aseve mis mimarT

difamaciuri faqtebis gavrcelebac. is, rom aRniSnuli dava morigebiT

dasrulda da media saSualebam mosarCles garkveuli kompensacia gada-

uxada, TavisTavad aris danaSaulis aRiarebis tolfasi.

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba gulisxmobs individualuri

interesebis primats sazogadoebriv interesebze. sazogadoebrivi inte-

resebis upiratesobaze saubari ki mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, roca

arsebobs individis pirad cxovrebaSi Carevis gansakuTrebuli sazogado-

ebrivi interesi. aRniSnul saqmeze ki aseTi interesi, anu pirad cxovre-

basa da informaciis miRebaze sazogadoebis moTxovnas Soris balansis

darRvevis aucilebloba ar arsebobda.

104


telekompaniam gaamJRavna iseTi piradi saidumloebis Semcveli infor-

macia, rogoricaa Svilad ayvanis saidumloeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom am tipis

saidumloebis gamJRavnebisagan dacvas iTvaliswinebs ara marto samoqa-

laqo kanonmdebloba, aramed sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsic. aRniSnuli qme-

deba SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc sainformacio saSualebis mxridan piris

pirad cxovrebaSi dausabuTebeli SeWra, radgan mosarCles hqonda piradi

saidumlos dacvis legitimuri molodini.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom bevri demokratiuli qveynis eTikis

kodeqsi gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba iseTi sakiTxebis ga-

Suqebas, romelic konkretuli bavSvis bedTan aris dakavSirebuli. maga-

liTad, didi britaneTis qcevis kodeqsi krZalavs bavSvisgan intervius

aRebas an misTvis suraTis gadaRebas mSoblis an meurvis Tanxmobis ga-

reSe.106 gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi ki sainformacio saSualebam ise gaaSuqa

bavSvis interviu, rom ara Tu mSoblis nebarTva ar auRia, aramed moaxdina

bavSvis identificireba, ar gamoiyena Strixi, misi saxis dasafaravad. Se-

sabamisad, media saSualebam ar gaacnobiera is SesaZlo ziani, romelic

mozardTan dakavSirebuli piradi sakiTxebis gaSuqebas momavalSi SeiZ-

leba, mohyoloda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Jurnalistis mier gavrcelebuli cnobebi, romlebic

mosarClem misi pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvelad miiCnia efuZneboda misi

mcirewlovani Svilis intervius. saxeldobr, dedas braldeboda Svilis

gaupatiureba, narkomanoba da loToba. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas,

rom bavSvis mcirewlovani asakidan gamomdinare, is verc ki acnobierebda

mis mier micemuli intervius Sinaarss da gavrcelebuli cnobebi, SesaZ-

loa, misi fantaziis nayofs warmoadgenda. seqsualuri Zaladobis faqtebi

sasamarTloSi kidevac rom dadasturebuliyo, am SemTxvevaSi piradi

cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobaSi uxeS CarevasTan gveqneboda saqme. pirvel

rigSi imitom, rom moxda msxverplis identificireba, rasac SesaZloa,

mavne zegavlena moexdina mozardis momavalze. amdenad, Tu Jurnalists

am saqmisadmi sazogadoebrivi interesi amoZravebda, mas, pirvel rigSi,

bavSvis keTildReoba unda mieRo mxedvelobaSi da ise warmoeCina seqsu-

aluri Zaladobis problema.

rac Seexeba did britaneTs, marTalia, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mozr-

106 ix. `mediis TviTregulirebis qrestomaTia~. Tavisuflebis instituti, Tbilisi,

2004

105


dilebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi aq eqvemdebareba TviTregulirebas

da ara samarTlebriv regulirebas, magram specialuri sakanonmdeblo

normis ararsebobis miuxedavad, praqtikaSi arsebobs ramdenime SemTxve-

va107 , romliTac medias bavSvis piradi cxovrebis xelyofasTan dakavSi-

rebuli informaciebis gamoqveyneba aekrZala.

presa sargeblobs gacilebiT ufro maRali xarisxis sityvis Tavisuf-

lebiT, magram evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos iurisprudenciis

Tanaxmad, mas amave dros akisria pozitiuri valdebuleba, àr gadaabijos

im zRvars, rac dadgenilia sxva pirTa uflebebis dasacavad~.

komerciuli gamoxatva

`saqarTvelos aviaxazebisa~ da

àirzena-saqarTvelos aviaxazebis~ saqme

ZiriTadi problema, romelic komerciul gamoxatvasTan dakavSirebul

saqmeebSi qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi iCenda Tavs, aris sakiTxi imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia iuridiul pirs, idaos pativisa da Rirsebis

Selaxvis da Sesabamisad, moraluri zianis kompensaciis gamo. erT-erTi

pirveli sasamarTlo dava komerciul gamoxatvasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom moaxdina fizikuri da iuridiuli piris

uflebebis erTmaneTSi aRreva, aris `saqarTvelos aviaxazebisa~ da àir-

zena-saqarTvelos aviaxazebis~ saqme. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es aris erT-

erTi pirveli saqme, sadac sadavo gaxda internetis meSveobiT gavrcele-

buli informaciac.

mocemul saqmeze Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawy-

vetileba, kerZod, `saqarTvelos aviaxazebisaTvis~ moraluri zianis saxiT

Tanxis dakisreba, kidev erTxel warmoSobs iuridiul da fizikur pirTa

uflebebis mkveTri gamijvnis aucileblobas. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda

iTqvas, rom konkurentis mier gavrcelebuli informaciis gamo iuridiul

pirs SeiZleba, Seelaxos saqmiani reputacia da ara pativi da Rirseba,

romelic fizikuri pirebisgan gansxvavebiT, mas ar gaaCnia. marTalia,

iuridiulma pirma ar SeiZleba moiTxovos moraluri zianis kompensacia,

107 ReZ(Aminor)(Identification and Restriction on Publication) (1997) Fam 1.

106


radgan is moraluri gancdebis unars moklebulia, magram SeuZlia, pre-

tenzia ganacxados qonebrivi zianis anazRaurebaze. es ukanaskneli ki Se-

saZlebelia, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qonebrivi ziani gamowveulia

araswori informaciis gavrcelebiT. qonebrivi zianis arseboba ki sasa-

marTlo procesze unda daasabuTos mosarCle mxarem saTanado mtkicebu-

lebebis wardgenis gziT, rasac gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi adgili ar hqonia.

magaliTad, mosarCles unda daemtkicebina, rom mopasuxeTa warmomadgen-

lebis mier gavrcelebuli informaciis Sedegad, momxmarebelma uari ga-

nacxada am aviakompaniis frenebiT sargeblobaze, ris Sedegadac mas miadga

materialuri ziani.

saqmiani reputaciis aRdgenis mizniT ki saWiroa, iuridiulma pirma

moiTxovos gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofa, rac mosarCles ar gauke-

Tebia.

garda imisa, rom saolqo sasamarTlom arasworad daakisra mxares mo-

raluri zianis anazRaureba, aragonivruli iyo Tavad kompensaciis ode-

nobac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca sasamarTlom

mopasuxe mxares uprecedento kompensacia daakisra.

rac Seexeba evrosasamarTlos praqtikas, unda iTqvas, rom komerciuli

gamoxatvis SezRudvis sasargeblod gacilebiT meti argumenti arsebobs,

vidre politikuri gamoxatvis SezRudvis. bunebrivia, momxmarebelTa in-

teresebis dacvisa da keTilsindisieri konkurenciis stimulirebisaTvis

komerciuli gamoxatva regulirebas saWiroebs. aseTi regulirebis auci-

lebloba ki mocemul SemTxvevaSi mopasuxe mxarem ver daasabuTa, rac uze-

naesi sasamarTlos mxridan qvemdgomi instanciis mier miRebuli gadawy-

vetilebis gadasinjvis kanonieri safuZveli gaxda.

107


gansaxilvel periodSi gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT iCina Tavi proble-

mam, romelzec Cven wina nawilSi SevCerdiT. es aris sasamarTlo praqtikis

araerTgvarovnebis problema, rodesac ara Tu sxvadasxva sasamarTloebi,

erTi da igive mosamarTleebi ar arian SeboWili maT mierve miRebuli ga-

dawyvetilebebiT. yvelaze TvalnaTliv es winaaRmdegoba swored 2002

wels gamovlinda, rodesac aTdRian SualedSi saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-

marTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatam or iden-

tur saqmeSi108 sxvadasxvagvarad ganmarta sajaro pirisadmi dasaSvebi kri-

tikis farglebi, politikuri debatebis arsi, sazogadoebrivi interesis

sagani, aseve evropis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis konvencia.

drois mcire monakveTSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier, erTis mxriv,

CxartiSvili-berZeniSvilis saqmeze erT-erTi yvelaze samarcxvino gadaw-

yvetilebis miReba, xolo, meores mxriv, TargamaZe-`rezonansis~ saqmeze

erT-erTi sanimuSosi _ badebs kiTxvis niSnebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu

romel SemTxvevaSi moqmedebdnen mosamarTleebi kanonisa da sakuTari

rwmenis Sesatyvisad. SesaZloa, isic iTqvas, rom TargamaZis saqmis SemT-

xvevaSi pozitiuri gadawyvetilebis miReba im mkveTrad uaryofiTi sazo-

gadoebrivi azriTac iyo ganpirobebuli, romelic CxartiSvilis saqmeze

2002w e l i

108 ix. ivane CxartiSvili levan berZeniSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 361. kaxa

TargamaZe, avTandil CxaiZe, vasil daviTaia, zaqaria varaziSvili, nikoloz

ivaniSvili, zurab urotaZe, revaz maWavariani `rezonansisa~ da eliso CafiZis

winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 371.

108


saboloo gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebas mohyva. sasamarTlo xelisufle-

bam, rogorc Cans, gaiTvaliswina is samwuxaro gamocdileba, romelic 2001

wlis Semodgomaze sasamarTlos sanqciiT telekompania `rusTvi-2~-is

SenobaSi uSiSroebis samsaxuris TanamSromlebis Sesvlas mohyva. 2001 wlis

noemberSi sityvis Tavisuflebis dasacavad TbilisSi xalxmravali demon-

straciebi gaimarTa, saprotesto aqciebi ki aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-

bis gadadgomiT dasrulda.

erTis mxriv, sazogadoebaSi liberaluri Rirebulebebis arseboba, xo-

lo, meores mxriv, undobloba rogorc aRmasrulebeli, aseve sasamarTlo

xelisuflebis mimarT, ganapirobebda im safrTxes, romelic sityvis Ta-

visuflebis xelyofas SesaZloa mohyoloda, ise, rogorc es 2001 wlis

noemberSi moxda.

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier gamotanili zemoT ganxiluli

ori urTierTgamomricxavi gadawyvetileba cxadyofs, rom xelisuflebas

(rogorc politikurs, aseve sasamarTlos) hqonda survili, gaekont-

rolebina sityvis Tavisufleba, magram ar Seswevda unari, yovelTvis war-

matebiT SeezRuda es fundamenturi ufleba, radganac ganicdida sazo-

gadoebrivi ndobis seriozul deficits.

saerTo jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 2000-2002 wlebisaTvis damaxasi-

aTebeli iyo erTgvarovani problemebi, romlebic sxvadasxva periodSi

sxvadasxva xarisxis simwvaviT iCenda Tavs. pozitiuri niSnebi gamoikveTa

im TvalsazrisiT, rom sasamarTlom marTebulad moaxdina piradi cxov-

rebis uflebasa da sazogadoebriv interess Soris zRvaris gavleba im

SemTxvevaSi, roca saqme sajaro piris Sesaxeb arsebul sajaro informa-

cias exeboda109 .

2002 wels sasamarTloebma miiRes 9 kanonSeusabamo da 9 dasabuTebuli,

1 nawilobriv kanonieri gadawyvetileba, 12 SemTxvevaSi ki saqmeebs mxa-

reTa morigebis, procesze gamoucxadeblobis an sarCelze uaris Tqmis

safuZvliT ar miecaT Semdegi msvleloba.

109 ix. jemal enjibaZe `kriminalisa~ da eka Cadunelis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 344.

109




ivane CxartiSvilisa da levan berZeniSvilis saqme

aRniSnul saqmeze uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyveti-

leba kidev erTxel cxadyofs qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikis araerTgva-

rovnebas da eWvqveS ayenebs saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da adamianis uf-

lebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciiT aRiarebul iseT liberalur Rire-

bulebas, rogoricaa azris Tavisufleba.

rodesac sasamarTlo praqtikis araerTgvarovnebazea saubari, buneb-

rivia, unda gavixsenoT saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier erTi

wlis win miRebuli gadawyvetileba, romelic evrosasamarTlos prece-

dentul samarTalze dayrdnobiT asabuTebda demokratiuli sazogado-

ebisaTvis polemikis aucileblobas da imas, rom sajaro pirTa mimarT

dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi gacilebiT farTo unda iyos, vidre rigiTi

moqalaqeebis mimarT. mxedvelobaSia saqme vladimer kereseliZe nodar

jaianis winaaRmdeg, romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, TiTqmis imave

sasamarTlo Semadgenlobam ganixila, romelmac gamoitana gamamtyunebeli

ganaCeni mocemul saqmeze. pirveli SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT, CxartiS-

vilis saqmeze uzenaesma instanciam kanonSeusabamo gadawyvetileba gamo-

itana. saxeldobr:

pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo is, rom politi-

kuri debatebis dros gakeTebuli gancxadebebi gansakuTrebuli dacviT

sargeblobs evrosasamarTlos iurisprudenciis mixedviT. levan berZe-

niSvilis gancxadebebi ki gakeTda im politikuri debatebis farglebSi,

romelic sazogadoebrivi interesis sagans _ Tanamdebobis pirTa dausa-

buTebeli qonebis konfiskaciis Sesaxeb kanonproeqts da saqarTvelos

bevri moqalaqisaTvis aqtualur sakiTxs _ meanabreTa Temas Seexeboda.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom Zalzed viwrod ganmarta sajaro polemikis arsi,

rodesac ganacxada, rom CxartiSvils araferi Seuracxmyofeli ar uTqvams

berZeniSvilze, am ukanasknels sapasuxo qmedeba rom ganexorcielebinao.

unda iTqvas, rom sajaro polemika korufciis mwvave problemaze mimdina-

reobda Tavad sazogadoebaSi da principSi, dausabuTebeli qonebis Sesaxeb

110


kanonis miRebis aucileblobac swored sazogadoebrivma moTxovnilebam

warmoSva. am debatebSi Cabmuli iyvnen ara marto politikosebi, arasamTav-

robo organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebi, aramed is meanabreebic, romelTac

gaaCndaT konkretuli finansuri pretenziebi gaerTianebuli qarTuli

bankis erT-erTi damfuZneblis, imJamindeli ekonomikis ministris _ vano

CxartiSvilis mimarT. eWvebi sajaro piris _ vano CxartiSvilis qonebis

kanonierebasTan dakavSirebiT levan berZeniSvils pirvels ar gamouTq-

vams. aseTi eWvebi sazogadoebaSi manamdec arsebobda. ufro metic, vano

CxartiSvilis saxeli sazogadoebaSi calsaxad identificirdeboda mo-

paruli anabrebis TemasTan. amdenad, SeuZlebeli iyo levan berZeniSvilis

mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis miCneva faqtebad, romelic mtkicebas saWi-

roebs, radganac misi gancxadebebi zustad asaxavda sazogadoebaSi damk-

vidrebul mosazrebebs. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom levan berZeniSvili ar

yofila `pioneri~, vinc CxartiSvilze pirvelma ganaxorciela Tavdasxma,

mosarCles sul mcire im 200 meanabris winaaRmdegac unda aReZra difama-

ciis braldebiT saqme, romelic gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankisgan daza-

ralebulad Tvlida Tavs da mogvianebiT amis gamo saqarTvelos sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlosac ki mimarTa sarCeliT. levan berZeniSvils Tavisi

gancxadebebiT ar Seuqmnia negatiuri azri mosarClis Sesaxeb, es Sexedu-

leba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sazogadoebaSi sakmaod fexmokidebuli iyo.

adamians aqvs ufleba, hqondes sakuTari Sexeduleba ama Tu im piris,

sagnis an movlenis Sesaxeb da Tavisuflad gamoxatos Tavisi subieqturi

Sexedulebebi; aseve ganazogados konkretuli faqtebi da movlenebi, ro-

gorc es mocemul SemTxvevaSi moxda. mosazrebebi da Sefasebebi ar iwvevs

samoqalaqo samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. sajaro moxeleebis SemTx-

vevaSi ki gamoxatvis Tavisufleba gacilebiT meti dacviT sargeblobs,

miT ufro, Tu saqme sazogadoebrivi interesis sagans exeba.

sakmaod bundovania, saerTod, rogor unda moxdes iseTi gamonaTq-

vamebis uaryofa, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `man yvelaze meti moipara~. imi-

saTvis, rom mopasuxem SeZlos am gamonaTqvamis sinamdvilesTan Sesabami-

sobis mtkiceba, man ara marto CxartiSvilis mier qonebis moparvis faqti

unda daadasturos, aramed isic, rom sxva saxelmwifo moxeleebma masze

naklebi moipares. aseTi saxelmwifo moxeleebis raodenoba ki aTeul aTa-

samde SeiZleba iyos.

111


rac Seexeba `guruli mafiis~ wevrobas, igi ufro mosarClis mimarT

mopasuxisa da im meanabreebis ganzogadebul damokidebulebas gamoxatavs,

romlebic im droisaTvis qarTul presaSi xSirad gamoTqvamdnen TavianT

negatiur damokidebulebas gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis sami damfuZ-

neblis Sesaxeb, romlebic warmoSobiT guriidan arian.

saqmeze kastelsi espaneTis winaaRmdeg adamianis uflebaTa dacvis

evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

gulisxmobs iseTi gancxadebebisa da azrebis gamoTqmis uflebas, rom-

lebic Seuracxmyofeli, aRmaSfoTebeli da Semawuxebelia. dacvas eqvem-

debareba iseTi informaciebic, romlebic Seuracxyofs, aRizianebs an

Soks hgvris saxelmwifos an sazogadoebis garkveul fenas~. am normis Ta-

naxmad, nebismier adamians aqvs ufleba, sazogadoebis yuradReba miapyros

sazogadoebisaTvis aqtualuri sakiTxis ganxilvas da amisaTvis mwvave

gamoTqmebi gamoiyenos.

sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo isic, rom mosarCle warmoadgen-

da saxelmwifo politikuri Tanamdebobis pirs, romlis qonebrivi mdgo-

mareobiT dainteresebis kanonieri ufleba hqonda sazogadoebas. sajaro

samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb kanoni ki Tavad

sajaro moxeles avaldebulebs, Tanamdebobis dakavebisas, Semdeg ki yovel-

wliurad warudginos sazogadoebas misi qonebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb dek-

laracia da Sesabamisad, daasabuTos yvela Semosavali Tu qoneba, romelic

mas gaaCnia. es sakanonmdeblo norma ki imas niSnavs, rom mtkicebis tvirTi

maRali rangis sajaro moxelis qonebis kanonierebasTan dakavSirebiT Tavad

sajaro moxeles ekisreba da Sesabamisad, gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi mopasuxis

nacvlad mtkicebis tvirTi mosarCleze unda gadanawilebuliyo.

dabolos, mocemul SemTxvevaSi vano CxartiSvilis qonebis mimarT in-

teresi ganapiroba misma poziciam dausabuTebeli qonebis Sesaxeb kanon-

proeqtTan dakavSirebiT. sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba, flobdes infor-

macias, Tu ra motivi amoZravebs ama Tu im Tanamdebobis pirs sazogado-

ebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas. im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxezea aSkara inte-

resTa konfliqti, nebismier moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, gamoTqvas Tavisi Se-

xeduleba konkretuli Cinovnikis piradi angarebiTi interesebis Sesaxeb.

rogorc adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeSi

aRniSna, moqalaqeebs `moxeleebis qmedebebTan dasapirispireblad sity-

vis garda sxva berketi xSirad ar gaaCniaT~.

112


difamacia

oTar kvantriSvilis xsovnis fondisa da `dilis gazeTis~ saqme

es aris mesame samarTlebrivi dava110 , romelic gardacvlili piris sa-

xelisa da Rirsebis dacvas ukavSirdeba da romelic wina saqmisgan gansxva-

vebiT, sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila.

pirvel rigSi, gasarkvevi iyo saTanado mosarCleobis sakiTxi da is,

Tu ramdenad adekvaturi iyo am SemTxvevaSi mosarClis moTxovna.

imisaTvis, rom pirma moiTxovos gavrcelebuli araswori cnobebis gamo

mopasuxisaTvis garkveuli pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba, aucilebelia, rom

sadavo cnobebi exebodes uSualod mas. gamonakliss am saerTo wesidan

warmoadgens is SemTxveva, rodesac piri Civis ara misTvis miyenebuli mo-

raluri zianis gamo, aramed igi Civis gardacvlili piris saxelisa da

Rirsebis Semlaxveli cnobebis gavrcelebis gamo. am SemTxvevaSi mosarC-

les unda gaaCndes gardacvlili piris saxelis dacvis Rirsi da saTanado

interesi, rogorc es saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-19 muxlSia

miTiTebuli. mas SeuZlia saxelisa da Rirsebis iseTi dacvis moTxovnis

ganxorcieleba, romelic pirovnebis arsebis ganmsazRvrelia da grZel-

deba sikvdilis Semdegac.

marTalia, im droisaTvis moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, oTar kvantriSvi-

lis xsovnis fonds, romelic warmoadgens iuridiul pirs, SesaZloa, hqo-

noda im adamianis saxelis dacvis Rirsi interesi, romlis saxelsac Tavad

atarebda, magram fonds amgvari sasarCelo moTxovna sasamarTlosTvis

ar wauyenebia. mosarClem moiTxova oTar kvantriSvilis saxelobis fon-

dis winaSe bodiSis moxda da moraluri zianis anazRaureba.

pirvel rigSi, calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gavrcelebuli cnobebi

exeboda gardacvlil pirs da ara oTar kvantriSvilis xsovnis fonds.

amdenad, sasarCelo moTxovna arasworad iyo formulirebuli, radgan

mxares unda edava ara sakuTari saqmiani reputaciisaTvis, aramed gardac-

vlilis saxelisa da Rirsebis gamo.

rac Seexeba moraluri zianis kompensacias da bodiSis moxdas, rogorc

adre ganxilul saqmeebSi aRvniSneT, iuridiul pirs moraluri zianis

kompensaciis moTxovna ar SeuZlia, xolo bodiSis moxdas ar iTvalis-

winebs arsebuli kanonmdebloba. saxelis, pativis, Rirsebis an saqmiani110 ix. oTar kvantriSvilis xsovnis fondi `dilis gazeTis~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 337.

113


reputaciis SelaxvisaTvis qonebrivi anazRaurebis moTxovna ki sikvdilis

Semdeg dauSvebelia.

marTalia, raionulma sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila modave mxaris

usafuZvlo moTxovna, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom sarCelis dakmayofilebaze

uaris Tqmis samarTlebrivi motivi man sruliad sxvagvarad gansazRvra.

saxeldobr, sarCelis ardakmayofilebis ZiriTad safuZvlad sasamarT-

lom miuTiTa is, rom Jurnalistma masala gamoaqveyna erT-erTi rusuli

veb-gverdis informaciis safuZvelze.

sasamarTlom miuTiTa presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSuale-

bebis Sesaxeb kanonze, romelic aTavisuflebs Jurnalists pasuxismgeb-

lobisagan araswori cnobebis gavrcelebisaTvis, Tu aseTi cnobebi miRe-

bulia sainformacio saagentoebidan an saxelmwifo organizaciebis pres-

samsaxurebidan.

cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi imaze kamaTi, aRniSnuli veb-gverdi saagentos

warmoadgens Tu eleqtronul gamocemas, azrs moklebulia, radgan media

saSualebaze pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba isedac ar SeiZleboda sarCelis

usafuZvlobis gamo, razec Cven detalurad zemoT visaubreT.

mogeli tyebuCavas, gazeT `foTisa~ da xaTuna comaias saqme

foTis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier mocemul saqmeze111 gamotanili ga-

dawyvetileba kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom sityvis TavisuflebasTan

dakavSirebul davebSi gansakuTrebiT scodaven sasamarTloebi regioneb-

Si. miT ufro, iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac konfliqti media saSualebasa

da sajaro pirebs Soris iCens Tavs.

pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvelive cnoba, romlis uaryofac

foTis saqalaqo sasamarTlom Jurnalists daavala, warmoadgenda Sefa-

sebas, romelic mtkicebas ar eqvemdebareba. SeuZlebelia, Jurnalists

mosTxovo imis damtkiceba, Tu ratom CaTvala man, rom mogeli tyebuCava

prezidentTan cruobda.

miuxedavad imisa, damtkicdeboda Tu ara aRniSnuli gancxadebis sa-

fuZvlianoba, aSkaraa, rom mogeli tyebuCavas, rogorc foTis sakrebu-

los Tavmjdomaresa da Sesabamisad, sajaro Tanamdebobis pirs, Tmenis

meti valdebuleba marTebda, vidre rigiT moqalaqes.

111 ix. mogeli tyebuCava `foTisa~ da xaTuna comaias winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 351.

114


rac Seexeba saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier JurnalistisaTvis meore fra-

zis uaryofis dakisrebas, unda iTqvas, rom sadavo gamonaTqvami (mogeli

tyebuCavas ar hqonda ufleba, sakrebulos saxeliT moewera xeli foTis

Tboeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis xelSekrulebaze) efuZneba kanons,

romliTac gansazRvrulia sakrebulos Tavmjdomaris uflebamosilebis

sakiTxi. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlom arasworad

miuTiTa da ganmarta adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da mmarTvelobis

Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis me-13 muxlis `p~ punqti, romlis

Tanaxmad, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saxeliT dadebuli xelSekru-

lebis damtkiceba qalaqis sakrebulos kompetenciaa. aRniSnuli norma

srulebiTac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom sakrebulos Tanxmobis gareSe sakre-

bulos Tavmjdomares aqvs amgvari xelSekrulebis dadebis ufleba. swo-

red sakrebulos Tavmjdomaris mier kanonis darRvevis Taobaze miuTi-

Tebda Jurnalisti rogorc statiaSi, aseve mis mier sasamarTlo ganxilvi-

sas micemul axsna-ganmartebaSi, rodesac ganacxada, rom mosarCles ar

hqonda ufleba, xeli moewera 1999 wlis 15 ianvarsa da 2000 wlis 5 maiss

dadebul xelSekrulebaze, sakrebulos Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis gareSe

da amave safuZvliT, prezidentisTvis gagzavnil werilze. es faqtobrivi

garemoeba ki sakmarisi iyo JurnalistisaTvis, gaekeTebina is Sefaseba,

romelzec zemoT iyo saubari.

rodesac warmoiSveba konfliqti presis Tavisuflebasa da politikosis

reputaciis dacvas Soris, evrosasamarTlos iurisprudenciis Tanaxmad,

wevri saxelmwifoebis sasamarTloebma unda gamoiyenon proporciulobis

principi da daadginon, aris Tu ara Jurnalistis mimarT gamotanili

ganaCeni aucilebeli demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis. am dros maT unda

gamoiyenon strasburgis sasamarTlos mier SemuSavebuli is ZiriTadi

principebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, politikosebis mimarT dadgenili dasaSvebi

kritikis farglebi gacilebiT farToa, vidre kerZo pirTa mimarT.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi medias gan-

sakuTrebuli statusi akisria da mas ara marto neba, aramed valdebulebac

aqvs, miawodos sazogadoebas informacia misTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebze

da Seasrulos `sazogadoebrivi darajis~ funqcia.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi sajaro piris mier kanonis darRvevaze miTiTebis

gziT Jurnalisti swored am funqcias asrulebda.

