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konstantine korkeliairine qurdaZe

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gamocema dafinansebuliaevropis sabWosa da evrokomisiiserToblivi programis farglebSi

Konstantin Korkelia, Irine Kurdadze,International Law of Human Rights with Emphasis on the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights (in Georgian), February, 2004.

saxelmZRvanelo gamoica evropis sabWosa da evrokomisiisfinansuri mxardaWeriT erToblivi programis farglebSi,romelic miznad isaxavs demokratiuli stabilurobisxelSewyobasa da ganmtkicebas, aseve konfliqtebis Tavidanacilebas samxreT kavkasiis regionSi.

winamdebare gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ar SeiZlebaCaiTvalos moxseniebuli samarTlebrivi dokumentebis ofi-cialur ganmartebad, romelsac savaldebuli Zala aqvs wevrisaxelmwifoebis mTavrobebisaTvis, evropis sabWos sawesdeboorganoebisa Tu adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciissafuZvelze Seqmnili nebismieri organosaTvis.

garekanis dizaini — g. davTiani, studia `mediatori~

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa — l. gociriZe, Sps `petiti~

wignze muSaoba dasrulda 2003 wlis seqtemberSi.

evropis sabWos sainformacio biuro saqarTveloSierekle II-is Sesaxvevi 7, Tbilisi, 0105,tel.: 988977/989560; faqsi: 989657;el-fosta: [email protected]òíüåîíåü-gverdi: www.coe.ge

ISBN 99928-0-824-1

© konstantine korkelia, irine qurdaZe, 2004 wlis Tebervali.

sarCevi

Sesavali..........................................................................................................5

I. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia:mokle mimoxilvak. korkelia .....................................................................................................9

II. evropuli konvenciis statusisaqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSik. korkelia ...................................................................................................25

III. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulisamarTlis roli sasamarTloebis praqtikaSik. korkelia ...................................................................................................42

IV. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisganmartebis principebik. korkelia ...................................................................................................63

V. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisgamoyeneba sasamarTloebis mierk. korkelia ...................................................................................................84

VI. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo —wesebi da procedurebii. qurdaZe....................................................................................................102

VII. evropis sabWos farglebSi moqmedi adamianis uflebaTaZiriTadi dokumentebi da meqanizmebii. qurdaZe ..........................................................................................................121

VIII. evropuli konvenciis calkeuli muxlebiskomentaråþò .............................................................................................134

1. evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxli — wamebis akrZalva................134

2. evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxli —Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba ...................................142

3. evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxli —samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba ...............................................155

4. evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli — piradi daojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba ...................................174

5. evropuli konvenciis me-9 muxli — azris, sindisisa dareligiis Tavisufleba ......................................................................193

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6. evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxli —gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ..................................................................199

7. evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxli —Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba ......................................211

8. evropuli konvenciis 1-li oqmis 1-li muxli —sakuTrebis ufleba ............................................................................216

IX. hipoTezuri saqmeebi .............................................................................219

1. konvenciis me-3 muxli — wamebis akrZalva ................................... 219

2. konvenciis me-5 muxli —Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba ...................................221

3. konvenciis me-6 muxli —samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba ................................................223

4. konvenciis me-8 muxli — piradi da ojaxuricxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba ....................................................225

5. konvenciis me-9 muxli —azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba ................................227

6. konvenciis me-10 muxli —gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ..................................................................229

7. konvenciis me-11 muxli —Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba .....................................230

8. konvenciis 1-li oqmis 1-li muxli —sakuTrebis ufleba ............................................................................231

adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadi saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebebi .....................................................................................232

ZiriTadi literatura adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSorisosamarTlis, maT Soris adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis, Sesaxeb ...............................................................................234

avtorTa Sesaxeb .....................................................................................244

Sesavali

saqarTvelos samosamarTlo swavlebis centrma da evro-pis sabWos adamianis uflebaTa generalurma direqtoratma2003 wlis aprilSi miaRwies SeTanxmebas, momzadebuliyo sa-xelmZRvanelo adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTal-Si, romelSic yuradReba gamaxvildeboda adamianis ufleba-Ta evropul konvenciaze.

aseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba adamianis uflebaTa sa-erTaSoriso samarTlis, maT Soris adamianis uflebaTa ev-ropuli konvenciis, Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebismwvave aucileblobam ganapiroba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,rom saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, maT So-ris adamianis uflebaTa xelSekrulebebi, aRiarebuliaqveynis kanonmdeblobis nawilad, aucilebelia am xelSek-rulebebis gamoyeneba sasamarTlo da administraciuliorganoebis mier, rac uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebaTadacvas ara mxolod saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis, aramedsaerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT.

cxadia, rom adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso stan-dartebis gamoyenebis praqtikis damkvidrebisaTvis saWi-roa maT Sesaxeb informaciis gavrceleba. amitomac mniS-vnelovania adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlisSesaxeb literaturis gamocema, romlis nakleboba qar-Tul enaze aSkaraa.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxelmZRvanelos mizania, daxma-reba aRmouCinos iuridiuli profesiis warmomadgenlebs,maT Soris: mosamarTleebs, advokatebsa da mosamarTleTaTanaSemweebs, ukeT gaecnon adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSo-riso samarTals, gansakuTrebiT, adamianis uflebaTa evro-puli konvenciiT ganmtkicebuli uflebebis Sinaarss.

saxelmZRvanelo Sedgeba sami nawilisagan.pirvel nawilSi mimoixileba adamianis uflebaTa saerTa-

Soriso samarTalTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi,rogorebicaa: adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekru-lebebis statusi saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis sistema-

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Si, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis,maT Soris evropuli konvenciis, ganmartebisa da gamoyene-bis wesebi, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosaT-vis mimarTvis wesi da saqmeTa ganxilvis procedura, evropissabWos adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadi xelSekrulebebi;

meore nawilSi ganixileba evropuli konvenciis ramdeni-me muxli da maTi ganmarteba evropuli sasamarTlos mier;

mesame nawilSi warmodgenilia konvenciis meore nawil-Si ganxilul muxlebTan dakavSirebuli hipoTezuri saq-meebi.

saxelmZRvanelo Seicavs adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadisaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis sias, romelTa monawileasaqarTvelo. igi aseve Seicavs adamianis uflebaTa evro-puli konvenciis Sesaxeb qarTulenovani da ucxoenovaniZiriTadi literaturis sias, rac daexmareba mkiTxvels,moiZios damatebiTi informacia evropul konvenciasTandakavSirebiT.

mkiTxveli SeniSnavs, rom saxelmZRvaneloSi gansakuT-rebuli yuradReba eTmoba konvenciis ramdenime muxls,kerZod: konvenciis me-3 muxls (wamebis akrZalva); me-5muxls (Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba); me-6muxls (samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba); me-8 muxls (pi-radi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba); me-9muxls (azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba); me-10muxls (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba); me-11 muxls (Sekrebisada gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis ufleba); da 1-li oqmis pir-vel muxls (sakuTrebis ufleba).

Tavidanve naTeli iyo, rom saxelmZRvanelos momzadebi-saTvis gansazRvrul vadaSi praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqne-boda konvenciiTa da misi oqmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvelauflebis mimoxilva. miuxedavad amisa, avtorebi Seecadnen,yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT yvelaze `problemur~ muxleb-ze. amasTanave, muxlebis SerCevisas avtorebma gaiTvalis-wines am muxlebiT daculi uflebebis gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba saqarTvelos dRevandeli realobisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTadad mom-zadebulia mosamarTleebis, mosamarTleTa TanaSemweebisada advokatebisaTvis, igi aseve SeiZleba gamoiyenon iuri-diuli profesiis sxva warmomadgenlebma, adamianis ufle-baTa sferoSi momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebma,iseve rogorc iuridiuli ganxris fakultetebis studen-tebma.

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gvsurs, madloba vadavuxadoT samosamarTlo swavlebiscentrs da, gansakuTrebiT, mis direqtors, daviT saakaS-vils, romelmac gaaTviTcnobiera aseTi saxelmZRvanelosmomzadebis aucilebloba da mxari dauWira am ideas.

aseve madlobas vuxdiT evropis sabWos adamianis ufle-baTa generalur direqtorats da, gansakuTrebiT, kSiStofzimans. evropis sabWosa da evrokomisiis finansuri daxma-rebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda aseTi saxelmZRvanelos momzade-ba da misi gamocema.

saxelmZRvanelos avtorebi gamoTqvamen imeds, rom igimniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans informaciis gavrcelebaSiadamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis, maT Sorisadamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis, Sesaxeb, rac,Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs adamianis uflebaTa da Tavi-suflebaTa dacvis gaumjobesebas saqarTveloSi.

konstantine korkeliairine qurdaZe

2003 wlis seqtemberi

7

I. adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvencia: mokle mimoxilva

1. Sesavali

adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias xeli moewera 1950 wlis 4noembers q. romSi. konvencia miRebulia evropis sabWos (q. strasbur-gi) egidiT, romlis mizania adamianis uflebaTa dacva, pluralistu-ri demokratiis ganmtkiceba da samarTlis uzenaesobis xelSewyoba.1

evropuli konvenciis avtorebma misi miRebiT ganizraxes iseTi saer-TaSoriso meqanizmis daarseba, romelic ar dauSvebda dausjelobasadamianis uflebaTa darRvevisaTvis, tiraniasa da totalitarulmmarTvelobas evropaSi.

evropuli konvencia ZalaSi Sevida 1953 wlis 3 seqtembers. amJamadkonvenciis monawilea 44 saxelmwifo, romelTaTvisac igi warmoSobsiuridiul valdebulebebs.

evropul konvencias saqarTvelom xeli moawera 1999 wlis 27 ap-rils. saqarTvelos parlamentis mier konvenciis ratificirebis Se-degad qveynisaTvis igi ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlis 20 maiss.

adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciasTan erTad miRebuliakonvenciis damatebiTi oqmebi. amJamad miRebulia 13 oqmi, romlebicadgenen rogorc materialur uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, ise ganam-tkiceben evropuli sasamarTlos sazedamxedvelo meqanizms.2 konven-ciis 1-li, me-4, me-6, me-7, me-123 da me-13 oqmebi iTvaliswinebs materi-aluri uflebebis dacvas. saqarTvelom moaxdina yvela xsenebuli oq-mis ratificireba.4 mas ar gaukeTebia daTqmebi adamianis uflebaTa

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1 ix. evropis sabWos wesdebis preambula, 1-li da me-3 muxlebi.2 konvenciis me-11 oqmma Secvala procesualuri xasiaTis yvela oqmi, me-9 oqmis garda,romelic man gaauqma. me-11 oqmi inkorporirebulia konvenciis teqstSi.

3 evropuli konvenciis me-12 oqmi, romeliczogadad krZalavs diskriminacias, jerje-robiT ar Sesula ZalaSi. igi ZalaSi Seva mas Semdeg, rac 10 saxelmwifo moaxdens misratificirebas.

4 evropuli konvenciis 1-lioqmi saqarTvelosaTvis ZalaSi Sevida 2002 wlis 7 ivniss, me-4 oqmi — 2000 wlis 13 aprils, me-6 oqmi — 2000 wlis 1 maiss, me-7 oqmi — 2000 wlis 1 ivliss,me-13 oqmi — 2003 wlis 1 seqtembers. informacia evropuli konvenciisa da misi damate-biTi oqmebis monawile saxelmwifoebze xelmisawvdomia [http://conventions.coe.int].

evropuli konvenciisa da misi oqmebis mimarT, garda 1-li, me-12 da me-13 oqmebisa.5

adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias bevri miiCnevs adamianisuflebaTa dacvis yvelaze efeqtian saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebad,romelmac daaarsa ganviTarebuli saerTaSoriso sazedamxedvelo me-qanizmi.6 konvenciis aseTi Sefaseba ganpirobebulia ara im uflebaTada TavisuflebaTa unikalurobiT, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuliakonvenciiT da misi damatebiTi oqmebiT, aramed maTi uzrunvelyofissazedamxedvelo meqanizmiT.7 evropuli konvencia pirveli saerTaSo-riso xelSekrulebaa, romelmac ganamtkica adamianis ZiriTadi uf-lebebi da Tavisuflebebi da Seqmna maT Sesrulebaze sazedamxedvelomeqanizmi.

adamianis uflebaTa sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebTan Seda-rebiT evropuli saxelmwifoebi adamianis uflebaTa evropul konven-cias gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben. adamianis uflebaTa ev-ropulma sasamarTlom da evropulma komisiam8 konvencia aRiares `ev-ropuli sajaro wesrigis konstituciur aqtad~.9

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5 zogadad daTqmebis Sesaxeb, maT Soris evropuli konvenciis mimarT ix. K. Korkelia,New Challenges to the Regime of Reservations under the International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights, European Journal of International Law, vol. 13, N2, 2002, 437-477.

6 A. Robertson & J. Merrills, Human Rights in Europe: A Study of the European Convention on Hu-man Rights, 1993, 1.

7 K. Vasak, The Council of Europe, in: The International Dimension of Human Rights, K. Vasak,(Ed.) vol. 2, 1982, 673.

8 1998 wlis 1 noembramde moqmedebda konvenciis orsafexuriani sazedamxedvelo sis-tema: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-marTlo. komisia ixilavda ganacxadis dasaSvebobas, xolo evropuli sasamarTlo ar-sebiTad ixilavda mas (ganacxads arsebiTad aseve evropis sabWos ministrTa komite-tic ixilavda). sazedamxedvelo organoTa gadatvirTulobis gamo, 1994 wels miiResme-11 oqmi, romelic konvenciis sazedamxedvelo sistemis reformirebasa da ganac-xadTa ganxilvis proceduris gamartivebas iTvaliswinebda. 1998 wlis 1 noembers, me-11 oqmis ZalaSi Sesvlis Sedegad, funqcionireba Sewyvita adamianis uflebaTa evro-pulma komisiam da amoqmedda reformirebuli, mudmivmoqmedi adamianis uflebaTaevropuli sasamarTlo. miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis sazedamxedvelo sistemisreforma mxolod 5 wlis win ganxorcielda, miRebul ganacxadTa raodenobis radi-kaluri zrdis gamo (razec imoqmeda ukanasknel wlebSi centraluri da aRmosavle-Ti evropis saxelmwifoTa mier konvenciis ratificirebam) amJamad sasamarTlo didsirTuleebs ganicdis miRebul ganacxadTa droul ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT.

9 xrisostomosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Chrysostomos v. Turkey), 1991 wlis 4 marti, ga-nacxadi N15299-15311/89, 22-e punqti; loizidu TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Loizidou v. Tur-key), 1995 wlis 23 marti, Series A, no. 310, 75-e punqti.

2. konvenciiTa da misi oqmebiT daculiuflebebi da Tavisuflebebi

adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciasa da mis damatebiT oqmebSiganmtkicebulia ZiriTadad samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi.10 ev-ropuli konvenciiTa da misi damatebiTi oqmebiT Semdegi uflebebi daTavisuflebebia daculi:

2.1. evropuli konvencia

a) meore muxli: sicocxlis ufleba;11

b) mesame muxli: wamebis akrZalva;g) meoTxe muxli: monobisa da iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva;d) mexuTe muxli: Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba;e) meeqvse muxli: samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba;v) meSvide muxli: sasjelis ukuqceviTi gamoyenebis akrZalva;z) merve muxli: piradidaojaxuricxovrebis pativiscemisufleba;T) mecxre muxli: azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba;i) meaTe muxli: gamoxatvis Tavisufleba;k) meTerTmete muxli: Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba;l) meTormete muxli: qorwinebis ufleba;m) mecamete muxli: efeqtiani Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi dacvis xelmi-

sawvdomobis ufleba;n) meToTxmete muxli: diskriminaciis akrZalva.

2.2. pirveli oqmi

a) pirveli muxli: sakuTrebis dacva;b) meore muxli: ganaTlebis ufleba;g) mesame muxli: Tavisufal arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba.

2.3. meoTxe oqmi

a) pirveli muxli: Tavisuflebis aRkveTis akrZalva valis gamo;b) meore muxli: gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba;g) mesame muxli: moqalaqeebis gaZevebis akrZalva;d) meoTxe muxli: ucxoelTa koleqtiuri gaZevebis akrZalva.

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10 gamonaklisia pirveli oqmis 1-li (sakuTrebis ufleba) da me-2 (ganaTlebis miRebisufleba) muxlebi.

11 konvenciis pirveli muxli ar adgens materialuruflebas. igi akisrebs saxelmwifosvaldebulebas, Tavisi iurisdiqciis qveS myofi yvela piri uzrunvelyos konvencii-Ta da misi oqmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT.

2.4. meeqvse oqmi

meeqvse oqmi krZalavs sikvdiliT dasjas mSvidobian periodSi.12

2.5. meSvide oqmi

a) pirveli muxli: ucxoelTa gaZevebasTan dakavSirebuli procedu-ruli garantiebi;

b) meore muxli: zemdgom sasamarTloSi ganaCenis gasaCivrebis uf-leba;

g) mesame muxli: kompensacia aramarTebuli msjavrdebisaTvis;d) meoTxe muxli: erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis xelmeored gasamar-

Tlebis an dasjis akrZalva;e) mexuTe muxli: meuRleTa Soris Tanasworoba.

2.6. meTormete oqmi

meTormete oqmi krZalavs diskriminacias yvela im uflebasTan da-kavSirebiT, romlebic pirs eniWeba erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT.

2.7. mecamete oqmi

mecamete oqmi krZalavs sikvdiliTdasjas nebismierdros, maT Sorissaomari mdgomareobis dros.

3. konvenciis moqmedebasTan dakavSirebulizogierTi aspeqti

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedebasTan dakavSire-biT sayuradReboa konvenciis pirveli muxli, romlis Tanaxmad: `maRa-li xelSemkvreli mxareebi TavianTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi yvelasuzrunvelyofen am konvenciis I nawilSi gansazRvruli uflebebiTa daTavisuflebebiT.~ am debulebidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-lovania sakiTxebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia: 1) konvenciis gamoyene-basTan `yvelas~ mimarT; 2) konvenciis moqmedebis teritoriul far-

12

12 me-6 oqmiT ar ikrZaleba sikvdiliTdasja im qmedebisaTvis, romelic Cadenilia omisan misi gardauvali safrTxis arsebobis dros.

glebTan; da 3) saxelmwifos valdebulebasTan, yvela `uzrunvelyos~konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT.

3.1. konvenciis gamoyeneba `yvelas~ mimarT

termini `yvela~, romelic gamoyenebulia konvenciis pirvel muxlSi,moicavs ara mxolod moqalaqeebs, aramed ucxoelebs, moqalaqeobis ar-mqone pirebs, ormagi moqalaqeobis mqone pirebsa da qmeduunaro pirebs.konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebma TavianTi iurisdiqciis fargleb-Si yvela unda uzrunvelyon konvenciis I nawilSi gansazRvruli ufle-bebiTa da TavisuflebebiT. evropuli konvenciis monawile saxelmwi-fos ekisreba pasuxismgebloba Tavisi iurisdiqciis qveS myofi nebismi-eri piris uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRvevisaTvis. konvenciispirveli muxlis miuxedavad, evropuli konvenciis me-16 muxli adgens,rom dasaSvebia ucxoelTa politikuri saqmianobis SezRudva.