115


kaxa TargamaZis, avTandil CxaiZis, vasil daviTaias,

zaqaria varaziSvilis, nikoloz ivaniSvilis, zurab urotaZis,

revaz maWavarianis, gazeT `rezonansisa~ da eliso CafiZis saqme

uzenaesi sasamarTlos es gadawyvetileba radikalurad gansxvavdeba

am periodSi ganxiluli im saqmeebisagan, romlebic sajaro piris pativsa

da Rirsebas ukavSirdeba. TargamaZe _ `rezonansis~ saqme qarTuli sasa-

marTloebis praqtikaSi im erTeul gadawyvetilebaTa Sorisaa, romlebic

samarTlebrivad dasabuTebulia da efuZneba evropis adamianis uflebaTa

sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals.

erTaderTi, rac am gadawyvetilebaSi, SesaZloa, sakamaTo iyos, aris

is, rom sasamarTlos dasaSvebad miaCnia Sefasebisa Tu mosazrebis gamo

piris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis dayeneba. sasamarTlos azriT, Tu mosaz-

reba Seicavs mtkicebas piris mier kanonis an moralis normebis darRvevis,

uRirsi saqcielis Cadenis Sesaxeb, es SeiZleba gaxdes samoqalaqo kodeqsis

me-18 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli urTierTobis sagani. gadawyvetilebas

Semoaqvs axali cneba _ informacia Sefasebis Sesaxeb, romelic, amavdro-

ulad cnobasac warmoadgens. samoqalaqo kodeqsi ki mxolod im cnobaTa

gamo iTvaliswinebda pasuxismgeblobas, romelTa sinamdvilesTan Sesaba-

misoba ver dasturdeba. dauSvebelia piris iZuleba, faqtebiT gaamyaros

mis mier gamoTqmuli Sefasebebi. Tu piri ver SeZlebs saTanado faqtebis

moyvanas imis dasadastureblad, rom, vTqvaT, X-i uzneo prezidentia, ar

SeiZleba dadges misi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. im dros, roca erTsa da

imave gancxadebaSi piri faqtebzec saubrobs da, amave dros, axdens am

faqtebis Sefasebas, pasuxismgebloba mas mxolod araswori faqtebis gavr-

celebisaTvis unda daekisros.

jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mocemul saqmeze sasamarTlos mier miRe-

buli gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom sasamarTlom samoti-

vacio nawilSi xazi gausva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi presis gansakuT-

rebul misias, miawodos sazogadoebas informacia iseT aqtualur sakiT-

xebze, romlebic sayovelTao interesis sagania da rom politikosi, rome-

lic axorcielebs sarisko moqmedebas, Tavad aqcevs Tavs Jurnaliste-

bisa da sazogadoebis mxridan Tavdasxmebis obieqtad.

116


g. WumburiZisa da g. didbariZis saqme

gansaxilvel davaSi113 gamoikveTa mopasuxis mxridan iseTi cnobebis

gavrcelebis faqti, romelic cdeba yovelgvari gonivruli kritikis far-

glebs da igi gadazrdilia pirovnebis aSkara SeuracxyofaSi, rac ar aris

daculi arc saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT da arc evropis adamianis uf-

lebaTa sasamarTlos iurisprudenciiT.

g. didbariZem gazeT `rezonansis~ meSveobiT gaavrcela mosarClis pa-

tivis, Rirsebisa da saqmiani reputaciis Semlaxveli cnobebi, rodesac

brali dasdo am ukanasknels sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis CadenaSi.

mopasuxis mier gavrcelebuli cnobebi ciliswamebisTvis gaTvaliswine-

buli danaSaulis niSnebs Seicavda. Tumca mosarCle sisxlis samarTlis

saqmis aRZvras im ubralo mizezis gamo ver moiTxovda, rom rogorc saq-

mis ganxilvisas gairkva, g. didbariZe ar moqmedebda braliT. kerZod, igi

SecdomaSi Seiyvana saministros iuristma, romelmac arasworad ganumar-

ta mopasuxes sisxlis samarTlis 110-e muxlis me-2 nawili, 84-e muxli da

74-e muxlis me-2 nawili. aRsaniSnavia, rom xsenebuli sakanonmdeblo

normebi sruliad sxva tipis danaSauls Seexeba.

Tumca mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom g. didbariZe ar warmoadgenda

Jurnalists, igi soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis ministris moadgile

iyo da Sesabamisad, masze ar vrceldeba dacvis is zomebi, rasac Jurnalis-

turi sityvis Tavisufleba iTvaliswinebs. cxadia, saxelmwifo moxeles

ufro meti dakvirveba da zusti informaciebis gavrceleba moeTxoveba,

radgan is, rogorc sajaro piri, msgavsi gancxadebebis gakeTebisas saxel-

mwifos saxeliT gamodis.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom mopasuxe mxare ar warmoadgenda sajaro

figuras, igi iyo biznesmeni, erT-erTi Sps-s direqtori. Sesabamisad, mas

gaaCnda saqmiani reputacia, rac aSkarad Seilaxa ministris moadgilis

mier gavrcelebuli arazusti cnobebiT.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mopasuxem ver SeZlo mis mier gavrcelebu-

li aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli faqtebis namdvilobis dadastureba, sasa-

marTlom miiRo marTebuli gadawyvetileba, Tumca sakamaToa gadawyve-

tilebis is nawili, romelic moraluri zianis kompensacias iTvaliswinebs.

saxeldobr:

raionuli sasamarTlos mier mopasuxisaTvis 5000 aTasi laris dakis-

112 ix. g. WumburiZe g. didbariZis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 379.

117


reba warmoadgens aSkarad araproporciul sanqcias, ramac SesaZloa,

`gamyinavi efeqti~ moaxdinos sityvis Tavisuflebaze da momavalSi ara

marto am konkretul mopasuxes, aramed sxva pirebsac gadaafiqrebinos

ama Tu im piris Sesaxeb kritikuli mosazrebis gavrceleba113. sasamarTlos

mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo aseve samoqalaqo kodeqsis 413-e muxli, romlis

mixedviTac, fuladi Tanxis odenobas sasamarTlo gansazRvravs goniv-

ruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis wesiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom uzenaesma sasamarTlom fuladi Tanxis odenoba

2000 laramde Seamcira, aseTi kompensaciis dakisreba mainc ar SeiZleba

CaiTvalos gonivrulad, Tundac imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aRniSnuli

finansuri sanqcia minimum 4-jer aRemateboda ministris moadgilisTvis

im dros gansazRvruli jamagiris odenobas. unda aRiniSnos is winaaR-

mdegobac, rac araerTgvarovani praqtikis Sedegad iCens Tavs. kerZod,

uzenaesi sasamarTlos TiTqmis identurma mosamarTleTa Semadgenlobam

am gadawyvetilebis miRebamde ori dRiT adre ganixila �dilis gazeTsa�

da g. WumburiZes Soris warmoqnili dava114 , sadac sasamarTlom am ukanas-

knelis pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvelad miiCnia gavrcelebuli cnobebi

mosarClis nasamarTlobis Sesaxeb. uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina

is, rom mopasuxisaTvis 3 aTasi laris dakisreba araadekvaturi zoma iqne-

boda da gonivrul sanqciad 100 lari gansazRvra. marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi

saqme media saSualebas exeboda, zemoxsenebulSi ki _ sajaro pirs, magram

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is, rom orTave SemTxvevaSi cnobebis gavrceleba

braleuli moqmedebiT ar yofila gamowveuli.

mamuka nozaZisa da rezo kldiaSvilis saqme

miuxedavad imisa, rom gansaxilvel davaze115 saqmis warmoeba Tavad mo-

sarClis moTxovniT Sewyda, saWiroa, yuradReba gamaxvildes im epizodze,

romelic sasamarTlos mier uprecedento ganCinebis miRebas ukavSirdeba.

kerZod:

113 sanqciis odenobis proporciulobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT

evrosasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. United Kingdom,

13 July, 1995.114 ix. guram WumburiZe `dilis gazeTis~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 376.115 ix. mamuka nozaZe rezo kldiaSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 387.

118


sasamarTlom daakmayofila mopasuxe mxaris, goris policiis sammar-

Tvelos ufrosis moadgilis Suamdgomloba gazeT �axali Taobidan� iseTi

mtkicebulebis gamoTxovnis Sesaxeb, romelTac araviTari kavSiri ar

hqonda ganxilvis saganTan. samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT,

mtkicebulebebis gamoTxovnis Taobaze sasamarTlo akmayofilebs mxo-

lod im Suamdgomlobas, romliTac mxare daadasturebs, rom aRniSnuli

mtkicebuleba arsebiTia misi poziciis dasacavad.

22 punqtiani Suamdgomlobis Sinaarsis gacnobas ara Tu mosamarTle,

saSualo donis moqalaqec ki, romelsac specialuri iuridiuli kvalifi-

kacia ara aqvs, unda gadaerwmunebina aseTi mtkicebulebebis gamoTxovnis

aucileblobaSi. ase magaliTad, Jurnalistis dabadebis TariRs, Tanam-

debobas, staJs da lamis mezoblis daxasiaTebas, araviTari kavSiri ara

aqvs erTi subieqtis mier meoris Sesaxeb gavrcelebul cnobebTan da maTi

utyuarobis mtkicebasTan. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom sxvadasxva saxis

nebarTvebis moTxovna _ gavrcelebaze, mivlinebaze da a.S.; informaciis

mopovebis meTodebis dazusteba, rogorc informatorebisgan, aseve Jur-

nalistebisagan; redaqciis davaldebuleba, warmoadginos gazeTis regis-

tracia da wesdeba _ ar Seesabameba warmodgenebs demokratiul sazoga-

doebaSi mediis regulirebis formebis Sesaxeb. informaciis gavrcele-

bisaTvis raime nebarTvis an registraciis aucilebloba ewinaaRmdegeba

saqarTvelos konstitucias.

SesaZloa iTqvas, rom qarTuli sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi es aris er-

TaderTi SemTxveva, roca sasamarTlo da mopasuxe mxare, romelic amav-

droulad goris policiis sammarTvelos warmoadgenda, Seecadnen aemoq-

medebinaT presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb

kanonSi arsebuli is rudimentuli normebi, rogoricaa beWduri mediis-

Tvis specialuri registraciis arseboba, JurnalistisaTvis specialuri

statusisa da rwmunebis miniWeba.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia, rom evropis adamianis uflebaTa

sasamarTlo calsaxad adgens, rom Jurnalisturi Tavisufleba moicavs

ara mxolod Jurnalistis sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, aramed

saredaqcio damoukideblobasac da redaqciis uflebas, ar gasces mis sa-

TavsoebSi daculi nebismieri informacia.

redaqcias aqvs ufleba, ar gaamJRavnos ara Tu statiis avtoris, aramed im

wyaroebis vinaobac, romelTa informaciebis safuZvelzec momzadda masala.

119


mopasuxis mier wyaros gamJRavnebis moTxovna aris mediis Tavisufle-

baSi uxeSi Careva, radganac konfidencialuri wyaroebi daculi aris

evrokonvenciis mier. magaliTad, evrosasamarTlom gudvinis saqmeSi116

daadgina, rom Jurnalisturi informaciis wyaroebis dacva presis Tavi-

suflebis winapirobaa. JurnalistisTvis wyaroebis gamJRavnebis davalde-

buleba, evrosasamarTlos iurisprudenciis Tanaxmad, mxolod Zlieri so-

cialuri moTxovnilebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSia dasaSvebi. aseTi ki, SesaZ-

loa, iyos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi braldebuli an dazaralebuli mxa-

ris Zlieri socialuri moTxovnileba _ misi gamarTlebisTvis aucilebeli

mtkicebulebebis mopovebis Sesaxeb.

TavisTavad mosamarTle teraSvilis mier dakmayofilebuli ganCineba

imdenad absurdul xasiaTs atarebs, rom SeuZlebelia, misi gamarTleba

goris policiis sammarTvelos ufrosis moadgilis Zlieri socialuri

moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare.


jemal enjibaZis, gazeT `kriminalisa~ da eka Cadunelis saqme

am saqmeSi sasamarTlos mouwia pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze, Tu sad gadis

zRvari pirad da sajaro informacias Soris da saerTod, ramdenad arian

daculi sajaro pirebi piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis xelyofisagan.

niSandoblivia is, rom gansaxilveli periodis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi,

im iSviaT SemTxvevebSic ki, roca saqme piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobas

exeboda, rogorc wesi, mosarCleebi pretenzias acxadebdnen pativisa da

Rirsebis Selaxvis gamo. es bunebriviciaa, radgan Tavad piradi cxovrebis

xelSeuxeblobis cneba siaxles warmoadgenda Cveni samarTlebrivi sivr-

cisTvis. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi ki mosarClem swored am uflebis xelyofa

gaxada sadaod.

TavisTavad is garemoeba, rom jemal enjibaZe im droisaTvis warmoad-

genda sajaro figuras _ iyo xaSuris raionis sakrebulos Tavmjdomare

da amavdroulad sazogadoeba `xaSurelis~ Tavmjdomarec, afarToebda

mis mimarT dasaSvebi kritikis farglebs. es ufleba gulisxmobs rogorc

sajaro piris Sesaxeb kritikuli informaciis gavrcelebas, aseve misi

116 ix. tomi I, gv. 308.

120


piradi cxovrebis garkveulwilad sazogadoebis samsjavroze gamotanas,

Tumca im doziT, ra doziTac es saWiroa imisaTvis, raTa sazogadoebas

naTeli warmodgena Seeqmnas mis mier arCeuli sakrebulos Tavmjdomaris

saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

im dros moqmedi presisa da masobrivi informaciis Sesaxeb kanonis 21-e

muxlis mixedviT, Jurnalists hqonda ufleba, esargebla nebismieri sa-

arqivo masaliT, saidumlo da specfondiT garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca

saqme exeboda saxelmwifo saidumloebas an pirovnebis pirad cxovrebas.

Tumca am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom marTebulad gaxada sakamaTod sakiTxi

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba CaTvliliyo pirad cxovrebaSi Carevad

Ria sasamarTlo sxdomaze sajarod gacxadebuli sasamarTlos gadawyve-

tileba, romlis mopovebac SeuZlia nebismier pirovnebas. Sesabamisad, am

dros moqmedebs principi, ar SeiZleba presas aukrZalo im masalis gamoq-

veyneba, romelic ukve sajaro aris da cnobilia sazogadoebisaTvis. gan-

sxvavebuli standarti moqmedebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo procesi

mosarClis Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze daxurulia da adamians aqvs goniv-

ruli molodini, rom misi piradi saidumlo daculi iqneba.117 Tumca

mocemul SemTxvevaSi Cven gansxvavebul garemoebebTan gvaqvs saqme.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, sa-

samarTlos nebismieri gadawyvetileba qveyndeba sajarod, imisda miuxe-

davad, daxurulad mimdinareobda procesi Tu ara. presas da nebismier

moqalaqes rom ar hqondes ufleba, gaecnos da gamoaqveynos sxvadasxva

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi, maT Soris sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebebi, bunebrivia, am saxelmZRva-

nelos momzadebac gaWirdeboda. cxadia, calke sakiTxia, Tu ramdenad eTi-

kuria calkeul SemTxvevebSi gadawyvetilebebSi identificirebul bral-

debulTa saxelisa da gvaris miTiTeba, vidre ar arsebobs kanonier ZalaSi

Sesuli gadawyvetileba piris damnaSaved cnobis an arcnobis Sesaxeb, mag-

ram aseTi sakiTxebi ar ganekuTvneba sakanonmdeblo regulirebis sferos.

Tanac mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi Jurnalis-

tma gamoaqveyna kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba da

gavrcelebuli cnobebis namdviloba arc Tavad mosarCles gauxdia saka-

maTod. mosarClis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazo-

117 dawvrilebiT ix. S. S.-is, gazeT `kviris palitrisa~ da Jurnalist megi canavas

saqme, gv. 179.

121


gadoebas gaaCnda legitimuri interesi, scodnoda mis mier arCeuli war-

momadgenlis warsuli cxovrebis detalebi, miT umetes, Tuki igi dakav-

Sirebuli iyo kriminalTan.

sasamarTlom marTebulad miuTiTa, rom mosarClem arasworad gaigo

piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis cneba da rom sasamarTlo ganaCenze day-

rdnobiT gamoqveynebuli publikacia asaxavda mosarClis ara pirad, ara-

med sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. sasamarTlos azriT, dauSvebelia, aseTi

informacia CaiTvalos gamiznulad pirTa gansazRvruli wrisaTvis. ka-

nonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, pirad cxovrebaSi moiazreba piris piradi mimo-

wera, satelefono saubari, piris piradi ojaxuri intimuri sakiTxebi, rac

ar yofila mopasuxis mier xelyofili.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom gavrcelebuli cnobebis namdviloba arc

mosarCles gauxdia sadavod, Sesabamisad, verc moraluri zianis kompen-

sirebis sakiTxi daismeboda.

am saqmis komentirebisas mizanSewonilia gavixsenoT amerikis SeerTe-

buli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier Camoyalibebuli midgoma,

presis mier sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamoqveynebasTan dakavSire-

biT. uzenaesma sasamarTlom Camoayaliba e.w. `deili meilis~ principi,

romlis Tanaxmad, presis pasuxismgeblobaSi micema im informaciis gavr-

celebisaTvis, romelic ukve cnobilia sazogadoebisTvis, naklebad exma-

ureba im interesebs, romelTa dasacavadac Stati moqmedebs. oklahiomis

gamomcemlobis saqmeze dadginda, rom rodesac xdeba utyuari infor-

maciis sajarod gamomziureba da igi xelmisawvdomia sazogadoebisaTvis,

sasamarTlos aRar SeuZlia, konstituciurad SezRudos misi gavrceleba.

rac Seexeba SekiTxvas, ramdenad SesaZlebelia sajaro pirTa pirad

cxovrebaSi Careva, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi am uf-

lebis xelyofasTan saqme ar gvqonia, sasamarTlo verc am sakiTxze imsje-

lebda. saboloo jamSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SeiZleba Sefasdes

pozitiurad.

122



`barakonis~ direqtoris iuri boWoriSvilis,

gazeT `saqarTvelos respublikisa~ da àxali Taobis~ saqme

vin unda agos pasuxi iseTi informaciis gavrcelebisaTvis, romelic

oficialuri wyarodan aris miRebuli da laxavs piris pativsa da Rirsebas

_ informaciis gamtarma sainformacio saSualebam Tu Tavad informaciis

oficialurma wyarom?

pirvel SemTxvevaSi118 sasamarTlos am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema arc

ucdia, radgan dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebiT damtkicebulad CaTvala

sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi, xolo meore SemTxveva-

Si119 , mosarClem Tavad ganacxada uari sarCelze, roca saqmeSi saTanado

mopasuxis CarTvis aucilebloba dadga.

orTave dava exeboda sxvadasxva gazeTebSi gamoqveynebul erTsa da ima-

ve Sinaarsis informacias, romelic, mopasuxe sainformacio saSualebebis

cnobiT, maT Sinagan saqmeTa saministrodan hqondaT miRebuli.

im droisaTvis moqmedi presa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSuale-

bebis Sesaxeb kanonis 28-e muxli pasuxismgeblobisagan aTavisuflebda

redaqtorsa da Jurnalists, Tuki araswor cnobebs Seicavda oficialuri

informacia.

marTalia, Tavad gavrcelebuli cnobis Sinaarsi _ magaliTad, `boWo-

riSvilma yalbi dokumentebis wardgeniT Seacdina saqarTvelos nota-

riusTa palatis àfxazeTis~ notariusi warbia, romelmac daumowma war-

modgenili dokumentebi�, _ badebs bevr kiTxvis niSans, ramdenad samar-

Tlebrivad argumentirebulia samarTaldamcavi uwyebis mier gavrcele-

buli es oficialuri informacia, magram sasamarTlos gansjis sagani es

sakiTxi ar yofila.

`saqarTvelos respublikis~ warmomadgenlis procesze gamoucxadeb-

lobis gamo, ver moxerxda imis garkveva, ramdenad warmoadgenda xsenebuli

sainformacio saSualeba saTanado mopasuxes. Tumca es safuZvels ar aZ-

levda sasamarTlos, mieRo imgvari dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, ro-

118 ix. `barakonis~ direqtori iuri boWoriSvili `saqarTvelos respublikis~

winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 329.119 ix. `barakonis~ direqtori iuri boWoriSvili àxali Taobis~ winaaRmdeg, kari II,

gv. 339.

123


goric man miiRo. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad,

Tu sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi damtkicebulia da

iuridiulad amarTlebs sasarCelo moTxovnas, maSin sasamarTlo gamo-

itans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas sarCelis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb.

Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemo-

ebebi calsaxad ar amarTlebda sasarCelo moTxovnas. miT ufro, rom mo-

sarClis erT-erTi moTxovna, romelic sasamarTlom daakmayofila, iyo

bodiSis moxda, romelsac, rogorc ukve araerTi saqmis ganxilvisas aR-

vniSneT, ar iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba. Sesabamisad,

gadawyvetilebis es nawili arakanonieria. iseve rogorc `saqarTvelos

respublikisaTvis~ im cnobebis uaryofis dakisreba, romelic oficialu-

ri wyarodan iyo miRebuli.

Sss-s mier miwodebuli informaciis mcdaroba kidevac rom damtkice-

buliyo, kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sainformacio saSualebas ver daekis-

reboda pasuxismgebloba, radganac gazeTi am SemTxvevaSi arasaTanado

mopasuxes warmoadgenda.

swored saTanado mopasuxis sakiTxi wamoWra meore sarCelis ganxil-

visas `axali Taobis~ warmomadgenelma, ris Semdegac mosarClem saqmis

samarTlebrivi ganxilvis interesi dakarga da saqmis warmoebac Sewyda.

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas sasamarTlom maSinac uxeSad

daarRvia kanoni, rodesac pasuxismgebloba daakisra gazeTis redaqcias,

rogorc es mosarClem moiTxova. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, sasamarTloSi

mxareebad gamodian fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, xolo gazeTis re-

daqcia ar warmoadgens arc fizikur, arc iuridiul pirs. Sesabamisad, es

kidev erTi argumentia imis dasturad, rom mocemul davaSi `saqarTvelos

respublika~ arasaTanado mopasuxes warmoadgenda.

gogi TofaZisa da `bi-ji-ai~-s saqme

marTalia, gansaxilveli saqme120 arsobrivad komerciul gamoxatvas ga-

nekuTvneba, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom modave mxare erTdroulad

biznesmenic iyo da politikosic, sasamarTlos erTmaneTisagan unda ga-

emijna biznesmenisa da saqarTvelos parlametis wevris reputacia.

120 ix. gogi TofaZe `bi-ji-ais~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 331.

124


Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos arc is miuRia mxedvelobaSi, rom saja-

ro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb kanoni

calsaxad ukrZalavs parlamentars samewarmeo saqmianobas. ufro metic,

parlamentis wevrs qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni _ konstituciac ukrZalavs

`biznesmenobas~. amdenad, sasamarTlos mier apelireba imaze, rom gavrce-

lebuli cnobebi warmoaCens gogi TofaZes, rogorc arasaimedo part-

niors, axdens misi, rogorc mewarmis diskreditacias da laxavs mis saqmian

reputacias, aris mcdari. gogi TofaZis saqmiani reputacia unda gani-

sazRvros ara ludis, aramed kanonebis `warmoebiTa~ da zogadad, rogorc

politikuri figuris moRvaweobiT. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos unda gaeT-

valiswinebina is garemoeba, rom sajaro figuras Tmenis meti valdebuleba

moeTxoveba, vidre kerZo pirs. aRniSnuli norma evrosasamarTlom araerT

saqmeze daadgina da ganacxada, rom politikosi gardauvlad da gacnobi-

erebulad debs Tavis yovel sityvas sazogadoebriv samsjavroze, da Sesa-

bamisad, mas moeTxoveba Semwynareblobis maRali xarisxi.

garda imisa, rom mosarCle mxares warmoadgenda sajaro figura, ga-

saTvaliswinebelia isic, rom diskusia mxareebs Soris sadavo cnobebis

gavrcelebamdec mimdinareobda, rac imas niSnavs, rom am dros moqmedebs

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dacvis gacilebiT maRali standarti. Sesaba-

misad, sasamarTlos unda ganexila dava swored sajaro polemikis kon-

teqstSi.

rac Seexeba uSualod gavrcelebul cnobebs, maTgan mxolod nawili

warmoadgens dadasturebad faqts, xolo nawili _ SefasebiT msjelobas.

Sesabamisad, saolqo sasamarTlos erTmaneTisgan unda gaemijna faqtob-

rivi monacemebis Semcveli cnobebi da SefasebiTi msjeloba. magaliTad,

gamonaTqvamebi `saimedo partniori~, `sabWoTa saqmosani~ da a.S. aSkarad

warmoadgens SefasebiT mosazrebas, romlis uaryofis dakisreba elemen-

tarulad aragonivruli sanqciaa.

metad primitiulad Seafasa sasamarTlom samotivacio nawilSi laf-

rankis gamonaTqvami _ `...es aris samefo da masSi mefobs gogi TofaZe,

sadac aris erTaderTi kari~. saolqo sasamarTlos azriT, xsenebuli cno-

ba laxavs mosarClis saqmian reputacias, radganac mas (g. T.) sxvisi sa-

kuTrebis xelyofaSi edeba brali. cxadia, saSualo donis moqalaqe am ale-

goriul gamonaTqvams pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar aRiqvamda, radganac

amisTvis mas, sul mcire, imis dajereba mouwevda, rom saqarTveloSi

125


monarqia aRsdga, xolo monarqi bagrationTa romelime STamomavali ki

ara, saqarTvelos parlamentis wevri gogi TofaZe iyo.

amasTan, sagulisxmoa isic, rom sasamarTlom uari Tqva `bi-ji-ais~ Se-

gebebuli sarCelis dakmayofilebaze im motiviT, rom gogi TofaZis gamo-

naTqvamebSi naxsenebi iyo ara `bi-ji-ai~, aramed pier kasteli, romelic

damoukidebeli fizikuri piria da SeeZlo, damoukideblad gamosuliyo

mxared samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi. am logikiT, sasamarTlos gogi To-

faZis sasarCelo gancxadeba ara Tu ar unda ganexila, ufro metic, ara-

saTanado mopasuxis sababiT, is arc ki unda daekmayofilebina, radganac

TofaZem swored lafrankis gamonaTqvamebi gaxada sadavo sasamarTloSi.

ganxilul saqmeze Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba aS-

karad kanonSeusabamo xasiaTs atarebs.

126


politikuri xelisuflebis survili, sasamarTlos meSveobiT gaekon-

trolebina sityvis Tavisufleba, CxartiSvili-berZeniSvilis saqmis Sem-

deg, yvelaze TvalnaTliv mocemul periodSi gamovlinda. swored drois

am monakveTs, anu wina xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis krizisis periods

ukavSirdeba yvelaze maRali da aragonivruli finansuri sanqciebis da-

kisrebis sami SemTxveva123 : Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom saqmeSi akaki

CxaiZe `rusTavi 2~-is, akaki gogiCaiSvilisa da aleqsandre maRlaferiZis

winaaRmdeg mopasuxeebs daakisra 1 000 000 laris gadaxda; quTaisis sa-

olqo sasamarTlom saqmeSi Temur SaSiaSvili daviT kupreiSvilisa da

`axali versiis~ winaaRmdeg daviT kupreiSvils _ 1 338 000 aSS dolaris

Sesabamisi Tanxis gadaxda larebSi; vake-saburTalos raionulma sasamar-

Tlom ki saqmeSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo antimonopoliuri samsaxuri

`rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg daavaldebula telekompania, gadaexada 127

716, 96 aSS dolaris Sesabamisi Tanxa larebSi.

am SemTxvevaSi Tavad dakisrebuli finansuri sanqciebis moculoba gan-

sazRvravs pasuxismgeblobis amgvari formis gonivrulobasac da daniSnu-

lebasac. gamoikveTa saSiSi tendencia im mxriv, rom imJamindelma poli-

tikurma xelisuflebam gansxvavebul azrTan angariSsworebis procesi

sasamarTlo sistemis xeliT daiwyo. politikuri gamoxatvis SezRudva,

rac moZraoba �kmaras� klipebis akrZalvaSi gamoixata122 , am tendenciis

yvelaze TvalsaCino gamovlineba iyo.

2003w e l i

121 ix. 2004 weli, gv. 159.122 ix. saqarTvelos antimonopoliuri samsaxuri `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg.

2004 weli, kari II, gv. 507.

127


maRali finansuri sanqciebis garda, sainformacio saSualebebis fi-

zikur arsebobas am periodSi sxva meTodebiTac Seeqmna safrTxe. am mxriv

gansakuTrebiT sagangaSo mdgomareoba Seiqmna aWaraSi, sadac Tavisuf-

lebis xarisxis problema tradiciulad arsebobda. gazeT �baTumelebis�

winaaRmdeg warmarTulma orma sasamarTlo procesma saerTod kiTxvis

niSnis qveS daayena gazeTis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi. erT davaze, romelic

gazeTis saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiT mimdinareobda, baTumis saqalaqo

sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebiT, �baTumelebs� aekrZala

ara marto saqmianoba, aramed saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis zem-

dgom instanciaSi gasaCivreba, riTac mas SeezRuda samarTliani sasamarT-

los ufleba. gazeTi iZulebuli gaxda, TbilisSi daregistrirebuliyo

da saxelwodeba �gazeT baTumelebad� Seecvala. aRniSnul saqmeze gamota-

nil gadawyvetilebas (25 ivlisi) axali sasamarTlo dava mohyva,123 romelic

arsobriv ganxilvaSic ki ar iyo Sesuli, rodesac baTumis saqalaqo sasa-

marTlom gamoitana kanonSeusabamo ganCineba (1 seqtemberi) redaqciis

sargeblobaSi arsebuli qonebis dayadaRebis Sesaxeb. kanonis uxeSi dar-

RvevebiT gamotanili es ori gadawyvetileba naTlad metyvelebs imaze,

Tu ra meTodebiT cdilobda sasamarTlo xelisufleba damoukidebeli

sainformacio saSualebis saqmianobis SeCerebas.

amave periodSi baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlom gamoitana sami kanon-

Seusabamo gadawyvetileba, riTac mopasuxeebs bodiSis moxda daakisra;

xolo gurjaanis raionulma sasamarTlom kidev ufro gaamdidra kanonSi

ararsebuli pasuxismgeblobis formebis praqtikaSi danergvis gamocdi-

leba, rodesac Jurnalists `obieqturi statiis~ gamoqveyneba daakisra,124

riTac uxeSad xelyo ara marto kanoni, aramed sainformacio saSualebis

saredaqcio damoukidebloba.

aWarisa da gurjaanisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos zogierTi regioni

pozitiur tendenciebze saubris safuZvels iZleva: quTaisis saolqo sa-

samarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetileba saqmeze judi uCiZe da cezar

bubulaSvili daviT saxvaZis winaaRmdeg125 sitvis Tavisuflebis konsti-

tuciuri uflebisaTvis farTo garantiebs qmnis; foTis saqalaqo sasa-

123 ix. aWaris a/r janmrTelobis dacvis saministro da veterinariis departamenti

`baTumelebisa~ da emzar diasamiZis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 469.124 ix. giorgi geTiaSvili eTer kvezerelis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 417.125 ix. kari II, gv. 397.

128


marTlos gadawyvetileba ki sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 148-e muxlis

borotad gamoyenebis saSualebas ar aZlevs sajaro politikuri Tanam-

debobis pirs, rac Jurnalistis winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqmis

araRZvraSi gamoixata.

zogadad am periodSi imata politikuri gamoxatvis saqmeebma, romle-

bic ara marto samoqalaqo, aramed sisxlis samarTlis wesiT warimarTa.

im saqmeebze, romlebic politikuri debatebisa da zogadad sajaro in-

teresis sakiTxebs exeboda, saerTo sasamarTloebma ara marto leiborist

jondi baRaTurias, aramed mweral grigol robaqiZis gamonaTqvamebic ki

miiCnies xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa pativisa da Rirsebis xelmyofad.

rac Seexeba piradi cxovrebis uflebasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs, mo-

cemuli periodis sasamarTlos praqtikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia am uflebis

araerTgvarovani gageba. magaliTad, deputat givi lominaZisa da gazeT �meri-

dianis� saqmeSi126 Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom arasworad ganmarta am

uflebis arsi, rodesac sajaro informacia pirad saidumlosTan gaaigiva;

xolo im davaSi127, romelic gamosaxulebaze mosarClis uflebas Seexeboda,

saolqo da uzenaesma instanciebma marTebulad Seafases sainformacio saSu-

alebis brali, rac nebarTvis gareSe kerZo piris gamosaxulebis gamoqveyne-

baSi gamoixata.

2003 wels sasamarTloSi warmarTuli 27 saqmidan 12 SemTxvevaSi sasa-

marTlom miiRo kanonSeusabamo gadawyvetileba, 9 SemTxvevaSi _ kanonieri,

2 saqmeze _ nawilobriv kanonieri, xolo 4 SemTxvevaSi saqmeebi morigebiT,

sarCelze uaris TqmiTa da procesze mxareTa gamoucxadeblobiT dasrulda.



guram SaraZisa da levan ramiSvilis saqme

gansaxilveli dava128 mniSvnelovania im mxriv, rom wamoWris sazoga-

126 ix. givi lominaZe `meridianisa~ da i. goreliSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 459.127 ix. s. w. `alias~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 403.128 ix. guram SaraZe levan ramiSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 420.

129


doebrivi interesis metad aqtualur sakiTxs _ lustraciis kanonis arar-

sebobis problemas da amdenad, mas ufro politikuri Rirebuleba aqvs.

amasTanave aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba

icavs sazogadoebis warmomadgenlis uflebas, Seafasos politikosis saq-

mianoba TviT `imitirebuli lustraciis~ provocirebis formiT.

saqarTveloSi lustraciis aucileblobaze sajaro diskusia karga xans

mimdinareobda, Tumca sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebis arsebobis miuxe-

davad, Sesabamisi kanonis miReba ver moxerxda. aseT viTarebaSi, bunebri-

via, sazogadoebas gacilebiT meti safuZveli hqonda, gamoeTqva eWvebi im

pirTa mimarT, vinc sabWoTa periodSic axerxebda aqtiur sazogadoebriv

Tu politikur saqmianobas. saolqo sasamarTlom samarTlianad miuTiTa

samotivacio nawilSi, rom lustraciis kanonis ararsebobis gamo, pirTa

uflebebis dacvis mxriv qveyanaSi sruli garantia ar arsebobda. mocemul

SemTxvevaSi mopasuxem gamoTqva mxolod eWvebi da erTgvari `imitirebuli

lustraciis~ provocirebac ki moaxdina, roca sicruis deteqtori SesTa-

vaza guram SaraZes da moiTxova misgan pasuxi SekiTxvaze _ Tu rogor

axerxebda es ukanaskneli sabWoTa periodSi sazRvargareT gasvlas da sab-

WoTa xelisuflebis dauZinebel mtrebTan Sexvedras, rodesac �kagebes�

nebarTvis gareSe sabWoTa sazRvrebis gadakveTa praqtikulad gamoric-

xuli iyo.

mopasuxis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebi, pirvel rigSi, unda ganxi-

luliyo politikuri debatebis konteqstSi. politikuri debatebis dros

gakeTebuli gancxadebebi ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gansakuTrebuli

dacviT sargeblobs. amasTanave unda gaimijnos ori tipis gancxadebebi:

pirveli, eWvebi da varaudebi, rasac sabWoTa periodSi mosarClis saqmi-

anoba badebda da isini SekiTxvis saxiT iyo formulirebuli da ara mtki-

cebiTi formiT; da meore, levan ramiSvilis mier mosarClis politikuri

mxileba eTnikuri SuRlis gaRvivebaSi da mimarTva generaluri proku-

rorisadmi, SeeswavlaT ganmcxadeblis saqmianoba am mimarTulebiT. cxa-

dia, nebismier moqalaqes, da miT ufro, arasamTavrobo organizaciis war-

momadgenels, romelic amavdroulad warmoadgens sajaro figuras, aqvs

ufleba, eWvqveS daayenos politikosis saqmianoba da Sefaseba misces mas.

parlamentis deputati ki valdebulia, pasuxi gasces im pretenziebs, ro-

melic eleqtorats mis mimarT uCndeba.

130


guram SaraZis pasuxi am SekiTxvebze ki levan ramiSvilis mimarT sisxlis

samarTlis sarCelis aRZvris moTxovniT sasamarTlosTvis mimarTva iyo.

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis aw ukve gauqmebuli 148-e

muxli dasjad qmedebad acxadebda ciliswamebas danaSaulis dabralebiT.

imisaTvis, rom gavrcelebuli cnoba ciliswamebad CaTvliliyo, saxeze

unda yofiliyo Semdegi oTxi elementi: 1. gavrcelebuli cnoba unda yo-

filiyo mcdari; 2. ziani unda mieyenebina piris anu momCivanis pativisa da

RirsebisaTvis; 3. informaciis gamavrcelebels winaswar unda scodnoda

gavrcelebuli informaciis simcdare da Segnebulad gaevrcelebina es

informacia, rac imas niSnavs, rom mas pirdapiri ganzraxviT unda emoqmeda.

aRniSnuli norma gamoricxavda pasuxismgeblobas ciliswamebisaTvis, Tu-

ki piri ganzrax ar avrcelebda mcdar informacias; 4. gavrcelebul in-

formaciaSi unda yofiliyo iseTi cnoba, romelic pirs danaSaulis Cade-

naSi amxelda. da Tuki saqme danaSaulis Cadenas ar exeboda, mcdari in-

formaciis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSic ki, cnobebis gamavrceleblis sisx-

lis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeboda.

pasuxi SekiTxvaze, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebda mopasuxis mier gake-

Tebuli gancxadebebi zemoT moyvanil tests, uaryofiTia. pirvel rigSi,

imitom, rom apriori SeuZlebeli iyo sadavo cnobebis utyuarobis mtki-

ceba, radganac isini varaudebisa da eWvebis saxiT iyo formulirebuli

da warmoadgenda Sefasebas, romelic absoluturi privilegiiTa daculi.

erTaderTi, visac SeeZlo daemtkicebina an uareyo levan ramiSvilis mier

gamoTqmuli eWvebi, es Tavad guram SaraZe iyo, romelsac procesualu-

radac ekisreboda mtkicebis tvirTi.

meorec, mopasuxe ver imoqmedebda ganzrax, anu Segnebulad ver gaav-

rcelebda mcdar informacias im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom man danamd-

vilebiT TviTonac ki ar icoda, iyo Tu ara guram SaraZe sabWoTa uSiS-

roebis agenti, amitomac igi mosarClis saqmianobis Sefasebis safuZvelze,

svamda SekiTxvebs da maTze pasuxsac moiTxovda.

sadavo gancxadebebi imitomac ar unda miCneuliyo ciliswamebad, rom

isini ar Seicavdnen mtkicebas piris mier danaSaulis Cadenis Sesaxeb. anu

arc sabWoTa periodis uSiSroebis sukis agentoba, arc guram SaraZis

warsuli da misi samecniero da sazogadoebriv-politikuri saqmianoba

im konteqstSi, ra konteqstSic moixsenia igi levan ramiSvilma, ar warmo-

adgens sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli romelime

131


danaSaulis Semadgenlobas. imisaTvis, raTa pirs daekisros pasuxismgeb-

loba, aucilebelia, rom arsebobdes cilismwamebluri miTiTeba piris mi-

er saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli konkre-

tuli danaSaulis Cadenis Sesaxeb.

rac Seexeba eTnikuri SuRlis gaRvivebasTan dakavSirebul braldebebs,

mopasuxem Seafasa, rogorc sakuTriv guram SaraZis, aseve imJamindeli xe-

lisuflebis �wvlilic~ eTnikur-religiuri diskriminaciis mxriv da amdenad,

am gancxadebasac ufro politikuri datvirTva aqvs, vidre samarTlebrivi.

gazeT �rezonansSi� levan ramiSvilis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba, rom-

liTac igi prokuraturisgan SaraZis gamosvlebis samarTlebriv Sefasebas

moiTxovda, ar aris arc dasmena, arc ciliswameba. am SemTxvevaSi saxezea

sajaro piris sajaro mimarTva samarTaldamcavi organosadmi da mosar-

Clis politikuri mxileba.

vake-saburTalos raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis komen-

tari: sasamarTlom absoluturad sworad miuTiTa saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciis me-19 muxliT miniWebul uflebaze, romelic icavs azrisa da sit-

yvis Tavisuflebas; aseve marTebuli iyo imis gacxadeba, rom Tu guram

SaraZe pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvelad miiCnevda gavrcelebul cnobebs,

mas SeeZlo, dava waremarTa samoqalaqo wesiT da ar miemarTa sasamarT-

losTvis sisxlis samarTlis aRsaZravad.

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis komentari: miuxe-

davad imisa, rom sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila guram SaraZis saapelacio

saCivari, unda aRiniSnos, rom palatam arasworad ganmarta ciliswamebis

arsi, rodesac ganacxada, rom ciliswamebas mxolod maSin aqvs adgili,

Tu piri amiT amcirebs adamianis pativs, cdilobs Seqmnas sazogadoebis

sxva wevrebis TvalSi araswori warmodgena aRniSnuli piris moraluri

Tu zneobrivi Tvisebebis an misi cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb, yalbi cnobebis

gavrcelebis gziT. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis

148-e muxlis mixedviT, ciliswamebas mxolod maSin aqvs adgili, Tu gan-

cxadeba Seicavs miTiTebas piris mier danaSaulis Cadenis Sesaxeb. kanonis

es norma calsaxad gamoricxavs qmedebis ciliswamebad miCnevas sasamar-

Tlos mier miTiTebul SemTxvevebSi.

amave dros, sasamarTlom sworad aRniSna, rom dasaSvebi kritikis far-

glebi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis _ deputatis mimarT gacilebiT

farTo unda iyos, vidre rigiTi adamianis mimarT.

132


sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo aseve evropis adamianis ufle-

baTa sasamarTlos praqtika, romelic Camoyalibda difamaciasTan dakav-

Sirebul saqmeebze: Tuki mopasuxis gancxadeba garkveulwilad warmoad-

gens pasuxs mosarClis mier uwin gakeTebul gancxadebebze, anu Tuki mo-

sarCle da mopasuxe gancxadebis gakeTebamde imyofebodnen diskusiaSi,

maT Soris garkveuli dapirispireba arsebobda, maSin mopasuxem unda gamo-

iCinos gacilebiT ufro didi Tmenis valdebuleba, vidre im SemTxvevaSi,

Tuki mopasuxe mis mimarT `pirvel dartymas~ ganaxorcilebda.

evrosasamarTlo gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mxareTa sta-

tuss da miiCnevs, rom sazogadoebriv-politikurma moRvaweebma Tmenis

maRali xarisxi unda gamoavlinon, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca sajaro fi-

gura Tavad akeTebs sajaro gancxadebebs, romelTac SeuZliaT kritikis

gamowveva.



judi uCiZis, cezar bubulaSvilisa da daviT saxvaZis saqme

aRniSnul saqmeze quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadaw-

yvetileba mniSvnelovania im mxriv, rom afarToebs saqarTveloSi evropis

adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis moqmedebis

areals. qveynis uzenaesi da Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTloebis msgavsad,

quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlom Seqmna precedenti, romliTac evropul

standartebs saqarTveloSi pirdapiri moqmedebis Zala aqvT.

quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlom samarTlianad gaauqma xaragaulis rai-

onuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba:

raionul sasamarTlos ar gauTvaliswinebia is garemoeba, rom sadavo

gancxadebaSi mosarCle erTpirovnulad ar yofila identificirebuli

da saubari iyo mxolod mis momxreTa ukanono qmedebebze. kanonSeusabamo

iyo raionuli instanciis gadawyvetilebis is nawilic, romelic mopasu-

xeebs kanonSi ararsebul pasuxismgeblobis formas _ bodiSis moxdas akis-

rebda, iseve rogorc moraluri zianis saxiT 600 laris gadaxdas.

133


Tumca yvelaze mTavari is aris, rom raionul sasamarTlos warmoqm-

nili konfliqti winasaarCevno periodSi sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis fonze ar ganuxilavs. arCevnebis spe-

cifikidan gamomdinare ki, am periodSi politikuri daZabuloba yovelT-

vis piks aRwevs da Sesabamisad, kandidatebis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli gan-

cxadebebis simwvavis xarisxic imatebs. zogadad politikuri diskusiisa

da konkretulad winasaarCevno periodis dros gakeTebuli gancxadebebi

ki gansakuTrebuli dacviT sargeblobs. evrosasamarTlo yovelTvis ani-

Webda gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas winasaarCevno periodSi dasaSvebi kri-

tikis farglebis gafarToebas, iqidan gamomdinare, rom Tavad winasaar-

Cevno periods aqvs gansakuTrebuli datvirTva nebismieri qveynis demok-

ratiuli ganviTarebisaTvis.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi, unda iTqvas, rom saolqo sasamarTlom samarT-

lianad gamijna erTmaneTisagan, erTis mxriv, gancxadeba, romelic #48

saolqo saarCevno ubanSi arCevnebis dros gamovlenil darRvevebs asaxav-

da da SemdegSi safuZvlad daedo am ubanSi arCevnebis Sedegebis gauqmebas;

da meores mxriv, gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic mosarClis, rogorc sakrebu-

los Tavmjdomaris politikur saqmianobas ukavSirdeboda.

mTlianobaSi quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SesaZloa,

Sefasdes erT-erT sanimuSod, Semdeg faqtorTa gamo:

gadawyvetileba erTmaneTisgan mijnavs faqtebsa da Sefasebebs;

adgens sajaro piris pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis gacilebiT dabal

standarts;

icavs sazogadoebis legitimur interess _ miiRos informacia qveynis

politikur, ekonomikur da socialur sakiTxebze;

dabolos, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas asabuTebs evrosasamarTlos

precedentul samarTalze dayrdnobiT (kastelsi espaneTis winaaRmdeg).

givi jiqias, nana devdarianis, Tamaz nadareiSvilisa

da jondi baRaTurias saqmeebi

qvemoT ganxiluli orTave saqme129 politikur gamoxatvas ganekuTvneba.

maTi ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi mopasuxeebis statusi: davis

129 ix. Tamaz nadareiSvili jondi baRaTurias winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 445; givi jiqia

nana devdarianis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 450.

134


momentisaTvis nana devdariani saxalxo damcvels warmoadgenda da mis

SemTxvevaSi saolqo sasamarTlom marTebulad gaauqma raionuli sasamar-

Tlos kanonSeusabamo gadawyvetileba, rasac ver vityviT jondi baRaTu-

rias saqmeze, romelic im momentisaTvis erT-erTi opoziciuri partiis

lideri iyo da sajaro diskusiaSi imyofeboda mosarClesTan.

Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos is gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, romelic po-

litikuri Tanamdebobis pirebisa da politikosebisaTvis sityvis Tavisuf-

lebas aqvs. sityvis Tavisufleba aris umTavresi iaraRi politikuri

figurebisTvis da warmoudgenelia maTi funqciebis efeqturad ganxorci-

eleba, Tuki politikuri gamoxatva gansakuTrebuli dacviT ar isargeblebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom givi jiqiasa da nana devdarianis saqmeSi, romelic

aseve diskusiis nawils warmoadgenda, raionulma sasamarTlom gamoitana

araswori gadawyvetileba. pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda

mieRo mxareTa sajaro statusi _ is, rom mosarCle warmoadgenda sajaro

figuras, romelsac gacilebiT meti Tmenis valdebuleba akisria, vidre

rigiT moqalaqes; xolo nana devdariani ki saxalxo damcvels, romelsac

kanoniT evaleba ukanonobis winaaRmdeg brZola, gansakuTrebiT ki Tu es

samarTaldamcav struqturebs exeba.

ombudsmenis Tanamdebobis politikuri datvirTvis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rbilad rom vTqvaT, sakmaod ararelevanturad gamoiyureba raionuli

sasamarTlos mier samotivacio nawilSi imis miTiTeba, rom nana devda-

rians ar warmoudgenia gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni da amdenad, mosarCles

ar evaleboda mis mimarT gakeTebuli gancxadebebis Tmena. bunebrivia, om-

budsmeni saerTod ver SeZlebs sakuTari funqciis efeqturad ganxorci-

elebas, Tu mas sazogadoebrivad aqtualuri nebismieri sakiTxis gamosa-

aSkaraveblad an ama Tu im Tanamdebobis piris samxileblad yovel jerze

procesualurad damagrebuli mtkicebulebebis wardgena mouxdeba. sa-

xalxo damcvelis Tanamdeboba politikuri postia da Sesabamisad, misi

iaraRi danaSaulis politikuri mxilebaa.

yovelgvar saR azrs aris moklebuli raionuli sasamarTlos mier sa-

motivacio nawilSi imis mtkiceba, rom devdarianis mier gavrcelebuli

mosazrebebi `kategoriuli xasiaTis gamo~ warmoadgens cnobebs da ara

mosazrebebs. cxadia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, vinc ar unda iyos cnobebis

gamavrcelebeli, kategoriulobis xarisxs araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs

imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ras warmoadgens esa Tu is gamonaTqvami. cnobad

135


miiCneva dadasturebuli faqti, xolo simwvavisda miuxedavad, mosazreba

warmoadgens piris Sexedulebas ama Tu im movlenis an Tavad faqtis Sesa-

xeb. swored faqtebis Sesaxeb ombudsmeniseul SefasebebTan gvqonda saqme

mocemul SemTxvevaSi.

gavrcelebuli cnobebis gamo samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-

loba pirs ekisreba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis mier gavrcelebuli cnobebi

Seicavs mtkicebas faqtis Sesaxeb, laxavs piris reputacias da amave dros

mopasuxe ver daadasturebs maT sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobas. am saqmeSi

ki mosarClis mier sadavod gamxdari cnobebis umravlesoba warmoadgens

mis pirad mosazrebas, romelic eyrdnoba garkveul faqtebs.

dauSvebelia piris gamtyuneba im dokumentis namdvilobaSi eWvis Set-

anis gamo, romelic jiqias afxazeTis saomar moqmedebebSi monawileobas

Seexeboda, radgan am SemTxvevaSi devdariani gamoTqvamda sakuTar azrs

da SeuZlebeli iyo, sasamarTlos moeTxova misi `eWvebis seriozulobis~

damtkiceba. miT ufro, Tu msgavsi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas mopasu-

xes aZlevda givi jiqias mier sasamarTloSi wardgenili dokumenti, ro-

melzedac erT-erTi xelmowera gayalbebuli iyo; aseve veteranTa saqme-

ebis saxelmwifo departamentSi givi jiqias Sesaxeb anketaSi arsebuli

`Secdoma~ misi Svilebis asakTan dakavSirebiT.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom prokuraturis Sesaxeb organuli kanoni

prokurors ukrZalavs samewarmeo saqmianobas, cnoba imis Taobaze, rom

jiqia ar ixdis gadasaxads misi kuTvnili biznesebidan, SesaZlebelia, Ca-

iTvalos miTiTebad piris mier ukanono moqmedebis Cadenis Sesaxeb. Tumca

amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom devdariani daeyrdno sazogadoebaSi moarul

xmebs samxedro prokuroris biznes saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo

jiqias, Tavis mxriv, gaaCnda adekvaturi saSualeba _ mediis meSveobiT

gaeca pasuxi am braldebisaTvis.

albaT, TavisTavad mravlismetyvelia is faqtic, rom saolqo sasamar-

TloSi apelaciis stadiaze mosarCle mxarem dakarga saqmis ganxilvis

iuridiuli interesi.

rac Seexeba Tamaz nadareiSvilsa da jondi baRaTurias Soris TiTqmis

analogiuri xasiaTis davas, sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSic kanonSeusabamo

gadawyvetileba miiRo, rodesac aRniSnuli saqme sazogadoebrivi inte-

resis saganze mimdinare sajaro polemikis konteqstSi ar ganixila da

erTmaneTisagan ar gamijna faqtebi da mosazrebebi.

136


sasamarTlos unda gaeTvaliswinebina, rom mxareebs Soris sajaro

diskusia cnobebis gavrcelebis momentisaTvis ukve mimdinareobda da sa-

davo gamonaTqvamebi am diskusiis mxolod fragments warmoadgenda. poli-

tikuri debatebi evrosasamarTlos iurisprudenciiT daculia TiTqmis

absoluturi privilegiiT, radganac is warmoadgens demokratiuli sa-

zogadoebis arsebobis aucilebel pirobas. lingensis saqmeSi130 evrosasa-

marTlom daadgina, rom �politikuri debatebis Tavisufleba demokra-

tiuli sazogadoebis umTavresi pirobaa, xolo konvencia mTlianadaa gan-

msWvaluli demokratiuli sazogadoebis koncefciiT�.

sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo is garemoebac, rom mopasuxis

mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ar warmoadgenda siaxles da sazogadoebaSi

sakmaod fexmokidebuli Sexedulebebis asaxva iyo; amasTanave warmoad-

genda afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis xelmZRvanelebis, maT Soris

mosarClis, rogorc am xelisuflebis xelmZRvanelis Sefasebas opoziciis

warmomadgenlis mxridan. evrosasamarTlos iurisprudenciis Sesabamisad,

pirs, miT ufro, Tu igi politikosia, aqvs ufleba, gancxadebebis gakeTe-

bisas (Tundac Zalzed mwvave) daeyrdnos sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebul

Sexedulebebs131.

aseve gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo is garemoeba, rom Tamaz nadareiSvilma

gazeT �qronikisaTvis� micemul interviuSi Tavad aRiara mis uwyebaSi fi-

nansuri darRvevebis arseboba, xolo imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mosarCle

avtonomiuri respublikis pirvel pirs warmoadgenda, mopasuxes gaaCnda

safuZveli, gamoeTqva sakuTari varaudi am finansur darRvevebSi mosar-

Clis savaraudo monawileobis Sesaxeb.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom samarTlianad miuTiTa, rom saolqo sasamar-

Tlos mier sarezolucio nawilSi imis miTiTeba, rom gavrcelebuli in-

formacia iyo sicrue, ar Seesabameboda kanonis moTxovnebs. saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli aseT SemTxvevebSi iTvaliswinebda mxo-

lod imis miTiTebas, rom gavrcelebuli cnobebi ar Seesabameboda sinamd-

viles.

130 ix. tomi I, gv. 272.131 ix. torgeisoni islandiis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, gv. 294.

137


difamacia

aWaris soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministros,

a. gadaxabaZis, pres-klub baTumisa da gazeT àxali versiis~

saqme

baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier am saqmeze132 miRebuli gadawyve-

tileba bevr kiTxvis niSans badebs da es, pirvel rigSi, kanonis uxeSi dar-

RveviTaa ganpirobebuli. pirveli, rac am gadawyvetilebas sxvebisgan ga-

moarCevs, aris is, rom erTi fizikuri piris pativisa da Rirsebis gamo

sruliad sxva subieqti, Tanac saministro, daobda. kerZod, sasamarTlos

sarCeliT mimarTa saministrom, romelic samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 mux-

lis Tanaxmad, ar warmoadgens saTanado mosarCles. pirvel rigSi, imis

gamo, rom mas, rogorc saxelmwifos _ warmomadgenels ar gaaCnia pativi

da Rirseba. sakuTari pativisa da Rirsebis garda ki, saministrom, rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, sruliad sxva subieqtis _ aWaris avtonomiuri respub-

likis meTauris reputaciis dacvis misiac itvirTa. cxadia, statiis saTa-

uridan gamomdinare _ àslan abaSiZis politikam saqarTvelos Tevzis

meurneobas traqtorebiT gadauara~ _ gacilebiT gonivruli iqneboda,

rom sasamarTlosTvis Tavad aslan abaSiZes miemarTa, an igive Sps àWar-

Tevzsa~ da kooperativ `mebadurs~, radgan statiaSi mxolod isini iyvnen

calsaxad identificirebulni, da ara mosarCle. kanoni mkafiod gansazR-

vravs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moiTxovos pirma gavrcelebuli cno-

bebis gamo mopasuxisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba: amisaTvis aucile-

belia, mosarCle calsaxad iyos identificirebuli sadavo cnobebSi. am-

denad, arasaTanado mosarCleoba ukve unda yofiliyo gadawyvetilebis

dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli.

sasamarTlos isic unda mieRo mxedvelobaSi, rom Tavad publikaciis

Tema warmoadgenda sajaro interesis sagans, Tanac iseTi saporto qala-

qisaTvis, sadac Tevzis meurneobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs.

sajaro interesis Semcveli movlenebis gaSuqebisas ki presa sargeblobs

gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT da ufro metic, mas akisria gansakuTrebuli

valdebuleba, miawodos sazogadoebas informacia iseT sakiTxebze,

romlebic sazogadoebrivi interesis sferos ganekuTvneba.132 ix. aWaris soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministro avTandil gadaxabaZis,

`pres-klub baTumisa~ da àxali versiis~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 401.

138


evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom mraval saqmeSi daadgina, rom

presam unda daicvas is moTxovnebi, rac dadgenilia sxva pirTa reputaciis

dasacavad. magram, amave dros, mas ekisreba politikuri Tu sazogadoeb-

rivi interesis mqone sxvadasxva sakiTxebze informaciis gavrcelebis

valdebuleba, radganac sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba, miiRos saWiro infor-

macia Tu ideebi.

kanonis uxeS darRvevas warmoadgens sasamarTlos mier mopasuxisaTvis

bodiSis moxdis dakisreba, rac rogorc araerT saqmeze aRiniSna, kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis forma ar aris.

mopasuxisaTvis moraluri zianis anazRaurebis saxiT 1000 laris da-

kisrebac im mavne praqtikis gamovlinebaa, rasac am wlebis ganmavlobaSi

saerTo sasamarTloebi amkvidrebdnen. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sami-

nistro moklebulia SesaZleblobas, ganicados garkveuli moraluri tan-

jva, Sesabamisad, mas arc moraluri zianisTvis miyenebuli anazRaurebis

moTxovnis ufleba aqvs. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom araerT ga-

dawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa da daadgina, rom saministros ar SeiZleba gaaC-

ndes moraluri zianis moTxovnis ufleba.

rac Seexeba aWaris umaRlesi sasamarTlos uars saqmeSi Tanamopasuxed

statiis avtoris _ S. xarZeiSvilis CarTvis Sesaxeb, im droisaTvis moqmedi

presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb kanonis 25-e

muxlis mixedviT, yalbi cnobebis gavrcelebisaTvis, moqalaqeTa da orga-

nizaciaTa ganzrax Seuracxyofisa da ciliswamebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba

ekisrebodaT saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis masobrivi

informaciis saSualebebs, maT xelmZRvanelebs, redaqtors (mTavar redaq-

tors) da masalis avtorebs, romlebmac daarRvies es kanoni. normis am-

gvari konstruqciis mixedviT, calsaxaa, rom kanoni iTvaliswinebda pasu-

xismgeblobas mxolod im piris mimarT, vinc uSualod iyo miTiTebuli

statiis avtorad da ara imis mimarT, vinc raime monawileobas iRebda masa-

lis SemuSavebaSi.