3.2. konvenciis moqmedebis teritoriuli farglebi

konvenciis pirveli muxlidan gamomdinare, konvenciis monawile saxel-mwifoebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba, daicvan konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuliuflebebi da Tavisuflebebi TavianTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi.13 igivevaldebuleba ekisrebaT saxelmwifoebs damatebiTi oqmebiT ganmtkicebu-li uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mimarT.

evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, sa-xelmwifos iurisdiqcia da teritoria SeiZleba ar emTxveodes er-TmaneTs.14 adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeze — lo-izidu TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Loizidou v. Turkey) — ganacxada, rom saxel-mwifos iurisdiqcia ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre teritoria.15 xsene-buli saqme exeboda sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas CrdiloeT kviprosisteritoriaze, romelic okupirebulia TurqeTis mier 1974 wlidan.rogorc cnobilia, am teritoriaze, romelic gamocxadda CrdiloeTkviprosis TurqeTis respublikad, ganTavsebuli iyvnen TurqeTissamxedro SenaerTebi.16 am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT evropulma sasamar-Tlom ganacxada, rom:

13

13 P. van Dijk & G. van Hoof, Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights,1998, 3.

14 gansxvavebuli wesia dadgenili samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSorisopaqtis (1966 weli) me-2 muxlis 1-li punqtiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom monawile sa-xelmwifoebma pativi unda scen da uzrunvelyon yvela pirisaTvis paqtiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli uflebebi Tavisi teritoriis farglebSi.

15 loizidu TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Loizidou v. Turkey), 1995 wlis 23 marti, Series A, no.310, 62-e punqti.

16 F. Jacobs & R. White, The European Convention on Human Rights, 1996, 21.

`konvenciis obieqtisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT, xelSemkvreli sa-xelmwifos pasuxismgebloba aseve SeiZleba dadges, rodesac samxedromoqmedebis Sedegad — miuxedavad imisa, kanonieria Tu ukanono — saxel-mwifo axorcielebs efeqtian kontrols Tavisi erovnuli teritoriisfarglebs gareT teritoriaze. am teritoriaze konvenciiT gaTvalis-winebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyofis valdebule-ba gamomdinareobs aseTi kontrolis faqtidan, imis miuxedavad, igixorcieldeba saxelmwifos mier uSualod, misi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis,Tu misdami daqvemdebarebuli adgilobrivi administraciis meSveo-biT.~17

evropuli sasamarTlos xsenebuli gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinare-obs, rom saxelmwifo valdebulia uzrunvelyos konvenciiTa da misi oq-mebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis dacva im teritoriazec, romelzecigi axorcielebs iurisdiqcias, Tumca ar ganekuTvneba am saxelmwifos.

3.3. saxelmwifos negatiuri da pozitiuri valdebuleba

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis pirveli muxli adgens,rom saxelmwifoebma unda „uzrunvelyon“ konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebu-li uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva. am formulirebidan gamomdi-nare, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis pirveli muxli ganimar-ta ise, rom igi saxelmwifos akisrebs ara mxolod negatiur, aramed po-zitiur valdebulebasac.18 am muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo valdebu-lia, ara mxolod Tavi Seikavos konvenciiTa da misi oqmebiT gaTvalis-winebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevisagan (negatiurivaldebuleba), aramed unda uzrunvelyos maTi dacva, maT Soris mesamemxaris (fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi) mier (pozitiuri valdebuleba).Tu evropul konvenciaSi ganmtkicebuli uflebebi dairRva fizikurian iuridiuli piris mier, saxelmwifo valdebulia uzrunvelyos dar-Rveuli uflebebis efeqtiani dacva. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, dgeba Ta-vad saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, romelmac ver uzrunvelyokonvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis dacva.

Tumca konvenciis mravali debulebis ZiriTadi mizania sajaro xeli-suflebis mier adamianis uflebaTa aramarTlzomieri SezRudvis ak-rZalva, udavoa, rom saxelmwifos SeiZleba aseve daekisros am ufleba-Ta efeqtiani dacvis valdebuleba. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sa-samarTlom daadgina, rom pozitiuri valdebuleba gamomdinareobs

14

17 loizidu TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Loizidou v. Turkey), 1995 wlis 23 marti, Series A, no.310, 62-e punqti; aseve ix. bankoviCi da sxvebi natos wevri saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg(Bankovic and Others v. NATO Member States), 2001 wlis 12 dekemberi.

18 l. vildhaberi, adamianisufleba:rogorundaicavdesmasstrasburgisadaerovnulisa-samarTloebi, Jurnali `adamiani da konstitucia~,N1, 2002 weli, gv. 59-60.

konvenciis me-2,19 me-3,20 me-821 da me-1122 muxlebidan. pozitiuri valde-buleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas konvenciis sxva debulebebis safuZvelzec.

saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebulebis sailustraciod SeiZleba adami-anis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos erT-erTi gadawyvetilebis moSve-lieba. 1988 wels adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganixila av-striis winaaRmdeg evropul sasamarTloSi Setanili ganacxadi (saqme —platforma `eqimebi sicocxlisaTvis~ avstriis winaaRmdeg (Plattform “Ärtztefür das Leben” v.Austria)), romelic exeboda SekrebisTavisuflebas (konvenci-is me-11 muxli).23 evropul sasamarTloSi ganacxadi Seitana avstriel eqim-Ta asociaciam, romelic abortis sawinaaRmdego kampanias eweoda. ganacxadiexeboda asociaciisordemonstracias, romelTa Catarebas xeli SeuSala amkampaniis mowinaaRmdegeTa jgufma. asociaciis wevrTa pirveli demonstra-ciisdrosabortismomxreebmaxeliSeuSalesdemonstracias,risTvisacga-moiyenes xmis gamaZliereblebi da demonstrantebs kvercxebi dauSines. po-licielebi,romlebiceswrebodnendemonstracias,dapirispirebaSiCaeriv-nen mxolodmaSin,rodesacmxareebsSorisurTierTobagamwvavdadaSeiqmnafizikur ZaladobaSi misi gadazrdis realuri safrTxe. abortis mowinaaR-mdegeTajgufma aseve SeuSala xeli asociaciis meoredemonstracias.

evropul sasamarTloSi Setanil ganacxadSi asociacia amtkicebda,rom avstriis xelisuflebam ver uzrunvelyo demonstrantebi SekrebisTavisuflebis uflebiT, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia evropuli kon-venciis me-11 muxliT.24 amis sawinaaRmdegod avstriis mTavroba amtki-cebda, rom evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxli ar akisrebs saxelmwifosvaldebulebas, uzrunvelyos demonstrantTa dacva. mTavrobis pozi-ciiT, sakmarisia, rom demonstrantebs Tavad saxelmwifom ar SeuSalosxeli demonstraciis CatarebaSi. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasa-marTlom am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada:

`mSvidobiani Sekrebis WeSmariti, efeqtiani Tavisufleba ar SeiZlebaSeizRudos saxelmwifos mxridan mxolod Caurevlobis movaleobiT: sa-xelmwifos rolis wminda negatiuri koncefcia SeuTavsebeli iqneba me-

15

19 sxva saqmeebTan erTad ix.: makkani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (McCann v. theUnited Kingdom), 1995 wlis 27 seqtemberi, Series A, no. 324, 161-e punqti; osmani gaer-Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Osman v. the United Kingdom), 1998 wlis 28 oqtomberi,Reports 1998-VIII, 3159-61, 115-e-116-e punqtebi.

20 sxva saqmeebTan erTad ix. assenovi da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg (Assenov and Othersv. Bulgaria), 1998 wlis 28 oqtomberi,Reports 1998-VIII, 3290, 102-e punqti.

21 sxvebTan erTad, ix. gaskini gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Gaskin v. the UnitedKingdom), 1989 wlis 7 ivlisi, Series A, no. 160, 42-e-49-e punqtebi.

22 platforma `eqimebi sicocxlisaTvis~ avstriis winaaRmdeg (Plattform “Ärtzte für das Le-ben” v. Austria), 1988 weli, Series A, no. 139.

23 iqve.24 evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxlis 1-li punqti adgens, rom `yvelas aqvs ufleba mSvi-

dobiani Sekrebis Tavisuflebasa da sxvebTan gaerTianebis Tavisuflebaze, Tavisi in-teresebis dasacavad profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnisa da masSi gaerTianebis uflebisCaTvliT.~ me-11 muxlis me-2 punqti uSvebs am uflebis SezRudvis SesaZleblobas.

11 muxlis obieqtsa da mizanTan. me-8 muxlis msgavsad, me-11 muxli zogi-erT SemTxvevaSi moiTxovs pozitiuri RonisZiebis gatarebas, indivi-debs Soris urTierTobebis sferoSic ki, Tu arsebobs amis saWiroeba.~25

evropuli sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebam naTeli mohfina saxelmwi-fos mier adamianis uflebaTa dacvis valdebulebis farglebs. am gadaw-yvetilebiT evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxli monawile saxelmwifosakisrebs ara mxolod negatiur valdebulebas — saxelmwifom uSualodar akrZalos demonstracia, aramed pozitiur valdebulebasac — saxel-mwifom uzrunvelyos demonstraciis mSvidobiani Catareba, maT Soris,daicvas demonstrantebi maTi ideuri mowinaaRmdegeebisagan.26 aqedan ga-momdinare, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuluflebebTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifo ver gaimarTlebs Tavs imiT, romigi uSualod ar arRvevs fizikuri an iuridiuli piris uflebebs, aramedmaTi uflebebi irRveva mesame mxaris (piris an pirTa jgufis) mier.

3.4. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebebis xasiaTi

miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetilebebi iuridiulad savaldebuloa procesis monawile saxel-mwifoebisaTvis,27 TavianTi bunebiT es gadawyvetilebebi mxolod dekla-raciuli xasiaTis aris: isini ar auqmeben Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normati-ul aqtebs, administraciul Tu sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs, romleb-mac gamoiwvies konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisa da Tavisufle-bebis darRveva. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom araerTxeldaadastura Tavis precedentebSi, rom, miuxedavad saxelmwifos valde-bulebisa, Seasrulos evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, saxel-mwifoebi Tavisufalni arian, Tavad gansazRvron is saSualebani, romleb-sac isini gamoiyeneben, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, evropulisasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad.28 evro-puli sasamarTlo ar aris sakasacio, meoTxe, instancia.29

16

25 platforma `eqimebi sicocxlisaTvis~ avstriis winaaRmdeg (Plattform “Ärtzte für das Le-ben” v. Austria), 1988 weli, Series A, no. 139, 32-e punqti; aseve ix. X da Y niderlandebiswinaaRmdeg (X and Y v. Netherlands), 1985 wlis 26 marti, 23-e punqti.

26 J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993,105-106.

27 ix. konvenciis 46-e muxlis 1-li punqti.28 marqsi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Marckx v. Belgium), 1979 wlis 13 ivnisi, Series A, no. 31, 58-e

punqti; skoZari da junta italiis winaaRmdeg (Scozzari and Giunta v. Italy), 2000 wlis 13ivlisi, 249-e punqti;

29 G. Ress, The Effect of Judgments and Decisions in Domestic Law, in: The European System forthe Protection of Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 802.

4. konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuliadamianis uflebaTa SezRudva

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia iTvaliswinebs masSi Camoya-libebuluflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa marTlzomieri SezRudvis SesaZ-leblobas saxelmwifos mier. evropuli konvenciiT SeiZleba dawesdesZiriTadad30 sami saxis SezRudva:

4.1. SezRudva konkretuli muxlebis mimarT

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebi iTva-liswinebs am muxlebiT ganmtkicebuli uflebebisa da TavisuflebebisSezRudvis SesaZleblobas.31 es muxlebi, romlebic ori punqtisaganSedgeba, struqturulad Semdegnairad aris Camoyalibebuli: pirvelipunqtebi aniWebs pirebs ama Tu im uflebas, xolo meore punqtebi adgensam uflebis marTlzomieri SezRudvis pirobebs. imisaTvis, rom saxel-mwifos mier konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT (iseve rogorc zogierTisxva muxliT, mag., 1-li oqmis 1-li muxli) gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisSezRudva marTlzomierad CaiTvalos, xsenebuli muxlebis SezRudvamunda daakmayofilos sami piroba. kerZod, SezRudva unda:

a) iyos kanonis Sesabamisad an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli;b) emsaxurebodes kanonier mizans (mag., janmrTelobis an zneobisdac-

va), romelic pirdapir gaTvaliswinebulia konkretuli muxliT;g) iyos aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

mizanSewonilia TiToeuli pirobis detaluri ganxilva.

a) uflebis marTlzomieri SezRudvis samarTlebrivi safuZveli

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, me-8-me-11 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uf-lebebis SezRudva unda iyos `kanonis Sesabamisad~32 an `kanoniT gaTva-liswinebuli~,33 anu xsenebul uflebaTa SezRudvis SesaZlebloba un-da iyos normatiulad ganmtkicebuli.34 termini `kanoni~ unda ganimar-

17

30 K. Starmer, European Human Rights Law: The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Con-vention on Human Rights, 1999, 165-166; F. Jacobs & R. White, The European Convention onHuman Rights, 1996, 309.

31 aseve ix. me-4 oqmis me-2 muxlis me-3 punqti.32 ix. konvenciis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqti.33 ix. konvenciis me-9, me-10 da me-11 muxlebis me-2 punqtebi.34 evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT saqmeSi, romelic gaerTianebul samefos

exeboda, ganacxada, rom `kanoni~ SeiZleba iyos `dawerili~ an `dauwereli~. sandi Ta-imsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom), 1979 wlis26 aprili, Series A, no. 30, 47-e punqti. termini `kanoni~ konvenciis mniSvnelobiT av-tonomiurad ganimarteba da moicavs normatiuli xasiaTis yvela aqts.

tos ara SezRudviTad, rogorc normatiuli aqtis erT-erTi saxe, ara-med rogorc normatiuli aqti zogadad.

TavisTavad uflebis SezRudvis daweseba `kanoniT~ ar aris sakmari-si imisaTvis, rom konkretuli uflebis SezRudvam daakmayofilos ev-ropuli konvenciis xsenebuli moTxovna. kanonma unda daakmayofilosmisTvis dawesebuli moTxovnebi.35 saqmeze — sandi Taimsi gaerTianebu-li samefos winaaRmdeg (Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom) — adamianisuflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom formulirebidan —`gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT~ — gamomdinareobs ori moTxovna, ker-Zod, sasamarTlom aRniSna:

`pirvel rigSi, kanoni unda iyos advilad xelmisawvdomi: moqalaqe-ebs, garemoebebis mixedviT, unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba, gaerkvnen,romeli samarTlebrivi normebi gamoiyeneba mocemul SemTxvevaSi; me-ore, norma ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `kanonad~, Tu igi ar aris formu-lirebuli sakmarisi sicxadiT, rac moqalaqes miscems SesaZleblo-bas, Seusabamos mas Tavisi moqmedeba: adamians unda hqondes SesaZleb-loba, saWiroebisamebr, Sesabamisi daxmarebiT, Seqmnili garemoebebi-saTvis gonivrul farglebSi, ganWvritos is Sedegebi, romlebic aseTmoqmedebas SeiZleba mohyves.~36

am saqmeSi sasamarTlom, marTalia, miuTiTa, rom ar aris saWiro,moqmedebis Sedegebi ganiWvritos absoluturi sicxadiT,37 magram amgadawyvetilebam naTeli mohfina normis sicxadis aucileblobis moT-xovnas. evropuli konvenciiT, kanoni unda iyos yvelasaTvis xelmisaw-vdomi da sakmarisi sicxadiT formulirebuli.38 konkretuli ufle-bis SezRudva da misi farglebi mkafiod unda ganisazRvros kanon-mdeblobiT. saqmeze — melouni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Malone v. the United Kingdom), romelic erovnuli uSiSroebis interes-Ta gamo mosmenis ganxorcielebas exeboda, evropulma sasamarTlomganacxada, rom kanonSi sakmarisi sicxadiT unda mieTiTos mosmenisganmaxorcielebel organoTa diskreciuli uflebamosileba mosmenisganxorcielebis farglebsa da mis meTodze, raTa piri, romlis mimarTxorcieldeba aseTi mosmena, daculi iyos Tavisi uflebis aramar-Tlzomieri SezRudvisagan.39 imis gamo, rom inglisisa da uelsis kano-

18

35 G. Cohen-Jonathan, Respect for Private and Family Life, in: The European System for the Protec-tion of Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 241.

36 sandi Taimsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom),1979 wlis 26 aprili, Series A, no. 30, 49-e punqti.

37 iqve.38 M. Nowak, Limitations on Human Rights in a Democratic Society, in: The Domestic Implementa-

tion of the European Convention on Human Rights in Eastern and Western Europe, E. Alkema,T. Bellekom, A. Drzemczewski & J. Schokkenbroek (Eds.), 1993, 122.

39 melouni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Malone v. the United Kingdom), 1984 wlis2 agvisto, Series A, no. 82.

ni bundovani iyo (gansakuTrebiT imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu sad iyozRvari im RonisZiebebs Soris, romlebic samarTlebrivi normebiT re-gulirdeboda da romlebic Sesabamis organoebs TavianTi Sexedule-bisamebr SeeZloT ganexorcielebinaT), evropulma sasamarTlom CaT-vala, rom konvenciis es moTxovna ar iqna dakmayofilebuli, radgankanoni ar iyo sakmarisad naTeli, ris gamoc igi ver uzrunvelyofdapiris uflebebis dacvis minimalur moTxovnas.40 evropulma sasamar-Tlom aseve aRniSna: ganWvretis moTxovnis arseboba ar niSnavs, rompirma unda SeZlos imis ganWvreta, savaraudod rodis ganaxorciele-ben Sesabamisi organoebi mis mosmenas, rac am pirs adekvaturi moqme-debis saSualebas miscems.41

amdenad, evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlidan gamom-dinareobs, rom adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvis pirveli moTxovnis dak-mayofilebisaTvis aucilebelia, kanoni iyos rogorc xelmisawvdomi,ise sakmarisad naTeli, raTa garkveuli iyos, rodis da rogor SeiZlebasaxelmwifom SezRudos piris ufleba.42

b) uflebis SezRudvis kanonieri mizani

meore piroba, romelsac iTvaliswinebs konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxle-bi uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa SezRudvis marTlzomierebisaTvis,isaa, rom uflebaTa SezRudva unda emsaxurebodes kanonier mizans.

kanonieri miznebi, romelTa gamoc SeiZleba SeizRudos xsenebulimuxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi, TiToeul muxlSi pirdapiraris Camoyalibebuli (Tumca yvela am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ufle-bis SezRudvis mizani erTi da igive ar aris). calkeuli muxliT gaTva-liswinebuli ufleba mxolod im mizniT SeiZleba SeizRudos, romelicpirdapir aris masSi miTiTebuli.43

konvenciis me-8—me-11 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi SeiZ-leba SeizRudos Semdegi kanonieri miznebis misaRwevad:

a) erovnuli uSiSroebis, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis, teritori-uli mTlianobis an qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReobis interesebi;

b) uwesrigobisa da danaSaulis aRkveTa;g) janmrTelobisa da zneobis dacva;

19

40 iqve, 79-e punqti.41 iqve, 67-e punqti.42 aseve ix. saqme —lianderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Leander v. Sweden), romelTan mimarTe-

biT sasamarTlom SvedeTis kanonmdebloba (momaval saxelmwifo moxeleTa usaf-rTxoebis TvalsazrisiT Semowmebis Sesaxeb) sakmarisad cxadad (naTlad) CaTvala.lianderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Leander v. Sweden), 1987 wlis 26 marti, Series A, no. 116.

43 aseve ix. oqmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli formulirebebi, romelTa gamoc SeiZleba SeizRu-dosuflebebi: `sajaro interesebi~ da `saerTo interesebi~ (pirvelioqmis 1-li muxli).

d) sxvaTa uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacva, aseve sxvaTa reputa-ciis dacva;

e) konfidenciurad miRebuli informaciis gamJRavnebis aRkveTa;v) sasamarTlo xelisuflebis avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis

SenarCuneba.

kanonieri miznis misaRwevad konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT ganmtki-cebuli uflebebis SezRudvis sailustraciod SeiZleba ramdenime ma-galiTis moSvelieba.

erovnuli uSiSroebis interesebze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifos mierkonvenciis me-8 muxlis (piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis uf-leba) SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa saqme — klasi germaniiswinaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany), romelSic ganmcxadebeli saidumloTval-Tvals miiCnevda mis pirad cxovrebaSi Carevad. sasamarTlom daadgina,rom jaSuSobisa da terorizmis formebis maRali ganviTarebis gamo,rac safrTxes uqmnis demokratiul sazogadoebas, saidumlo TvalTva-li, romelic mimarTulia aseTi safrTxis mosagerieblad, akmayofi-lebs konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs.44

saqmeSi — funke safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Funke v. France) — evropu-li sasamarTlo konvenciis me-8 muxlis safuZvelze ixilavda ganac-xads ganmcxadeblis sacxovreblis CxrekasTan dakavSirebiT, rac ga-moiwvia safrangeTis kanonmdeblobis sawinaaRmdego misma finansurmasaqmianobam. evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am konkretul Sem-TxvevaSi saxelmwifos mier ganmcxadeblis pirad cxovrebaSi Careva em-saxureboda kanonier mizans — qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReobis in-teresebs da, Sesabamisad, aseTi Careva gamarTlebuli iyo.45

zneobis dacvaze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifos mier konvenciis me-10 mux-lis (gamoxatvisTavisufleba) SezRudvasTandakavSirebiT sayuradReboasaqme — hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Handyside v. theUnited Kingdom). am saqmeSi gaerTianebuli samefos mTavroba daeyrdnozneobis dacvas, raTa gaemarTlebina akrZalva sabavSvo saxelmZRvanelo-si, romelic exeboda bavSvTa seqsualur ganaTlebas. miuxedavad inglise-li gamomcemlis (man inglisSi gamosca ori danieli avtoris saxelmZRva-nelo) mtkicebisa, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmZRvanelos akrZalva arRvevdaevropuli konvenciis me-10 muxls, evropulma sasamarTlom argaiziara esSexeduleba da miiCnia, rom mopasuxe saxelmwifos SeeZlo konvenciis me-10 muxlis marTlzomieri SezRudva zneobis dacvis motiviT.46

20

44 klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany), 1978 wlis 6 seqtemberi, Series A, no. 28.45 funke gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Funke v. France), 1993 wlis 25 Tebervali,

Series A, no. 256-A.46 hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Handyside v. the United Kingdom), 1976

wlis 7 dekemberi, Series A, no. 24, 48-e punqti.

g) uflebis SezRudvis aucilebloba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi

evropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebulufleba-Ta SezRudvis marTlzomierebisaTvis dawesebulia aseve mesame piroba,romlis Tanaxmad, SezRudva aucilebeli unda iyos demokratiul sazo-gadoebaSi.

uflebis SezRudva aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi mxo-lod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi gamowveulia mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiro-ebiT (pressing social need). marTlzomieria Tu ara konvenciis me-8-me-11muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis SezRudva, fasdeba proporci-ulobis (Tanazomierebis) principis safuZvelze.47 saxelmwifos mier ga-tarebuli RonisZieba, romelic mimarTulia adamianis uflebaTa Sez-Rudvisaken, mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis proporciuli undaiyos.

saqmeze — silveri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Silver v. theUnited Kingdom) — evropulma sasamarTlom sakmaod detalurad ganmar-ta evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnis Sinaarsi, romSezRudva unda iyos aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. sasamar-Tlom ganacxada:

à) zedsarTavi saxeli àucilebeli~ ar aris sityva `gardauvalis~sinonimi, Tumca mas arc iseT terminTa moqniloba axasiaTebs, ro-goricaa: `dasaSvebi~, `Cveulebrivi~, `sasargeblo~, `mizanSewoni-li~, an `sasurveli~;

b) xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs aqvT garkveuli, magram ara usazRvro,Sefasebis farglebi SezRudvebis dawesebisas. sabolood sasamar-Tlo Tavad adgens, Seesabameba Tu ara es SezRudvebi konvencias;

g) fraza — àucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~ niSnavs, romimisaTvis, raTa Careva Seesabamebodes konvencias, is unda Seesat-yvisos `mwvave sazogadoebriv saWiroebas~ da unda iyos im kanonie-ri miznis proporciuli, romlis miRwevasac igi emsaxureba;

d) konvenciis muxlebis is punqtebi, romlebic garantirebuli uf-lebebidan gamonakliss iTvaliswinebs, SezRudviTad unda gani-martos.~48

am debulebidan gamomdinareobs, rom, marTalia, saxelmwifoebsaqvT Sefasebis garkveuli Tavisufleba, magram aris Tu ara uflebisSezRudva mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis proporciuli — saxelmwi-fos aseTi Sefaseba eqvemdebareba kontrols evropuli sasamarTlos

21

47 J. Cremona, The Proportionality Principle in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of HumanRights, Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung: Festschrift für Rudolf Bernhardt, U. Beyerlin,M. Bothe, R. Hofmann & E.-U. Petersmann, 1995, 323-330.

48 silveri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Silver v. the United Kingdom), 1983 wlis 25marti, Series A, no. 61, 97-e punqti.

mxridan.49 evropuli sasamarTlo amowmebs, daakmayofila Tu ara uf-lebis SezRudvam konvenciis moTxovnebi, maT Soris, gamomdinareobsTu ara uflebaTa SezRudva mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroebidan daaris Tu ara igi konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli erT-erTi kanonierimiznis proporciuli. sxva sityvebiT, evropuli sasamarTlo ixilavs,gamarTlebulia Tu ara saxelmwifos mier dayrdnoba konvenciis im de-bulebaze, romelic iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebis SezRudvas.

uflebaTa SezRudvis proporciulobis sakiTxma evropuli sasamar-Tlos praqtikaSi daamkvidra principi, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo-ebs aqvT `Tavisufali Sefasebis farglebi~ (margin of appreciation). ker-Zod, saxelmwifos aqvs Sefasebis garkveuli Tavisufleba adamianis uf-lebaTa SezRudvis mizanSewonilobaze.50 am principTan dakavSirebiT,saqmeze — hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Handyside v.the United Kingdom) — evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna Semdegi:

`TavianTi qveynebis sasicocxlo sawyisebTan uSualo da mudmivi kon-taqtis gamo, saxelmwifo xelisufleba ukeTes mdgomareobaSia, vidre sa-erTaSoriso mosamarTle, gamoxatosTavisi pozicia am moTxovnaTa zustiSinaarsis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc maTi dakmayofilebisaTvis `SezRudvis~`aucileblobis~ an `sasjelis~ Sesaxeb.~51

am debulebidan gamomdinareobs, rom evropuli sasamarTlo saxelmwi-foebs utovebs `Tavisufali Sefasebis farglebs~, anu garkveulTavisuf-lebas imis Sesafaseblad, aucilebelia Tu ara adamianis konkretuli uf-lebis SezRudva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.52

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49 dadjeni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom), 1981 wlis22 oqtomberi, Series A, no. 45, 52-e punqti; silveri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaR-mdeg (Silver v. the United Kingdom), 1983 wlis 25 marti, Series A, no. 61, 97-e punqti.

50 zogadad ix. S. Greer, The Margin of Appreciation: Interpretation and Discretion under the Eu-ropean Convention on Human Rights, 2000, 5-13.

51 hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Handyside v. the United Kingdom), 1976wlis 7dekemberi,SeriesA, no. 24, 48-e punqti. evropulma sasamarTlom saqmesTan —lis-gou da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Lithgow v. the United Kingdom), rome-lic exeboda `Tavisufali Sefasebis farglebis~ doqtrinis gamoyenebas konvenciispirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis mimarT (sakuTrebis uflebis dacva), — dakavSirebiTaseve aRniSna, rom `erovnuli xelisufleba, Tavisi sazogadoebis da misi moTxovnile-bebisa da resursebis Sesaxeb kargad gaTviTcnobierebulobis gamo, ukeTes mdgomare-obaSia, vidre saerTaSoriso mosamarTle imis Sefasebisas, Tu ra RonisZiebebia marTe-buli am sferoSi. ... [evropuli sasamarTlo] pativs scems sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-bis gadawyvetilebas am mimarTebiT, Tu es gadawyvetileba aSkarad ar aris moklebuligonivrul safuZvels.~ lisgouda sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Lithgow v.the United Kingdom), 1986 wlis 8 ivlisi, Series A, no. 102, 122-e punqti.

52 sayuradReboa, rom Sefasebis farglebTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlom am `fargle-bis~ sazRvrebzec miuTiTa, romelic gansxvavdeba calkeuli uflebidan gamomdina-re. kerZod, zogierTi saqmidan gamomdinareobs, rom saxelmwifos ara mxolod `Tavi-sufali Sefasebis farglebi~, aramed aseTi `Tavisufali Sefasebis didi farglebi~aqvs. ix., inter alia, paueli da reineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell andRayner v. the United Kingdom), 1990 wlis 21 Tebervali, Series A, no. 172, 44-e punqti;

evropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebis SezRudvis mesame pirobas-Tan (`aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~) dakavSirebiT SeiZ-leba erT-erTi saqmis moSvelieba. saqmesTan — dadjeni gaerTianebulisamefos winaaRmdeg (Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom) — dakavSirebiT evro-pulma sasamarTlom ganixila homoseqsualuri urTierTobisaTvisCrdiloeT irlandiis kanonmdeblobiT im droisaTvis gaTvaliswinebu-li sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, rac, ganmcxadeb-lis azriT, arRvevda evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxls.53 gaerTianebulisamefos mTavroba amtkicebda, rom homoseqsualizmis akrZalva auci-lebeli iyo demokratiul sazogadoebaSi janmrTelobisa da zneobisdasacavad da, Sesabamisad, gaerTianebul samefos SeeZlo konvenciisme-8 muxlis marTlzomieri SezRudva, romelic icavs piradi cxovrebisuflebas. mopasuxe mTavroba daeyrdno im garemoebas, rom CrdiloeTirlandiis sazogadoeba konservatiulia zneobis sakiTxebSi, ris ga-moc, misi azriT, homoseqsualuri urTierTobis akrZalva gamarTlebu-li iyo.

marTalia, evropuli sasamarTlo daeTanxma gaerTianebuli samefosmTavrobis Sexedulebas, rom CrdiloeT irlandiis sazogadoeba kon-servatiulia zneobis sakiTxebSi, man ar gaiziara misi mtkiceba, romlismixedviT, homoseqsualizmisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjelis ar-seboba mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroebidan gamomdinareobda da, Sesa-bamisad, aseTi sasjelis arseboba janmrTelobisa da zneobis dacvismiznis proporciuli iyo. sabolood, evropulma sasamarTlom daadgi-na, rom CrdiloeT irlandiis kanonmdebloba, romelic iTvaliswinebdasisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas homoseqsualuri urTierTo-bisaTvis, ewinaaRmdegeba evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxls (piradi daojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba).

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom evropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11muxlebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT, SezRudon ammuxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mxolod imkanonieri miznebis misaRwevad (erovnuli uSiSroebis, sazogadoebri-vi usafrTxoebis interesebi; uwesrigobisa da danaSaulis aRkveTa;janmrTelobisa da zneobis dacva da a.S.), romlebic pirdapir gaTva-liswinebulia konvenciis xsenebuli muxlebis meore punqtebiT. sa-xelmwifoebs ekrZalebaT am muxlebiT daculi uflebebisa da Tavi-suflebebis SezRudva sxva miznebis misaRwevad. amas adasturebs ev-ropuli konvenciis me-18 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, konvenciiT daSve-buli SezRudvebi ar unda dawesdes sxva mizniT, garda konvenciiTgaTvaliswinebulisa. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu xsenebuli muxlebi Se-

23

53 dadjeni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom), 1981 wlis22 oqtomberi, Series A, no. 45.

izRuda im miznebiT, romlebic ar aris pirdapir gaTvaliswinebulikonvenciiT, dairRveva evropuli konvencia. arc erTi sxva mizani,garda calkeul muxlebSi miTiTebuli miznebisa, ar SeiZleba CaiTva-los konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebis SezRudvis safuZvlad.54

4.2. adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva sagangebo mdgomareobis dros

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-15 muxlis Tanaxmad, sa-xelmwifos SeuZlia SezRudos (gadauxvios) konvenciiTa da misi oqme-biT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi saomari an sxva sa-gangebo mdgomareobis dros.55 miuxedavad amisa, konvenciis me-15 mux-lis safuZvelze ar SeiZleba SeizRudos konvenciiTa da misi oqmebiTgaTvaliswinebuli yvela ufleba da Tavisufleba. evropuli konvenci-is me-15 muxlis me-2 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi absolutu-ria da, Sesabamisad, saomari an sxva sagangebo mdgomareobis drosac kiikrZaleba maTi SezRudva. aseT uflebebs ganekuTvneba sicocxlis uf-leba (me-2 muxli56), wamebis, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobisan sasjelis akrZalva (me-3 muxli), monobis, iZulebiTi an savaldebuloSromis akrZalva (me-4 muxlis 1-li punqti) da sisxlis samarTlis ka-nonmdeblobisaTvis ukuqceviTi Zalis miniWebis akrZalva (me-7 muxli).

4.3. adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva daTqmis gakeTebis gziT

evropuli konvenciis 57-e muxli iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mierdaTqmis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas, romlis mizania, gamoricxos an Secva-los calkeuli debulebis iuridiuli moqmedeba mocemul saxelmwifos-Tan mimarTebiT.57 `saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sesaxeb~venis 1969 wlis konvenciis Tanaxmad, daTqma SeiZleba gakeTdes xelSek-rulebis savaldebulod aRiarebis, maT Soris ratificirebis, dros.58

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saqarTvelos ar gaukeTebia daTqmebi adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da misi oqmebis mimarT, garda 1-li,me-12 da me-13 oqmebisa.59

24

54 F. Jacobs & R. White, The European Convention on Human Rights, 1996, 313-314.55 detalurad ix. k. korkelia, adamianis uflebaTa dacva sagangebo mdgomareobis

dros: adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvencii-sa da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis SedarebiT analizi, `qarTuli samarTlis mimo-xilva~, N3/4, 2000 weli, gv. 61-79.

56 garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac gardacvaleba marTlzomier saomar moqmedebaTaSedegia.

57 ix. saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sesaxeb venis konvenciis (1969 weli)me-2 muxlis 1(d) punqti.

58 ix. me-19 muxli.59 ix. saqarTvelos saxalxodamcvelis angariSi `saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTadaTa-

visuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb: 2001 wlis meore naxevari~, 2002 weli, gv. 17.

II. evropuli konvenciis statusisaqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi

1. evropuli konvencia, rogorc saqarTveloskanonmdeblobis nawili

Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom, marTalia, am TavSi ganixileba evro-puli konvenciis statusi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi, maT Soriskonvenciis ierarqiuli adgili qveyanaSi moqmed normatiul aqtebs So-ris, magram am ganxilvis Sedegad gamoTqmuli mravali mosazreba Tanab-rad exeba sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsac.

niSandoblivia, rom zogadad saerTaSoriso samarTali ar akisrebssaxelmwifos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis erovnuli kanonmdeblobisnawilad aRiarebis valdebulebas. miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifos aqvsufleba, aRiaros saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba erovnuli kanonmdeb-lobis nawilad, Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtad. saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebis saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis nawilad aRiareba gamom-dinareobs erovnuli da ara saerTaSoriso samarTlidan. Tu saxelmwi-fom aRiara saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba qveynis kanonmdeblobis nawi-lad, xelSekruleba warmoSobs uflebebsa da movaleobebs erovnuldo-neze da, Sesabamisad, fizikur da iuridiul pirebs SeuZliaT daicvanTavianTi uflebebi da interesebi am xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, maTSoris sasamarTloSi.60

saerTaSoriso samarTlis zogadi wesis msgavsad, arc evropulikonvencia akisrebs saxelmwifos valdebulebas, aRiaros konvenciaqveynis kanonmdeblobis nawilad da, Sesabamisad, uSualod gamoiye-nos misi debulebebi erovnul doneze, maT Soris sasamarTlo davebisgadasawyvetad.61 miuxedavad amisa, evropulma sasamarTlom TaviserT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi ganacxada, rom evropuli konvenciiserovnuli kanonmdeblobis nawilad aRiareba konvenciidan gamomdi-

25

60 gamonaklisia evropis gaerTianeba, romelSic saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT da araerovnuli kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra, rom evropis gaerTianebis damfuZnebelixelSekruleba saxelmwifoTa kanonmdeblobis Semadgeneli nawilia. ix. marTlmsaju-lebis evropuli sasamarTlos (luqsemburgi) gadawyvetileba saqmeze — korsa eneliswinaaRmdeg, 1964, ECR, 585.