139


valeri asaTianis, telekompania `rusTavi 2~-is,

akaki gogiCaiSvilisa da irakli kereseliZis saqme

aRsaniSnavia, rom am saqmeSi133 mopasuxeebma uxeSad daarRvies rogorc

kanonis, aseve Jurnalisturi eTikis normebi.

zogadad SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom telekompaniis eTeriT gavrcelda

mosarClis aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli faqtobrivi monacemebis Semcveli

cnobebi, romelTa namdvilobis dadastureba procesze mopasuxeebma ver

SeZles. evrosasamarTlos iurisprudenciis Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa,

rom Jurnalistebi sargebloben privilegirebuli sityvis Tavisufle-

biT, maT gaaCniaT pozitiuri valdebuleba, usafuZvlod ar daswamon pirs

cili danaSaulis (da miT umetes, mkvlelobis) CadenaSi.

saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis komentari: Tbilisis saolqo

sasamarTlom miiRo nawilobriv swori gadawyvetileba, Semdeg garemo-

ebaTa gamo:

1) cnobebis uaryofis dakisrebisas, sasamarTlom bolomde ver gamij-

na erTmaneTisagan gadacemaSi gavrcelebuli faqtobrvi monacemebis Sem-

cveli cnobebi da mosazrebebi. magaliTad, faqtobrivi monacemis Semc-

vel cnobas ar warmoadgenda Semdegi gancxadebebi: `cota mogvianebiT

amaSi Tqven Tavadac darwmundebiT~ da `kulturis yofili ministris pre-

saSi gakeTebuli dagvianebuli aRsareba CvenTvis naklebad damajerebe-

lia.~ unda iTqvas, rom es gamonaTqvamebi ar Seicaven raime faqtobriv

monacems, aramed warmoadgenen piris azrs, mis SefasebiT msjelobas. Tu

mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT zemoT miTiTebul or gamonaTqvams, mniSvne-

lovania is, rom sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebaSi apelireba moaxdina evro-

sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaze faqtebisa da mosazrebebis gamijvnis

TvalsazrisiT.

2) sasamarTlom cnobebis danarCeni nawili sworad miiCnia arazust

faqtobriv monacemebad, romlebic aSkarad laxaven piris pativsa da Rir-

sebas (magaliTad, cnoba valeri asaTianis mier mkvlelobis Cadenisa da

Semdeg ganxorcielebul moqmedebaTa Sesaxeb). marTalia, roca saqme saja-

ro pirebs exeba, Jurnalists aqvs ufleba, gaazviados informacia an Tun-

dac provokaciaze wavides, magram es srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom mas SeuZ-

133 ix. valeri asaTiani telekompania `rusTavi 2~-is, akaki gogiCaiSvilis da

irakli kereseliZis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 406.

140


lia vinmes, Tundac sajaro pirs daabralos raime danaSauli da gaavrce-

los arazusti faqtobrivi monacemebis Semcveli cnobebi. aSkaraa, rom

am SemTxvevaSi mkvelelobis dabraleba metismetad Sorsaa gazviadebisa

da provokaciis farglebisagan.

3) sadavoa gadawyvetilebis is nawilic, sadac sasamarTlo uTiTebs

valeri asaTianis, rogorc sajaro moxelis saqmiani reputaciis Selaxvis

Sesaxeb. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom sajaro moxeles ar gaaCnia

saqmiani reputacia, radgan es ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia piris komer-

ciul saqmianobasTan, xolo im rangis sajaro moxeles, rogorsac warmo-

adgenda valeri asaTiani, kanoniT ekrZaleboda komerciuli saqmianoba.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi araswori cnobebis gavrcelebiT Seilaxa mxolod v.

asaTians pativi da Rirseba da aramc da aramc saqmiani reputacia.

4) sasamarTlom marTebulad miiCnia mosarClis Svilis avadmyofobis

Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli cnoba piradi cxovrebis uflebis uxeS xelyofad,

radganac sainformacio saSualebam sajaro gaxada informacia piris jan-

mrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. amgvari Sinaarsis Semcveli cnobebis

saidumloeba ki daculia rogorc saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20, ise

evrokonvenciis me-8 muxliT. Sesabamisad, Jurnalists ar hqonda piradi

saxis informaciis gavrcelebis ufleba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am SemTx-

vevaSi sasamarTlom sworad moaxdina piradi cxovrebis uflebis ganmar-

teba.

6) aseve marTebulad Tqva uari sasamarTlom gogiCaiSvilisa da kere-

seliZis Segebebuli sarCelebis dakmayofilebaze, radganac mosarClis

polemikaSi Cabma satelevizio gadacemam gamoiwvia da mas ar ganuxorci-

elebia e.w. �pirveli Tavdasxma�. amdenad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi mopasuxeebs

gacilebiT meti Tmenis valdebuleba moeTxovebodaT.

7) saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba marTebulia im Tvalsazrisi-

Tac, rom mosarClis mier moTxovnili Tanxis odenoba CaiTvala arago-

nivrulad, radgan misi dakisreba gamoiwvevda media saSualebis gakotre-

bas, rac ar warmoadgens aucilebels demokratiuli sazogadoebis arse-

bobisaTvis.

sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis komentari: palatam swo-

rad ar gaiziara kereseliZis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom aRniSnuli dava

Tavisi SinaarsiT sisxlis samarTlebrivi iyo da ara samoqalaqo wesiT

gansjadi. im periodisaTvis msgavsi tipis dava SesaZlebeli iyo warmar-

141


Tuliyo rogorc samoqalaqo, ise sisxlis samarTlebrivi wesiT (maSin

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi jer kidev moqmedebda difamaciis muxli).

amasTanave, difamaciis Taobaze yvela sisxlis samarTlebrivi dava SesaZ-

lebelia, imavdroulad warimarTos samoqalaqo wesiTac, xolo yvela sa-

moqalaqo samarTlebrivi dava, romelic exeba pativisa da Rirsebis dac-

vas, ar SeiZleba iyos sisxlis samarTlebrivi wesiT ganxiluli.

saolqo sasamarTlosagan gansxvavebiT, uzenaesma sasamarTlom swo-

rad moaxdina faqtebisa da mosazrebebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna, rode-

sac saolqos gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilidan amoricxa cnobebi,

romlebic ar Seicavdnen miTiTebas faqtze, aramed warmoadgendnen av-

toris SefasebiT msjelobas.

Tumca uzenaesma instanciam sarezolucio nawilidan ar amoricxa cno-

ba, romelic saxelmwifo kancelariaSi Sesasvlel saSvze v. asaTianis xel-

moweras exeboda. TavisTavad, aRniSnuli cnoba miuxedavad imisa, rom

faqtobrivi monacemis Semcvelia, ar SeiZleba iyos difamaciuri im SemT-

xvevaSic ki, Tu misi uzustoba damtkicdeba. metic, asaTianis mier am doku-

mentze xelmoweris faqti dasturdeba generaluri prokuraturis dadge-

nilebiT; xolo presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Se-

saxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, Jurnalisti pasuxs ar agebs garcelebul infor-

maciaze, Tu isini miRebulia saxelmwifo uwyebidan im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu

am cnobis siyalbe momavalSi dadasturdeba.

daskvnis saxiT SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom evro-

sasamarTlom mraval saqmeSi aRiara presis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi da-

rajis, gansakuTrebuli roli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, presa mainc

ar sargeblobs absoluturi privilegiiT da Sesabamisad, igi valdebulia,

dausabuTeblad ar Selaxos piris pativi, Rirseba da piradi cxovrebis

saidumloeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi sadavo cnobebi

exeboda sajaro Tanamdebobis pirs, es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom

sainformacio saSualebas hqonda ufleba, gaevrcelebina iseTi Sinaarsis

Semcveli informacia, romelic usafuZvlod (mxolod respondentis in-

terviuze dayrdnobiT) daabralebda pirs iseT umZimes danaSauls, rogo-

ricaa mkvleloba.

rac Seexeba JurnalistisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas im cnobebis

gavrcelebisaTvis, romelTa avtors Tavad ar warmoadgens, media samar-

Tlis saerTaSoriso standartebis (maT Soris evrosasamarTlos iuris-

142


prudenciiT) Tanaxmad, aseT dros pasuxismgeblobas inawilebs Jurnalis-

tic, Tu igi ar mimarTavs yvela gonivrul zomas, raTa darwmundes gasa-

Suqebeli informaciis utyuarobaSi; an aSkara formiT uWers mxars res-

pondentis gancxadebas (miT ufro, Tu es gancxadeba pirs abralebs ori

adamianis mkvlelobas). amdenad, marTebulia sasamarTlos gadawyveti-

lebis is nawilic, romelic kereseliZesTan erTad telekompaniasa da Jur-

nalistsac akisrebs solidarulad pasuxismgeblobas.

giorgi geTiaSvilisa da eTer kvezerelis saqme

gurjaanis raionuli sasamarTlos mier mocemul saqmeze miRebuli ga-

dawyvetileba uprecedentoa im mxriv, rom Semoaqvs �sasjelis� imgvari

forma, rogoricaa `obieqturi~ statiis gamoqveyneba, rac faqtiurad,

sasamarTlos mxridan saredaqcio damoukideblobaSi Carevad unda Seva-

fasoT.

im dros moqmedi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli, aseve

presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb kanoni

Seicavda amomwurav CamonaTvals pasuxismgeblobis im formebisa, romel-

Ta moTxovnis ufleba SeiZleba hqonoda mosarCles difamaciuri sarCe-

lis wardgenisas. kerZod, esenia: cnobebis uaryofis moTxovna, pasuxis

gamoqveyneba, moraluri zianis anazRaureba. es CamonaTvali ar moicavs

iseT valdebulebas, rogoricaa statiis momzadeba da misi gazeTSi gan-

Tavseba. miT ufro, obieqturis, radganac saerTodac sakamaToa, Tu sad

gadis zRvari obieqturobasa da subieqturobas Soris, rodesac saqme mov-

lenebisa da sagnebis Jurnalistur aRqmas exeba da rogor unda ganisaz-

Rvros mocemul SemTxvevaSi obieqturobis kriteriumi.

Jurnalistma gadmosca sakuTari subieqturi mosazreba sazogado-

ebisaTvis aqtualuri sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelic konkretul faqts _ av-

tosagzao incidentis Sedegad momxdar ubedur SemTxvevas efuZneboda.

mopasuxem Tavis publikaciaSi wamoWra adamianTa fizikuri usafrTxoebisa

da xelisuflebis valdebulebis problema, uzrunveleyo usafrTxoebis

zomebis gaTvaliswineba sxvadasxva saxis mSeneblobebis dagegmvisas. mom-

xdari faqtis safuZvelze, Jurnalists sruli ufleba hqonda, gamoeTqva

eWvi da valdebulic ki iyo, dainteresebuliyo, Tu ratom ar funqci-

143


onirebda mgzavrTa mosacdeli. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom statia exeboda

sajaro interesis sakiTxs, Jurnalists �ara marto gazviadebis, aramed

provokaciis uflebac134� hqonda.

saerTo jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gadawyvetileba kanonis uxeSi dar-

RveviTaa miRebuli, radgan igi kanonSi ararsebuli formiT akisrebs pasu-

xismgeblobas Jurnalists SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis.

onise ugrexeliZis, gazeT `P.S.~-isa da TinaTin dvaliSvilis saqme

gansaxilvel saqmeSi135 wamoiWra sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenadaa

uflebamosili Jurnalisti, gaavrcelos informacia, romelic sazoga-

doebaSi moarul xmebsa da konfidencialuri wyaros mier miwodebul

informacias efuZneba; amasTanave, valdebulia Tu ara Jurnalisti,

gaamJRavnos im informaciis wyaros vinaoba, romelmac sakuTari mizanSe-

wonilobiT anonimurad darCena moiTxova.

sadavo publikacia exeboda sazogadoebaSi moarul xmebs konkretuli

sajaro Tanamdebobis piris navTobis biznesSi monawileobis Sesaxeb, rasac

inkognito respondentic adasturebda. bunebrivia, warmoudgenelia, Jur-

nalists mosTxovo gaavrcelos mxolod notariulad damowmebuli cno-

bebi. Jurnalistis movaleobaa, obieqturi realobis asaxva, rac ar gamo-

ricxavs sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli ama Tu im mosazrebis, Worisa da

marTlis asaxvas. miT ufro, Tu igi sajaro pirebs exeba. Jurnalisti mxo-

lod axmovanebs sazogadoebaSi arsebul gansxvavebul mosazrebebes, maT

Soris, eWvebsa Tu Worebsac, da ar SeiZleba mas daekisros pasuxismgeb-

loba maSinac ki, Tu mis mier gavrcelebuli informacia SemdgomSi namd-

vili ar aRmoCndeba.

amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasa-

marTlos praqtika. torgeisonis saqmeSi136 policiis winaaRmdeg gakeTebu-

li gancxadebebi araerT wyaros efuZneboda, ZiriTadad ki xalxSi moarul

Worebs. mopasuxe saxelmwifo acxadebda, rom sadavo statias aklda obi-

eqturi da faqtobrivi safuZveli, radganac SeuZlebeli iyo gancxadebis

sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobis damtkiceba. miuxedavad amisa, evrosasa-134 ix. saqme dalbani rumineTis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, gv 321.135 ix. onise ugrexeliZe `P.S.~-isa da TinaTin dvaliSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 438.136 ix. tomi I, gv. 294.

144


marTlom miiCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobis damtki-

cebis moTxovna aragonivruli da SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda da ganacxada,

rom `presa TiTqmis verc erT sakiTxs ver Seexeboda, Tuki mxolod zus-

tad damtkicebuli faqtebis dabeWdva iqneboda aucilebeli~.

quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom ise daakisra sainformacio saSualebas

gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofa, rom mxedvelobaSi ar miiRo mosarClis

sajaro statusi da is, rom sajaro Tanamdebobis pirs Tmenis gacilebiT

meti valdebuleba ekisreba.

mniSvnelovania isic, rom Jurnalisti marTlzomierad icavda misi in-

formaciis wyaroebis konfidencialurobas, ris safuZvelsac mas moqmedi

kanonmdebloba aZlevda. presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebe-

bis Sesaxeb kanonis 24-e muxlis mixedviT, Jurnalisti movalea, daakmayo-

filos informaciis mimwodebel pirTa Txovna, maTi avtorobis argamxelis

Sesaxeb. Jurnalists kanonmdeblobiT rom ar hqondes garantirebuli es

ufleba, maSin kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadgeboda misi saqmianobis efeqturoba.

Jurnalisturi wyaroebi gansakuTrebulad aris daculi evropis ada-

mianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos iurisprudenciiT. magaliTad, gudvinis

saqmeSi evrosasamarTlom ganacxada, rom `sityvis Tavisufleba warmoad-

gens demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan safuZvels da

rom presisaTvis Zlieri dacvis miniWeba gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelova-

nia~, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `rogorc wevri qveynebis kanonebsa da

profesiuli qcevis kodeqsebSia mocemuli, Jurnalisturi wyaroebis

dacva presis Tavisuflebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens.

amgvari garantiebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, wyaroebma SesaZloa, Tavi

Seikavon da uari Tqvan presis meSveobiT sazogadoebis informirebisgan.

Sedegad ki presa ver SeZlebs `sazogadoebrivi darajis� funqciis Ses-

rulebas da sazogadoebisaTvis zusti da sando informaciis miwodebas~.

evrosasamarTlom konvenciis me-10 muxlTan Seusabamod miiCnia wyaros

gamJRavnebis davaldebuleba im gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda, roca

es zoma gamarTlebuli aris `Zlieri socialuri interesiT�.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi aseTi Zlieri socialuri interesi ar arsebobda.

rac Seexeba sadavo cnobebis Sinaarss, aRsaniSnavia, rom inkognito res-

pondentis intervius garda, TiTqmis yvela saavtoro gamonaTqvami war-

moadgenda ara mtkicebas faqtis Sesaxeb, aramed SefasebiT msjelobas.

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo ar iyo uflebamosili, moeTxova Jurnalistis-

145


Tvis mis mier gavrcelebuli Sefasebebis namdvilobis dadastureba. evro-

pis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom mraval saqmeze aRniSna, rom mosaz-

reba aris personaluri Sexeduleba ama Tu im movlenasa da/an faqtze da

SeuZlebelia misi sisworis damtkiceba. amasTanave dalbanis saqmeSi ev-

rosasamarTlom ganacxada: Tuki Jurnalists an publikacias gaaCnia ka-

nonieri mizani, warmoadgens sajaro interesis sagans da faqtebis dasam-

tkiceblad Jurnalistma mimarTa gonivrul mcdelobas, presa ar CaiTv-

leba braleulad im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu damtkicdeba faqtebis araswori

Sinaarsi (uzustoba).

mocemul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo is, rom mo-

pasuxem profesiuli standartis dacviT moamzada statia: man gadaamowma

mopovebuli informacia sxva wyaroebTan; komentarisTvis mimarTa mosar-

Clesac, rasac am ukanasknelma Tavi aarida. es garemoeba, bunebrivia, Jur-

nalists garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas aZlevda. amasTanave,

sadavo statiis gamoqveynebis Semdeg mosarCles orjer mieca imave ga-

zeTis meSveobiT komentaris gakeTebisa da gavrcelebuli cnobebis uar-

yofis saSualeba.

sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier

gamotanili gadawyvetileba aSkarad dausabuTebeli da kanonSeusabamoa.

paata SavaZis, tariel qaTamaZisa da `aWara P.S.~-is saqme

am SemTxvevaSi137 arc Jurnalists gamouCenia saTanado mcdeloba, mkiT-

xvelisaTvis miewodebina gadamowmebuli da utyuari informacia da arc

sasamarTlos gamouvlenia saTanado mzadyofna, yvela zoma exmara saqmeze

obieqturi WeSmaritebis dasadgenad.

Jurnalisti cdilobda, Seeswavla samarTlis institutSi arsebuli

mdgomareoba da Sesabamisad, statiac swored am gamoZiebis Tu arSemdgari

gamoZiebis Sedegebs exeboda. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom respondentma _

reqtorma, uari ganacxada komentaris gakeTebaze, Jurnalists mieca sak-

marisi safuZveli, raTa eWvi Seetana universitetSi mimdinare procesebSi

da mkiTxvelisaTvis miewodebina informacia swored imgvari saxiT, ro-

goric mas Camouyalibda Tavisi Jurnalisturi gamoZiebis Sedegad.

137 ix. paata SavaZe tariel qaTamaZisa da `aWara P.S.~-is winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 440.

146


pirvel rigSi, cxadia, erTmaneTisgan unda gaimijnos dadasturebadi

faqtebi da Jurnalistis mosazrebebi. mosarClisaTvis iaraRis ukanono

tarebis dabraleba warmoadgens dadasturebad faqts. sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsi dasjadad acxadebs aseT qmedebas, amdenad, Jurnalists unda da-

esabuTebina am cnobis utyuaroba, rac man mocemul SemTxvevaSi ver mo-

axerxa.

aseve mZime braldebas warmoadgens gavrcelebuli cnoba imis Taobaze,

rom reqtori cxovelur Jins avlens studentebisa da leqtorebis mimarT

da marTavs orgiebs. Sesabamisad, Tuki ar arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli

aseTi tipis gancxadebis gakeTebisa, aseT SemTxvevaSi, Jurnalisti unda

moeridos msgavsi Sinaarsis faqtobrivi monacemebis gavrcelebas. marTa-

lia, gazeTma es cnoba gaavrcela aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis pro-

kuraturaSi arsebuli moqalaqis saCivris safuZvelze, sadac ganmcxade-

beli reqtors gaupatiurebis gamo uCioda, magram Jurnalists unda ga-

eTvaliswinebina is, rom prokuraturam aRniSnul saCivarTan dakavSire-

biT sisxlis samarTlis saqmis araRZvris dadgenileba gamoitana. Tuki

Jurnalisti Tavis publikaciaSi miuTiTebda xsenebul incidents, mas am

saqmis samarTlebrivi Sedegebic unda gaeSuqebina.

miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri cnoba, romelTa uaryofac baTumis saqa-

laqo sasamarTlom mopasuxe sainformacio saSualebas daakisra, marTlac

laxavda mosarClis pativsa da Rirsebas, cnobaTa nawili mtkicebas ar

eqvemdebareba, radgan sxva araferia, Tu ara Jurnalisturi Sefasebebi.

magaliTad, iseTi gamonaTqvamebi, rogoricaa �Wkuamxiaruli� da �Citire-

kia~, aseve reqtoris mier iurisprudenciaSi disertaciis keTilsindisi-

erad dacvis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba, iseve rogorc mosarClis gar-

kveuli saqmiani Tvisebebis Jurnalistiseuli Sefaseba, ar warmoadgens

imgvar cnobebs, romelTa mcdarobis an utyuarobis mtkiceba SesaZlebelia.

SefasebiTi msjeloba aris is, rac Jurnalists diqtofonisgan ganasxva-

vebs da mas Jurnalistur Tavisuflebas aniWebs, rac, cxadia, srulebiTac

ar gulisxmobs, rom am Sefasebebs apriori iziarebs mkiTxveli.

amasTanave baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier procesze mowmeebis

argamoZaxeba absurduli safuZvliT, badebs eWvs, Tu ramdenad iyo

sasamarTlo dainteresebuli saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgeniT. mopasuxe

mxarem moiTxova mowmeebis gamoZaxeba gavrcelebuli cnobebis dadastu-

147


rebis mizniT. sasamarTlos uari ki imiT iyo motivirebuli, rom mowmeebi

daadasturebdnen ara Tavad faqtebs, aramed imas, rom gavrcelebuli

kompromatebi swored maT miawodes sainformacio saSualebas. mowmeTa

Cvenebebs, SesaZloa, absoluturad Seecvala saqmis msvleloba, cxadia,

im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini daadasturebdnen maT mier miwodebuli infor-

maciis namdvilobas.

rac Seexeba baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier mopasuxisaTvis bo-

diSis moxdis dakisrebas, is Seesabameba im maxinj praqtikas, romelic qar-

Tul sasamarTloebSi iyo farTod aprobirebuli da kanonmdeblobaSi

ararsebuli normis dakisrebaSi gamoixateboda. aWaris umaRlesma sasa-

marTlom sruliad samarTlianad gaauqma gadawyvetilebis is nawili, ro-

melic bodiSis moxdas iTvaliswinebda, iseve rogorc amoricxa gadawyve-

tilebidan ramodenime gamonaTqvami, romelic Sefasebas warmoadgenda.

Tumca amave dros palatam miuTiTa, rom usafuZvlod miaCnia paata SavaZis

mimarT statiaSi gakeTebuli Sefasebebi, romlebic dadasturebad cnobebs

efuZneba. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom, erTis mxriv, sasamarT-

lom aRiara is, rom Jurnalistis mier gavrcelebuli cnobebi warmoad-

genda Sefasebebs, xolo, meores mxriv, miiCnia, rom aRniSnuli Sefasebebi

Jurnalistma gaakeTa dadasturebad cnobebze dayrdnobiT da amdenad,

unda daemtkicebina maTi namdviloba. umaRlesi sasamarTlos es mosazreba

sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia da ar Seesabameba evropis adamianis uflebaTa

dacvis konvenciis me-10 muxlis arss.

sadavoa, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis is nawili, romelic moraluri

zianis anazRaurebas iTvaliswinebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis

me-18 muxlis me-6 nawilis Tanaxmad, pirs SeuZlia, moiTxovos moraluri

zianis anazRaureba im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mopasuxe moqmedebda braleulad.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi Jurnalistis bralis arsebobas gamoricxavs is ga-

remoebac, rom man komentarisTvis mimarTa mosarCles da misgan uari mi-

iRo. sasamarTlos saerTod ar umsjelia Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi mopa-

suxeTa qmedebaSi bralis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos ga-

dawyvetileba am nawilSic ukanono da dausabuTebelia.

148


givi lominaZis, gazeT `meridianisa~ da i. goreliSvilis saqme

saqmeze, romelic Tanamdebobis piris qonebis warmomavlobasTan dakav-

Sirebul davas exeboda, samive instanciis sasamarTlom araswori gadawy-

vetileba gamoitana.

vidre detalurad ganvixilavdeT sxvadasxva instanciis sasamarTloe-

bis mier daSvebul kanonSeusabamobebs, unda aRiniSnos sajaro samsaxurSi

interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebis

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. Tavad kanonis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

gamoavlinos da amxilos Tanamdebobis pirTa korufciuli qmedebebi sa-

jaroobis gziT, rac, pirvel rigSi, antikorufciul kampaniaSi moqala-

qeTa aqtiur monawileobas gulisxmobs. sajarooba da xelisuflebis war-

momadgenelTa saqmianobis gamWvirvaleobis miRweva ki warmoudgenelia

mediis monawileobis gareSe. amdenad, JurnalistisTvis pasuxismgeblobis

dakisreba mxolod imitom, rom is `sazogadoebrivi darajis~ funqcias

asrulebs da saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs is eWvebi, romelTac ama Tu im Tanam-

debobis pirTa qonebrivi mdgomareoba warmoSobs, ara Tu samarTlebrivi

TvalsazrisiT aris gaumarTlebeli, aramed politikuri mizanSewonilo-

biTac.

vake-saburTalos raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis komen-

tari: mosarClis politikuri Tanamdebobis gaTvaliswinebiT _ igi iyo

parlamentis wevri da afxazeTis yofili Ss ministri, masze vrceldeboda

evrosasamarTlos mier sajaro pirTa mimarT dadgenili kritikisadmi

Tmenis maRali standarti. Tanamdebobis pirebi, da miT ufro politiko-

sebi, Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis/arCevisas nebayoflobiT acxadeben Tanxmo-

bas, TiToeuli maTi nabiji (romelic ar aris aucilebeli, dakavSirebuli

iyos mis politikur saqmianobasTan) iqces sazogadoebis mxridan seri-

ozuli ganxilvisa da kritikis obieqti.

vake-saburTalos raionulma sasamarTlom mopasuxes daakisra iseTi

cnobebis uaryofa, romelTac araferi aqvT saerTo faqtebTan. imis gaT-

valiswinebiT, rom TavisTavad mosazrebebis namdvilobis dadasturebis

moTxovna aragonivruli da SeuZlebelia, samoqalaqo kodeqsi pirs akis-

rebda pasuxismgeblobas mxolod araswori cnobebis gavrcelebis gamo.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sasamarTlom uxeSad daarRvia samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsi, rodesac mxares miakuTvna is, rac mas ar mouTxovia.

149


kerZod, mopasuxes daevala: 1) mosarClis qonebrivi da safinanso deklara-

ciis monacemebis gamoqveyneba; da 2) ganmartebis gakeTeba, rom lominaZis

qonebis Sesaxeb gazeTis mier gavrcelebuli cnobebi faqtobriv garemo-

ebaTa zedapiruli Seswavlis Sedegi da piradi Sexedulebebi iyo. unda

iTqvas, rom mosarCles kidevac rom moeTxova mopasuxeebisaTvis msgavsi

qmedebis Sesrulebis davaldebuleba, sasamarTlo mainc ar iyo ufleba-

mosili, daekisrebina mxarisaTvis iseTi valdebuleba, rasac arc samoqa-

laqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli da arc presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva

saSualebebis Sesaxeb kanoni iTvaliswinebda. amasTanave, sarezolucio

nawilSi miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom gavrcelebuli cnobebi mxolod mopa-

suxe mxaris Sexedulebebi iyo da sxva araferi, ukve TavisTavad metyve-

lebs im samarTlebriv Seusabamobaze, rac samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18

muxlsa da xsenebul gadawyvetilebas Soris arsebobs.

saolqo sasamarTlos gaadwyvetilebis komentari: marTalia, Tbi-

lisis saolqo sasamarTlom gaauqma pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos ga-

dawyvetileba da gadasinja igi, magram ara im samarTlebrivi Seusabamobis

motiviT, romelzec Cven zemoT visaubreT.

orTave gamonaTqvami, romelTa uaryofac mopasuxeebs daekisraT, sxva

araferi iyo, Tu ara SefasebiTi msjeloba, Tanac iseTi, romelic sazoga-

doebriv ganwyobasac asaxavda. magaliTad, iseTi fraza, rogoricaa _ �sa-

interesoa, lominaZe da misi msgavsi adamianebi haeriT ikvebebian, Tu xel-

fasis dauxarjavad, rogor axerxeben amxela danazogebis gakeTebas?!~ _

xSirad uCndebaT moqalaqeebs Tanamdebobis pirTa qonebrivi mdgomare-

obis gacnobisas da is absoluturad adekvaturad asaxavs sazogadoebis

warmomadgenelTa damokidebulebas dabalxelfasian da �qonebamoxveWil

CinovnikTa� mimarT. TavisTavad iseTi cnobis namdvilobis mtkiceba, rome-

lic Tavisi gramatikuli konstruqciidan (kiTxviTi forma) gamomdinare,

gamoricxavs mtkicebiT formas, absurdulia, radgan kiTxva TavisTavad

gulisxmobs pasuxis molodins.

aragonivrulia sasamarTlos is mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmad, `Tu Se-

xeduleba ar emyareba faqtebs da mosazrebebi ar Seesabameba sinamd-

viles~... am SemTxvevaSi piris pativisa da Rirsebis xelyofasTan gvaqvs

saqme. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom praqtikulad SeuZlebe-

lia, pirs mosTxovo mxolod faqtebze damyarebuli mosazrebis gamoTqma;

150


iseve, rogorc mis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis sinamdvilesTan Sesabami-

sobis mtkiceba.