61 ix. Swedish Engine Drivers’ Union v. Sweden, 1976 wlis 6 Tebervali, Series A, no. 20, 18.

nare valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis gansakuTrebiT efeqtiani saSuale-baa.62

miuxedavad imisa, rom evropuli konvencia ar akisrebs mis monawi-le saxelmwifoebs konvenciis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis nawiladaRiarebis valdebulebas, TiTqmis yvela am saxelmwifom aRiara kon-vencia Tavisi kanonmdeblobis nawilad. konvenciis monawile saxel-mwifoebidan dReisaTvis mxolod irlandiam ar aRiara konvencia qvey-nis kanonmdeblobis nawilad.63 irlandiis mTavrobam 2001 wlis 10 ap-rils moiwona kanonproeqti `adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konven-ciis Sesaxeb~, romelic aRiarebs evropul konvencias da mis oqmebsirlandiis kanonmdeblobis nawilad da warudgina parlaments misaRe-bad.64

evropuli konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebma sxvadasxva formiTaRiares konvencia erovnuli kanonmdeblobis nawilad. zogierT saxel-mwifoSi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis roli qveynis kanon-mdeblobaSi ganisazRvra kanonmdeblobiT,65 xolo zogierTSi sasamar-Tlo praqtikiT.66

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoTaumravlesobis msgavsad, saqarTveloSi konvencia aRiarebulia kanon-mdeblobis nawilad. saqarTveloSi evropul konvencias SeuZlia war-moSvas uflebebi da movaleobebi fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis.nebismier fizikur da iuridiul pirs SeuZlia, sasamarTlo an adminis-traciuli organos winaSe daeyrdnos evropuli konvenciis debulebebsda mis safuZvelze amtkicos adamianis uflebaTa darRveva.

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa adgili saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo-baSi ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba ramdenime normatiuli aqtiT:67

a) uwinares yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos konstitucia, rom-lis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, `saqarTvelos saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos

26

62 irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Ireland v. the United Kingdom), 1978 wlis18 ianvari, Series A, no. 25, 239-e punqti.

63 ufro detalurad ix. D. O’Connell, Ireland, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The Europe-an Convention on Human Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polaki-ewicz (Eds.), 2001, 423 et seq.

64 ix. irlandiis iusticiis saministros 2001 wlis 10 aprilis pres-relizi: [www.justi-ce.ie]. kanonis teqsti ix. [www.irlgov.ie/oireachtas/frame.htm].

65 avstria, bulgareTi, espaneTi, estoneTi, latvia, litva, makedonia, moldova, nider-landebi, rumineTi, ruseTi, saberZneTi, safrangeTi, saqarTvelo, slovakeTi, slo-venia, ukraina, CexeTi. ix. J. Polakiewicz, The Status of the Convention in National Law, in:Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its MemberStates (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 36.

66 iqve, belgia, germania, italia, litva, Sveicaria.67 k. korkelia, sasamarTlos roli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis gamoyenebaSi, Jurna-

li `adamiani da konstitucia~, N1, 1998 weli, gv. 103.

konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuliZala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.~68

konstituciis es debuleba aRiarebs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebssaqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis nawilad da gansazRvravs maT iuridiulTanafardobas erovnul doneze moqmedi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.marTalia, am debulebaSi expressis verbis yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sa-erTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa ierarqiul Tanafardobaze saqarTvelo-Si moqmedi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT, magram am debulebis arsidan ga-momdinareobs, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi miCneulia saqarTve-los kanonmdeblobis nawilad, Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtad.winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi konstituciis es debuleba saerTod ar iqnebo-da gaTvaliswinebuli, radgan, Tu saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi arxdeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis nawili, xelSekrulebaTa ierarqiu-li Tanafardobis gansazRvra saxelmwifos SigniT moqmedi normatiuliaqtebis mimarT moklebuli iqneboda yovelgvar logikur safuZvels;

b) `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni azustebs kon-stituciis me-6 muxls saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebis rolTan dakavSirebiT. xsenebuli kanonis me-4 muxlisTanaxmad, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba saqarTvelosnormatiuli aqtia;69

g) gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTve-los saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb~.70 kanonis me-6 muxlispirveli punqti adgens, rom `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-ba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ganuyofeli nawilia.~

zogadad cnobilia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa qveynis kanon-mdeblobis nawilad aRiarebis sxvadasxva xerxi. saerTaSoriso xelSek-ruleba qveynis kanonmdeblobis nawili SeiZleba gaxdes avtomaturadan erTjeradi aqtis safuZvelze, romelic aRiarebs konkretul saer-TaSoriso xelSekrulebas qveynis kanonmdeblobis nawilad, anu qveynisnormatiul aqtad. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare, saqar-TveloSi ar aris aucilebeli specialuri samarTlebrivi aqtis miReba,romelic konkretul saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas aRiarebs qveynis

27

68 ix. saqarTvelos konstitucia, 2000 wlis 7 dekembers Setanili cvlilebebiT. miuxe-davad imisa, rom saqarTvelos ramdenime normatiul aqtSi, maT Soris konstitucia-Si, moxseniebulia termini `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba da SeTanxme-ba~, iuridiuli bunebiT es ori aqti ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. termini `saer-TaSoriso xelSekruleba~ gvarovnuli cnebaa da moicavs sajaro samarTlebrivi xa-siaTis yvela saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas, maT Soris SeTanxmebas, konvencias,paqts, oqms. ix. `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTveloskanonis me-2 da me3(a) muxlebi da `saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sesaxeb~venis konvenciis me-2(1)(a) muxli.

69 1996 wlis 29 oqtomberi. aseve ix. kanonis 1-li da me-19 muxlebi.70 1997 wlis 16 oqtomberi.

normatiul aqtad. saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba saqarTvelos kanon-mdeblobis nawili xdeba avtomaturad. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobidangamomdinareobs, rom, rodesac saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba savalde-bulo xdeba saqarTvelosaTvis, is avtomaturad xdeba saqarTvelos ka-nonmdeblobis nawili.

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Semadgenel nawilad aRiarebis Sede-gad saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba ar kargavs kavSirs saerTaSoriso sa-marTalTan. saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba rCeba saerTaSoriso samar-Tlis wyarod. igi kvlavindeburad agrZelebs moqmedebas saerTaSorisodoneze da saxelmwifosaTvis warmoSobs saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs.aseTi saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba saxelmwifosaTvis warmoSobs val-debulebebs ara mxolod saerTaSoriso doneze, rogorc saerTaSorisoxelSekruleba, aramed aseve erovnuldoneze, rogorc qveynis normati-uli aqti.

2. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa, maT Sorisadamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis,gamoyenebis winapirobebi

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiaRiarebulia qveynis kanonmdeblobis nawilad, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivnormatiul aqtad, magram TavisTavad es faqti ar niSnavs, rom erovnulisasamarTlo yovelTvis SeZlebs am xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebulinormebis gamoyenebas sasamarTlo saqmis gadasawyvetad.71 saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebaTa normebi yovelTvis ar gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom saer-TaSoriso xelSekrulebis safuZvelze sasamarTlom gadawyvitos saqme.72

SeuZlia Tu ara erovnul sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-bis gamoyeneba sasamarTlo saqmis gadasawyvetad, Semdegnairad undadadgindes: pirvel rigSi erovnulma sasamarTlom unda daadginos, ga-moricxes Tu ara saxelmwifoebma am saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT uf-lebebisa da Tavisuflebebis miniWeba fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi-saTvis.73 Tu dadginda, rom saxelmwifoebma gamoricxes xelSekrulebiT

28

71 K. Korkelia, New Trends Regarding the Relationship Between International and National Law,23 Review of Central and East European Law N3/4, 1997, 229.

72 T. Buergenthal, Self-Executing and Non-Self-Executing Treaties in National and InternationalLaw, 235 Recueil des Cours IV 1992, 368.

73 B. Simma, D.-E.Khan, M. Zöckler & R. Geiger, The Role of German Courts in the Enforcementof International Human Rights, in: Enforcing International Human Rights in Domestic Courts, B.Conforti & F. Francioni (Eds.), 1997, 85-86; J. Polakiewicz, Treaty-Making in the Council of Eu-rope, 1999, 156-157.

uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis miniWeba fizikuri da iuridiuli pire-bisaTvis, xelSekruleba ver gamoiyeneba erovnuldoneze, maT Soris sa-samarTlos mier. saxelmwifoTa aseTi ganzraxva SeiZleba dadgindesxelSekrulebis teqstis da/an xelSekrulebis mosamzadebeli masalebisanalizis safuZvelze. Tu saxelmwifoebs ar hqondaT ganzraxuli saer-TaSoriso xelSekrulebiTfizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis ufle-bebis miniWeba, xelSekruleba ver warmoSobs maTTvis uflebebsa da Ta-visuflebebs.74

Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxelmwifoebs saerTaSo-riso xelSekrulebis teqstis SemuSavebis dros ar ganuzraxavT xelSek-rulebiT fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis uflebebisa da Tavi-suflebebis miniWeba, erovnulma sasamarTlom unda ganixilos, akmayo-filebs Tu ara xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi muxli konkretulobis moT-xovnas.75

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa normebi SeiZleba imdenad zogadida/an arasrulyofili iyos, rom erovnulma sasamarTlom ver SeZlosmaTi gamoyeneba. aseTi debulebebis gaTvaliswineba xelSekrulebebSigamowveulia ZiriTadad normebis moqnilobis uzrunvelsayofad, racsaSualebas aZlevs mraval saxelmwifos, gaxdes saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebis monawile.76

saxelmwifoTa praqtikaSi miRebulia xelSekrulebaTa normebis ga-mijvna or iseT kategoriad, rogoricaa `TviTSemsrulebeli~ da àraT-viTSemsrulebeli~ normebi.77 `TviTSemsrulebelia~ norma, romelicCamoyalibebulia sakmarisad zustad da srulyofilad, rac erovnulsasamarTlos (da administraciul organos) aZlevs misi gamoyenebis Se-saZleblobas; àraTviTSemsrulebelia~ norma, romelic Camoyalibebu-lia zogadad da arasrulyofilad da saxelmwifos mxridan xelSekru-lebis aseTi debulebis damakonkretebeli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi nor-matiuli aqtis miRebis gareSe sasamarTlo (da administraciuli orga-no) ver gamoiyenebs mas, rogorc saqmis gadawyvetis samarTlebriv sa-fuZvels. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, rogorcwesi, ar aris mxolod `TviTSemsrulebeli~ an àraTviTSemsrulebeli~.erTsa da imave xelSekrulebaSi SeiZleba iyos rogorc `TviTSemsrule-beli~, ise àraTviTSemsrulebeli~ normebi. magaliTad, èkonomikuri,socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis~ saerTaSoriso paqtis (1966 we-

29

74 J. Polakiewicz, Treaty-Making in the Council of Europe, 1999, 156-157; T. Buergenthal, Self-Executing and Non-Self-Executing Treaties in National and International Law, 235 Recueil desCours IV 1992, 383-384.

75 Y. Iwasawa, International Human Rights Adjudication in Japan, in: Enforcing International Hu-man Rights in Domestic Courts, B. Conforti & F. Francioni (Eds.), 1997, 237-238.

76 C. Economides, The Relationship Between International and Domestic Law, 1994, 6.77 K. Korkelia, International Law in the Georgian Legal Order, The Journal of East European Law,

vol. 6, N4, 1999, 387-388

li) normebis umravlesoba miCneulia àraTviTSemsruleblad~ maTi zo-gadi da programuli xasiaTis gamo.78 amavdroulad, saxelmwifoebis di-di nawili aRiarebs, rom am paqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli norma diskrimina-ciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb `TviTSemsrulebluri~ xasiaTisaa.79

sxva saxelmwifoTa msgavsad saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba adgens imwinapirobebs, romlebic unda daakmayofilos saerTaSoriso xelSekru-lebis normam imisaTvis, rom is gamoiyenon erovnul doneze. `saqarTve-los saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-6 muxlis me-3punqtis Tanaxmad, òficialurad gamoqveynebuli saqarTvelos saerTa-Soriso xelSekrulebis debulebebi, romlebic adgens konkretuli xa-siaTis uflebebsa da movaleobebs da ar saWiroebs damazustebeli Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtis miRebas, saqarTveloSi moqme-debs uSualod.~

kanonis xsenebuli debuleba pirdapir adgens, rom imisaTvis, raTasaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis debulebebi uSualod iqnes gamoyenebu-li, isini unda adgendes konkretuli xasiaTis uflebebsa da movaleo-bebs da ar saWiroebdes damazustebeli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normati-uli aqtis miRebas.

sxva saxelmwifoTa Sesabamisi normatiuli aqtebis msgavsad, saqar-Tvelos kanoniTac gamijnulia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis normebi`TviTSemsruleblad~ da àraTviTSemsruleblad~. am debulebis Tanax-mad, imisaTvis, raTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebam warmoSvas fizikurida iuridiuli pirebisaTvis uflebebi da movaleobebi, isini unda ad-gendnen `konkretuli xasiaTis uflebebsa da movaleobebs da ar saWi-roebdnen damazustebeli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtis mi-Rebas~.

Tu, kanonis mixedviT, debulebebi, romlebic adgenen konkretulixasiaTis uflebebsa da movaleobebs da ar saWiroeben damazustebeliSidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtis miRebas, saqarTveloSi moqme-deben uSualod (`TviTSemsrulebeli~ normebi), maSin saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebaTa debulebebi, romlebic ar adgenen konkretuli xasia-Tis uflebebsa da movaleobebs da saWiroeben damazustebeli Sidasa-xelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtis miRebas, saqarTveloSi ar moqmede-ben uSualod. es ukanasknelia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis àraTviT-Semsrulebeli~ normebi. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis àraTviTSem-srulebeli~ normebi SeiZleba gamoiyenos sasamarTlom mxolod im Si-dasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan erTad, romelic daazustebs sa-erTaSoriso xelSekrulebis normas, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis mis gamo-yenebas erovnul doneze.

30

. 78 ix. paqtis me-2 muxlis 1-li punqti.79 ix. paqtis me-2 muxlis me-2 punqti.

magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba saqarTvelos praqtikis moSvelieba. saqar-Tvelo 1993 wels gaxda genocidis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb 1948 wliskonvenciis monawile. konvencia iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mier sisxlissamarTlis pasuxismgeblobaSi im pirTa micemas, romlebmac Caidines ge-nocidi. aris Tu ara genocidis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb konvenciisdebulebebi `TviTSemsrulebeli~ da SeuZlia Tu ara erovnul sasamar-Tlos, gaasamarTlos is piri, romelmac Caidina genocidi? am kiTxvasuaryofiTi pasuxi unda gaeces, radgan konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebulinormebi zogadi da arasrulyofili xasiaTisaa. SeuZlebelia am normisgamoyeneba erovnuli sasamarTlos mier, Tu konvenciis debuleba ar da-konkretda Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis normiT, romelic gaiTva-liswinebs sisxlissamarTlebriv sasjels genocidis CadenisaTvis.

rac Seexeba sakiTxs, xelisuflebis romeli ganStoeba gansazRvravsxelSekrulebis normebis `TviTSemsruleblur~ da àraTviTSemsruleb-lur~ xasiaTs, aRsaniSnavia, rom, Tumca sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel-ma xelisuflebam SeiZleba Seasrulos garkveuli roli saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebis normaTa xasiaTis gansazRvraSi,80 magram mTavari roliimis dadgenisas, `TviTSemsrulebelia~ Tu àraTviTSemsrulebeli~ saer-TaSorisoxelSekrulebis norma, maincerovnulsasamarTloebs ekuTvniT.

imis gamo, rom mosamarTleebi Tavad gansazRvraven, `TviTSemsrule-belia~ Tu ara saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis norma, maT Sefasebas Zal-ze didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa, maT Sorisadamianis uflebaTa xelSekrulebebis, gamoyenebis swori praqtikisdamkvidrebisaTvis.81 mosamarTleTa mier `konkretulobis~ moTxovnisdakmayofilebisaTvis ukiduresad maRali standartis daweseba Seamci-rebs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa gamoyenebis raodenobas da mniS-vnelovnad SezRudavs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis saqarTvelos ka-nonmdeblobis nawilad aRiarebis samarTlebriv efeqts.

is garemoeba, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba àraTviTSemsruleb-luri~ xasiaTisaa, ar niSnavs, rom xelSekruleba ar aris saqarTveloskanonmdeblobis nawili.82 aseTi xelSekruleba saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-lobis nawilia, magram misi gamoyeneba sasamarTloebisa da administra-

31

80 Tumca arsebobs gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic, rodesac sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaTa-vad adgens iuridiulad savaldebulo gziT, rom sasamarTloebi pirdapir ver gamoi-yeneben konkretul saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas. magaliTad, germaniam gaakeTa ase-Ti gancxadeba `bavSvis uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ gaeros konvenciis ratificirebisas. ix.: B.Simma, D.-E.Khan, M. Zöckler & R. Geiger, The Role of German Courts in the Enforcement ofInternational Human Rights, in: Enforcing International Human Rights in Domestic Courts, B.Conforti & F. Francioni (Eds.), 1997, 79.

81 J. Frowein, International Law in Municipal Courts, American Society of International Law, Proce-edings of the 91st Annual Meeting 1997, (1998), 291.

82 P. van Dijk, Domestic Status of Human-Rights Treaties and the Attitude of the Judiciary: theDutch Case, in: Fortschritt im Bewußtsein der Grund- und Menschenrechte, Festschrift für FelixErmacora, M. Nowak, D. Steurer & H. Tretter (Hrsg.) 1988, 636.

ciuli organoebis mier, rogorc sasamarTlo an administraciuli saq-mis gadawyvetis samarTlebrivi safuZvlisa, SeuZlebelia.83

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, unda ganvasxvavoT ori iseTi samar-Tlebrivi kategoria, rogoricaa, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis saxel-mwifos kanonmdeblobis nawilad aRiareba da xelSekrulebis normebisunari, daadginon fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis iseTi uflebe-bi da Tavisuflebebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoiyenon sasamarTloebmada administraciulma organoebma, rogorc saqmis gadawyvetis samar-Tlebrivi safuZveli.84 Tumca xelSekrulebis àraTviTSemsrulebel-ma~ normebma mainc SeiZleba Seasrulos erTgvari roli sasamarTlo daadministraciuli davebis mogvarebaSi, rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivinormatiuli aqtis bundovani normis ganmartebis saSualebam.85

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis normis àraTviTSemsrulebluri~ xa-siaTi ar niSnavs, rom is savaldebulo ar aris saxelmwifosaTvis. xel-Sekrulebis normis àraTviTSemsrulebluri~ xasiaTi ar aTavisuflebssaxelmwifos am xelSekrulebis, kerZod ki misi àraTviTSemsrulebe-li~ normis, Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan. saxelmwifos mainc ekisrebaxelSekrulebis am normis Sesrulebis valdebuleba. ubralod, xelSek-rulebis àraTviTSemsrulebeli~ norma ver iqneba gamoyenebuli erov-nuli organoebis, maT Soris sasamarTlos, mier, rogorc saqmis gadaw-yvetis samarTlebrivi safuZveli, sanam saxelmwifo ar miiRebs norma-tiul aqts, romelic daazustebs xelSekrulebis Sesabamis normas.86

mxolod aseTi damazustebeli normatiuli aqtis miRebis Semdeg gaxde-ba SesaZlebeli, sasamarTlom gamoiyenos xelSekrulebis es norma misdamazustebel normatiul aqtTan erTad.

niSandoblivia, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba ar aris saxelmwi-foSi moqmedi erTaderTi aqti, romelic SeiZleba awesebdes zogad nor-mebs. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis garda, qveyanaSi moqmedi sxva nor-matiuli aqtic (aqtebic) SeiZleba ver gamoiyenon sasamarTloebma daadministraciulma organoebma maTi zogadi xasiaTis gamo, radgan isiniSeiZleba saWiroebdnen damakonkretebeli normatiuli aqtis miRebas.qveynis konstituciis zogierTi norma SeiZleba imdenad zogadad iyosformulirebuli, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdes mis safuZvelze sasamarTloan administraciuli saqmis gadawyveta.87 Tumca rogorc adamianis uf-

32

83 ix. Report on the Conformity of the Legal Order of Georgia with Council of Europe Standards,AS/Bur/Georgia (1997) 1, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, 25 Sept. 1997, 29.

84 Y. Iwasawa, International Human Rights Adjudication in Japan, in: Enforcing International Hu-man Rights in Domestic Courts, B. Conforti & F. Francioni (Eds.), 1997, 236.

85 M. Scheinin, International Human Rights in National Law, An Introduction to the InternationalProtection of Human Rights (Eds. R. Hanski & M. Suksi), 1999, 424.

86 C. Economides, The Relationship Between International and Domestic Law, 1994, 6.87 T. Buergenthal, Self-Executing and Non-Self-Executing Treaties in National and International

Law, 235 Recueil des Cours IV 1992, 369.

lebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, ise saxelmwifos konstituciaSeiZleba sakmaod zogadad awesrigebdes adamianis uflebebsa da Tavi-suflebebs, erovnuli sasamarTloebi, albaT, arasodes eyrdnobian imarguments, rom konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli norma Zalze zoga-dia, ris gamoc mas ver gamoiyeneben sasamarTlo saqmis gadasawyvetad.

Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis normaàraTviTSemsrulebelia~, igi ver gamoiyenebs mas sasamarTlos saqmisgadawyvetis samarTlebriv safuZvlad. amis mizezia is, rom saxelmwi-fos kompetenturma organoebma ar gaatares xelSekrulebis saimple-mentacio RonisZiebebi (sakanonmdeblo da/an administraciuli). Tu sa-samarTlo ver iyenebs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis am normas, misma ga-dawyvetilebam SeiZleba daarRvios qveynis saerTaSoriso valdebule-bebi.

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs meqanizms, romlis meSve-obiT zustdeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis àraTviTSemsrulebeli~normebi. `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb~ kanoniiTvaliswinebs, rom saqarTvelos prezidenti da parlamenti saerTaSo-riso xelSekrulebis savaldebulod aRiarebis sakiTxis gadawyvetamdeTavianTi kompetenciis farglebSi iReben gadawyvetilebas saqarTve-los Sesabamis normatiul aqtSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis SetanisSesaxeb (me-19 muxli). am debulebis mizania, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo-baSi Sevides Sesabamisi cvlileba-damatebebi, raTa saerTaSoriso xel-Sekrulebis àraTviTSemsrulebeli~ normebi dazustdes, rom sasamar-Tlom SeZlos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis àraTviTSemsrulebeli~normis gamoyeneba mis dasazusteblad miRebul Sidasaxelmwifoebrivnormatiul aqtTan erTad.

miuxedavad aseTi meqanizmisa, sasamarTlom Tavis praqtikaSi SeiZlebaaRmoaCinos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis àraTviTSemsrulebeli~ nor-ma. amitom mizanSewonilia, damkvidrdes praqtika, romlis Tanaxmad, TusasamarTlom aRmoaCina, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis norma àraT-viTSemsrulebelia~, is (an misi winadadebiT saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-marTlo) gamovides iniciativiT, raTa kompetenturma organoebma gaata-ron iseTi saimplementacio RonisZiebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen sa-erTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa àraTviTSemsrulebeli~ normebis dazus-tebas da momavalSi mis gamoyenebas analogiuri saqmis gadasawyvetad.

`saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-6muxlis me-3 punqti aseve adgens meore winapirobas saerTaSoriso xel-Sekrulebis erovnul doneze gamoyenebisaTvis. kanonis am moTxovnisTanaxmad, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, garda imisa, romunda adgendes konkretuli xasiaTis uflebebsa da movaleobebs da arsaWiroebdes damazustebeli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtismiRebas, unda iyos oficialurad gamoqveynebuli.

33

rac Seexeba adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias, misi monawilesaxelmwifoebis sasamarTlo praqtika cxadyofs, rom TiTqmis yvela sa-xelmwifo aRiarebs konvenciis normebis `TviTSemsruleblur~ xasiaTsda sasamarTloebi iyeneben maT, rogorc sasamarTlo saqmis gadawyvetissamarTlebriv safuZvels.88 konvenciis normebis umravlesoba adgenssakmarisad konkretul debulebebs, raTa warmoSvan uflebebi da Tavi-suflebebi fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis.89 evropuli konvenci-is monawile saxelmwifoebis sasamarTloebi xSirad iyeneben konvenciisdamatebiT oqmebs, romlebic Seicaven materialur uflebebs.90 evropu-li konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebis sasamarTlo praqtika adastu-rebs, rom, Tu zogadad saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, maT Soris adami-anis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, yovelTvis ver gamoiye-neba maTi normebis `araTviTSemsrulebluri~ xasiaTis gamo, evropulikonvencia regularulad gamoiyeneba erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier,rogorc sasamarTlo saqmis gadawyvetis samarTlebrivi safuZveli.91

3. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisierarqiuli adgili erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi

3.1. evropuli konvenciis ierarqiuli adgili konvenciismonawile saxelmwifoTa kanonmdeblobaSi

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mo-nawile TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifom aRiara konvencia qveynis kanonmdeb-lobis nawilad da, aqedan gamomdinare, am saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebida administraciuli organoebi iyeneben mas rogorc saqmis gadawyvetissamarTlebriv safuZvels. evropuli konvenciis saxelmwifos kanonmdeb-lobis nawilad aRiareba TavisTavad ar gansazRvravs saerTaSoriso xel-Sekrulebis ierarqiul adgils qveyanaSi moqmed sxva normatiul aqtebs

34

88 J. Polakiewicz, The Implementation of the ECHR and of the Decisions of the Strasbourg Courtin Western Europe: An Evaluation, The Domestic Implementation of the European Conventionon Human Rights in Eastern and Western Europe (eds. E. Alkema, T. Bellekom, A. Drzemczew-ski et al.), 1992, 152.

89 G. Ress, The Effect of Judgments and Decisions in Domestic Law, in: The European System forthe Protection of Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 829.

90 A. Morawa & C. Schreuer, The Role of Domestic Courts in the Enforcement of International Hu-man Rights-A View from Austria, in: Enforcing International Human Rights in Domestic Courts,B. Conforti & F. Francioni (Eds.), 1997, 176.

91 J. Polakiewicz, The Application of the European Convention on Human Rights in Domestic Law,17 Human Rights Law Journal, N11-12, 1996, 411.

Soris. sxva sityvebiT, konvenciis kanonmdeblobis nawilad aRiarebidanar gamomdinareobs is, Tu rogorunda mogvardes SesaZlo kolizia evro-pul konvenciasa da saxelmwifoSi moqmed sxva normatiul aqtebs Soris.92

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis ierarqiuli adgili qveyanaSi moqmed sxvanormatiul aqtebs Soris ganisazRvreba qveynis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sa-marTliT.93 saerTaSoriso samarTali ar moiTxovs saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebis arc kanonmdeblobis nawilad aRiarebas da arc misTvis raime ie-rarqiuli adgilis miniWebas qveynis SigniT moqmed normatiul aqtebs So-ris. saerTaSoriso samarTali saxelmwifoebisagan moiTxovs nakisri saer-TaSoriso valdebulebebis keTilsindisierad Sesrulebas. saerTaSorisosamarTali adgens, rom saerTaSoriso doneze xelSekrulebebi unda Ses-ruldes, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra ierarqiuli adgili eniWeba xelSekrule-bebs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivdoneze. aqedan gamomdinareobs,rom saxelmwifover daeyrdnoba Tavis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTals, maT Soris im nor-matiul aqts, romelsac Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze SeiZleba mieniWosxelSekrulebaze ufro maRali ierarqiuli adgili, raTa ar Seasrulos sa-erTaSoriso xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebebi.94 winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos miecema SesaZlebloba, misTvis sasurvelnebismi-er dros daeyrdnos Tavis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobas, raTa Ta-vidan aicilos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebule-bebis Sesruleba. xsenebuli wesi myarad damkvidrda saerTaSoriso samar-TalSi.95 saerTaSorisosamarTlissaerTowesivrceldeba adamianisufle-baTa evropul konvenciazec — saxelmwifo ver daeyrdnoba Tavis Sidasa-xelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobas (konstituciis CaTvliT), raTa Tavi aari-dos evropuli konvenciidan gamomdinare valdebulebebis Sesrulebas.96

im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic aRiareben evropul konvencias Sidasa-xelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis nawilad, konvencias eniWeba gansxvave-

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92 C. Gulmann, Denmark, in: The Effect of Treaties in Domestic Law, F. Jacobs & S. Roberts (Eds.),1987, 16.

93 H. Steinberger, Reference to the Case-Law of the Organs of the European Convention on HumanRights Before National Courts, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquy about the Euro-pean Convention on Human Rights, 13-16 November 1985, 1988, 732.

94 R. Bernhardt, The Convention and Domestic Law, in: The European System for the Protection ofHuman Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 25. ix. `saerTaSorisosaxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ venis 1969 wlis konvenciis 27-e da 46-e muxlebi.

95 ix. saerTaSoriso marTlmsajulebis mudmivi sasamarTlos sakonsultacio daskvne-bi Semdeg saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT: Interpretation of the Convention between Greece andBulgaria Respecting Reciprocal Emigration, 1930, PCIL Reports, Series B, No. 17, 32; Treat-ment of Polish Nationals and Other Persons of Polish Origin or Speech in the Danzig Territory,1932, PCIJ Reports, Series A/B, No. 44, 24; aseve ix. `saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo sa-marTlis Sesaxeb~ venis konvenciis 27-e muxli. P. Pescatore, Conclusion, in: The Effect ofTreaties in Domestic Law, F. Jacobs & S. Roberts (Eds.), 1987, 275.

96 J. Polakiewicz, The Status of the Convention in National Law, in: Fundamental Rights in Euro-pe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blac-kburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 32.

buli ierarqiuli adgili qveyanaSi moqmed normatiul aqtebs Soris. sa-xelmwifoTa midgoma SeiZleba Semdegnairad dajgufdes:

a) konvencias eniWeba qveynis konstituciaze maRali an konstituci-is Tanabari ierarqiuli adgili.97 niderlandebSi saerTaSoriso xel-Sekrulebas eniWeba upiratesoba, Tu dadginda kolizia xelSekruleba-sa da konstitucias Soris.98 avstriaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis debulebebs miniWebuli aqvs konstituciis debulebaTa ran-gi.99 sayuradReboa, rom aseTi maRali ierarqiuli adgili avstriaSi mi-niWebuli aqvs ara yvela saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas, aramed mxolodadamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias, rac adasturebs mis gansa-kuTrebul rols avstriis kanonmdeblobaSi;100

b) konvencias eniWeba konstituciaze dabali, magram sxva Sidasaxel-mwifoebriv normatiul aqtebze maRali ierarqiuli adgili. aseTi qvey-nebis magaliTia: azerbaijani, belgia, bulgareTi, espaneTi, estoneTi,kviprosi, luqsemburgi, malta, poloneTi, portugalia, rumineTi, ru-seTi, saberZneTi, safrangeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, somxeTi, ukraina,Sveicaria, CexeTi. saxelmwifoebis did nawilSi saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebaTa ierarqiuli adgili Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi dad-genilia zogadad yvela saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis mimarT, magramaris ramdenime gamonaklisi. zogierT saxelmwifoSi mxolod adamianisuflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs eniWebaT upiratesi iuridi-uli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT. aseTiqveynebis magaliTia: slovakeTi, rumineTi da CexeTi.101

evropuli konvenciis monawile zogierT saxelmwifoSi saerTaSori-so xelSekrulebaTa, maT Soris evropuli konvenciis, upiratesoba Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis (garda konstituciisa) mi-marT ganisazRvreba ara konstituciiT, aramed sxva normatiuli aqtiTan sasamarTlo praqtikiT;102

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97 C. Nørgaard, The Implementation of International Human Rights Agreements within a DomesticLegal System, The Relationship Between International and Domestic Law: Proceedings of theUniDem Seminar (1993), 1993, 16.

98 ix. niderlandebis konstituciis 94-e muxli. H. Schermers, The Netherlands, in: TheEffect of Treaties in Domestic Law, F. Jacobs & S. Roberts (Eds.), 1987, 113.

99 M. Nowak, The Implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights, in: The Imple-mentation in National Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, Proceedings of theFourth Copenhagen Conference on Human Rights, 28-29 October, 1988, 1989, 33.

100 T. Buergenthal, Self-Executing and Non-Self-Executing Treaties in National and InternationalLaw, 235 Recueil des Cours IV 1992, 356.

101 ix.: CexeTis konstituciis me-10 muxli; slovakeTis konstituciis me-11 muxli; rumi-neTis konstituciis me-20 muxli.

102 magaliTad, estoneTisuzenaesma sasamarTlom1997 welsganixila saqme, romelicexebo-da kolizias kanonsa da evropul konvencias Soris, razec sasamarTlom daadgina, romaseT SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba unda mieniWos konvencias. cit. J. Polakiewicz, The Status ofthe Convention in National Law, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on Hu-man Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 42.

g) konvencias eniWeba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis Ta-nabari ierarqiuli adgili. aseTi qveynebis magaliTia: germania, dania,islandia, italia, litva, lixtenStaini, san-marino, TurqeTi, fineTi,SvedeTi.103 am saxelmwifoebSi gamoiyeneba principi lex posteriori derogatpriori.104 am principis Tanaxmad, evropul konvencias aqvs upiratesoba imSidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT (garda konstituci-isa), romlebic miRebuli da amoqmedebulia saxelmwifosaTvis konven-ciis ZalaSi Sesvlamde, magram is Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aq-tebi, romlebic miRebuli da amoqmedebulia konvenciis saxelmwifo-saTvis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, upiratesobiT sargebloben evropulikonvenciis mimarT.

evropuli konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebSi xsenebul midgo-mas, romelic TavisTavad sakmaod didi riskis qveS ayenebs konvenci-iT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesrulebas,naklebi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs imis gamo, rom saxelmwifoebi,amgvari situaciis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi, iyeneben iseT princips,rogoricaa lex specialis derogat leges generalis.105 am principis Tanax-mad, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, maT Soris adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvencia, ganixileba specialur aqtad, romelsac eniWe-ba upiratesoba konvenciasa da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiulaqts (garda konstituciisa) Soris koliziis warmoSobis SemTxveva-Si.106

saxelmwifoTa kanonmdeblobaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis ierarqiuli adgilis Taobaze mokle mimoxilvidan naT-lad Cans, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias saxelmwifoTakanonmdeblobaSi gansxvavebuli ierarqiuli adgili eniWeba. miuxeda-vad am gansxvavebisa, saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi evropul konven-cias ufro maRali ierarqiuli adgili eniWeba, vidre Sidasaxelmwi-foebriv normatiul aqtebs, magram ufro dabali, vidre qveynis kon-stitucias.

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103 J. Polakiewicz, The Status of the Convention in National Law, in: Fundamental Rights in Eu-rope: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R.Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 42-45.

104 G. Gauksdóttir, Iceland, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on Hu-man Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001,402.

105 B. Simma, D.-E.Khan, M. Zöckler & R. Geiger, The Role of German Courts in the Enforce-ment of International Human Rights, in: Enforcing International Human Rights in DomesticCourts, B. Conforti & F. Francioni (Eds.), 1997, 87-89.

106 koliziis Tavidan acilebis dros es saxelmwifoebi, lex specialis principTan er-Tad, iyeneben kanonmdeblobis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebTan harmoniuli gan-martebis princips. R. Bernhardt, The Convention and Domestic Law, in: The EuropeanSystem for the Protection of Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.),1993, 28.

3.2. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa, maT Soris evropulikonvenciis, ierarqiuli adgili saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba adgens qveyanaSi moqmedi normatiuliaqtebis Semdeg ierarqias:

a) saqarTvelos konstitucia, konstituciuri kanoni;b) saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba;g) saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba;d) saqarTvelos organuli kanoni;e) saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos prezidentis dekreti;v) saqarTvelos sxva normatiuli aqtebi.107

qveyanaSi moqmedi normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiuli Tanafardobisdadgenis mizania aseTi aqtebis iuridiuli Zalis gansazRvra da samar-Tlebrivi koliziis gadawyvetis gzebis dadgena.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba mkafiod gansaz-Rvravs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis ierarqiul adgils qveyanaSi moq-med normatiul aqtebs Soris, praqtikaSi sasamarTloebi SeiZleba aR-moCndnen mravali sirTulis winaSe, romlebic dakavSirebulia samar-Tlebriv koliziasTan saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasa da Sidasaxelmwi-foebriv normatiul aqtebs Soris.

Tu zogadad koliziis mogvareba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiulaqtebs Soris sakmaod rTuli sakiTxia, aseTi koliziis mogvareba kidevufro rTuldeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi. es gamom-dinareobs iqidan, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, marTalia, xdebaqveynis normatiuli aqti, mainc rCeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis nawi-lad. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebis moqmedebisa da Sewyvetis wesi regulirdeba rogorc Sidasa-xelmwifoebrivi, ise saerTaSoriso samarTliT, sasamarTlom da admi-nistraciulma organom unda daakmayofilos rogorc saerTaSoriso,ise Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT dadgenili moTxovnebi.