SeuZlebelia pirs mosTxovo, magaliTad, imis mtkiceba, Tu ra doneze

waukra s. papaSvilma simamrs agarakis mSeneblobaSi xeli _ `cotaze~ Tu

`bevrze~.

calke msjelobis sagania is garemoeba, Tu ramdenad marTlzomierad

miiCnia saolqo sasamarTlom gavrcelebuli cnobebi piradi cxovrebis

uflebis xelyofad. Jurnalistis mier gamoqveynebuli monacemebi ar

warmoadgenda pirad saidumloebas. zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis

mixedviT, ar SeiZleba Tanamdebobis piris Sesaxeb sajaro dawesebulebaSi

daculi nebismieri informacia warmoadgendes pirad saidumloebas. miT

ufro, rom pirad cxovrebaSi Carevad mosarClem miiCnia cnobebi misi siZis

_ s. papaSvilis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavadac warmoadgenda im xanad sajaro

figuras da amdenad, misi qonebac sazogadoebrivi gansjis sagani iyo. zo-

gadad unda aRiniSnos, rom piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba SesaZloa,

Seilaxos mxolod swori (namdvili) informaciis gavrcelebis gziT, xolo

gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi Tavad mosarCle amtkicebda, rom mopasuxem mis

mimarT araswori informacia gaavrcela.

sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo is garemoebac, rom mosarCles

darRveuli hqonda safinanso deklaraciis Sevsebis wesi: givi lominaZis

mier miTiTebuli `25-35 aTasi lari~ arRvevda aTprocentiani cdomilebis

wess. amdenad, Jurnalists kidev erTi damatebiTi mizezi hqonda mis gasak-

ritikeblad.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis komentari: uzenaesi instan-

cia ufro Sors wavida, rodesac samotivacio nawilSi miuTiTa imis Sesa-

xeb, rom givi lominaZis deklaraciaze saubrisas, Jurnalists ar hqonda

grigol robaqiZis sityvebis citirebis ufleba. cxadia, zedmetia imaze

saubari, rom sasamarTlo ar aris uflebamosili, Caerios Jurnalisturi

Semoqmedebis procesSi da gansazRvros, ra konteqstSi aqvs sainformacio

saSualebas romelime klasikosis citirebis ufleba. grigol robaqiZis

gamonaTqvamSi _ `xelisufleba sakraluri movlenaa, vigindarebis yofna

xelisuflebaSi dauSvebelia~ _ mosarClis identificireba SeuZlebelia

Tundac im martivi mizezis gamo, rom grigol robaqiZes ver eqneboda war-

modgena givi lominaZis qonebaze da verc am ukanasknelis agaraki gaxde-

151


boda misi STagonebis wyaro. Jurnalists calsaxadac rom moexdina am

konkretul SemTxvevaSi mosarClis gaigiveba �vigindarasTan�, evrosasa-

marTlos praqtikis Tanaxmad, es ver gaxdeboda misi pasuxismgeblobis

safuZveli. saqmeze oberSliki II avstriis winaaRmdeg138 evropis adami-

anis uflebaTa sasamarTlom daadgina, rom politikosis �idiotad� miC-

neva ar scildeba sajaro interesis gamomwvevi movlenis Sesaxeb gamarTul

diskusiisa da demokratiis pirobebSi dasaSvebi kritikis zRvars.

aWaris a/r jandacvis saministros, veterinariis departamentis,

gazeT `baTumelebisa~ da emzar diasamiZis saqme

mocemul davaze baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawy-

vetileba cxadyofs, rom aWaris regionSi sasamarTlo politikuri xeli-

suflebis danamats ufro warmoadgenda, vidre marTlmsajulebis orga-

nos. am mosazrebas adasturebs pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier mi-

Rebuli usafuZvlo gadawyvetileba, romliTac mopasuxe gazeTis qonebas

yadaRa daedo. mravlismetyvelia is garemoebac, rom adgilobrivi poli-

tikuri xelisuflebis Secvlis Semdeg mosarClem, romelic amavdroulad

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas warmoadgenda, dakarga saqmis ganxilvis sa-

marTlebrivi interesi da uari Tqva sarCelze.

rac Seexeba baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier gazeT `baTumelebis~

qonebis dayadaRebis samarTlebriv mxares, amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniS-

navia, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, SesaZ-

lebelia mxolod mopasuxis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis dayadaReba.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki sasamarTlom yadaRa daado qonebas, romelic

mopasuxeTa sakuTrebas ar warmoadgenda. swored kanonis aRniSnuli nor-

mis darRveva daedo safuZvlad aWaris a/r umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier

qvemdgomi instanciis gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. Tumca umaRlesi sasa-

marTlos gadawyvetilebac sakmaod bundovania: erTis mxriv, sasamarT-

lom gaauqma yadaRa im motiviT, rom dayadaRebuli qoneba mopasuxis sa-

kuTrebas ar warmoadgenda, xolo meores mxriv, ganCinebaSi miuTiTa imis

Sesaxeb, rom baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisas

unda daekiTxa mxareebi ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli qonebis sakuTrebis Se-

138 Prager and Oberschlick v. Austria, 16 April, 1995.

152


saxeb da srulyofilad gaerkvia xsenebuli qonebis sakuTrebis sakiTxi.

bunebrivia, Tu umaRlesi sasamarTlo ar iyo darwmunebuli Tavis gadaw-

yvetilebaSi, mas arc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

unda gaeuqmebina.

Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT sainteresoa, Tavad yadaRis

dadebis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxi. yadaRis dadeba im ukidures SemTxve-

vaSia gamarTlebuli, rodesac arsebobs safrTxe, rom sarCelis dakmayo-

filebis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

aRsruleba. aseTi safrTxe mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobda, radgan

gazeTis redaqcia arsad ar gaurboda pasuxismgeblobas. Tanac moraluri

zianis kompensireba im pirobebSi, roca modave mxare iyo ara fizikuri

piri, aramed sajaro dawesebuleba, kanonmdeblobiT iyo gamoricxuli.

gavrcelebuli cnobebis simcdare kidevac rom dadasturebuliyo, maTi

uaryofisTvis gazeTis qonebis dayadaRebis araviTari kanonieri safuZ-

veli ar arsebobda. aseT viTarebaSi eWvs ar iwvevs is garemoeba, rom sasa-

marTlo moqmedebda erTaderTi mizniT _ SeeCerebina sainformacio saSu-

alebis funqcionireba im teqnikuri saSualebebis dayadaRebis gziT, ro-

melic aucilebelia gazeTis gamosacemad. valeri asaTianisa da akaki gogi-

CaiSvilis saqmezec ki, sadac aSkarad gamoikveTa Jurnalistis brali, uze-

naesma sasamarTlom ar miiCnia mizanSewonilad telekompaniisTvis iseTi

finansuri sanqciis dakisreba, romelic gamoiwvevda sainformacio saSu-

alebis gakotrebas da Sedegad, presis SezRudvas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi

ki, arc Jurnalistisa da gazeTis brali iyo saxeze da arc sainformacio

saSualebis SezRudvis aucilebloba. SezRudva, romelsac SeuZlia, gamo-

iwvios sainformacio saSualebis SeCereba, ar emsaxureba demokratiuli

sazogadoebis interesebs.

rac Seexeba sakuTriv sasarCelo pretenziebis marTebulobas, unda

iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis mixedviT, pirs im SemTxve-

vaSi ekisreba gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofa, rodesac: a) gavrce-

lebuli cnobebi warmoadgens dadasturebad faqtebs; da b) gavrcelebuli

cnobebi ar Seesabameba sinamdviles da laxavs mosarClis pativs, Rirsebas

an saqmian reputacias.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki, sarCelis mixedviT, gaugebari iyo: 1) statiaSi

moyvanil romel gamonaTqvams miiCnevdnen mosarCleebi Seuracxmyofelad;

da 2) ra formiT da ra cnobebis uaryofas iTxovdnen mosarCleebi. Tumca

153


yvelaze mTavari gaurkvevloba saTanado mosarCleobis sakiTxs ukavSir-

deba.

iseTi samarTlebrivi sikeTeebi, rogoricaa pativi an Rirseba jandac-

vis saministrosa da veterinariis departaments ar gaaCniaT, radgan pati-

vica da Rirsebac bunebidan gamomdinare, mxolod fizikur pirebs aqvT

boZebuli. Sesabamisad, saministrosa da departaments verc moraluri

ziani miadgebodaT da aqedan gamomdinare, usafuZvlo iyo moTxovna

mopasuxe mxarisaTvis moraluri zianis dakisrebis Taobaze.

sainformacio saSualebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba, pirvel

rigSi, gaumarTlebeli iyo imitom, rom sakiTxi exeboda sajaro interesis

mqone informacias; da meorec, Jurnalistma masalis momzadebisas daicva

`samarTliani reportaJisa� da �Jurnalisturi keTilsindisierebis� prin-

cipi. statiis momzadebisas Jurnalists ar amoZravebda raime mizani, gar-

da imisa, rom miewodebina sazogadoebisaTvis informacia baTumSi cofiani

ZaRlis nakbeniT bavSvis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT da wamoeWra zo-

gadad cxovelebis vaqcinaciasTan dakavSirebiT xelisuflebis umoqme-

dobis problema, rac TavisTavad safrTxes warmoadgenda.

am problemis gasarkvevad Jurnalistma mimarTa sxvadasxva wyaroebs,

maT Soris rogorc gardacvlili bavSvis mSoblebs, aseve mis eqimebs, Ta-

vad saministrosa da departamentis pasuxismgebeli Tanamdebobis pirebs.

man moiZia ramdenime samedicino dokumenti. yovelive amis Semdeg kores-

pondents warmoeSva ufleba (da movaleobac), gaevrcelebina mis xelT

arsebuli sazogadoebrivi interesis Semcveli informacia. evrosasamar-

Tlos praqtikis Tanaxmad, presas araTu ufleba aqvs, aramed valdebu-

lic aris, gaavrcelos sazogadoebrivi interesis Semcveli informacia

da Seasrulos `sazogadoebrivi darajis~ funqcia.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi aseve evrosabWos 2002 wlis direqtiva difa-

maciisa da mediis Sesaxeb, sadac aRniSnulia, rom `rodesac simarTlis

mtkicebis tvirTi Jurnalistis mxaresaa, es ukanaskneli unda gaTavisuf-

ldes pasuxismgeblobisagan im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas SeuZlia, waradginos

gonivruli argumenti da Tu igi daamtkicebs, rom moqmedebda gonivru-

lad da keTilsindisierad~.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi Jurnalists mosazrebis gamoTqmis safuZvelsaZlevda respondentis interviu, zog SemTxvevaSi ki _ faqtobrivi gare-moebebi da mxolod erTeul SemTxvevebSi eyrdnoboda korespondenti sa-

154


zogadoebaSi gavrcelebul mosazrebebs. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom ar Se-iZleba, Jurnalists pasuxismgebloba dakisreboda sxvaTa gamonaTqvamebiscitirebis gamo, radganac gavrcelebuli informacia sajaro interesissagans warmoadgenda.

merab tyeSelaSvilisa da gazeT `jorjian Taimsis~ saqme

mocemul saqmeze139 rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier miRebuligadawyvetileba warmoadgens uxeS da gaumarTlebel Carevas sityvisa dagamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi. Tundac is garemoeba, rom modave mxare am Sem-TxvevaSi iyo ara rigiTi moqalaqe, aramed sajaro Tanamdebobis piri(qalaqis meri), sakmarisi unda yofiliyo sasamarTlosTvis, raTa mas argamoetana dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.

miT ufro, rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebiT sarCelis dakmayofilebissafuZvels arc sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi iZleoda.samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 230-e muxlis mixedviT ki, sarCelSi miTiTe-buli faqtobrivi garemoebebi iuridiulad unda amarTlebdnen sasarCelomoTxovnas.

is, rom sasamarTlom dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebiT daakisra sainfor-macio saSualebas iseTi cnobebis uaryofa, romelic Jurnalistisa dasazogadoebis mxridan sajaro Tanamdebobis piris Sefasebebs Seicavda,aSkara gamoxatulebaa marTlmsajulebis organos mxridan presis Tavi-suflebis SezRudvisa.

iseve rogorc sxva analogiuri tipis saqmeebSi, sasamarTlom mopasuxesdaakisra mosazrebebisa da faqtebis Jurnalistiseuli Sefasebebis uaryofa.samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli ki calsaxad ambobs, rom pirs SesaZle-belia, daekisros mxolod iseTi cnobebis uaryofa, romelTa namdvilobisdadasturebac man ver SeZlo. bunebrivia, aragonivrulia, mosTxovo pirsiseTi cnobis dadastureba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `alaviZisaTvis speci-alurad Seqmnil savarZels im droidanve gadeputatebis suni auvida;~ anTundac is, rom `rusTavs erTi piris sawarmo daerqva~. calsaxaa, romsasamarTlom arasworad ganmarta saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18muxli aseve moiTxovs, rom gavrcelebul cnobebSi uSualod mosarCleunda iyos identificirebuli. sasamarTlom ki mopasuxes daavala iseTicnobebis uaryofa, romlebic alaviZis skamis `sunsa~ da qalaq rusTavissazogadoebaSi meris Sesaxeb arsebul Sefasebebs Seexeboda.

139 ix. merab tyeSelaSvili `jorjian Taimsis~ da naTia omaZis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 480.

155


mosarCles SesaZloa, aSkarad gadaWarbebulad mieCnia Jurnalistismier gavrcelebuli romelime fraza, magaliTad, cnoba imis Taobaze, romkomerciuli Suqidan miRebuli damatebiTi TeTrebi tyeSelaSvilTan mi-dis da aseTi kompaniebis ukan swored is dgas an cnoba imis Taobaze, romSavi samyaros warmomadgenlebTan mers gaaCnia Tbili urTierToba. Tumcaunda iTqvas, rom Jurnalisturi Tavisufleba gazviadebis maRal xarisxsada provocirebasac gulisxmobs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme sajaromoxeleebs exebaT, romelTac Tmenis gacilebiT meti valdebuleba ekis-rebaT, vidre Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs.

sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba mniSvne-lovnad aviwroebs sityvis Tavisuflebis areals da ar Seesabameba im cal-keul pozitiur gadawyvetilebebs (TargamaZe-`rezonansisa~ da kerese-liZe-jaianis saqmeebi), romlebic Tanamdebobis pirebTan mimarTebaSi qar-Tulma sasamarTloebma Seqmnes.


s.w.-isa da gazeT `alias~ saqme

es saqme mniSvnelovania im TvalsazrisiT, rom wamoWris TanxmobisgareSe piris gamosaxulebis gamoqveynebis mizanSewonilobis problemas.es SemTxveva specifiuria im TvalsazrisiTac, rom sainformacio saSuale-baSi fotos gamoqveyneba garkveuli daavadebis sailustraciod moxda.

pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlos unda gaerkvia Semdegi garemoebebi: ram-denad iyo SesaZlebeli piris identificireba gamoqveynebuli suraTismeSveobiT? arsebobda Tu ara piris Tanxmoba misi gamosaxulebis gamoq-veynebaze? ramdenad vrceldeboda mocemul SemTxvevaze samoqalaqo ko-deqsis me-18 muxlis me-5 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebi140? bra-leulad moqmedebda Tu ara masobrivi informaciis saSualeba?

am saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa im faqtorma, rom mosarClem sa-

kuTari fotosuraTis gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb informacia pirvelad mezob-

140 sk-s me-18 muxlis me-5 nawilis Tanaxmad, `piris Tanxmoba ar aris saWiro, roca

fotogadaReba (videogadaReba da a.S.) dakavSirebulia mis sazogadoebriv

aRiarebasTan, dakavebul TanamdebobasTan, marTlmsajulebis an policiis

moTxovnebTan, samecniero, saswavlo an kulturul miznebTan, anda fotogadaReba

(videogadaReba da a.S.) moxda sazogado viTarebaSi, anda pirma pozirebisaTvis

miiRo sazRauri�.

156


lebisgan Seityo. Sedegad dadasturda is garemoeba, rom miuxedavad imisa,

rom gamosaxuleba nawilobriv Savi StrixiT iyo dafaruli, suraTis mi-

xedviT s.w.-s identificireba mainc iyo SesaZlebeli. amdenad, sainforma-

cio saSualebam daarRvia pirovnebis ufleba sakuTar gamosaxulebaze,

rodesac misi Tanxmobis gareSe gamoaqveyna fotosuraTi.

rac Seexeba mopasuxis arguments imis Taobaze, rom fotogadaReba ar

momxdara gazeTis fotokorespondentis mier da amitom sarCelis ganxil-

va unda momxdariyo ara mxolod fotosuraTis gamoqveynebasTan mimar-

TebaSi, aramed werilisa da fotosuraTis gamoqveynebasTan erTobliv

kavSirSi, unda iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-5 nawili

arafers ambobs imis Taobaze, Tu vis mier gadaRebuli fotosuraTi unda

gamoaqveynos masobrivi informaciis saSualebam pirovnebis Tanxmobis

gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi amosavali wertili aris ara is, Tu vin gadaiRo

foto, aramed im piris Tanxmoba, romlis suraTic gamoaqveynes.

sakamaToa aseve mopasuxe mxaris mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom samoqa-

laqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-6 nawilis meoTxe winadadebis Tanaxmad,

moraluri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba warmoiSoba mxolod

da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca piris braleuloba mtkicebulebiT aris

dadasturebuli anu Segnebuli, nebayoflobiTi moqmedeba mimarTulia

mxolod piris pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvisaken. amasTan dakavSirebiT

aRsaniSnavia, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-6 nawili moraluri

zianis anazRaurebas iTvaliswinebs amave muxliT daculi nebismieri si-

keTis braleuli xelyofis SemTxvevaSi. am muxliT ki daculia rogorc

piris pativi, Rirseba da saqmiani reputacia, aseve piradi saidumloeba,

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba, pirovnebis ufleba sakuTar gamosaxu-

lebaze, pirovnebis ufleba sakuTar saxelze. Sesabamisad, romelime uf-

lebis braleuli xelyofis SemTxvevaSi, pirs SeuZlia, moiTxovos mora-

luri zianis anazRaureba.

aqve unda aRiniSnos kanonSi arsebuli xarvezis Sesaxebac. kerZod, me-18

muxlis me-5 nawilis Tanaxmad, am muxlis pirvel da meore nawilebSi gaT-

valiswinebuli moTxovnis ufleba, anu sasamarTlos meSveobiT cnobebis

uaryofisa da aseve xelmyofis mimarT moqmedebis Sewyvetis an masze uaris

Tqmis ufleba gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki pirovnebis fotosuraTi

gamoqveynebulia Tavad am pirovnebis Tanxmobis gareSe. bunebrivia, war-

moudgenelicaa da SeuZlebelic sakuTar gamosaxulebaze uflebis dar-

157


Rvevis SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebad gamoyenebuli iyos

cnobebis uaryofa. cnobebis uaryofas mimarTaven mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,

Tuki gavrcelebuli aris pirovnebis pativis, Rirsebis, saqmiani reputa-

ciis Semlaxveli informacia.

anu saboloo jamSi SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom Tuki pirovnebis gamosa-

xuleba qveyndeba misi Tanxmobis gareSe da saxeze ar aris me-18 muxliT

gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis romelime gamomricxavi garemoeba,

am SemTxvevaSi pirs aqvs ufleba, xelmyofisagan moiTxovos moqmedebis

Sewyveta an masze uaris Tqma, xolo Tuki xelmyofi moqmedebs braleulad,

mas aseve aqvs moraluri zianis anazRaurebis uflebac.

sakamaToa vake-saburTalos raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba,

romlis mixedviTac, sarCeli ar dakmayofilda im motiviT, rom fotosu-

raTze Tvalebis Savi StrixiT dafarva gamoricxavda mopasuxis brals. am

SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos amosavali wertili unda yofiliyo is, rom fo-

tosuraTis mixedviT SesaZlebeli iyo mosarClis identificireba. bra-

leulad moqmedeba ar gulisxmobs mxolod ganzraxvas. brali SesaZlebe-

lia gamoixatos uxeS gaufrTxileblobaSic. marTalia, mopasuxe mxarem

ganacxada, rom maT arc ki icodnen redaqciis arqivSi arsebul fotosu-

raTze gamosaxuli pirovnebis vinaoba, magram es srulebiTac ar aTavisuf-

lebda sainformacio saSualebas valdebulebisgan, aeRo am piris Tanxmo-

ba.

analogiur SemTxvevebSi, masobrivi informaciis saSualeba unda daukav-

Sirdes pirs da miiRos misgan Tanxmoba, Tanxmobis vermiRebis SemTxvevaSi

ki unda gamoiyenos yvela SesaZlo saSualeba, raTa SeuZlebeli gaxdes

gamosaxulebis identificireba mesame pirTa mier.

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom marTebulad ganmarta samoqalaqo ko-

deqsis me-18 muxlis 1, 2 da me-6 nawilebi. Tumca sadavoa palatis midgoma

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu ramdeni adamiani

Seicnobda s.w.-s suraTze, sakmarisi iyo, mas Tavad exila sakuTari damaxin-

jebuli Tavi gazeTSi, rom Zlieri sulieri tkivili miadgeboda. Tuki verc

erTi mesame piri ver SeZlebs piris identificirebas sadavo publikaci-

aSi, am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia sakuTar gamosaxulebaze pirovnebis uf-

lebis darRveva. pirovnebam SesaZloa, sarkeSi sakuTari defeqtis xilvi-

Tac ganicados sulieri tkivili da amis gamo, bunebrivia, is sarkesTan

samarTlebriv davaSi ver Seva.

158


rac Seexeba evrosasamarTlos praqtikas piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeb-

lobasTan dakavSirebiT, saqmeSi N v Sweden141 sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom

Tu mediis mxridan aRiniSneba moqalaqeTa pirad cxovrebaSi Careva, `sa-

kiTxis gadawyvetisas saxelmwifom unda daicvas balansi konvenciiT ga-

rantirebul or uflebas - piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis pativiscemisa

(me-8 muxli) da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis (me-10 muxli) uflebaTa Soris�.

am balansis darRveva romelime uflebis sasargeblod SesaZlebelia mxo-

lod gansakuTrebuli sazogadoebrivi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi.

ganxilul saqmeSi ki sityvis Tavisuflebis sasargeblod mosarClis

piradi cxovrebis xelyofis aucilebloba ar arsebobda.

141 App#1136185(1986) 50 Dr 173.

159


aRniSnuli periodis mniSvnelobas, upirveles yovlisa, ganapirobebsis radikaluri cvlilebebi, romlebic qveyanaSi sityvis Tavisuflebismaregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis liberalizaciis mxriv ganxorcielda.Tumca sasamarTlo praqtikaze asaxva hpova ara marto sakanonmdeblo re-formam, aramed politikuri xelisuflebis cvlilebamac.

pirveli pozitiuri Sedegi, rac sityvisa da gamoxatvis TavisuflebisSesaxeb kanonis amoqmedebis Sedegad sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gamovlinda,iyo is, rom Jurnalistis winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqmis araRZv-ras swored axali kanonis norma daedo safuZvlad.142

Tu wina wlebis statistikas gavaanalizebT, davinaxavT, rom sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsSi arsebuli normis gamoyenebis negatiuri efeqti ufrosawyis periodSi aRiniSneboda, rodesac Jurnalists deputatis korufci-aSi mxilebis, xolo moqalaqes politikuri Sexedulebis gamoTqmis gamo, aR-mkveTi RonisZieba miusajes da Semdeg pirobiTi sasajeliT Seucvales. rvawliani periodis (1996-2004) ganmavlobaSi cxra sisxlis samarTlis saqmidanmxolod or SemTxvevaSi143 gamoitana sasamarTlom saboloo gadawyvetilebasisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvris Sesaxeb kanonis moTxovnaTa darRveviT,erTjer _ qalaqis prokuraturam, rac sabolood gauqmda kidec144 da er-

2004w e l i

142 ix. mamuka nozaZe saba wiwikaSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 529.143 ix. 1996-1998 ww. nestan kirTaZisa da klara abramias saqme, klara Sukvanis saqme,

gv. 60-62.144 generalurma prokuraturam aRniSnul saqmeze sisxlis samarTlis devna Sewyvita

da ganmcxadeblis moTxovna arc sasamarTlom daakmayofila. ix. 2000 weli,lavrenti naWyebiasa da klara abramias saqme, gv. 74.

160


Tjer raionulma da saolqo sasamarTloebma, rodesac sisxlis samarTlisdamnaSaved cnes piri im gancxadebebis gamo, romelic mxareebs Soris sa-jaro polemikis dros gamoiTqva145 . aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba sabolooduzenaesma sasamarTlom procesualuri darRvevebis motiviT 2004 wlisdasawyisSi gaauqma.

aseTi statistikis miuxedavad, arsebuli praqtika iZleva imis TqmissafuZvels, rom sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis �gamyinavi efeq-ti� mainc moqmedebda. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 148-e muxlSi arsebulinorma, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, sityvis Tavisuflebis gakontro-lebis gansakuTrebul cdunebas aRZravda saxelmwifo organoebSi, poli-tikosebsa da sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebSi. ganvlili periodis statis-tikac swored am tendenciaze metyvelebs. kerZod: am periodSi ganxilulicxra sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan, mxolod or SemTxvevaSi mimarTa kerZopirma sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis wesiT Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad;oTx SemTxvevaSi kerZo bralmdeblad sajaro politikuri Tanamdebobispiri146 mogvevlina, or saqmeSi _ sajaro Tanamdebobis piri147 da orSi kibralmdebeli saxelmwifo iyo148 .

amdenad, rva wliani periodis analizi iZleva imis Tqmis safuZvels, romqveyanaSi ciliswamebis dekriminalizaciis aucilebloba imisda miuxedavadarsebobda, Tu ramdeni adamiani gaamweses an ar gaamweses sakuTari azrisgamoxatvis gamo drois am monakveTSi sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebebSi.am sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis aucileblobas ufro is garemoeba gansaz-Rvravs, amgvari araliberaluri normisa da Tundac Sesabamisi sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi sasamarTlo praqtikis simwiris pirobebSi, Tu ramden adamiansdaekarga sakuTari Sexedulebis gamoxatvis survili.

axali kanonis miRebam sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gamoavlina rogorc po-zitiuri tendencia, aseve is msoflmxedvelobrivi problema, romelicmosamarTleTa korpusis nawils liberaluri Rirebulebebis miRebaSi uS-lis xels. yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTad, goris raionuli sasamarTlosmier gamotanili is gadawyvetileba149 gamodgeba, romelSic mosamarTle

145 ix. m. buaCiZe l. lomsaZis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 483.146 saxelisuflebo politikuri Zalis ori warmomadgeneli: saqarTvelos

parlamentis wevrebi _ nestan kirTaZe da guram SaraZe; afxazeTis avtonomiurirespublikis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri _ lavrenti naWyebia; q. foTis sakrebulosTavmjdomare _ T. wurwumia.

147 axalcixis ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge _ nana ioseliani, liaxvis saolqosaarCevno komisiis Tavmjdomare _ mamuka nozaZe.

148 klara Sukvanis saqme, lavrenti naWyebiasa da klara abramias saqme.149 ix. mamuka nozaZe `TrialeTis~ winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 531.