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasa da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiulaqtebs Soris koliziasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis TvalsaCinoe-bisaTvis SeiZleba martivi magaliTis ganxilva, romelic naTels hfensam sirTuleebis arsebobas. romel normatiul aqts unda mianiWos upi-ratesoba saqarTvelos sasamarTlom, Tu saqmis ganxilvis dros is aR-moaCens kolizias saqarTvelos konstituciasa da adamianis uflebaTa

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107 ix.: konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti; `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTve-los kanonis me-19 muxlis 1-li punqti da `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-bebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti.

evropul konvencias Soris? erTi SexedviT, pasuxi naTelia: upirateso-ba unda mieniWos konstitucias, radgan is uzenaesi kanonia, romelsacumaRlesi ierarqiuli adgili aqvs miniWebuli saqarTveloSi moqmednormatiul aqtebs Soris. magram, Tu sasamarTlo konkretuli saqmisganxilvisas upiratesobas mianiWebs konstitucias da gamoiyenebs misnormas, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba evropul konvencias, sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetileba savaraudod daarRvevs konvenciidan gamomdinare valde-bulebebs. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saerTaSoriso samarTali moiTxovssaxelmwifoebisagan saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa keTilsindisieradSesrulebas da misTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra ierarqiuli adgili eni-Weba evropul konvencias saxelmwifoSi moqmed normatiul aqtebs So-ris; meore mxriv, Tu sasamarTlo, aseTi koliziis aRmoCenis SemTxveva-Si, gamoiyenebs evropul konvencias da ar gamoiyenebs saqarTveloskonstituciis normas, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba evropul konvencias,igi daicavs evropuli konvenciis moTxovnebs, keTilsindisierad Seas-rulebs qveynis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs, magram daarRvevs kon-stituciis normebs, kerZod, erTi mxriv, im normas, romelic evropulikonvenciisagan gansxvavebul wess adgens, xolo, meore mxriv, normas,romlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi ka-nonia da upiratesobiT sargeblobs qveyanaSi moqmedi yvela sxva norma-tiuli aqtis mimarT (me-6 muxli). es magaliTi cxadyofs, rom saerTaSo-riso xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebuli koliziis gadawyveta ufrorTulia, vidre es SeiZleba Candes qveyanaSi moqmedi normatiuli aqte-bis ierarqiuli Tanafardobidan.

3.3. kolizia saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiulaqtebsa da adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias Soris

Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom koliziis albaToba saqarTveloskonstituciasa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs Soris mcirea. es gan-pirobebulia konstituciisa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis regu-lirebis gansxvavebuli obieqtiT. qveynis konstituciiT mowesrigebu-li sakiTxebi ZiriTadad gansxvavdeba im sakiTxebisagan, romelTa mowes-rigebas miznad isaxavs saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba. aqedan gamomdina-re, Znelad warmosadgenia kolizia saqarTvelos konstituciasa da sa-erTaSoriso xelSekrulebas Soris iseT sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa: sa-xelmwifo mowyoba, centraluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kompe-tencia, saqarTvelos parlamentis kompetencia, misi wevrebis arCevispirobebi, sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebis wesi da procedura, prezi-dentis uflebamosileba, sasamarTlo organoTa sistema, sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlos kompetencia da sxva. kolizia saqarTvelos konsti-tuciasa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs Soris SeiZleba moxdes iseT

39

sakiTxebze, romlebic konstituciisa da xelSekrulebis saerTo regu-lirebis obieqtia. aseT sakiTxebs ganekuTvneba ZiriTadad adamianisuflebaTa dacva.108 amitom koliziis arseboba dasaSvebia saqarTveloskonstituciasa da adamianis uflebebis maregulirebel saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebebs Soris.

konkretulad saqarTvelos konstituciasa da adamianis uflebaTaevropul konvencias Soris koliziasTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia,rom koliziis albaToba mcirea aseve imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos kon-stituciis SemuSavebis dros mxedvelobaSi miiRes adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis standartebi.109 amas adasturebs saqarTveloskonstituciis 22-e muxlis me-3 punqti da 24-e muxlis me-4 punqti, ro-melTa formulirebebi msgavsia evropuli konvenciis Sesabamisi muxle-bis formulirebebisa.

miuxedavad xsenebulisa, ar iqneboda marTebuli koliziis gamoric-xva saqarTvelos konstituciasa da adamianis uflebaTa evropul kon-vencias Soris. dasaSvebia, rom saqmis ganxilvis dros sasamarTlom aR-moaCinos kolizia saqarTvelos konstituciasa da adamianis uflebaTaevropul konvencias Soris.

mravali samarTlebrivi sakiTxi, romlebic SeiZleba wamoiWras kon-stituciasa da adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias Soris kolizi-isas, ar iCens Tavs saqarTvelos sxva Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiulaqtebsa da evropul konvencias Soris Seusabamobis SemTxvevaSi. amis mi-zezia is, rom konstituciasa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas Sorisierarqiuli Tanafardobisagan gansxvavebiT, sxva Sidasaxelmwifoebrivnormatiul aqtebsa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas Soris Seusabamo-bis SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba eniWeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas, ro-melsac saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebze (gardakonstituciisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebisa) maRali ierarqiuliadgili eniWeba.

Tu saerTo sasamarTloSi konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas dadgebaevropul konvenciasa da saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifobriv normatiulaqts (mag., kanons) Soris Seusabamobis sakiTxi, sasamarTlos araferi ab-rkolebs, gamoiyenos adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia.

adamianis uflebaTa efeqtiani dacvis principidan gamomdinare, un-da gakeTdes daTqma saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa da Si-

40

108 es ar niSnavs, rom gamoiricxeba kolizia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasa da saqar-Tvelos konstituciis im debulebebs Soris, romlebic ar awesrigeben adamianis uf-lebaTa dacvas.

109 ix. v. gauli, konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba saqarTveloSi (germanuli gamocemisqarTuli Targmanis avtori k. kublaSvili), 2002 weli, gv. 374; aseve ix. gv. 32. niSan-doblivia, rom konstituciis SemuSavebisa da miRebis dros saqarTvelo ar iyo evro-puli konvenciis monawile.

dasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebs (garda konstituciisa) Sorisierarqiul TanafardobasTan dakavSirebiT. Tu saerTo sasamarTlo da-adgens, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti (mag., kanoni) pirsuzrunvelyofs ufro efeqtiani dacviT, vidre adamianis uflebaTa ev-ropuli konvencia, saerTo sasamarTlom upiratesoba unda mianiWos dagamoiyenos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti, miuxedavad imisa,rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT mas ufro dabali ierarqiuli adgi-li eniWeba, vidre evropul konvencias. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebuliaadamianis uflebaTa efeqtiani dacvis principiT. saqarTvelos sasamar-Tlom unda ixelmZRvanelos im aqtiT, romelic ufro efeqtianad uz-runvelyofs adamianis uflebaTa dacvas. ar iqneboda marTebuli, romevropul konvenciasa da kanons Soris koliziisas, romelSic kanoni uz-runvelyofs piris uflebebis ufro efeqtian dacvas, vidre evropulikonvencia, saqarTvelos sasamarTlom gamoiyenos evropuli konvencia(romelsac ierarqiuli upiratesoba eniWeba kanonTan SedarebiT) kano-niT dadgenili adamianis uflebaTa ufro efeqtiani dacvis sazianod.

sasamarTloebis mier adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis, ise-ve rogorc zogadad adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebe-bis, gamoyenebis erT-erTi upiratesoba zustad isaa, rom igi iZleva ise-Ti Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normis dadgenis SesaZleblobas, romelicufro dabali standartiT icavs adamianis uflebebs, vidre evropulikonvencia. Tu sasamarTlo ar gamoiyenebs evropul konvenciasa da zo-gadad saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs, igi ubralod ver SeZlebs koli-ziis dadgenas Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtsa da evropul kon-vencias Soris da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas ixelmZRvane-lebs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ufro dabali standartebiT. marTa-lia, evropul konvencias am konkretul SemTxvevaSi mieniWeba upirate-soba, magram koliziis aRmofxvris gareSe ar aris imis garantia, rom mo-mavalSi sxva sasamarTlos mier msgavsi garemoebebis arsebobis SemTxve-vaSi saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo gamoiyenebs evropul konvenciasda upiratesobas mianiWebs mas.

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III. adamianis uflebaTa evropulisasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlisroli sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi

1. Sesavali

ra roli eniWeba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadaw-yvetilebebs (precedentebs) adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciismonawile saxelmwifoTa sasamarTlo praqtikaSi? da unda gamoiyenonTu ara saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma evropuli sasamarTlos is gadaw-yvetilebebi, romlebic miRebulia evropuli konvenciis sxva monawilesaxelmwifoebis mimarT? — naSromis am nawilSi pasuxi gaecema zemoxse-nebul kiTxvebs.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-lobis nawilad aRiarebis Sedegad evropuli konvencia Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi samarTlis wyaro gaxda, Tumca konvencia, rogorc saerTaSo-riso xelSekruleba, rCeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis wyarod. amdenad,adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, rogorc saerTaSoriso samar-Tlis wyaro, saqarTvelosaTvis savaldebuloa saerTaSoriso doneze,amavdroulad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis nawilad misi aRiarebis Se-degad igi iuridiulad savaldebulo gaxda erovnul donezec da, Sesa-bamisad, warmoSobs uflebebsa da valdebulebebs fizikuri da iuridi-uli pirebisaTvis.110

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-vania erovnuli sasamarTloebisaTvis, romlebmac sasamarTlo saqmeTaganxilvisas unda ixelmZRvanelon konvenciis normebiT, rogorc erov-nul doneze moqmedi iuridiulad savaldebulo qcevis wesebiT.

sasamarTlo saqmis gadawyvetis samarTlebriv safuZvlad adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis erovnul doneze gamoyenebis Se-saZlebloba, maT Soris saqarTvelos sasamarTloebSi, rogorc wesi,eWvs ar iwvevs. magram, Tu evropuli konvenciis normebis gamoyenebisSesaZlebloba erovnul doneze ar aris sadavo, konvenciis safuZvel-ze miRebuli evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis — preceden-

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110 ix. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti, `normatiuli aqtebis Sesa-xeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-4 muxli da `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebe-bis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti.

tuli samarTlis — roli erovnul doneze, gansakuTrebiT ki erovnu-li sasamarTloebisaTvis, xSirad iwvevs azrTa sxvadasxvaobas qar-Tvel iuristebs Soris.111 maTi umravlesoba Tvlis, rom saqarTvelossasamarTloebma ar unda gamoiyenos adamianis uflebaTa evropulisasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, xolo umciresoba sawinaaR-mdegos amtkicebs.

ra ganapirobebs mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos sasamar-Tloebma ar unda gamoiyenon adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos precedentuli samarTali?

iuristebis umravlesobis mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, saqarTve-los sasamarTloebma ar unda gamoiyenon adamianis uflebaTa evropulisasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, gamomdinareobs iqidan, romori sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi kategoria aRiniSneba erTi terminiT —`precedentuli samarTali~, rac am ori gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivikategoriis aRreviTaa gamowveuli.

samarTlis TeoriaSi miRebulia samarTlebrivi sistemebis gamijvnaanglosaqsur da kontinentur sistemebad. anglosaqsuri samarTlebri-vi sistemis mimdevar qveynebSi, romlebsac xSirad precedentuli samar-Tlis qveynebs uwodeben, adre miRebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba(precedenti) analogiur sasamarTlo saqmesTan dakavSirebiT imave anqvemdgomi instanciis mier gamoiyeneba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro. amsistemis mimdevar saxelmwifoebSi erovnuli sasamarTloebis prece-dentuli samarTali xdeba iuridiulad savaldebulo sxva sasamarTlo-ebisaTvis. magaliTad, did britaneTSi erovnuli sasamarTlos gadaw-yvetileba (precedenti) samarTlis wyaroa didi britaneTis sasamar-TloebisaTvis;112 kontinenturi samarTlis sistemis mimdevar saxel-mwifoebSi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi ar aris samarTlis wyaro da,Sesabamisad, adre miRebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi (preceden-tebi) iuridiulad savaldebulo ar aris erovnuli sasamarTloebisaT-vis momdevno saqmeebis ganxilvisas.113

cxadia, saqarTvelo ar ganekuTvneba anglosaqsuri, anu preceden-tuli, samarTlis qveynebis jgufs. kontinenturi samarTlis sistemismimdevari sxva saxelmwifoebis msgavsad, adre miRebuli sasamarTlo

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111 es sakiTxi sxva qveynebSic iwvevda azrTa sxvaobas.112 D. McGoldrick, The United Kingdom’s Human Rights Act 1998 in Theory and Practice, in: Inter-

national and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 50, N4, 2001, 918.113 mniSvnelovania, rom, iuristTa mzardi raodenobis azriT, samarTlis TeoriaSi ar-

sebuli mkacri gamijvna precedentuli da araprecedentuli samarTlis sistemebismimdevar saxelmwifoebs Soris praqtikaSi arc ise mkafioa. ix. prof. tarufos (pavi-as universiteti, italia) moxseneba (me-3(2) punqti), wakiTxuli TbilisSi 2002 wlis15-17 aprils Catarebul evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos TavmjdomareTa VII konfe-renciaze. moxsenebis inglisurenovani teqsti xelmisawvdomia saqarTvelos uzenae-si sasamarTlos internet-gverdze: [www.supremecourt.ge].

gadawyvetileba ar aris samarTlis wyaro saqarTvelos sasamarTloebi-saTvis analogiur sasamarTlo saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT.114

vinaidan saqarTvelo ar aris precedentuli samarTlis qveyana, qar-Tveli iuristebis umravlesoba kiTxvas — unda gamoiyenos Tu ara sa-qarTvelos sasamarTloebma adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos precedentuli samarTali? — uaryofiTad pasuxobs. maTi pasuxigamomdinareobs im terminologiuri identurobidan, romelsac Secdo-maSi Sehyavs isini.

miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc anglosaqsuri samarTlis sistemis mim-devar qveynebSi erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebs, ise adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs ewodeba `prece-dentuli samarTali~, am terminebis mniSvneloba principulad gansxvav-deba erTmaneTisagan. Tu anglosaqsuri samarTlis sistemis mimdevarqveynebSi dadgenilia, rom erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sa-marTlis wyaroa da savaldebuloa imave an qvemdgomi instanciis sasamar-TlosaTvis analogiur saqmeebze, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetilebebi savaldebulo ar aris yvela saxelmwifosaTvis.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT, romelmac daaarsa adami-anis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebisavaldebuloa mxolod im saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romlebic procesismxareebi arian. evropuli konvenciis 46-e muxlis pirveli punqti ad-gens: `maRali xelSemkvreli mxareebi kisruloben valdebulebas, Seas-rulon sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba nebismier saqmeze, romlis mxaree-bic isini arian.~ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, kerZod, misi46-e muxlis pirveli punqti ar exeba evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyve-tilebebidan gamomdinare valdebulebebs im saxelmwifoTa mimarT,romlebic ar arian konkretuli procesis mxareni.

konvenciis am debulebis mixedviT, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sa-samarTlos gadawyvetileba savaldebuloa mxolod im saxelmwifosaT-vis, romelic konkretuli sasamarTlo procesis mxarea mxolod kon-

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114 miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo kontinenturi samarTlis qveyanaa, samarTlispraqtikaSi arsebuli tendenciebi ar gamoricxavs ori samarTlebrivi sistemis ur-TierTgavlenas, maT Soris precedentuli samarTlis sistemis gavlenas saqarTve-los samarTlebriv sistemaze. am pozicias adasturebs saqarTvelos sakonstituciosasamarTlos wevri besarion zoiZe: `[...] samarTalTa [saerToda pozitiuri] harmoni-zaciis Tanamedrove procesi gveubneba, rom isini Zalian dauaxlovdebian erTma-neTs. me vfiqrob, rom zomieri precedentuli samarTali CvenSiac unda SemuSavdes.kanonmdeblobas ar SeiZleba hqondes srulyofilebis pretenzia. garkveul far-glebSi sasamarTloc unda qmnides samarTals. xSirad sasamarTlosaTvis saintere-soa is samarTalic, romelic arapozitiur formaSia. miTumetes, rom samarTali ga-cilebiT metia, vidre es kanonmdeblobaa.~ ix. interviu b. zoiZesTan — `TavisuflebapirobiTi cnebaa...~, Jurnali `adamiani da konstitucia~, 2, 2000 weli, gv. 8-9; aseve ix.sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris lamara CorgolaSvilis mosazreba: l. Corgo-laSvili, konstituciuri kontrolis Teoriisa da praqtikis sadavo sakiTxebi, Jur-nali `adamiani da konstitucia~, 2, 2002 weli, gv. 43-44.

kretul davasTan dakavSirebiT. amdenad, im saxelmwifoebisaTvis, rom-lebic ar arian konkretuli procesis mxareni, evropuli sasamarTlosgadawyvetileba (precedenti) ar aris savaldebulo.115

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom adamianis uflebaTa evro-puli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali ar aris samarTlis wyaroim mniSvnelobiT, romliTac `precedentuli samarTali~ gaigeba anglo-saqsuri samarTlis sistemis mimdevar qveynebSi.116 amitomac mcdariadaskvna, romlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma ar unda gamoi-yenon adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli sa-marTali imis gamo, rom saqarTvelo ar aris precedentuli samarTlisqveyana. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli sa-marTali unda iqnes gamoyenebuli ara rogorc samarTlis wyaro, aramedrogorc evropuli konvenciis debulebaTa avtoritetuli ganmarteba.

vidre ganixileba evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa gavlenaevropuli konvenciis monawilesaxelmwifoTa sasamarTlopraqtikaze, au-cilebelia terminologiuri ganmarteba. adamianis uflebaTa evropulisasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis (precedentebis) erTobliobas sxvadas-xva terminiT aRniSnaven. mis aRsaniSnavad xSirad iyeneben iseT terminebs,rogorebicaa: `precedentuli samarTali~, `samosamarTlo samarTali~,`sasamarTlo praqtika~. winamdebare naSromSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ter-mini — `precedentuli samarTali~, Tumca xsenebuli sxva terminebis gamo-yenebisas maT igive samarTlebrivi datvirTva da mniSvneloba eniWebaT.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom winamdebare naSromi ar ixilavs evro-puli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa gamoyenebis sakiTxs im saxelmwi-foebis mier, romlebic konkretuli procesis mxareebi arian. naSromiSemoifargleba mxolod im saxelmwifoebze evropuli sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetilebaTa gamoyenebis ganxilviT, romlebic ar arian konkretu-li sasamarTlo procesis mxareebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosprecedentuli samarTali gavlenas axdens sakanonmdeblo da aRmasru-lebel xelisuflebazec, aseTi gavlena gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniasasamarTlo xelisuflebaze. amitom naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebu-lia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-Tlis gavlenaze sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze.

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115 E. Klein, Should the Binding Effect of the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights beExtended? in: Protecting Human Rights: The European Perspective, Studies in Memory of R.Ryssdal, P. Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Petzold & L. Wildhaber (Eds.), 2000, 706.

116 miuxedavad imisa, rom didi britaneTi precedentuli samarTlis qveyanaa, isic ki ganas-xvavebs `precedentuli samarTlis~ orgvar mniSvnelobas. britaneTislordTa palatamsaqmeze— klensi keirdiswinaaRmdeg (2001 w.) — ganacxada,rom `evropulikomisiisada sa-samarTlos precedentebis mniSvneloba ar unda iqnes ise gagebuli, rogorc igi esmiTCvens samarTalSi~. cit.:D. McGoldrick, The United Kingdom’s Human Rights Act 1998 in Theoryand Practice, in: International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 50, N4, 2001, 918.

2. erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier evropulisasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlisgamoyenebis samarTlebrivi regulireba

iuristebs, maT Soris mosamarTleebs, gansakuTrebiT kontinenturisamarTlis sistemis mimdevar qveynebSi, xSirad uCndebaT kiTxva: saxel-mwifos romeli normatiuli aqtiT ganisazRvreba is, rom erovnulma sa-samarTloebma unda gamoiyenon adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos precedentuli samarTali?

kiTxvis aseTi formulireba nawilobriv gamomdinareobs preceden-tuli samarTlis arasworad gagebuli mniSvnelobidan, rac ukve ganxi-lul iqna. am kiTxvis avtorebi iSvelieben adamianis uflebaTa evropu-li konvenciis analogs da sakiTxs ase svamen: Tu evropuli konvenciisgamoyeneba erovnul doneze ganisazRvra saxelmwifos konkretulinormatiuli aqtiT (magaliTad, konstituciiT an specialuri kanoniT),romlis safuZvelzec konvencia aRiarebulia SidasaxelmwifoebrivisamarTlis wyarod, saxelmwifos romeli normatiuli aqtiT ganisaz-Rvreba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli sa-marTlis gamoyenebis aucilebloba erovnul doneze, maT Soris sasa-marTlo saqmeTa ganxilvis dros?

zogadad, evropuli konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebi sxvadasxvaformiT adgens evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis gamo-yenebis aucileblobas erovnul doneze. zogierT saxelmwifoSi sakanon-mdeblo aqti gansazRvravs, rom erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda gamoiye-nos evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali.117 aseTi saxelmwi-fos magaliTia didi britaneTi, romlis `adamianis uflebaTa aqtSi~ (1998weli) pirdapir miTiTebulia, rom didi britaneTis sasamarTloebma undagaiTvaliswinon evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali kon-venciisdebulebaTa ganmartebisdros.118 imave wess iTvaliswinebs irlan-diis kanonproeqti `adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis Sesaxeb~,romelic dasamtkiceblad wardgenilia irlandiis parlamentSi.119

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117 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa SvedeTis magaliTi. miuxedavad imisa, rom amsaxelmwifos kanonmdebloba pirdapir ar adgens evropuli konvenciis ganmartebis au-cileblobas evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis gaTvaliswinebiT, par-lamentma aseTi ganzraxva gamoxata evropuli konvenciis SvedeTis kanonmdeblobis na-wilad aRiarebis dros. ix. I. Cameron, Sweden, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The Euro-pean Convention on Human Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polaki-ewicz (Eds.), 2001, 839-840.

118 ix. adamianis uflebaTa aqtis me-2 nawilis 1-li punqti. teqsti ix. internet-gverdze:[www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980042.htm]; aseve ix: F. Klug, The Human Rights Act 1998,Pepper v. Hart and All That, Public Law, Summer 1999, 250-251; K. Starmer, European HumanRights Law: The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights, 1999, 25.

119 kanonis me-4 nawili. kanonis teqsti ix. [www.irlgov.ie/oireachtas/frame.htm]; iqve, ix. kano-nis ganmartebiTi memorandumis me-16 punqti.

evropul saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi evropuli sasamarTlos pre-cedentuli samarTlis gamoyenebis aucilebloba ganisazRvreba erov-nuli sasamarTloebis praqtikiT. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis SeiZleba ramde-nime saxelmwifos sasamarTlo praqtikis moSvelieba:

germaniis federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa, rom federaluri konstituciis gan-martebisas unda gaiTvaliswinon adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konven-ciis Sinaarsi da ganviTarebis mdgomareoba. sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna,rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-Tali konstituciaSi ganmtkicebul uflebaTa Sinaarsisa da farglebisdadgenis saSualebaa;120

Sveicariis federalurma uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT ga-dawyvetilebaSi, romelic pirad Tavisuflebas exeboda, miuTiTa, romes ufleba unda ganimartos adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisada evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT;121

norvegiis uzenaesma sasamarTlom 2000 wlis 23 ivniss miRebul gadaw-yvetilebaSi aRniSna, rom norvegiis sasamarTloebma unda gamoiyenosadamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia im ganmartebiT, romelic mie-ca konvenciis debulebebs evropuli sasamarTlos precedentebiT;122

kviprosis uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi,romelmac safuZveli Cauyara kviprosis sasamarTloebis mier evropu-li sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyenebis praqtikas, miu-TiTa, rom evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali asrulebsorientiris funqcias erovnuli sasamarTloebisaTvis;123

poloneTis uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom adamianis uflebaTaevropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali unda iqnes gaTva-liswinebuli poloneTis kanonmdeblobis ganmartebisaTvis;124

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120 Decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court, 1987, vol. 74, 370. cit.: J. Frowein, Incorporati-on of the Convention into Domestic Law, in: Aspects of Incorporation of the European Conven-tion of Human Rights into Domestic Law, J.P. Gardner (Ed.), 1993.

121 YBECHR 1977, 801ff.122 The European Convention on Human Rights at 50, Human Rights Information Bulletin (special

issue), N50, 2000, 19.123 Cosmos Press v. The Police, 2 CLR 73, 1985, 76-81. aseve ix. G. Ress, The Effect of Judgments

and Decisions in Domestic Law, in: The European System for the Protection of Human Rights,R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 842.

124 III ARN 75/94. cit. A. Wyrozumska, Impact of the Case-Law of the Organs of the European Con-vention on Human Rights on Domestic Law and the National Judge, Judge and InternationalLaw, 1998, 150. erT-erT saqmesTan dakavSirebiT poloneTis sakonstitucio sasamar-Tlo aseve daeyrdno evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas saqmeze — rotaru ru-mineTis winaaRmdeg (Rotaru v. Romania) (2000 wlis 4 maisi), — romliTac daasabuTa Ta-visi pozicia. L. Wildhaber, The Application of the Convention and its Case-Law in the Mem-ber States; report delivered at the Conference: “The European Convention on Human Rightsand its Case Law: Application by Domestic Courts and Public Administration”, 6 March 2001, Ri-ga, Latvia.

es magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyenebis aucilebloba erovnuli sasa-marTloebis mier ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba ara amisaTvis specialurad mi-Rebuli normatiuli aqtiT, aramed erovnuli sasamarTloebis praqtikiT.

3. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosprecedentuli samarTlis gamoyenebis motivebi

ra ganapirobebs erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier evropuli sasamar-Tlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyenebas sasamarTlo saqmeebis gan-xilvis dros?

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, evropuli sa-samarTlos gadawyvetilebebi savaldebuloa mxolod sasamarTlo dava-Si monawile saxelmwifoebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifoebi, rom-lebic ar arian konkretuli procesis mxareebi, evropuli sasamarTlosprecedentul samarTals iyeneben pragmatuli mosazrebiT. konvenciismonawile saxelmwifoebi, maT Soris erovnuli sasamarTloebi, princi-pul mniSvnelobas aniWeben imas, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-marTlo, rogorc konvenciis sazedamxedvelo organo, axdens evropulikonvenciis debulebaTa avtoritetul ganmartebas. es ganapirobebs sa-xelmwifoebis, maT Soris erovnuli sasamarTloebis, mier adamianis uf-lebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos im gadawyvetilebebis (precedentebis)gamoyenebas, romlebic exeba konvenciis sxva monawile saxelmwifoebs.125

miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTloiRebs gadawyvetilebas konkretul saqmeze, is am gadawyvetilebis(precedentis) meSveobiT ganmartavs konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuluflebaTada TavisuflebaTaSinaarss.126 konkretuli gadawyvetile-bis miRebiT evropuli sasamarTlo adgens standarts, romlis mniS-vneloba scildeba konkretul sasamarTlo saqmes.127 evropuli sasa-

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125 E. Klein, Should the Binding Effect of the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights beExtended? in: Protecting Human Rights: The European Perspective, Studies in Memory of R.Ryssdal, P. Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Petzold & L. Wildhaber (Eds.), 2000, 705. aseve ix. Para.43, Report of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, XIIth Congress of the Confe-rence of the European Constitutional Courts: “The Relations between the Constitutional Courtsand the Other National Courts, Including the Interference in this Area of the Action of the Euro-pean Courts”, 14-16 May 2002, Brussels. moxseneba xelmisawvdomia konferenciis inter-net-gverdze: [http://www.confeuconstco.org] .



marTlos ganmartebiT, rac aisaxeba precedentul samarTalSi, evro-puli sasamarTlo axorcielebs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis standar-tebis dadgenis funqcias.128 adamianis uflebaTa dacvis standarte-bis dadgenis funqciaze evropulma sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvi-la Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi. man ganacxada, rom `faqtobri-vad sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi miznad isaxavs ara mxolod sasa-marTlos winaSe gansaxilvelad warmodgenil saqmeTa gadawyvetas,aramed, ufro zogadad, naTeli mohfinos, daicvas da ganaviTaroskonvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi da amgvarad xeli Seuwyos sa-xelmwifoebis, rogorc xelSemkvreli mxareebis mier aRebul valde-bulebaTa Sesrulebas~.129

a) erovnuli sasamarTloebi aTviTcnobiereben, rom evropuli sasa-marTlos praqtikis, misi precedentuli samarTlis gaanalizebis gare-Se Zalze rTulia konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis Sinaarsissworad dadgena da, Sesabamisad, konvenciis debulebaTa sworad gamoye-neba.130 konvenciaSi Camoyalibebuli mravali norma Zalze zogadad arisformulirebuli. konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebis Sinaarsigamoixateba evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTalSi.131 ev-ropuli sasamarTlos precedentebSi, konkretul gadawyvetilebebSizustdeba konvenciis (da misi oqmebis) debulebaTa Sinaarsi da fargle-bi.132 konvenciis debulebaTa ganmarteba, evropuli sasamarTlos pre-cedentuli samarTlis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTels hfens konvenciiT gan-mtkicebul valdebulebaTa Sinaarssa da farglebs, rac xSirad pirda-pir ar Cans konvenciis teqstis gacnobis Sedegad.133

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulisamarTali azustebs konvenciis calkeul debulebaTa Sinaarssa dafarglebs, iseve rogorc gamoyenebis sferos, evropul saxelmwifoTaerovnuli sasamarTloebi ar ganixilavs adamianis uflebaTa evropul

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130 evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis 2002 wlis 18 dekembris rekomendaciaRec(2002)13. rekomendaciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia evropis sabWos internet-gver-dze: [www.coe.int].


132 L. Wildhaber, Speech made at Ministerial Conference on Human Rights to Commemorate theFiftieth Anniversary of the Convention, in: The European Convention on Human Rights at 50,Human Rights Information Bulletin (special issue), N50, 2000, 42.

133 J. Polakiewicz, The Execution of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, in: Fun-damental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member States(1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 72-73.

konvencias evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis gareSe.134

rogorc adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos prezidentma lu-cius vildhaberma aRniSna: `gadamwyveti mniSvneloba erovnul samar-TalSi eniWeba konvenciis teqsts, Tumca aseTive mniSvneloba unda gane-kuTvnos Sesabamis sasamarTlo praqtikas, romelic konvenciis teqsti-dan gamomdinareobs.~135

evropuli konvenciis adamianis uflebaTa standartebi ar ganisaz-Rvreba mxolod konvenciis teqstiT.136 isini dadgenilia rogorc kon-venciis teqstiT, ise mis safuZvelze miRebuli precedentuli samar-TliT.137 sxva sityvebiT, evropuli konvenciis adamianis uflebaTastandartebSi moiazreba ara mxolod Tavad konvenciis teqstiT gaTva-liswinebuli standartebi, aramed aseve evropuli sasamarTlos prece-dentebiT Camoyalibebuli standartebi.138

amis sailustraciod SeiZleba evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis pir-veli punqtis moSvelieba, romlis Tanaxmad, yvelas aqvs ufleba kano-niT Seqmnili damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos mier go-nivrul vadaSi samarTlian da sajaro ganxilvaze. Tu ar gaanalizda ev-ropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, Zalze rTulia imisdadgena, konkretulad ras gulisxmobs: samarTliani da sajaro mosme-na, damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo, gonivruli vada,romlis ganmavlobaSic unda ganxorcieldes aseTi ganxilva da rogorunda iqnes es principebi gamoyenebuli praqtikaSi.

erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier evropuli sasamarTlos preceden-tuli samarTlis gamoyenebis aucileblobas adastureben mecnieri iu-ristebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba daveyrdnoT iorg polakeviCisSexedulebas, romelmac aRniSna:

`konvenciis mravali debulebis namdvili mniSvnelobis saTanadodgageba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, Tu mxedvelobaSi miiReba strasburgissasamarTlosa da komisiis praqtika.

strasburgis precedentuli samarTlis mzardi mniSvneloba gavle-nas axdens erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier konvenciis gamoyenebaze. TuwarsulSi zogadad moiSvelieboda konvenciis calkeuli debulebani,

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134 J. Madureira, Portugal, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on HumanRights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 683.

135 l. vildhaberi, adamianis ufleba: rogor unda icavdes mas strasburgisa da erovnu-li sasamarTloebi, Jurnali `adamiani da konstitucia~, N1, 2002 weli, gv. 63.

136 A. Drzemczewski & M. Nowicki, Poland, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Con-vention on Human Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz(Eds.), 2001, 676.

137 M. Melchior, Main Points of the General Report, Seminar “Partners for the Protection of HumanRights: Reinforcing Interaction Between the European Court of Human Rights and NationalCourts”, 9-10 September 2002, Strasbourg.

138 M. Macovei, Freedom of Expression: A Guide to the Implementation of Article 10 of the Europe-an Convention on Human Rights, 2001, 5.

dRes erovnuli sasamarTloebi regularulad iTvaliswinebs am debu-lebaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas strasburgis sasamarTlos mier. magali-Tad, saqmis samarTliani ganxilvis garantiebi an mosamarTlis damouki-debloba da miukerZoebloba ar ganisazRvreba adamianis uflebaTa ev-ropuli konvenciis mxolod me-6 muxlis safuZvelze. maTi [saqmis samar-Tliani ganxilvis garantiebis an mosamarTlis damoukideblobisa damiukerZoeblobis—k.k.] damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis dasadgenad erovnulisasamarTloebi iyeneben im konkretul kriteriumebs, romlebic sxva-dasxva saqmis konteqstSi ganviTarda evropuli sasamarTlos prece-dentebSi.~139

erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda gamoiyenon evropuli sasamarTlosprecedentuli samarTali, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi didia imisalbaToba, rom evropuli konvenciis debulebebs gansxvavebulad gan-martaven, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli valdebulebebis darRveva saxelmwifos mier. Tu erovnulma sa-samarTlom ar gamoiyena evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-Tali, man SeiZleba ufro SezRudviTad ganmartos is ufleba, romeliceniWeba pirs. amis Sedegad piri ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili uflebiT,romelic mas eniWeba evropuli konvenciiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirimimarTavs evropul sasamarTlos imis mtkicebiT, rom erovnulma sasa-marTlom igi ar uzrunvelyo im uflebiT, romelic mas eniWeba evropu-li konvenciiT, evropuli sasamarTlo mis sasargeblod gadawyvets da-vas da daadgens, rom saxelmwifom, romlis sasamarTlomac konvenciiTgaTvaliswinebuli debuleba ufro SezRudviTad ganmarta, vidre esgansazRvrulia evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTliT, arSeasrula konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebani.140

konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa Sinaarsis dadgenaSi evro-puli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali gansakuTrebul mniSvne-lobas iZens imis gamo, rom konvencia aris ara statikuri, aramed `coc-xali~ dokumenti.

rogorc cnobilia, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia miRebu-lia 1950 wels. igi iuridiulad savaldebulo pirveli saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aqtia, romelmac saerTaSoriso doneze ganamtkica ada-mianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.141 am periodidan moyole-buli, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso dacva rogorc universalur,

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140 J. Velu, Report on “Responsibilities for States Parties to the European Convention”, in: Procee-dings of the Sixth International Colloquy about The European Convention on Human Rights, 13-16 November 1985, 1988, 592-593.

141 Tumca 1945 wels miRebulma gaeros wesdebam pirvelad moaxdina adamianis uflebaTadacvis `internacionalizacia~.

ise regionul doneze mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda, ganmtkicda adamianTauflebrivi garantiebi, gafarTovda ZiriTad uflebaTa da Tavisufle-baTa Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba. am TvalsazrisiT adamianis uflebaTa ev-ropuli konvencia gamonaklisi ar aris. misi miRebidan gasuli xuTi aT-wleulis ganmavlobaSi evropuli konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoeb-Sic icvleboda sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba, midgoma ama Tu im zneobri-vi faseulobebisadmi. maTTan erTad Seicvala adamianis uflebaTa Sina-arsi, gafarTovda is garantiebi, romlebic pirs eniWeba adamianis uf-lebaTa evropuli konvenciiT.

bunebrivia, rom evropul sasamarTlos jerovani pasuxi unda gaecaaRniSnuli cvlilebebisaTvis, rac SeuZlebeli iyo sasamarTlos miersazogadoebrivi cnobierebisa da zneobrivi faseulobebis kvaldakvalevropuli konvenciiT daculi uflebebisaTvis ufro farTo SinaarsisminiWebis gareSe. amisaTvis evropuli konvenciis sazedamxedvelo or-ganoebma142 Camoayaliba da ganaviTara evropuli konvenciiT ganmtkice-buli uflebebis `dinamikuri~ ganmartebis koncefcia. sasamarTlom Ta-vis erT-erT saqmeSi miuTiTa, rom mxedvelobaSia misaRebi konvenciisspecialuri xasiaTi, kerZod ki is, rom konvencia `cocxali~ dokumen-tia, romelic unda ganimartos demokratiul saxelmwifoSi dRes arse-buli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.143 sasamarTlom uaryo konvenciisstatikuri, istoriuli ganmartebis idea.144 Sesabamisad, evropuli kon-venciiT gaTvaliswinebul koncefciebs evropuli sasamarTlo im mniS-vnelobiT ganmartavs, rac asaxavs evropuli sazogadoebis dRevandeliganviTarebis dones da ara im mniSvnelobiT, romelic konvenciis miRe-bis dros arsebobda.145 magaliTad, saqmeze — Taireri gaerTianebuli sa-mefos winaaRmdeg (Tyrer v. the United Kingdom) (1978 weli), romelic exebo-da arasrulwlovanis gawkepvlas, — evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna,rom evropuli konvencia, kerZod misi me-3 muxli,146 unda ganimartossaqmis ganxilvis droindeli mniSvnelobiT da ara im mniSvnelobiT, ro-melic mas eniWeboda 1950 wels. evropuli sasamarTlos mier ganxilulisaqmis arsi iyo is, warmoadgenda Tu ara arasrulwlovanis gawkepvla ev-ropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevas, kerZod ki Seadgenda Tu araes moqmedeba Rirsebis Semlaxav sasjels. evropis sabWos wevr saxelmwi-

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142 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlo.

143 sxva saqmeebTan erTad, ix. saqme van der miuseli belgiis winaaRmdeg (Van der Musselev. Belgium), 1983 wlis 23 noemberi, 32-e punqti.

144 J. Frowein, The European Convention on Human Rights as the Public Order of Europe, in: Col-lected Courses of the Academy of European Law, 1990, vol. I(2) 1992, 302.