161


g. goCitaSvili antikonstituciurad da evropis adamianis uflebaTa dac-vis konvenciasTan Seusabamod acxadebs axal kanons sityvisa da gamoxatvisTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. amave gadawyvetilebaSi mosamarTlis mier sainfor-macio saSualebisaTvis bodiSis moxdis dakisreba isev da isev msoflm-xedvelobrivi konfliqtis Sedegad unda miviCnioT. am instituts arcsaqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi da arc ukve gauqmebuli presisa damasobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb kanoni icnobda. bodiSismoxdas iTvaliswinebda sabWoTa kanonmdebloba, kerZod, 1964 wlis saqar-Tvelos ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi, romelic 1997 wels, axalisamoqalaqo kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg Zaladakargulad gamocxadda. Tumca,rogorc rvawliani sasamarTlo praqtika cxadyofs, saerTo sasamar-Tloebi isev sabWoTa kanonmdeblobas aniWebdnen upiratesobas da cno-bierad Tu gaucnobiereblad, sakmaod xSirad mimarTavdnen pasuxismgeb-lobis am formas150 . axali kanonis miRebamde sasamarTloebma camet saqmeSigamoitanes gadawyvetileba bodiSis moxdis dakisrebis Sesaxeb da mxolodxuT SemTxvevaSi gadasinjes aseTi kanonSeusabamo gadawyvetilebebi zem-dgomma instanciebma151 . swored arsebuli maxinji praqtika gaxda safuZ-veli imisa, rom axal kanonSi Caido specialuri norma (me-17 muxlis me-3punqti), romelic krZalavs piris iZulebas, moixados bodiSi. mamuka nozaZisada `TrialeTis~ saqmeze kanonmdeblobis reformirebis Semdeg gamotaniligadawyvetileba wamoWris, erTis mxriv, mosamarTleTa korpusis gadasinj-vis, xolo meores mxriv, axali kanonmdeblobis popularizaciis sakiTxs.

aRniSnuli periodis sasamarTlo praqtika yvelaze naTlad asaxavs qve-yanaSi ganviTarebul politikur cvlilebebs. 2003 wlis 23 noembris varde-bis revoluciamde moZraoba `kmaras~ klipebis telekompania `rusTavi-2~-iseTeriT translirebis akrZalva152 politikuri gamoxatvis yvelaze uxeSixelyofis faqti iyo klara Sukvanis saqmis Semdeg. sasamarTlo xelisuf-leba ki am SemTxvevaSi politikuri dakveTis Semsruleblad mogvevlina,radganac gamoxatvis SezRudvisa da sainformacio saSualebaze aragoniv-ruli finansuri sanqciis dakisrebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli mocemulSemTxvevaSi ar arsebobda. is garemoeba, rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebisgadasinjva qveyanaSi politikuri xelisuflebis Secvlis Semdeg proce-

150 ix. gv. 53, sq. 53.151 Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom Tamaz wivwivaZisa da akaki gogiCaiSvilis saqmeSi

gamoitana gadawyvetileba bodiSis moxdis Sesaxeb, rac ZalaSi datova

saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom.152 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo antimonopoliuri samsaxuri `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg.

kari II, gv. 507.

162


sualuri darRvevebis motiviT moxda, ukve metyvelebs vake-saburTalosraionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis politikur mizanSewonilobaze.

politikuri koniunqturis gavlenisagan sasamarTlo Tavisufali arcrevoluciis Semdeg aRmoCnda. Temur SaSiaSvilis saqmeze153 erTi da igivesasamarTlo kolegiis mier drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi (2003 wlis 23 no-embramde da 23 noembris Semdeg) gamotanili gadawyvetileba TvalnaTlivwarmoaCens im saSiS tendencias, romelic eWvqveS ayenebs saerTod sasa-marTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobas. am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, sakiTxisgamartiveba iqneboda, Tu problemas martooden `telefonis marTl-msajulebaSi~ davinaxavdiT. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis tradiciis arar-sebobam garkveulwilad ganapiroba is, rom mosamarTleTa korpusis na-wili Tavadve cdilobs moargos sakuTari gadawyvetilebebi yoveli mo-rigi saxelisuflebo Zalis interesebs, rac kidev erTxel cxadyofs, romkompetenciaze metad xSir SemTxvevebSi mosamarTleTa msoflmxedvelob-riv problemasTan gvaqvs saqme.

SaSiaSvilis saqmis msgavsad, qveyanaSi momxdari politikuri cvlile-bebi aisaxa Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos mier 2003 wels gamotanil erT-erT uprecedento gadawyvetilebaze154, romelic sainformacio saSuale-baze aragonivruli finansuri sanqciis dawesebis gamo Tamamad SegviZlia,miviCnioT sainformacio saSualebis akrZalvis pirdapir ganaCenad.

zogadad finansuri sanqciebis mkveTri zrdis tendencia, ramac 2003wlis 23 noembramde iCina Tavi, ukve imis momaswavebeli iyo, rom im dro-indeli politikuri xelisufleba Tavisufali sityvis SezRudvas repre-siuli meTodebiT cdilobda da represiul aparatad swored sasamarTloxelisuflebas iyenebda. 2003 wels miRebuli is sami gadawyvetileba155, ro-melic yvelaze maRali finansuri sanqciis dakisrebas iTvaliswinebda,2004 wels sxvadasxva formaluri safuZvliT gadaisinja.

mocemul periodSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila aka-

ki gogiCaiSvilis sarCeli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg, romelic

sityvis Tavisuflebis maregulirebeli moqmedi kanonmdeblobis saqarT-

velos konstituciasTan harmonizacias isaxavda miznad. Tumca sakons-

titucio sasamarTlos nacvlad, es problema gadawyvetilebis miRebidan

153 ix. Temur SaSiaSvili daviT kupreiSvilisa da `axali versiis~ winaaRmdeg, kari II,

gv. 495.154 ix. akaki CxaiZe `rusTavi 2~-is, akaki gogiCaiSvilisa da aleqsandre maRlaferiZis

winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 486.155 ix. 2003 weli, gv. 126.

163


sam TveSi sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonma gadaW-

ra.

amave periods ukavSirdeba uprecedento gadawyvetileba156 , romliTac

sasamarTlom, faqtiurad, Seuracxmyofelad gamoacxada erT-erTi erov-

neba.

rac Seexeba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobasTan dakavSirebul saq-

meebs, unda iTqvas, rom saqmeSi S. S. `kviris palitrisa~ da megi canavas wi-

naaRmdeg157 saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom pirvelad moaxdina am

uflebis arsobrivad zusti ganmarteba, Tumca imave saqmeSi arasworad

gansazRvra sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin iyo pasuxismgebeli mocemul Sem-

TxvevaSi mosarClis personaluri monacemebis dacvaze.

saerTo jamSi 2004 wels sasamarTloebma miiRes 7 kanonieri, 7 kanonSe-

usabamo da 2 nawilobriv marTlzomieri gadawyvetileba.


difamacia

mamuka nozaZisa da saba wiwikaSvilis saqme

aRniSnul saqmeze kaspis raionuli sasamarTlos mier miRebul gadawy-

vetilebas precedentuli mniSvneloba aqvs. es aris pirveli saqme, sadac

sasamarTlom sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb axali kanonis

safuZvelze ganacxada, rom sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Sedegad difa-

macia sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasjadi danaSauli ar aris, sisxlis sa-

marTlis kodeqsis 148-e muxli ki, romelic iTvaliswinebda sasjels ci-

lismwamebluri gancxadebebis gamo gauqmebulia.

rac Seexeba sakuTriv davas, igi Seexeboda sazogadoebrivi interesis

sakiTxs _ advokatis mier mosamarTlisaTvis fulis gamoZalvis mcdelo-

bas. am sakiTxis aqtualobas zrdida is garemoeba, rom ganmcxadebeli par-

156 ix. vaxtang xmalaZe `jorjian Taimsisa~ da eka sexniaSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 512.157 ix. kari II, gv. 502.

164


tiul saqmianobasac eweoda. amdenad, sazogadoebas hqonda ufleba, scod-

noda nebismieri informacia goris raionSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi yvelaze

aqtiuri advokatis Sesaxeb da isic, imyofeboda Tu ara masTan garigebaSi

konkretuli mosamarTle. amasTanave, mopasuxis gancxadebiT, mis mier mom-

zadebuli publikacia eyrdnoboda damoukidebeli wyaroebis informa-

cias: man komentarisaTvis mimarTa rogorc mosamarTleebs, aseve Tavad

ganmcxadebel advokatsac.

sasamarTlom gamoitana kanonieri gadawyvetileba, rodesac saqmis

araRZvris safuZvlad axali kanonis mier danaSaulis gauqmeba miuTiTa.

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad ki, sisxlis

samarTlis saqme ar SeiZleba aRiZras, xolo aRZruli unda Sewydes, Tu

axali kanoni auqmebs danaSauls.

P.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom samoqalaqo wesiT ganxilul saqmeze158 , romelic

imave davas Seexeboda, goris raionulma sasamarTlom kanonierad ar

daakmayofila mosarCle mxaris pretenziebi.


difamacia

a. CxaiZis, telekompania rusTavi 2-is, akaki gogiCaiSvilisa

da al. maRlaferiZis saqme

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos mier miRebulma gadawyvetilebam kiTx-

vis niSnis qveS daayena sainformacio saSualebis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi.

es iyo uprecedento SemTxveva, rodesac sasamarTlom iseTi finansuri

sanqcia daakisra telekompanias, rom, faqtiurad, igi gakotrebis safrT-

xis winaSe daayena. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis es nabiji SesaZloa, Sefasdes

saqarTveloSi sityvis Tavisuflebisa da zogadad demokratiuli Rirebu-

lebebis xelyofis uxeS mcdelobad.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is foni, romelic mocemuli davis ganxilvis

158 ix. mamuka noZaZe `TrialeTisa~ da saba wiwikaSvilis winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 536.

165


momentisaTvis arsebobda. garda imisa, rom saxelisuflebo partiis ra-

modenime figura, maT Soris mosarClec, calsaxad iyo gaigivebuli sazo-

gadoebaSi korufciis simbolosTan, niSandoblivia is garemoebac, rom es

iyo praqtikulad erTaderTi Tanamdebobis piri, romelmac am rva wlis

ganmavlobaSi oTxjer mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT sakuTari pativisa

da Rirsebis dasacavad. oTxive sarCeli159 asaxavda im konfliqts, romelic

akaki CxaiZes presaSi gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis gamo warmoeSva. sa-

davo statiebSi mosarCles Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyenebaSi, kanonebis

xelyofaSi, saxelmwifos kuTvnili Tanxebisa da miwebis miTvisebaSi, mom-

gebiani proeqtebis CaSlaSi edeboda brali. albaT, mravlismTqmeli unda

iyos is garemoebac, rom wina wlebSi warmarTul sam saqmeSi akaki CxaiZem

nebayoflobiT Tqva uari sarCelebze. telekompania `rusTavi-2~-is SemTx-

vevaSi ki sadavo gamonaTqvamebis Sinaarsi TiTqmis identuri iyo im pub-

likaciebisa, romelTa samarTlebrivi wesiT ganxilvis interesi wina Sem-

TxvevebSi mosarClem dakarga.

am saqmis ganxilvisas saolqo sasamarTlo valdebuli iyo, mxedvelo-

baSi mieRo Semdegi faqtorebi:

iyo Tu ara gadacemis Tema sajaro interesis sagani;

mimdinareobda Tu ara gadacemis eTerSi gasvlamde sazogadoebaSi

sajaro diskusia programa `60 wuTiT~ wamoWrili problemebis

Sesaxeb;

warmoadgenda Tu ara a. CxaiZe sajaro figuras;

moqmedebda Tu ara Jurnalisti keTilsindisierad;

mieca Tu ara Sansi mosarCles, gamosuliyo imave gadacemaSi da

gaekeTebina komentari yvela ganxilul sakiTxze.

pirvel rigSi, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is, rom Jurnalisturi gamoZieba

exeboda im droisaTvis yvelaze aqtualur problemas _ korufciis Temas,

romlis Sesaxebac sazogadoebaSi mwvave sajaro diskusia mimdinareobda.

amasTanave, saqarTvelos rkinigza iyo da amJamadac aris qveynis erT-erTi

umsxvilesi kompania, romelic biujetSi yvelaze msxvil gadamxdelad iTv-

leba, rac TavisTavad ganapirobebs interess am organizaciaSi mimdinare

159 ix. akaki CxaiZe Tea rusitaSvilis winaaRmdeg, 2000 w, gv. 221; akaki CxaiZe goCa

cqitiSvilis winaaRmdeg, 2003 w, gv. 474; akaki CxaiZe `Tavisufali gazeTisa~

da Jurnalist gia mgelaZis winaaRmdeg, 2003 w, gv. 475.

166


procesebis mimarT. gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve a. CxaiZis sazogadoebriv-

politikuri statusi _ igi warmoadgenda sajaro pirs, romelic arcTu

iSviaTad ereoda politikaSi, iyo saxelisuflebo partiis saarCevno blo-

kis erT-erTi lideri. aseT viTarebaSi saxeze iyo, erTis mxriv, sazoga-

doebis ufleba, mieRo misTvis saintereso informacia rkinigzisa da misi

Tavmjdomaris saqmianobis Sesaxeb da meores mxriv, presis valdebuleba,

miewodebina sazogadoebisaTvis misTvis saintereso informacia. Jurna-

lists gaaCnda legitimuri mizani _ moexdina sazogadoebis informireba

rkinigzis departamentSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT.

Jurnalistma daicva samarTliani reportaJisa da keTilsindisierebis

principi. informaciebis gadasamowmeblad man mimarTa sxvadasxva wyaro-

ebs: moiZia saxelmwifo organoebis oficialuri dokumentebi, gamokiTxa

am saqmesTan dakavSirebuli pirebi, maT Soris interviusTvis mimarTa

Tavad a. CxaiZes, romelmac uari ganacxada komentarze da Tavadve ar

isurva, esargebla Sepasuxebis SesaZleblobiT. uaris miRebis Semdeg ki

telekompanias warmoeSva ufleba (da movaleobac), gaevrcelebina sazoga-

doebrivi Rirebulebis mqone informacia. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom

mosarCles hqonda saSualeba, sxva oficialuri arxebiTac gaeca pasuxi

gadacemaSi gamoTqmul braldebebze.

oficialuri dokumentebisa da respondentTa interviuebis garda,

Jurnalistma apelireba moaxdina sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebul mosazre-

bebzec, ris uflebasac mas saqarTvelos konstitucia, evropis adamianis

uflebaTa dacvis konvencia da precedentuli samarTali aZlevda. magali-

Tad, gamonaTqvami `prezidentis ojaxis pirad finansistad cnobili akaki

CxaiZe...~ asaxavda sazogadoebaSi mosarClis Sesaxeb arsebul azrs. am mo-

sazrebas ki Tavad mopasuxe mxare akaki CxaiZis mier prezident eduard

SevardnaZisaTvis 7 mln dolarad Rirebuli vertmfrenis Cuqebis faqtiT

amyarebda. Tumca faqtobrivi safuZvlis gareSec Jurnalists sruli

ufleba hqonda, gadmoeca sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganwyobebi, xolo sa-

samarTlos, samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli ar aZlevda uflebas, iseTi

cnobebis uaryofa daekisrebina mopasuxisaTvis, romlebic mtkicebas ar

eqvemdebareba da mxolod mosazrebebs warmoadgens. rogorc sazogado-

ebas ver CamovarTmevT uflebas, Camoayalibos azri nebismieri movlenis

Tu sajaro piris Sesaxeb, aseve dauSvebelia, sainformacio saSualebas

167


daekisros pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mosazrebebis gavr-

celebis gamo. sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis asaxva ara marto Jurnalistis

ufleba, aramed movaleobacaa. uaryofis moTxovnis ufleba pirs warmo-

eqmneba mxolod maSin, rodesac gavrcelebuli gancxadebiT ilaxeba misi

pativi da Rirseba. calsaxaa, rom sazogadoebaSi garkveuli azris arse-

bobiT SeuZlebelia, Seilaxos mosarClis pativi, Rirseba an saqmiani repu-

tacia. miT umetes, rogorc Tavad akaki CxaiZis sarCelebidanac Cans, es

ar iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac sainformacio saSualebebSi misi saqmi-

anobis Sesaxeb negatiuri informaciebi da mosazrebebi gamoqveynda.

Sesabamisad, sadavo gadacema sazogadoebrivi azris seriozul koreqti-

rebas ver gamoiwvevda da mosarClis Rirseba sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibe-

bul azrze uaresad ver warmoCndeboda.

evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mier damkvidrebuli nor-

mebis garda, yuradsaRebia saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikac.

saqmeSi vladimer kereseliZe nodar jaianis winaaRmdeg uzenaesma ins-

tanciam miuTiTa, rom saxelmwifo politikur, aseve sajaro samsaxuris

Tanamdebobis pirze ar unda gavrceldes saqmiani reputaciis is gageba,

rasac samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli ganamtkicebs. marTalia, a. CxaiZe

formalurad ar warmoadgenda sajaro moxeles (is mxolod sajaro piri

iyo), magram mas mindobili hqonda yvelaze didi saxelmwifo kompania, igi

marTavda sakmaod mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo qonebas, amavdroulad iyo

politikosi da saxelisuflebo partiis lideri. Sesabamisad, masze zus-

tad igive standarti unda gavrcelebuliyo, rac sajaro samsaxuris Ta-

namdebobis pirze.

gavrcelebuli informaciis uaryofis, agreTve moraluri zianis kom-

pensaciis moTxovnis ufleba pirs mxolod maSin gaaCnia, Tu Selaxulia

misi pativi, Rirseba da saqmiani reputacia. mosarClem ver miuTiTa verc

erT garemoebaze, romelic a. CxaiZis pativis, Rirsebis an saqmiani repu-

taciis Selaxvas daadasturebda. ufro metic, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

mosarCle sajaro pirs warmoadgenda, mas Tmenis meti valdebuleba ekis-

reboda.

sasamarTlom arasworad ganmarta samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis

me-6 punqti da 413-e muxli. TavisTavad araswori informaciis gavrceleba

ar iZleva Tanxis dakisrebis SesaZleblobas.

168


im droisaTvis moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-2 punqti

moiTxovda mosarClisagan imis mtkicebas, rom cnobebis gavrcelebis Se-

degad mas miadga moraluri ziani, aseve imis dasabuTebas, Tu ramdenad

proporciuli iyo moTxovnili Tanxa damdgar zianTan, rac mosarCle

mxares arc ki ucdia.

imisaTvis, rom mopasuxeebs dakisrebodaT finansuri kompensacia _

1 000 000 lari iqneboda es Tu mxolod da mxolod 1 lari, saWiro iyo sami

aucilebeli wanamZRvris arseboba:

a) moraluri zianis dadgomis faqti;

b) braleuli moqmedebis faqti;

g) moTxovnili Tanxis moculobis gonivruloba damdgar zianTan mi-

marTebaSi.

mosarCles ar dausabuTebia, Tu ra fsiqikuri gancdebi gamoiwvia ga-

dacemis gaSvebam da raSi gamoixata moraluri ziani. saqmeSi ar arsebobs

arc erTi mtkicebuleba, romelic daadasturebda saerTod moraluri

zianis arsebobis faqts.

mosarCles ar miuTiTebia arc erT garemoebaze, romliTac dadastur-

deboda, rom araswori informacia gavrcelda samauwyeblo kompania `rus-

Tavi 2~-is an a. gogiCaiSvilis braliT. saqmeSi ar arsebobs telekompaniis

bralis damadasturebeli arc erTi mtkicebuleba. ufro metic, `60 wuTma~

miiRo yvela gonivruli zoma, raTa ar momxdariyo araswori informaciis

eTerSi gaSveba: yvela is informacia, rac gadacemaSi gavida, warmoadgenda

oficialuri dokumentebis citirebas an ekuTvnoda sxva pirebs. telekom-

paniis bralis arseboba arc sasamarTlos dausabuTebia Tavis gadawyve-

tilebaSi. aseT viTarebaSi ki moraluri zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxi ar

unda damdgariyo.

saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam uxeSad ugulebelyo evropis

adamianis uflebaTa konvencia moraluri zianis odenobis gansazRvras-

Tan dakavSirebiTac. 1 000 000 lari saqarTvelos (da aramarto saqarTve-

los) sinamdvileSi uzarmazar Tanxas warmoadgens. amasTan dakavSirebiT

aRsaniSnavia, rom TavisTavad jarimis odenoba miznis araproporciulia,

radganac miznad isaxavs sityvis Tavisuflebis uxeS xelyofas, rac ar

Seesabameba demokratiuli sazogadoebis interesebs. aseT finansur sanq-

cias bunebrivia, aqvs `gamyinavi efeqti~. evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasa-

marTlom tolstoi miloslavskis saqmesTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetile-

169


baSi daadgina, rom 1 500 000 funti sterlingis dakisreba araproporci-

uli iyo nebismieri kanonieri miznisaTvis.

albaT, niSandoblivia isic, rom uzenaes instanciaSi saqmis kasaciis

stadiaze mosarClem uari Tqva sarCelze, rac, Tavis mxriv, imiT unda yo-

filiyo ganpirobebuli, rom im momentisTvis a. CxaiZe dakavebuli iyo nawi-

lobriv im faqtebis gamo, romlebmac `60 wuTSi~ mis saqmianobasTan dakav-

SirebiT gaiJRera.

Temur SaSiaSvilis, daviT kupreiSvilisa da

gazeT `axali versiis~ saqme

Tanamedrove qarTuli sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi Znelad Tu moiZeb-

neba iseTi kuriozuli gadawyvetileba, rogoric quTaisis saolqo sasa-

marTlom mocemul saqmeze gamoitana. Tavad is faqti, rom Temur SaSiaS-

vilis pativisa da Rirsebis gamo, sasamarTloSi daibares daviT mumlaZe,

romelmac misi winamorbedisagan (Temur SaSiaSvilisagan) mxolod imereT-

Si prezidentis saxelmwifo rwmunebulis uflebamosileba gadaibara, Ri-

milis momgvrelicaa da im samwuxaro realobis amsaxvelic, romlis Tanax-

mad, revoluciamdec da revoluciis Semdegac sasamarTlo xelisufleba

politikuri koniunqturis Sesatyvisad ufro moqmedebda, vidre kanoni-

erebis.

im droisaTvis, roca Temur SaSiaSvili sajaro Tanamdebobis pirs _

imereTSi prezidentis saxelmwifo rwmunebuls warmoadgenda, quTaisis

saolqo sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, romliTac SaSiaSvilis sa-

sargeblod biznesmen daviT kupreiSvils 1 338 000 aSS dolaris Sesabamisi

Tanxis gadaxda daakisra, am ukanasknelis mier gubernatoris mimarT gake-

Tebuli gancxadebebis gamo. es iyo yvelaze didi finansuri sanqcia, rac

ki difamaciur saqmeebze sasamarTloebs aqamde daukisrebiaT.

qveyanaSi politikuri xelisuflebis cvlilebis Semdeg ki, rasac SaSi-

aSvilis Tanamdebobidan wasvla mohyva, uzenaesi sasamarTlos miTiTebiT,

quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlos imave kolegias xsenebuli gadawyvetilebis

gadasinjva mouwia. quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlom ki am SemTxvevaSi mar-

tivi gamosavali ipova _ man ganuxilveli datova saqme im motiviT, rom

Temur SaSiaSvilis uflebamonacvle, daviT mumlaZe procesze ar gamoc-

xadda da ar daakmayofila Temur SaSiaSvilis Suamdgomloba im sababiT,

170


rom es ukanaskneli sakuTar pativsa da Rirsebas rwmunebulis rangSi icav-

da, sarCelis ganxilvis momentisTvis ki Sesabamis Tanamdebobaze sul sxva

piri iyo. aseTma logikam, SesaZloa, iseT absurdul mdgomareobamde mig-

viyvanos, rom prezident SevardnaZis misamarTiT gavrcelebuli cnobe-

bis gamo, mis uflebamonacvle prezident saakaSvils mouwios SevardnaZis

pativisa da Rirsebis dacva, SevardnaZes _ patiaSvilis da a. S.

aRniSnuli ganCineba ewinaaRmdegeba ara marto logikas, aramed saqarT-

velos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobasac. Temur SaSiaSvilis sa-

sarCelo gancxadeba marTalia, saxelmwifo rwmunebulis blankze iyo da-

beWdili, magram mosarCled miTiTebuli iyo fizikuri piri _ Temur SaSi-

aSvili, gancxadebaSi aseve aRniSnuli iyo mosarClis sacxovrebeli mi-

samarTi. es faqtobrivi garemoeba Tavidanve gamoricxavda imis albaTo-

bas, rom sarCeli saxelmwifo rwmunebulis saxeliT iyo Setanili. Tavis-

Tavad pativi da Rirseba ar SeiZleba axasiaTebdes Tanamdebobas, gavrce-

lebuli cnobebis gamo garkveuli fizikuri Tu sulieri tanjvebi SesaZ-

loa, mxolod fizikur pirs miadges.

gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinare bundovani darCa, Tu vis daekisra 5

aTasi laris odenobiT baJis gadaxda _ Temur SaSiaSvils Tu mis ufleba-

monacvle daviT mumlaZes, romelmac, SesaZloa, arc ki icoda daviT kup-

reiSvilis mier Temur SaSiaSvilis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli cnobebis Sina-

arsi.

albaT, saWiroa yuradRebis gamaxvileba imazec, Tu ramdenad kanonieri

iyo quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos revoluciamdeli dauswrebeli ga-

dawyvetileba, romelic uprecedento finansuri kompensaciis gamo saja-

ro Tanamdebobis pirebis Sesaxeb sakuTari azris gamoxatvis survils da-

ukargavda nebismier adamians. anu saxeze iyo gadawyvetilebis �gamyinavi

efeqti�.

pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo is, rom daviT

kupreiSvilsa da Temur SaSiaSvils Soris sajaro polemika sadavo saga-

zeTo publikaciamde gacilebiT adre mimdinareobda da mopasuxis sagaze-

To gamonaTqvamebi ar warmoadgenda e.w. �pirvel Tavdasxmas� gubernato-

ris misamarTiT. daviT kupreiSvilis cnobiT, mopasuxe mas kacis mkvlels,

yaCaRsa da bandits uwodebda. sajaro interesis saganze _ silikomanga-

numis Temaze mxareebs Soris mimdinare sajaro diskusia ukve Tavad gana-

pirobebda sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis gacilebiT maRal standarts.

171


amasTanave, am diskusiis erT-erTi mxaris Tanamdebobrivi statusi am uka-

nasknels Tmenis gacilebiT met valdebulebas akisrebda.

rac Seexeba sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis cnoba gaavrcela mopasuxem

_ faqti Tu mosazreba, unda aRiniSnos, rom daviT kupreiSvilis braldeba,

rom saxelmwifo rwmunebuli qarxanaSi 6%-s flobda, mtkicebiT formaSi

ar iyo gadmocemuli. man mxolod is aRniSna, rom �rogorc qarxnis muSebi

amboben, Temur SaSiaSvili wilis 6%-s flobda~. mopasuxis mier gavrce-

lebuli cnobebi warmoadgenda ara faqtebs, aramed erT SemTxvevaSi _ Se-

fasebiT msjelobas, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ asaxavda qarxnis muSebSi mo-

arul xmebs. amdenad, im droisaTvis moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18

muxli ar iZleoda cnobebis uaryofis dakisrebis SesaZleblobas, radgan

pasuxismgeblobis am formas mxolod sinamdvilesTan Seusabamo faqtebis

gavrcelebis dros mimarTavdnen.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis dakmayofi-

lebis araviTari kanonieri safuZveli ar arsebobda: imis gaTvaliswine-

biT, rom saqme arsebiT ganxilvaSi iyo Sesuli da sxdomebis mimdinareobis

procesSi mopasuxe sasarCelo pretenziebs ar cnobda, sxdomaze arasapa-

tio mizeziT gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSic ki, sasamarTlos unda mieRo

saboloo gadawyvetileba da ara dauswrebeli. mocemul SemTxvevaSi arc

sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoeba amarTlebda iuridiulad sasarCelo

moTxovnas, Sesabamisad, arc dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis le-

gitimuri safuZveli arsebobda.

cxadia, calke saubris Temaa is sanqciebi, romelic sasamarTlom mopa-

suxes daakisra. kerZod, bodiSis moxda, rasac ar iTvaliswinebda da arc

amJamad iTvaliswinebs moqmedi kanonmdebloba; moraluri zianis komepen-

sacia da kompensaciis odenobad 1 338 000 aSS-is gansazRvra.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis dakisrebis araviTari safuZ-

veli ar arsebobda: gavrcelebuli cnoba ar warmoadgenda faqts, amdenad,

ver Selaxavda mosarClis pativsa da Rirsebas, xolo mopasuxis braleul

moqmedebaze Tavad mosarClesac ki ar hqonia warmodgenili raime argu-

menti sasarCelo gancxadebaSi. rac Seexeba kompensaciis gansazRvras, pro-

porciulobis principi am SemTxvevaSi aSkarad darRveuli iyo. mopasuxes

marTlac rom gaevrcelebina difamaciuri cnobebi, anu saxeze rom yofi-

liyo sanqciis dakisrebis kanonieri mizani, aseTi zomis sanqciis dakis-

reba maSinac ki gaumarTlebeli iqneboda da bevrs daukargavda xelisuf-

172


lebis warmomadgenlis gakritikebis survils, anu mohyveboda �gamyinavi

efeqti�. saxelmwifo, romelic dainteresebulia qveynis demokratiuli

ganviTarebiTa da pluralizmis SenarCunebiT, pasuxismgeblobis amgvar

zomebs ar mimarTavs.

vaxtang xmalaZis, gazeT `jorjian Taimsisa~

da Jurnalist eka sexniaSvilis saqme

aRniSnul saqmeze sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba uprece-

dentoa im mxriv, rom Seuracxmyofelad acxadebs konkretul erovnebas.

es gadawyvetileba aratipiuria qarTuli sasamarTloebis praqtikisTvis

im TvalsazrisiTac, rom wamoWris sakiTxs, romelic ufro TviTreguli-

rebis sferoa, vidre _ samarTlebrivis. marTalia, jerjerobiT saqarT-

veloSi TviTregulireba institucionalizebuli saxiT ar arsebobs,

magram es srulebiTac ar amarTlebs imgvar gadawyvetilebebs, rogoric

aRniSnul saqmeze jer krwanisi-mTawmindis raionulma, xolo Semdeg

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTloebma miiRes.

erT SemTxvevaSi, roca sakiTxi mosarClis mier gvaris gamocvlas Seexe-

boda, sainformacio saSualebam gaavrcela araswori informacia, rac Ta-

vadve aRiara, magram araswori cnobis gavrceleba ar SeiZleba gamxdariyo

Jurnalistis pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli. saqmis ganxilvis momentisTvis

moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom mopasuxes dakisreboda

pasuxismgebloba araswori cnobebis gavrcelebis gamo, sadavo cnobebi

erTdroulad unda yofiliyo sinamdvilesTan Seusabamoc da imavdro-

ulad Seuracxmyofelic. aseTi iyo samoqalaqo kodeqsis moTxovna.

Semdegi SekiTxva, romelzec sasamarTlos unda gaeca pasuxi, iyo is,

Tu ramdenad SeiZleba xelyofdes piris pativsa da Rirsebas araswori

informaciis gavrceleba mis mier sakuTari erovnebis Secvlis Sesaxeb.

Tuki mosarCle da sasamarTlo Tvlian, rom TavisTavad somxuri gvaris

gadakeTeba qarTul gvarad SeiZleba warmoadgendes pativisa da Rirsebis

Semlaxvel, Seuracxmyofel informacias, maSin isini apriori amboben, rom

somxoba TavisTavad aris sircxvili. amiT ki Tavad avlenen diskriminaci-

ul damokidebulebas am erovnebis warmomadgenelTa mimarT da aSkara mo-

ralur zians ayeneben maT.

rac Seexeba mosarClis warmomadgenlis mier gvaris gamocvlasTan

173


dakavSirebuli epizodis piradi saidumloebis Semcvel informaciad miC-

nevas, unda iTqvas, rom TavisTavad piradi saidumloeba ar SeiZleba iyos

araswori faqti. Tuki mosarClis warmomadgeneli am epizods piradi sa-

idumloebis darRvevad ganixilavs, maSin igi avtomaturad Tavadve adas-

turebs faqts vaxtang xmalaZis mier gvaris gamocvlis Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlom arasworad daakisra pasuxismgebloba sainformacio

saSualebas im zogadi msjelobis gamo, romelic garkveuli deputatebis

mxridan antiqarTuli politikis gatarebas Seexeboda. publikaciis am epi-

zodTan dakavSirebiT mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is, rom mosarCle am SemTx-

vevaSi calsaxad identificirebuli ar yofila, anu gazeTs konkretulad

masze ar miuTiTebia. es garemoeba ki ar iZleoda samarTlebriv safuZvels

imisaTvis, rom pirs edava iseTi gamonaTqvamebis gamo, romlebSic igi cal-

saxad identificirebuli ar yofila. xsenebul gamonaTqvamSi mosarCle

identificirebuli kidevac rom yofiliyo, sasamarTlos mainc ar eqne-

boda mopasuxisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis ufleba, radganac sa-

davo fraza warmoadgenda SefasebiT msjelobas, azrs da ara mtkicebas

faqtis Sesaxeb. xolo mosazrebis gamo, rac ar unda kritikuli da miuRe-

beli iyos igi vinmesTvis, dauSvebelia pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba, rad-

ganac azris Tavisuflebas icavs rogorc saqarTvelos konstitucia, ase-

ve evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvencia.

zemoT ganxiluli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia iTqvas,

rom saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba _ gavrcelebuli cnobebis uar-

yofisa da moraluri zianis anazRaurebis saxiT 1000 laris dakisrebis

Sesaxeb _ warmoadgenda kanonis uxeS darRvevas. moraluri zianis dakis-

reba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu gavrcelebuli cnobebi laxavs piris

pativsa da Rirsebas, rasac mocemul SemTxvevaSi adgili ar hqonia. imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi iuridiulad ar

amarTlebdnen sasarCelo moTxovnas, arc raionul sasamarTlos hqonda

mopasuxeebze dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis ufleba.

regulirebis ra meqanizmebi moqmedebs iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gavr-

celebuli cnoba ar Seesabameba sinamdviles, an sxva tipis eTikur proble-

masTan gvaqvs saqme?

unda iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-4 punqti iTva-

liswinebs pasuxis uflebas, magram am normis amoqmedebis winapirobac pa-

tivisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli araswori cnobebis gavrcelebis faqti

174


unda yofiliyo. amdenad, erTaderTi gamosavali aseT SemTxvevaSi TviT-

regulirebis meqanizmebis amoqmedebaa.

tradiciuli demokratiisa da zogierT gardamavali demokratiis qvey-

nebSi aprobirebulia sazogadoebis winaSe mediis angariSvaldebulebis

sxvadasxva sistema.160 amerikuli modeli iTvaliswinebs calkeul sainfor-

macio saSualebaSi media ombudsmenis institutis arsebobas. ama Tu im

sainformacio saSualebis ombudsmeni ixilavs mkiTxvelTa saCivrebs da

axdens reagirebas araswori cnobis gavrcelebis Tu sxva eTikuri normis

darRvevis faqtze, mkiTxvelis werilis gamoqveynebis an sxva formiT. ev-

ropaSi aprobirebuli modeli Svedur gamocdilebas efuZneba da iTvalis-

winebs mkiTxvelTa saCivrebis ganxilvas koleqtiuri organos _ presis

sabWos mier. saCivrebis ganxilvas mediisa da sazogadoebis warmomad-

genlebisagan Semdgari organo mediis mierve aRiarebuli eTikis kodeq-

sebis safuZvelze axdens161. TiTqmis yvela qveynis eTikis kodeqsi iTvalis-

winebs iseT normas, rogoricaa sizustis dacva da araswori faqtebis ga-

moqveynebis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxis saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels sainfor-

macio saSualebis mier daSvebuli uzustobis gamo. Tumca unda iTqvas

isic, rom am tipis normebs savaldebulo Zala ara aqvT da maTi dacva

ufro mediis keTil nebazea damokidebuli.

swored profesiuli standartisa da eTikuri normebis darRvevis kuT-

xiT unda ganxiluliyo aRniSnuli dava. saqarTveloSi TviTregulirebis

institutis ararseboba ki ver gamodgeba Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos

mier gamotanili kanonSeusabamo gadawyvetilebis gamarTlebad.

qitesa gurgenaSvilis, merab gurgenaSvilisa

da `TrialeTis~ saqme

aRniSnuli saqme garkveulwilad mediis mier profesiuli standartis

darRvevas ukavSirdeba da wamoWris sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad

aris valdebuli Jurnalisti, gadaamowmos informacia, romelic piris

mier danaSaulis Cadenas exeba.

160 ix. `Jurnalisturi eTika da TviTregulirebis meqanizmebi~, Tavisuflebis

instituti, 2003.161 ix. `mediis TviTregulirebis qrestomaTia~, Tavisuflebis instituti, 2004.

175


Jurnalistma gamoiCina aSkara daudevroba, rodesac gadaumowmeblad

gaavrcela mesame piris mier miwodebuli faqtobrivi monacemis Semcveli

informacia _ mosarClis mier sakuTar ezoSi moparuli avtomobilebis

Senaxvis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi samarTliani reportaJis principis ugu-

lebelyofa, rac informaciis sul mcire or damoukidebel wyarosTan

gadamowmebas gulisxmobs _ gaxda mosarClis Sesaxeb araswori cnobebis

gavrcelebis mizezi. Sedegad, moxda piris pativisa da Rirsebis xelyofa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sajaro sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas evrosasamarTlo

Jurnalistebs farTo uflebamosilebas aniWebs, amasTan erTad maT akis-

rebs �pozitiur valdebulebas�, ar gadalaxon is zRvari, romelic dadge-

nilia �sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad�. gasaTvaliswi-

nebelia isic, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi mosarCle ar warmoadgenda sajaro

figuras da Sesabamisad, mas ar ekisreboda Tmenis iseTi farTo valdebu-

leba, rogoric sajaro pirebs ekisrebaT.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom miuxedavad mopasuxis bralisa, raionulma

sasamarTlom miiRo nawilobriv araswori gadawyvetileba, rodesac ar

daakisra mopasuxes moraluri zianis kompensacia. swored gadaumowmebeli

informaciis gaSvebiT gamowveuli telekompaniis brali gaxda safuZveli

imisa, rom Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom mopasuxes moraluri zianis kom-

pensacia daakisra (Tumca ara im odenobiT, rogorc es mosarClem moiTxova).

pozitiuri tendencia gamoikveTa im mxrivac, rom damkvidrebuli mavne

praqtikis miuxedavad, sasamarTlom uari uTxra mosarCles kanonmdeb-

lobaSi ararsebuli sasjelis formis _ bodiSis moxdis dakisrebaze.

z. Jvaniasa da `Tavisufali gazeTis~ saqme

mocemul saqmeze Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos mier miRebuli ga-

dawyvetileba srul SesabamisobaSi rom yofiliyo kanonis moTxovnebTan,

amisaTvis sasamarTlos unda gadaeWra is tradiciuli dilema, rac faq-

tebisa da mosazrebebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnas gulisxmobs.

gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom mxolod im cnobebis gavrcele-

bis gamo ar daakisra pasuxismgebloba sainformacio saSualebas, romle-

bic mtkicebas eqvemdebareba. amdenad, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, pirvel

rigSi, yuradReba gavamaxviloT gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romelic ar

176


Seesabameba kanons da im cnobebis uaryofas iTvaliswinebs, romlebic war-

moadgenen ara faqtebs, aramed Jurnalistis SefasebiT msjelobasa da

mosazrebebs.

cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom fexburTis federaciis, rkinigzis departamen-

tisa da madneulis saqmis ukan z. Jvania dgas, ar SeiZleba laxavdes piris

pativsa da Rirsebas da iyos pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis safuZveli. Ta-

visTavad gamonaTqvami `ukan dgoma~ ar aris Seuracxmyofeli, Tuki is ka-

nonis an moralis normis darRvevis Sesaxeb cnobas ar ukavSirdeba. sadavo

statiaSi ki Jurnalisti ar akonkretebs fexburTis federaciaSi, rkinig-

zis departamentsa da madneulSi arsebuli romeli saqmis ukan dgas mo-

sarCle.

metic, es cnoba ar warmoadgens mtkicebas faqtis Sesaxeb, aramed igi

mxolod SefasebiTi msjelobaa da mosazreba, romlis gamoTqmis ufleba

ver aekrZaleba verc erT pirs, miT ufro Jurnalists.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli pasuxismgeblobas awesebs mxolod

araswori faqtebis gavrcelebis gamo. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniS-

navia aseve saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 11 martis

gadawyvetileba saqmeze moqalaqe akaki gogiCaiSvili saqarTvelos par-

lamentis winaaRmdeg162, sadac sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom me-18 muxli

calsaxad exeba mxolod faqtebs da ara mosazrebebs.

rac Seexeba cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom Jvania molaparakebebs awarmoebs

vinme kurtisTan, samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisre-

bisTvis aucilebeli elementi arc am SemTxvevaSia saxeze, radgan cnoba

ar aris difamaciuri. aRsaniSnavia, rom kurtisi warmoadgenda im avstra-

liuri kompaniis erT-erT xelmZRvanel pirs, romelic garkveuli peri-

odis ganmavlobaSi dakavSirebuli iyo saqarTveloSi oqros biznesTan.

aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivi iyo, rom qveynis premiers masTan molapa-

rakebebi hqonda. statiaSi ar aris dakonkretebuli molaparakebebis

marTlsawinaaRmdego an amoraluri xasiaTi. cnoba ki mxolod im SemTxve-

vaSi iTvleba difamaciad, Tu igi miuTiTebs kanonis an moralis normis

darRvevis Sesaxeb. Tavad is faqti, rom Jurnalisti svams SekiTxvas _ `raze

SeTanxmdnen isini molaparakebis Semdeg?~ ukve cxadyofs, rom publikacia

ar Seicavs mtkicebas mxareebs Soris gamarTuli molaparakebebis xasiaTis

162 ix. zurab Jvania `Tavisufali gazeTisa~ da irma mesxias winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 524.

177


Sesaxeb. Tu mosarCle Seuracxyofad miiCnevs molaparakebis warmoebas

kurtisTan, maSin is apriori adasturebs imas, rom kurtisi damnaSavea. is

faqti, rom kurtisze sisxlis samarTlis saqmea aRZruli, udanaSaulobis

prezumfciidan gamomdinare, ar niSnavs imas, rom igi damnaSavea.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba kanonieria nawilobriv, radgan sadavod

gamxdari cnobebidan erTaderTi faqti eqvemdebareboda mtkicebas. ker-

Zod, cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom z. Jvaniam Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisaTvis g.

leJavas 2 milioni mosTxova. aRniSnuli cnobis sinamdvilesTan Sesabami-

sobis mtkiceba mopasuxe mxarem ver SeZlo.

sityvis Tavisuflebis farTo uflebasTan erTad Jurnalists gaaCnia

pozitiuri valdebulebac, ar xelyos sxva pirTa uflebebi da daicvas

Jurnalistis profesiuli standarti. miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemul Sem-

TxvevaSi mosarCle saxelmwifo_politikuri Tanamdebobis pirs warmo-

adgenda, Jurnalisti valdebuli iyo, ar gadaelaxa `dasaSvebi farglebi~

da sazogadoebisaTvis mtkicebiTi formiT ar miewodebina piris Sesaxeb

aSkarad difamaciuri cnobebi (faqtebi). am SemTxvevaSi saxezea pasuxism-

geblobis dakisrebisaTvis aucilebeli yvela elementi: 1) cnoba (faqtebis

Sesaxeb) gavrcelebulia; 2) cnoba ar Seesabameba sinamdviles (Jurnalistma

ver SeZlo utyuari mtkicebulebis moyvana); 3) cnoba difamaciuria. am-

denad, am konkretul gamonaTqvamTan dakavSirebiT saxezea cnobebis uar-

yofis dakisrebis aucilebloba, rasac ver vityviT moraluri zianis anaz-

Raurebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaze.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-6 nawili calsaxad adgens, rom

moraluri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba pirs mxolod im SemT-

xvevaSi aqvs, Tuki damtkicdeba, rom cnobebis gamavrcelebeli braleulad

moqmedebda. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi mopasuxis braleul moqmedebasTan ar

gvaqvs saqme. mosarClem mopasuxe mxaris braleulobis dasturad daasa-

xela telekompania `rusTavi-2~-is eTeriT gasuli `Tavisufali gazeTis~

reklama, romelic Seicavda sadavo statiis anotacias. amasTan dakavSi-

rebiT unda iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, sasa-

marTlom unda imsjelos mxolod im cnobebis Sesaxeb, rac sarCelSia

miTiTebuli. mosarCles sasamarTlosTvis ar warudgenia mtkicebulebis

saxiT `rusTavi-2~-is eTeriT gasuli reklama. amitom, raionul sasamar-

Tlos saerTod ar unda emsjela am sakiTxis Sesaxeb. procesualuri nor-

mebis dacvis SemTxvevaSi ki sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo is

178


garemoeba, rom gazeTi `rusTavi-2~-is eTeriT axdenda yvela nomris

reklamirebas da zurab Jvanias Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli publikacia am

mxriv gamonaklisi ar yofila.

sasamarTlos unda gaeTvaliswinebina is, rom mosarCle warmoadgenda

sajaro pirs. igi statiis gamoqveynebis momentSi iyo saxelmwifo minis-

tri, rac mas kerZo pirebisgan gansxvavebiT Tmenis met valdebulebas akis-

rebda. sajaro pirTa mimarT `dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi~ rom gacile-

biT farToa, amis Sesaxeb ara marto evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamar-

Tlos precedentul samarTalSia araerTgzis miTiTebuli, aramed saqar-

Tvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ramodenime gadawyvetilebaSic. evrosa-

samarTlom saqmeze kastelsi espaneTis winaaRmdeg163 miuTiTa, rom xeli-

suflebis warmomadgenlebisa da rigiTi moqalaqeebis mimarT Seuracx-

yofis faqtebis Sefasebisas unda moxdes gansxvavebuli standartebis

gamoyeneba. `politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebma da saxelmwifo moxeleebma

presisa da televiziis meSveobiT gamarTul debatebSi dasaSveb zRvarze

meti kritika unda iTminon. am SemTxvevaSi reputaciis (pativis, Rirsebis)

dacvis interesi wonaswordeba sazogadoebis interesTan _ Tavisuflad

ganixilos da miiRos saWiro informacia qveynis politikur, ekonomikur

da socialur sakiTxebze,~_ naTqvamia gadawyvetilebaSi.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos yuradReba unda miepyro aseve im

garemoebaze, rom mosarCles ar ucdia, esargebla samoqalaqo kodeqsis

me-18 muxliT garantirebuli pasuxis gamoqveynebis uflebiT.

rac Seexeba mosarClis warmomadgenlis mier evrosasamarTlos praq-

tikaze miTiTebas, unda iTqvas, rom mxare arasworad axdenda gadawyveti-

lebebis interpretirebas, radganac arasrulad aRwerda strasburgis sa-

samarTlos gadawyvetilebebs. sarCelSi miTiTebuli yvela saqme momCiva-

nis, anu cnobebis gamavrceleblis sasargeblod damTavrda.

163 ix. tomi I, gv. 292.

179



S. S.-is, gazeT `kviris palitrisa~ da

Jurnalist megi canavas saqme

gansaxilveli saqme wamoWris problematur sakiTxs, romelic seqsu-

aluri Zaladobis Tematikis mediaSi gaSuqebas da personaluri monace-

mebis dacvas ukavSirdeba.

Tavdapirvelad ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs piradi cxovrebis xelSe-

uxebloba. piradi cxovrebis saidumloeba moicavs nebismier utyuar

cnobas piris Sesaxeb, romelic am piris identificirebis SesaZleblobas

iZleva. es SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, piris saxeli, gvari, mamis saxeli,

sacxovrebeli adgili, samuSao adgili, fotosuraTi, nebismieri sxva maxa-

siaTebeli, romliTac SesaZlebelia pirovnebis identificireba mesame

pirTa mxridan. ierusalimis ebrauli universitetis samarTlis profe-

sori ruT geivisoni164 gamohyofs am uflebis Semadgenel sam elements.

esenia: saidumloeba, anonimuroba da ganmartoeba. am mdgomareobis xel-

yofa SesaZlebelia rogorc Tavad adamianis surviliT, aseve garedan Ca-

revis Sedegad. swored garedan, anu Jurnalistis mxridan CarevasTan

gvaqvs saqme gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi.

vake _ saburTalos raionulma sasamarTlom miiRo araswori gadawyve-

tileba, rodesac sarCelis ardakmayofilebis motivad miuTiTa is gare-

moeba, rom nebismieri sxdomis gadawyvetileba _ Ria iqneba is, Tu daxu-

ruli _ saboloo jamSi sajarod cxaddeba.

marTalia, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-16 muxlis me-7

punqti sasamarTlos nebismier gadawyvetilebas sajarod acxadebs, magram

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi Semdegi garemoebebi:

mxareTa Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze sasamarTlos SeuZlia, miiRos ga-

dawyvetileba sxdomis daxurvis Sesaxeb. mxares SeuZlia, moiTxovos sxdo-

mis nawilobrivi an sruli daxurva, Tuki ixileba arasrulwlovnebis saqme

an erT-erTi mxaris intimur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi an

gansaxilveli saqme Seicavs garkveuli tipis saidumloebas.

swored aseTi SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa S.S-m sasamarTlos, radganac

procesi, romelSic igi monawileobda, rogorc dazaralebuli mxare, seq-

164 Privacy and the Limits of Law, [1980]89 Yale L.J.421, at 428.

180


sualur Zaladobas exeboda. Sesabamisad, mas hqonda gonivruli molodini,

rom misi intimuri cxovrebis detalebi ar gaxdeboda `sajaro ganxilvis~

sagani. amis uflebas mosarCles saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli

kodeqsis informaciis Tavisuflebis Tavic aZlevda, romlis 271-e muxli

calsaxad adgens, rom `personaluri monacemebis pirad saidumloebad

miCnevis sakiTxs, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa, wyvets

piri, romlis Sesaxebac arsebobs es informacia~. marTalia, sasamarTlo

gadawyvetileba sajarod cxaddeba, magram sasamarTlo amavdroulad

valdebulia, uzrunvelyos im personaluri monacemebis dacva, romelic

daxurul sxdomazea ganxiluli da piris identificirebis saSualebas

iZleva. anu daxuruli sxdomis gadawyvetilebaSi ar unda yofiliyo miTi-

Tebuli monacemebi, romliTac Jurnalists mieca SesaZlebloba, publi-

kaciaSi mieTiTebina seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplis saxeli da gvari

da amiT ganmeorebiT mieyenebina moraluri gancdebi dazaralebuli mxa-

risaTvis.

aq saWiroa erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos sainformacio saSualebisa da

sasamarTlos pasuxismgebloba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom personaluri

monacemebis dacvis valdebuleba mocemul SemTxvevaSi ekisreboda sasa-

marTlos, mopasuxec sasamarTlo unda yofiliyo da pasuxismgeblobac

mas unda dakisreboda. rac Seexeba Jurnalistsa da gazeTs, marTalia, sa-

marTlebrivi valdebuleba maT ar zRudavT, gaaSuqon is personaluri

monacemebi, romlis dacvis iuridiuli valdebuleba mocemul SemTxvevaSi

sasamarTlos ekisreba, magram moraluri TvalsazrisiT eTikuri norme-

bis uxeS darRvevasTan gvaqvs saqme. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis

xelyofa sazogadoebisa da mediis warmomadgenlobiTi organos _ presis

sabWos mxridan sajaro gansjis sagani xdeba iseT qveynebSi, sadac Jurna-

listuri TviTregulirebis institutebia ganviTarebuli. aseT sajaro

ganxilvas safuZvlad udevs mediis mierve deklarirebuli eTikuri nor-

mebi.165 aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi saxeze rom

165 magaliTad, germaniis presis kodeqsis 8.1 muxlis (gvarebis da fotoebis

gamoqveyneba) Tanaxmad, `gaumarTlebelia msxverplTa da braldebulTa vinaobis

da fotoebis gamoqveyneba ubeduri SemTxvevebis, danaSaulis, Ziebis an

sasamarTlo procesis amsaxvel masalaSi. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi unda aiwon-

daiwonos sazogadoebis ufleba _ flobdes informacias da adamianis piradi

cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba. am ukanasknelma ar unda gadaswonos sazogadoebis

ufleba _ flobdes informacias.~ ix. `mediis TviTregulirebis qrestomaTia~,

Tavisuflebis instituti, 2004.

181


yofiliyo sainformacio saSualebis braleuli qmedeba, maSin gazeTisa

da Jurnalistis pasuxismgebloba mxolod sajaro gakicxviT ar Semoifar-

gleboda da maT moraluri zianis kompensirebac mouxdebodaT.

rac Seexeba Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, raionuli

sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebiT, zemdgomma instanciam marTebulad miiCnia

dadgenilad is faqti, rom statia Seexeboda mosarClis piradi cxovrebis

saCoTiro da usiamovno epizodebs. Tumca sasamarTlom arasworad gansaz-

Rvra sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu visi braleuli moqmedeba iyo saxeze moce-

mul SemTxvevaSi. kolegiam arasworad miuTiTa, Tu vin moaxdina mosarClis

piradi saidumlos gamJRavneba. S. S.-s sxdomis daxurvisa da misi cxovre-

bis saCoTiro detalebis argamJRavnebis moTxovniT ar miumarTavs gazeT

�kviris palitrisa� da megi canavasaTvis, am SuamdgomlobiT man, rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, sasamarTlos mimarTa da Sesabamisad, piradi saidumlos

dacvis gonivruli molodinic am uwyebisagan hqonda. radganac sasamar-

Tlom ver SeZlo dazaralebulis dacva kanoniT daculi informaciis ga-

sajaroobisgan, amdenad S.S.-s sasamarTlos winaaRmdeg unda Seetana sar-

Celi da moraluri zianis kompensirebac mas unda dakisreboda.

marTalia, uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar gaauqma qvemdgomi instanciis ga-

dawyvetileba, ris safuZvelsac saqmeSi arasaTanado mopasuxis arseboba

ganapirobebda, magram es gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovania im mxriv, rom

masSi pirvelad aris farTod ganmartebuli piradi cxovrebis saidum-

loebis dacvis arsi saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxlisa da evropis

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT. saxeldobr,

uzenaesma instanciam aRniSna, rom es norma icavs ara piradi saqmianobis

adgils, pirad cxovrebas, pirad Canawers, mimoweras, Setyobinebas da a. S.

(anu adgils, obieqtebs da sagnebs), aramed adamians _ saqarTvelos moqa-

laqes, da Sesabamisad, misi nebis gareSe, adamianis pirad cxovrebaSi SeWra,

konstituciiT aRiarebuli principis _ piradi cxovrebis xelSeuvalobis

_ xelyofaa.

evrosabWos wevri qveynebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven perso-

naluri monacemebis dacvas da zogierT qveyanaSi aseTi monacemebi speci-

aluri kanoniTac ki aris daculi. evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamar-

TloSi moqmedi standartis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba, sasamarTlo gadawyve-

tilebaSi, romelic yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia, srulad iyos moxseni-

182


ebuli gaupatiurebis msxverplis saxeli da gvari. imis gamo, rom sasamar-

Tlos nebismieri gadawyvetileba sajaro aris nebismieri pirisaTvis,

Sesabamisad, masSi ar unda iyos moxseniebuli piris iseTi personaluri

monacemebi, romelTa gavrcelebac Tavad am pirs ar surs. anu sasamarT-

lom unda miiRos yvela zoma, raTa gadawyvetilebaSi minimumamde iqnes

dayvanili piris identificirebisaTvis saWiro maxasiaTeblebis arseboba.

mamuka nozaZisa da gazeT `TrialeTis~ saqme

gansaxilveli saqme uprecedentoa im mxriv, rom mosamarTlem antikons-

tituciurad da evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciasTan Seusabamod ga-

moacxada sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb axali kanoni, ro-

melic icavs azris absolutur Tavisuflebas, rogorc bunebiT uflebas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom azris absoluturi Tavisuflebis SezRudva-ar-

SezRudvis sakiTxi mocemul SemTxvevaSi absoluturad ar ukavSirdeba

davis sagans _ fotosuraTis gadaRebaze nebarTvis aRebis aucileblobas,

mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom axali kanoni kidev ufro afarToebs konsti-

tuciur debulebas, roca `sxvaTa uflebebis~ dasacavad iTvaliswinebs

SezRudvebs iseT gamoxatvaze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, uxamsoba da piris-

pir Seuracxyofa. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi aseve evrosasamarTlos iuris-

prudencia, romlis mixedviTac, aragonivrulia pirs mosTxovo azrebisa

da SefasebiTi msjelobebis namdvilobis dadastureba166.

rac Seexeba davis ZiriTad sagans _ fotosuraTis gamoqveynebis mi-

zanSewonilobis sakiTxs, unda iTqvas, rom raionuli sasamarTlos gadaw-

yvetileba gamotanilia kanonis uxeSi darRvevebiT, kerZod:

1. moraluri zianis anazRaurebis saxiT 300 laris dakisrebis safuZ-

vlad sasamarTlom miiCnia mopasuxis mier mosarClis suraTis aramarT-

lzomieri gamoqveynebis faqti.

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis

mexuTe punqtis mixedviT, `am muxlis pirvel da me-2 nawilebSi gaTvalis-

winebuli moTxovnis ufleba aqvs pirs maSinac, roca misi gamosaxuleba

(fotosuraTi, kinofilmi, videofilmi da a.S.) gamoqveyndeba misi Tanx-

mobis gareSe. piris Tanxmoba ar aris saWiro, roca fotogadaReba (vide-

166 ix. lingensi avstriis winaaRmdeg, tomi I, gv. 272.

183


ogadaReba da a.S.) dakavSirebulia mis sazogadoebriv aRiarebasTan, daka-

vebul TanamdebobasTan, marTlmsajulebis an policiis moTxovnebTan, sa-

mecniero, saswavlo an kulturul miznebTan, anda fotogadaReba (vide-

ogadaReba da a.S.) moxda sazogado viTarebaSi, anda pirma pozirebisaTvis

miiRo sazRauri�.

anu Tuki saxezea piris gamosaxulebis aramarTlzomieri gamoqveynebis

faqti, pirs SeuZlia, sasamarTlos meSveobiT moiTxovos mxolod im pasu-

xismgeblobis dakisreba, rac mocemulia me-18 muxlis pirvel da meore

nawilebSi. pirveli da meore nawilebi ki ar iZleva moraluri zianis gamo

fuladi anazRaurebis dakisrebis moTxovnis uflebas. igi mxolod amave

muxlis me-6 nawiliT aris gaTvaliswinebuli. anu, sasamarTlos ar SeeZlo,

mopasuxisaTvis daekisrebina fuladi anazRaureba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki

dadasturdeboda, rom gazeTma aramarTlzomierad gamoaqveyna mosarClis

foto. aqedan gamomdinare, saxezea sasamarTlos mier kanonis uxeSi dar-

Rvevis faqti.

2. sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ukanonoa aseve imis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-5 punqti ar iTvaliswinebs piris

Tanxmobas misi gamosaxulebis gamoqveynebaze, Tu es dakavSirebulia mis

sazogadoebriv aRiarebasTan, dakavebul TanamdebobasTan da a.S.

mosarCle mamuka nozaZe misi gamosaxulebis gamoqveynebis momentisaT-

vis warmoadgenda Tanamdebobis pirs _ igi iyo liaxvis saolqo saarCevno

komisiis Tavmjdomare da fotos gadaReba moxda video firidan, rome-

lic asaxavda im satelevizio gadacemas, sadac mosarCle miwveuli iyo,

rogorc Tanamdebobis piri. anu am SemTxvevaSi calsaxaa, rom fotosura-

Tis gamoqveynebisaTvis piris Tanxmobis saWiroeba ar arsebobda.

evrosasamarTlos iurisprudencia ar iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas

iseTi fotoebis gamoqveynebis gamo, romlebic sajaro Tanamdebobis

pirebs sajaro viTarebaSi aqvT gadaRebuli. gamosaxulebis gamoqveynebaze

nebarTva mxolod iseT SemTxvevebSia saWiro, rodesac foto arasajaro

garemoSia gadaRebuli. arasajaro garemo ki ganmartebulia rogorc

adgili/garemoeba, sadac pirs aqvs marto darCenis gonivruli molodini.

3) marTalia, sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-17

muxlis me-3 punqti imperatiulad adgens, rom `dauSvebelia piris iZu-

leba, moixados bodiSi~, sasamarTlom uxeSad daarRvia kanoni, rodesac

mopasuxes pasuxismgeblobis es forma daakisra. aRsaniSnavia, rom bodiSis

184


moxdas arc adre moqmedi kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebda, romlis anti-

konstituciuroba mosamarTles ar gauxdia sadavod. miuxedavad imisa,

rom saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, da-

uSvebelia adamianis iZuleba, gamoTqvas sakuTari mrwamsisa da Sexedu-

lebebis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi.

dodo Coxelis, `duSeTis sazogadoebis inteligenciisa~

da `axali versiis~ saqme

mocemul saqmeze167 sasamarTlom gamoitana nawilobriv araswori ga-

dawyvetileba.

erTaderTi cnoba, romelic Seicavda mtkicebas faqtis Sesaxeb da mo-

pasuxeTa pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli iyo, warmoadgenda mosarClis

pirad saidumlos. bavSvisaTvis gvaris micemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiT-

xebis sajarod gavrceleba ara marto samarTlebrivi, aramed eTikuri

TvalsazrisiTac aris gaumarTlebeli,168 miT ufro, rom mocemul SemTx-

vevaSi gavrcelebuli cnoba sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. piradi cxovre-

bis xelSeuxeblobis xelyofa arc erT demokratiul saxelmwifoSi ar aris

daculi sityvis Tavisuflebis garantiebiT. marTalia, bavSvis mSobeli

sajaro pirs warmoadgenda, magram am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobda pirad

cxovrebaSi daukiTxavad SeWris aucilebloba, radganac or uflebas _

piradi cxovrebis saidumloeba da sityvis Tavisufleba _ Soris balansis

darRvevis legitimuri safuZveli ar arsebobda. SvilisaTvis gvaris mi-

cema-armicemis sakiTxs araviTari pirdapiri kavSiri ar hqonda mopasuxe-

Ta mizanTan _ gaekritikebinaT da SeefasebinaT maTi raionis maJoritari

deputatis moRvaweoba. sainformacio saSualebas am SemTxvevaSi unda

emoqmeda bavSvis keTildReobidan gamomdinare da ar unda gamoeqveynebina

iseTi masala, romelic SesaZloa, arasaxarbielod asaxuliyo mozardis

momavalze.

167 ix. dodo Coxeli `duSeTis sazogadoebis inteligenciis~ da `axali versiis~

winaaRmdeg, kari II, gv. 537.168 `dauSvebelia bavSvis piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb masalis gamoqveyneba mxolod misi

mSoblebis avtoritetis, cnobadobis an sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis gamo~ _

didi britaneTis qcevis kodeqsi, muxli 6. ix. `mediis TviTregulirebis

qrestomaTia~, Tavisuflebis instituti, 2004.

185


sasamarTlom arasworad daakisra mopasuxeebs pasuxismgebloba im

gamonaTqvamebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic mxolod da mxolod SefasebiT

msjelobas warmoadgenda da ara dadasturebad an uaryofad faqts. Tanac,

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Sefasebuli iyo raionis maJoritari deputatis

saqmianoba, risi uflebac mopasuxeebs gaaCndaT.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli ki SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis uaryo-

fis dakisrebas ar iTvaliswinebda.

rac Seexeba moraluri zianis anazRaurebis saxiT mopasuxeebze 700 la-

ris dakisrebas, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom mopasuxeTa is

nawilic ki, romelmac aRiara gancxadebaze xelis moweris faqti, ar icnob-

da sadavo gancxadebis Sinaarss. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-6

nawilis mixedviT, pativis, Rirsebisa da saqmiani reputaciis dacva xor-

cieldeba miuxedavad xelmyofis bralisa. braleuli xelyofis SemTxve-

vaSi uflebamosil pirs SeuZlia, moiTxovos araqonebrivi (moraluri) zi-

anis anazRaurebac. Sesabamisad, am sarCelis ganxilvisas sasamarTlos gan-

sakuTrebuli yuradRebiT unda Seefasebina is garemoeba, Tu ramdenad

braleulad moqmedebdnen mopasuxeebi sadavo cnobebis gavrcelebisas.

marTalia, sasamarTlom pasuxismgebloba ar daakisra garkveul mopasu-

xeebs, radgan maT braleul qmedebaSi ver darwmunda, magram amavdroulad

gaurkvevelia, saqmeSi arsebuli romeli mtkicebulebebiT gaxda SesaZ-

lebeli danarCeni mopasuxeebis qmedebaSi bralis dadastureba.


nugzar maRularias, `besana da giorgis~

da guram ximSiaSvilis saqme

aRniSnuli saqmisadmi169 interess ganapirobebda is, rom konfliqtismonawile erT-erTi piri iyo xelisuflebasTan daaxloebuli biznesmeni_ gogi SevardnaZe. amdenad, bunebrivi iyo Jurnalistis daintereseba,gamoeqveynebina publikacia Temaze, romelic sazogadoebis sajaro inte-ress pasuxobda.

169 ix. nugzar maRularia da `besana da giorgi~ guram ximSiaSvilis winaaRmdeg,kari II, gv. 521.

186


baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba kanonis uxeSi darRvevi-Taa miRebuli sul mcire im nawilSi, romliTac mopasuxes sajarod bodiSismoxda daekisra. sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebas ar hqonda samarTlebrivisafuZveli, radgan bodiSis moxdis instituts ar iTvaliswinebda im dro-isaTvis moqmedi kanonmdebloba. am kanondarRvevis erTgvari aRiareba iyoaWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier saqalaqo sa-samarTlos gadawyvetilebis im nawilis gauqmeba, romelic bodiSis moxdasiTvaliswinebda.

Tumca yvelaze mTavari kanondarRveva am saqmeSi mainc is aris, romsasamarTlom ar gamoiTxova finansuri dokumentebi, romelTa siyalbezecmopasuxe sagazeTo interviuSi saubrobda da romelTa gamoTxovas is mTe-li procesis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda. Tuki sasamarTlo ar darwmunde-boda mopasuxis braleul qmedebaSi, mas arc mxarisaTvis moraluri zianisdakisrebis ufleba hqonda. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-6 nawilimxolod pirdapiri braliT moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi iTvaliswinebs mora-luri zianis dakisrebis SesaZleblobas. samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSipirdapir aris miTiTebuli, rom sasamarTlo gamoiTxovs nebismieri pi-risagan im dokumentebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania konkretuli saqmisaT-vis, Tu amis Sesaxeb Suamdgomlobas daayenebs romelime mxare.

marTalia, aWaris umaRlesma sasamarTlom Seamcira moraluri zianisodenoba, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebamuari Tqva im dokumentebis gamoTxovaze, romlebic saqmeze WeSmaritebisdadgenas Seuwyobda xels, Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad pozitiurad SeiZ-leba CaiTvalos mopasuxisaTvis raime SeRavaTis gakeTeba. amdenad, sasa-marTlos uari _ saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani dokumentebis gamoTxovaze _warmoadgens kanondarRvevas, rac safuZvlad daedo aseve ukanono gadawy-vetilebis gamotanas.

187


3. administraciuli davebi


antimonopoliuri samsaxurisa

da telekompania `rusTavi 2~-is saqme

aRniSnuli saqme saqarTveloSi politikuri gamoxatvis erT-erTi

yvelaze uxeSi xelyofis nimuSia. mocemul SemTxvevaSi aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis mcdelobisTvis _ SeezRuda organizacia `kmaras~ sityvis

Tavisufleba _ xeli arc sasamarTlo xelisuflebas SeuSlia. ufro metic,

vake-saburTalos raionulma sasamarTlom xelic ki waaSvela antimo-

nopoliur samsaxurs politikuri Sinaarsis klipebis akrZalvaSi da ara-

gonivruli finansuri jarima daakisra reklamis gamavrcelebel sainfor-

macio saSualebas. am SemTxvevaSi ufro politikuri gadawyvetileba iyo

saxeze, vidre samarTlebrivi da Sesabamisad, misi gadasinjvac qveyanaSi

politikuri xelisuflebis cvlilebis Sedegad moxerxda.

rac Seexeba am gadawyvetilebis samarTlebriv mxares, aRsaniSnavia, rom

sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSi arasworad ganmarta kanoni reklamis Sesaxeb,

ramac gamoiwvia mediisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciis gamoxatvis Ta-

visuflebaSi uxeSi Careva.

antimonopoliuri samsaxuris mier gansazRvruli finansuri sanqcia

ar iTvaliswinebda proporciulobis princips, rac evrosasamarTlos

iurisprudenciis mixedviT, konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas warmoad-

gens (miuxedavad imisa, Carevis mizani legitimuri iyo Tu ara).170

sasamarTlom arasworad miuTiTa reklamis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos ka-

nonis me-3 muxlis me-5 punqtze, radganac igi ar iTvaliswinebs raime Sez-

Rudvas reklamis Sinaarsis gamo. aRniSnuli muxli mxolod kanonSi gamo-

yenebul terminTa definicias iZleva, rac ver gamodgeba telekompaniis

mier braleuli moqmedebis faqtis dadasturebad.

TavisTavad, sadavo reklamis araeTikur reklamad miCnevas araviTari

samarTlebrivi safuZveli ara aqvs, radganac kanoni iZleva mkafio defi-

nicias, Tu ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos araeTikurad. saxeldobr, araeTikurad

170 Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. United Kingdom, 13 July, 1995.

188


miiCneva mxolod iseTi `reklama, romelic fizikur pirTa erovnebis, ra-

sis, profesiis, socialuri kuTvnilebis, asakis, sqesis, enis, religiis,

politikuri da filosofiuri mrwamsis mimarT Seuracxmyofeli sityve-

bisa da Sedarebebis gamoyenebiT arRvevs sayovelTaod aRiarebul huma-

nur da zneobriv normebs...~. unda iTqvas, rom moZraoba `kmaras~ reklamaSi

arc erTi piri ar aris Seuracxyofili misi politikuri mrwamsis gamo.

reklama ar Seicavs araviTar cru faqts masSi moxseniebuli pirebis Sesa-

xeb. rac Seexeba miTiTebas politikur kuTvnilebaze, aq calsaxaa, rom

reklama ceeskos wevrebs `emuqreboda~ ara maTi politikuri Sexedule-

bebis gamo, aramed arCevnebis Sedegebis gayalbebisaTvis, anu maTi Tanam-

debobrivi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebisaTvis, rac ori absolu-

turad gansxvavebuli ramaa. Tanac ceeskos wevrebi TavianTi uflebamo-

silebis aRsrulebisas valdebuli arian, imoqmedon ara partiuli inte-

resebis, aramed kanonis uzenaesobis Sesatyvisad.

dauSvebelia sasamarTlos mier samotivacio nawilSi apelireba cees-

kos Tavmjdomaris werilze, radganac kanonis mixedviT, sasamarTlosad-

mi mimarTvis ufleba aqvs uSualod im pirs, visi uflebac xelyofilia.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki ceeskos Tavmjdomare telekompaniis dasjas mo-

iTxovda ceeskos wevrebis Seuracxyofis gamo. Tuki ceeskos wevrebi Tvli-

dnen, rom reklamis gavrcelebis Sedegad Seilaxa maTi pativi da Rirseba,

reklamis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 21-e muxlis me-3 punqtisa da sa-

moqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis safuZvelze, maT SeeZloT, miemarTaT

sasamarTlosTvis da Tavad edavaT sakuTari pativisa da Rirsebis gamo.

sasamarTlom aramarTebulad miuTiTa aseve kanonis me-4 muxlis me-8

punqtze, romlis mixedviTac, akrZalulia arasaTanado reklamis ganTav-

seba da gavrceleba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom telekompanias ar gauvr-

celebia arasaTanado reklama, Sesabamisad, arc sadavo klipis ganTavseba

da gavrceleba unda akrZaluliyo.

Tumca sasamarTlom dauSva yvelaze seriozuli xarvezi, rodesac aR-

niSnuli dava ar ganixila qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri klimatisa da

sajaro diskusiis konteqstSi. mTeli qarTuli sazogadoebis yuradReba

im dros centraluri saarCevno komisiis saqmianobisaken iyo mipyrobili,

anu im saxelmwifo organosaken, romelsac unda daesaxelebina is poli-

tikuri Zala, vinc qveyanas momavali 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi marTavda. nebis-

mieri qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi saarCevno daZabuloba piks yovel-

189


Tvis Sedegebis gamocxadebisTvis aRwevs. am droisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

yvelaze mkacri da uxeSi Sefasebebi. niSandoblivia is garemoebac, rom

saboloo jamSi swored saarCevno komisiis ukanono gadawyvetilebebi

gaxda xalxis quCaSi gamosvlis mizezi.

sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo aseve mZafri winaasarCevno pe-

riodis is gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rac evrosasamarTlom araerT

saqmeze171 daafiqsira.

rac Seexeba uxeS procesualur darRvevebs, amis Sesaxeb Tavis gadawyve-

tilebaSi saolqo sasamarTlomac miuTiTa, mas Semdeg, rac dRis wesrigSi

aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvis sakiTxi dadga.

4. sakonstitucio davebi

akaki gogiCaiSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg

2003 wlis 23 ivliss akaki gogiCaiSvilma sarCeliT mimarTa sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlos da moiTxova imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad konstitu-

ciuri iyo saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-2 nawili da

presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-20

muxlis pirveli punqti.

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis komen-

tari:

I. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiRo absoluturad dausabuTebeli

gadawyvetileba, rodesac ar cno antikonstituciurad samoqalaqo ko-

deqsis me-18 muxlis me-2 nawilisa da presisa da masobrivi informaciis

sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqti. sadavo

norma, romelic SemdgomSi sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

kanonma gaauqma, aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis me-19 muxls.

gasaCivrebuli normebis konstituciurad aRiarebiT sasamarTlom praq-

tikulad ZalaSi datova is negatiuri efeqti, rac mas mudmivad Tan

sdevda. kerZod:

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom: �dauSvebe-171 Bowman v. United Kingdom, 17 February, 1998.

190


lia adamianis devna sityvis, azris, aRmsareblobis an rwmenis gamo, agreT-

ve misi iZuleba, gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexeduleba maT Sesaxeb...�

samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis amJamad gauqmebuli me-2 punqti aS-

karad xelyofda me-19 muxlis me-2 punqtiT garantirebul konstituciur

uflebas, romelic icavs nebismier adamians sityvisa da azris gamoTqmis

iZulebisagan. udavoa, rom amavdroulad kanonmdebloba nebismier pirov-

nebas icavs pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli, sinamdvilesTan Seusabamo

gamonaTqvamebisagan. es dacva gamoixateba mravali formiT: magaliTad,

pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli informaciebis gavrcelebis Semdeg sa-

tisfaqciis zoma, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba fuladi Tanxis dakisrebaSi;

imave sainformacio saSualebebis meSveobiT pasuxis gacemaSi; faqtobrivi

monacemebis arasrulad gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi ki, am informaciis sru-

li moculobiT gamoqveynebis davaldebulebaSi; aseve gavrcelebuli

formaa difamaciuri gamonaTqvamebis Sedegad miyenebuli qonebrivi da

moraluri zianis anazRaureba. rogorc vxedavT, individis pativisa da

Rirsebis dacva negatiuri zemoqmedebis formiT unda moxdes.

piris ufleba, ar aiZulon gaavrcelos raime azri, gansakuTrebulad

dacul uflebas warmoadgens. rac gamoixateba Tundac imaSi, rom sagan-

gebo an saomari mdgomareobis drosac ki ar aris SesaZlebeli am uflebis

SezRudva.172

cxadia, azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba moicavs ara marto uflebas _

Tavisuflad gamoxato sakuTari azri, aramed, uflebasac _ Tavi Seikavo

nebismieri SenTvis arasasurveli azris gamoxatvisagan. samoqalaqo ko-

deqsis me-18 muxlis meore nawili pirs aZlevda uflebas, difamaciuri

cnobebis gamavrcelebels sasamarTlos meSveobiT moeTxova gavrcele-

buli cnobebis uaryofa, Tu gamavrcelebeli ar daamtkicebda, rom isini

sinamdviles Seefereboda. cxadia, rom informacia, romlis uaryofasac

akisreben pirs, am piris mrwamsiT kvlav erTaderTi WeSmaritebaa. anu for-

maluri uaryofis miuxedavad, piroveneba isev Tavis azrze rCeba. samoqa-

laqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis meore nawili ki ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTve-

los konstituciis me-19 muxls, rodesac avalebda pirs, misi nebis sawina-

aRmdegod gaevrcelebina informacia an/da gamoexata azri.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlSi mocemuli principi

172 saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 46.

191


ewinaaRmdegeboda ara marto saqarTvelos konstitucias, aramed adami-

anis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropis konvencias da adami-

anis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikas.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos yuradReba unda gaemaxvilebina aseve sa-

qarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-3 punqtze, romelic miuTiTebs,

rom �dauSvebelia am muxlSi CamoTvlil TavisuflebaTa SezRudva, Tu

maTi gamovlineba ar laxavs sxvaTa uflebebs�. es ki imas adasturebs,

rom sxvisi uflebis darRvevis motiviT, dauSvebelia me-19 muxlis pirvel

punqtSi gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis yovelgvari SezRudva. zogadad,

SezRudva rom dasaSvebia, es cxadia, radgan arsebobs gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebis SezRudvis zomebi, magaliTad, oficialuri piris valdebuleba,

ar gaamJRavnos misTvis gandobili saxelmwifo saidumloeba; bankis Tanam-

Sromlis movaleoba, ar gasces klientis angariSis Sesaxeb informacia;

biznesmenis movaleoba, ar gaavrcelos arakeTilsindisieri sareklamo

gancxadeba da a.S. mcdaria saqarTvelos konstituciis 19-e muxlis me-3

punqtis imgvari ganmarteba, TiTqos pirvel da meore punqtebSi dadge-

nili uflebebis yovelgvari SezRudva dasaSvebia, radgan aseT SemTxve-

vaSi, saqme ara gvaqvs azris Tavisuflebis gamovlenasTan. konstituciis

me-19 muxlis me-3 punqti ki swored uflebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi ga-

nixilavs am muxlSi gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa SezRudvas SesaZleblad.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom yovelive es warmoadgens

saxelmwifos mxridan azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis negati-

ur formebs. swored amgvar SezRudvebs gulisxmobs saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciis me-19 muxlis me-3 punqti. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

kodeqsis me-18 muxlis meore nawils, igi awesebda saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciis me-19 muxlTan SeuTavsebel SezRudvas, riTac irRveoda adamianis

konstituciuri ufleba.

sadavo normebi warmoadgenda konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-2 nawiliT

gaTvaliswinebuli azris gamoxatvis iZulebisagan adamianis dacvis ufle-

bis uxeS xelyofas.

cxadia, rom konstituciis me-17 muxliT garantirebuli nebismieri pi-

ris pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuvalobis uflebis dacva SesaZloa, Seiz-

Rudos raime formiT. nebismieri demokratiuli saxelmwifos erT-erT

umTavres sazrunavs swored am uflebis ganuxreli dacva unda warmoad-

gendes.

192


I I . sasamarTlom araswori gadawyvetileba miiRo aseve imis gaTvalis-

winebiTac, rom sadavo normas ar gaaCnda `sxva pirTa uflebebis~ dacvis

kanonieri mizani, kerZod:

rodesac saubaria vinmes pativisa da Rirsebis dacvaze, maSin logiku-

ria, unda vigulisxmoT sxva pirovnebis sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva.

yvela demokratiuli evropuli saxelmwifo sityvis Tavisuflebis Sesaz-

Rudad adgens Zalzed maRal standartebs. magaliTad, evropis adamianis

uflebaTa sasamarTlo sityvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi

iyenebs sam nawilian tests, romlis TiToeuli komponentis arseboba auci-

lebelia, raTa gamarTldes saxelmwifos mier sityvis TavisuflebaSi gan-

xorcielebuli Careva. am testis elementebia: 1) sityvis TavisuflebaSi

Careva gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT; 2) Carevas gaaCnia kanonieri mizani;

3) Careva warmoadgens proporciul zomas miznis misaRwevad da konk-

retuli Carevis ganxorcieleba aucilebelia demokratiul sazoga-

doebaSi zemoT CamoTvlili kanonieri miznebis dasacavad.

Tuki Sefasebis am models mivusadagebT sadavo normas, maSin miviRebT

aseT suraTs: sadavo norma ver akmayofilebda testis me-2 da me-3 nawi-

lebs, anu ar gaaCnda kanonieri mizani da Sesabamisad, verc ararsebuli

kanonieri miznis proporciuli iqneboda.

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad, am

muxlSi CamoTvlil uflebaTa SezRudva SesaZloa, ganxorcieldes mxo-

lod erTaderTi kanonieri miznis gamo. es kanonieri mizania `sxva pirTa

uflebebis dacva~. anu azris gamoxatvaSi ganxorcielebuli nebismieri

Careva miznad unda isaxavdes `sxva pirTa uflebebis dacvas~.

gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofis davaldebulebas ar gaaCnda kano-

nieri mizani, radgan ar iyo gamiznuli `sxva pirTa uflebebis dasacavad~.

anu is piri, viszec saxelgamtexi araswori informacia gavrcelda, mopa-

suxis mier aseTi cnobebis uaryofis gziT veranairad ver aRidgens pativsa

da Rirsebas. saqarTveloSi arsebuli praqtikis mixedviT, rodesac cno-

bebis gamavrcelebeli ver daamtkicebda mis mier gamoxatuli azris (Se-

uracxmyofeli iqneboda is, Tu difamaciuri) namdvilobas, sasamarTlo

mas avalebda gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofas imave sainformacio saSu-

alebiTa da Tanazomadi formiT. gaugebaria, ra sargebels naxulobda

reputaciaSelaxuli piri amgvari iZulebiTi formiT azris gamoxatvisas.

193


rodesac sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamo, cnobebis gamavrcelebeli

uaryofda mis mier uwin gamoTqmul mosazrebas, sazogadoeba am nabijs

aRiqvamda ara rogorc am piris azrs, romelic mas Seecvala konkretuli

adamianis Sesaxeb, aramed rogorc sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iZulebiT

aRsrulebas. anu reputaciaSelaxuli piris Sesaxeb sazogadoebas rCeboda

igive Sexeduleba, rac warmoeqmna sadavo cnobebis gavrcelebiT. maga-

liTad, Tuki Jurnalisti umwikvlo reputaciis mqone samxedro oficerze

dawerda, rom es ukanaskneli cudi profesionalia, radgan armiaSi samsa-

xuris dros mas ramdenimejer daekisra disciplinuri pasuxismgebloba

Sidaganawesis sistematuri darRvevis gamo da saboloo jamSi, mas dro-

ebiT aekrZala profesiuli saqmianoba, es, ra Tqma unda, garkveul mora-

lur zians ayenebda oficers, laxavda mis pativsa da Rirsebas da SesaZ-

loa, mieyenebina garkveuli materialuri zaralic (samsaxuridan daTxov-

na an CamoqveiTeba). bunebrivia, aseT SemTxvevaSi oficers unda hqonoda

konstituciis me-17 muxliT garantirebuli pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis

efeqturi da konstituciasTan SesabamisobaSi myofi sakanonmdeblo

meqanizmebis gamoyenebis saSualeba.

III. sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi gaamarTla cnobebis uaryofa,

rogorc yvelaze efeqturi meqanizmi piris pativisa da Rirsebis dasaca-

vad. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda gavixsenoT is meqanizmebi, romelTac

pativisa da Rirsebis dasacavad im dros moqmedi kanonmdebloba iTvalis-

winebda. esenia: 1) gavrcelebuli araswori da difamaciuri cnobebis gamo

miyenebuli moraluri zianis fuladi anazRaurebis ufleba; @2) pasuxis

gamoqveynebis ufleba.

ras emsaxureba TiToeuli maTgani?

calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jarimis mizania ara piris Selaxuli

reputaciis aRdgena sazogadoebaSi, aramed Seuracxyofili pirisaTvis

garkveulwilad gancdili sulieri tanjvebis kompensireba (fuli dRemde

iTvleba saukeTeso saSualebad amgvari tanjvebis kompensirebis dros).

anu jarimis dakisrebiT xdeba mxolod erTi sikeTis �Rirsebis�173 aRdgena.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli da presisa da masobrivi informaciis

sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb kanoni iTvaliswinebda pasuxis uflebis insti-

173 Rirseba ganmartebulia, rogorc sakuTari moraluri Tvisebebis Sefaseba Tavad

pirovnebis mier.

194


tuts. pasuxis uflebiT reputaciaSelaxuli pirs eZleva SesaZlebloba,

warudginos sazogadoebas mis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli negatiuri cnobebis

kontrargumentebi igive sainformacio saSualebiT; meores mxriv, ukve

mopasuxes uCndeba SesaZlebloba, �Tavs daesxas� cnobebis gamavrcelebels

da Seatyobinos sazogadoebas sakuTari azri cnobebis gamavrceleblis

pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. yovelive es miznad isaxavs, sazogadoebaSi

Seiqmnas sruli da obieqturi suraTi yvela gavrcelebuli cnobis Sesaxeb

da warmoadgens davis sagans. pasuxis ufleba dazaralebuls aZlevs efeq-

tur saSualebas, raTa aRidginos sazogadoebis TvalSi Selaxuli pativi.

anu pasuxis ufleba atarebs restituciul xasiaTs. xolo jarimis dakis-

rebas gaaCnia mxolod represiuli daniSnuleba, radgan igi emsaxureba

ara pirovnebis reputaciis aRdgenas sazogadoebis TvalSi, aramed mxo-

lod: 1) cnobebis gamavrceleblis dasjas; 2) gancdili moraluri tanj-

vebis kompensirebas.

IV. sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebis miRebisas daarRvia aseve mxareTa Se-

jibrebiTobis principi. kerZod:

sasamarTlo paeqrobisas mopasuxe mxarem ver SeZlo warmoedgina mo-

sarClis mosazrebebis gasabaTileblad raime mtkicebuleba an argumenti.

mowinaaRmdege mxarem arasworad ganmarta sadavo normebis proporci-

uloba _ TiTqos proporciuloba gulisxmobs mxolod cnobebis uaryofas

imave saSualebiT, riTac moxda cnobebis Tavdapirvelad gavrceleba. mxa-

rem praqtikulad gverdi auara sadavo normebis mizanSewonilobis dasa-

buTebas.

saboloo jamSi, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT ZalaSi darCa sadavo norma, gamo-

xatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb axalma kanonmdeblobam sabolood dausva

wertili am sakiTxze msjelobas da samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-

2 nawilisa da presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb

kanonis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebiT gaauqma cnobebis uaryofis dakis-

rebis instituti.