145 R. Bernhardt, The Convention and Domestic Law, in: The European System for the Protectionof Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 31-32.

146 `aravin SeiZleba daeqvemdebros wamebas, araadamianur an damamcirebel mopyrobas ansasjels~.

foTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi politikis ganviTarebisa da zogadad dam-kvidrebuli standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT, evropulma sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom gawkepvla aris Rirsebis Semlaxavi sasjeli da, Sesabami-sad, miiCnia, rom arasrulwlovanis gawkepvliT dairRva evropuli kon-venciis me-3 muxli.147

am koncefciis meSveobiT evropuli sasamarTlo azustebs konvenci-iTdaculiuflebebis Sinaarss, afarToebs maTSi Camoyalibebulgaran-tiebs.148 zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom konvenciis normebisganmarteba icvleba da viTardeba droTa ganmavlobaSi, sazogadoebiscnobierebis ganviTarebisa da zneobrivi faseulobebis SecvlasTan er-Tad.149 esa Tu is moqmedeba, romelic 50-60-ian wlebSi ar ganixilebodakonvenciis darRvevad, 80-90-ian wlebSi SeiZleba aseTad CaiTvalos.

evropuli konvencia sakmaod `mSrali~ dokumentia. konvenciis ana-logiuri debulebebi adamianis uflebaTa sxva saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebebsa da saxelmwifoTa erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi SeiZleba moi-Zebnos, magram evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali am-didrebs am debulebebs, ganmartavs konvenciis normebs, adgens misi ga-moyenebis SesaZleblobas konkretul garemoebaTa mimarT.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-Tlis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifo organoebma, maT SorissasamarTloebma, unda gaiTvaliswinos am precedentebis miRebis perio-di. vinaidan evropuli konvencia `cocxali~ dokumentia, ris gamoc kon-venciis ama Tu im uflebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi Seic-valos sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis SecvlasTan erTad, dasaSvebia, romesa Tu is konkretuli precedenti, romelic gamoiyena erovnulma sasa-marTlom, SeiZleba moZvelebuli iyos. rac ufro Zvelia evropuli sa-samarTlos gadawyvetileba, miT ufro naklebad sarwmunoa igi da, Sesa-bamisad, miT ufro didia evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uf-lebis araswori ganmartebis riski.150 amitomac erovnulma sasamarTlo-ebma maqsimaluri Zalisxmeva unda gamoiCinon, raTa aRmoaCinon da gamo-iyenon uaxlesi precedentebi, romlebic miRebulia evropuli sasamar-

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147 Taireri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Tyrer v. the United Kingdom), 1978 wlis 25aprili.

148 N. Mikkelsen, The Implementation in National Law of the Rights and Freedoms Embodied in theEuropean Convention on Human Rights, in: The Implementation in National Law of the Europe-an Convention on Human Rights, Proceedings of the Fourth Copenhagen Conference on Hu-man Rights, 28-29 October, 1988, 1989, 93.

149 Para. 43, Report of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, XIIth Congress of theConference of the European Constitutional Courts: “The Relations between the ConstitutionalCourts and the Other National Courts, Including the Interference in this Area of the Action of theEuropean Courts”, 14-16 May 2002, Brussels. moxseneba xelmisawvdomia konferenciisinternet-gverdze: [http://www.confeuconstco.org].

150 P. Plowden & K. Kerrigan, Advocacy and Human Rights: Using the Convention in Courts and Tri-bunals, 2002, 157.

Tlos mier. amisaTvis saWiroa Camoyalibdes sistema, romelic mosamar-Tleebs miscems saSualebas, mudmivad adevnon Tvalyuri evropuli sa-samarTlos mier konvenciis debulebaTa `axlebur~ ganmartebas.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda gamoiyenonadamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali,raTa ganmarton evropuli konvenciis debulebebi. evropuli sasamar-Tlos precedentul samarTals SeuZlia, mniSvnelovani daxmareba aR-mouCinos erovnul sasamarTloebs konvenciis debulebebis gamoyenebi-sas. miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda gaiTvalis-winon adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli sa-marTali, risTvisac maT unda moiZion evropuli sasamarTlos iseTi ga-dawyvetilebebi, romlebic exebian analogiur situacias, dasaSvebia,erovnulma sasamarTlom ver miakvlios evropuli sasamarTlos iseTgadawyvetilebas, romelic naTels mohfens evropuli konvenciis debu-lebaTa ganmartebas im konteqstSi, romelic erovnuli sasamarTlosmier ganixileba. amis mizezi SeiZleba martivi iyos: evropul sasamar-Tlos ar hqondes ganxiluli analogiuri saqme imis gamo, rom aravis mi-umarTavs misTvis adamianis uflebaTa aseT garemoebaSi dasacavad. cxa-dia, evropuli sasamarTlo ixilavs saqmeebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tumas mimarTa fizikurma an iuridiulma pirma konvenciiT gaTvaliswine-buli uflebis darRvevis mtkicebiT. evropuli sasamarTlo ar aris uf-lebamosili, ganixilos saqmeebi in abstracto. miuxedavad imisa, rom erov-nulma sasamarTlom SeiZleba ver aRmoaCinos evropuli sasamarTlosprecedenti, romelic erovnuli sasamarTlos winaSe gansaxilveli saq-mis garemoebebis analogiuria, aseTi precedentis ararseboba ar niS-navs, rom erovnulma sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos konvenciis ganxilvada saqme gadawyvitos mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtissafuZvelze.151 erovnulma sasamarTlom Tavad unda Seafasos saqmis ga-remoebebi da konvenciis Sesabamisi debulebebi gamoiyenos saqmis gada-sawyvetad. magaliTad, Tu erovnuli sasamarTlo ixilavs davas konven-ciis me-8-me-11 muxlebTan dakavSirebiT,152 mas SeuZlia ganixilos ammuxlebis me-2 punqtebiTdadgenili sami kriteriumi, romelTadakmayo-filebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba SeizRudos xsenebuli muxlebiTdadgeni-li uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.153

amdenad, Zalze mniSvnelovania adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-marTlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyeneba erovnuli sasamarTlo-

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151 M. Scheinin, International Human Rights in National Law, An Introduction to the InternationalProtection of Human Rights (Eds. R. Hanski & M. Suksi), 1999, 421-422.

152 piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba; azris, sindisisa da religiisTavisufleba; gamoxatvis Tavisufleba; Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba.

153 M. Macovei, Freedom of Expression: A Guide to the Implementation of Article 10 of theEuropean Convention on Human Rights, 2001, 24.

ebis mier, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli amaTu im samarTlebrivi cnebisa Tu principis konkretuli Sinaarsis dad-gena, ris gareSec Zalze rTulia konvenciis debulebaTa swori gamoye-neba.154

b) adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samar-Tals aseve mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba im garantiebis dadgenisaTvis,romlebic daculia konvenciiT. rogorc cnobilia, adamianis ufleba-Ta evropuli konvenciiT (da misi damatebiTi oqmebiT) daculi uflebe-bi da Tavisuflebebi ar aris yovlismomcveli. konvenciaSi SeuZlebe-lia yvela im ZiriTaduflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa Sesaxeb debulebebismoZieba, romlebic fizikur da iuridiul pirebs SeiZleba mieniWoT.

miuxedavad amisa, is faqti, rom konvenciaSi pirdapir ar aris miTi-Teba ama Tu im garemoebaze, romlebzec SeiZleba gavrceldes konvenci-is konkretuli debuleba, ar niSnavs, rom gamoiricxeba am garemoebazekonvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis gavrceleba. konvenciiT gan-mtkicebuli garantiebis gamoyenebis areali SeiZleba gafarTovdes ev-ropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTliT da gamoyenebul iqnesiseTi garemoebebis mimarT, romlebic pirdapir ar aris moxseniebulievropul konvenciaSi.155

amis sailustraciod SeiZleba konkretuli magaliTebis moyvana. saq-meze — klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany), romelic exebodasatelefono mosmenas, — adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlomdaadgina: miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konven-ciis me-8 muxlis pirveli punqti pirdapir ar icavs satelefono saub-rebis konfidenciurobas, am muxliT gansazRvruli cnebebi: `piradicxovreba~ da `mimowera~ moicavs mas.156

aseve SeiZleba sxva magaliTis moyvana, romelic naTelyofs, konven-ciis debulebebTan erTad, evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli sa-marTlis gamoyenebis aucileblobas konkretuli uflebis Sinaarsisdasadgenad. saqmeze — nimitci germaniis winaaRmdeg (Niemietz v. Ger-many), romelic exeboda m. nimitcis, profesiiT advokatis, piradicxovrebisa da sacxovreblis pativiscemis uflebas (konvenciis me-8muxli), — adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, romganmcxadeblis saadvokato ofisis gaCxrekam daarRvia misi piradicxovrebisa da sacxovreblis pativiscemis ufleba. evropulma sasamar-

55

154 T. Buergenthal, International Tribunals and National Courts: The Internationalization of Domes-tic Adjudication, in: Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung: Ferstschrift für Rudolf Bernhardt,1995, 687.

155 J. Madureira, Portugal, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on HumanRights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 683.

156 klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany), 1978 wlis 6 seqtemberi, Series A, no. 28,41-e punqti.

Tlom ganmarta, rom saadvokato ofisi, ufro zogadad ki ganmcxadeb-lis samuSao adgili, eqceva evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlis moqmede-bis sferoSi.157 aqedan gamomdinare, evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina,rom cneba `sacxovrebeli~, romelic daculia evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxliT, moicavs individis samuSao adgils da, Sesabamisad, icavs pirsaramarTlzomieri Carevisagan.158

marTalia, evropuli konvencia pirdapir ar awesrigebs eqstradici-is sakiTxs, evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulma samarTalma naTelimohfina imas, rom im saxelmwifoSi piris eqstradicia, romelSic mis mi-marT arsebobs wamebis an araadamianuri mopyrobis dasabuTebuli eWvi,SeiZleba CaiTvalos gadamcemi saxelmwifos mier evropuli konvenciisme-3 muxlis darRvevad. Tu saxelmwifom, misma erovnulma sasamarTlomar ganixila evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTalida arda-adgina evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba eq-stradiciis sakiTxebze, igi ar CaTvlis, rom konvenciis me-3 muxli undaiyos gamoyenebuli eqstradiciasTan dakavSirebiT.

amdenad, mniSvnelovania, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisgamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT erovnulma sasamarTloebma gaiTvaliswi-non is garemoeba, rom evropuli konvenciis standartebis dadgena Zal-ze rTulia mxolod konvenciis teqstis gacnobis Sedegad. konvenciaSiSeiZleba saerTod ar iyos moxseniebuli is samarTlebrivi urTierTo-ba, romelzec vrceldeba konvenciis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. ev-ropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyeneba saSualebasaZlevs mosamarTleebs, ukeT Caswvdnen konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuluflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa Sinaarss.

g) evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyeneba erov-nuli sasamarTloebis mier ganpirobebulia aseve imiT, rom igi aZlevserovnul sasamarTloebs im gadawyvetilebis ganWvretis SesaZleblobas,romelsac savaraudod miiRebs evropuli sasamarTlo am saxelmwifos wi-naaRmdeg evropul sasamarTloSi ganacxadiT mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi.

Tu adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom adre ganxilul saq-meze daadgina konvenciis darRveva erT-erTi monawile saxelmwifos mi-er, didia imis albaToba, rom msgavs saqmeze, romelic momavalSi SeiZ-leba ganixilos evropulma sasamarTlom, igi miiRebs aseTsave gadawyve-tilebas, kerZod, daadgens saxelmwifos mier konvenciis darRvevas.159

Tu erovnuli sasamarTloebi ar gaiTvaliswineben evropuli sasa-marTlos precedentul samarTals, ar moaxdenen kanonmdeblobisa da

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157 1992 wlis 16 dekemberi, Series A, no. 251-B, 29-e-33-e punqtebi.158 iqve; aseve ix. L. Clements, N. Mole & A. Simmons, European Human Rights: Taking a Case

Under the Convention, 1999, 24-25.159 J. A. Carrilo Salcedo, The European System of Protection of Human Rights, in: Judicial Protecti-

on of Human Rights at the National and International Level, vol. I, 1991, 376-377.

praqtikis, gansakuTrebiT ki sasamarTlo praqtikis, koreqtirebas ev-ropuli sasamarTlos mier analogiur saqmeebze adre miRebuli gadaw-yvetilebebis mixedviT, isini dadgebian realuri safrTxis winaSe, romevropuli sasamarTlo daadgens evropuli konvenciis darRvevas am sa-xelmwifos mier. sxva sityvebiT, Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom ar gaiTva-liswina evropuli sasamarTlos mier adre miRebuli gadawyvetilebebianalogiur saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebSic evropulma sasamar-Tlom daadgina konvenciis darRveva, savaraudoa, rom am saxelmwifoswinaaRmdeg sarCelis Setanis SemTxvevaSi evropuli sasamarTlo imavesdaadgens.160

cxadia, saxelmwifos, misi erovnuli sasamarTloebis interesebSiaevropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyeneba, rac masmiscems SesaZleblobas, daicvas fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis ufle-bebi evropuli standartebiT. Tu erovnulma sasamarTloebma gamoiye-nes precedentuli samarTali da masSi dadgenili standartebiT daic-ves pirTa uflebebi, naklebad mosalodnelia, am pirebma mimarTon ev-ropul sasamarTlosTavianTi uflebebis dasacavad da, aqedan gamomdi-nare, mcirea imis albaToba, evropulma sasamarTlom daadginos, rom amsaxelmwifom daarRvia evropuli konvencia.

Tumca adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier adre miRe-buli gadawyvetilebebi (precedentebi) ar aris misTvis savaldebulomomdevno saqmeebze, evropuli sasamarTlos praqtika adasturebs, romis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebs Tavis ad-rindel gadawyvetilebebs, maT Soris konvenciis ama Tu im muxlis gan-martebas.161 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT adamianis uflebaTa evropulmasasamarTlom saqmeze — kosi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Cosseyv. the United Kingdom) — aRniSna:

`marTalia, [...] sasamarTlosaTvis ar aris savaldebulo Tavisi ad-rindeli gadawyvetilebebi, [...] magram, igi, Cveulebriv, misdevs da iye-nebs Tavissave precedentebs, rac samarTlebrivi sicxadisa da konven-ciis precedentuli samarTlis Tanamimdevrulad ganviTarebis intere-sebisTvisaa saWiro~.162

saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis mier TavianTi gadawyvetilebebismxedvelobaSi miRebis fenomeni britanelma iuristma h. lauterpaxtmaSemdegnairad axsna:

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160 E. Alkema, Responsibilities Deriving from the Implementation of the European Convention onHuman Rights: Responsibilities for States Parties to the Convention, in: Proceedings of the SixthInternational Colloquy about the European Convention on Human Rights, 13-16 November1985, 1988, 708.

161 L. Wildhaber, Precedent in the European Court of Human Rights, in: Protecting Human Rights:The European Perspective, Studies in Memory of R. Ryssdal, P. Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Pet-zold & L. Wildhaber (Eds.), 2000, 1529-1531.

162 1990 wlis 27 seqtemberi, Series A, no. 184, 35-e punqti.

`radgan aseTi gadawyvetilebebi aris droTa ganmavlobaSi SeZenili sa-marTlebrivi gamocdileba, romlis mimdevroba moxerxebulia; radgan isi-ni asaxaven imas,racwarsulSi sasamarTlomsamarTlianadCaTvala;radganadre miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis pativiscema uzrunvelyofs sicxadesada stabilurobas, rac mniSvnelovania marTlmsajulebis jerovani gan-xorcielebisaTvis; da [...] radgan mosamarTleebs, bunebrivia, ar surT, ami-saTvis sakmarisi mizezebis gareSe aRiaron, rom warsulSi Secdnen.~163

is garemoeba, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo gadaw-yvetilebis miRebisas, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebs Tavis adrindel ga-dawyvetilebebs (precedentul samarTals), ar niSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZ-lia Secvalos Tavisi Sexeduleba da gansxvavebulad ganmartos konven-ciis debulebebi. saqmeze — kosi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Cossey v. the United Kingdom) — evropulma sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna,rom adre miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa momdevno saqmeebze gamoyenebispraqtika `xels ar SeuSlis sasamarTlos, gadauxvios adre miRebul ga-dawyvetilebas, Tu igi darwmunda, rom arsebobs amisaTvis damajerebe-li mizezebi. aseTi gadaxveva SeiZleba moxdes, raTa, magaliTad, uzrun-velyofil iqnes konvenciis iseTi ganmarteba, romelic asaxavs sazoga-doebriv cvlilebebs da Seesatyviseba dRevandel pirobebs.~164

rogorc Tavad konvenciiT, ise sasamarTlo praqtikiT dadasturebuliaevropuli sasamarTlos mier iseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba,romelicganasxvavebsmisdRevandelmidgomasadamianisuflebaTadacvisamaTu im sakiTxisadmi adrindeli midgomisagan.165 evropuli konvenciis 30-emuxli pirdapir iTvaliswinebs evropuli sasamarTlos mier iseTi gadawyve-tilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas, romelic SeuTavsebelia sasamarTlos mieradre miRebul gadawyvetilebasTan.166 rac Seexeba evropuli sasamarTlospraqtikas evropuli konvenciis iseT ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT, rome-lic gansxvavdeba adrindeli ganmartebisagan, sasamarTlo praqtikaSi mrav-lad iyo SemTxveva, rodesac evropuli sasamarTlos mier konvenciis debu-lebaTa ganmarteba gansxvavdeboda adrindelisagan.167

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163 H. Lauterpacht, The Development of International Law by the International Court, 1958, 14.164 1990 wlis 27 seqtemberi, Series A, no. 184, 35-e punqti.165 ix. saqmeebi: delkuri belgiis winaaRmdeg (Delcourt v. Belgium) (1970 weli) da borgersi

belgiis winaaRmdeg (Borgers v. Belgium) (1990 weli); Siseri Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Schi-esser v. Switzerland) (1979 weli); aseve ix. L. Wildhaber, Precedent in the European Court ofHuman Rights, in: Protecting Human Rights: The European Perspective, Studies in Memory of R.Ryssdal, P. Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Petzold & L. Wildhaber (Eds.), 2000, 1532-1533.

166 evropuli konvenciis 30-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `rodesac palatis ganxilvaSi arsebulisaqme mniSvnelovan sakiTxs wamoWris, romelic gavlenas axdens konvenciisa an misioqmebis ganmartebaze, an palatis mier sakiTxis gadawyvetas SeiZleba mohyves sasamar-Tlos mier manamde miRebul gadawyvetilebasTan SeuTavsebeli Sedegi, palatas uf-leba aqvs, gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde nebismier dros uari ganacxados iurisdiq-ciaze didi palatis sasargeblod, Tu saqmis romelime mxare ar aris winaaRmdegi.~

167 J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993, 14.

aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom erovnuli sasamarTloebis nawili davebisgadawyvetisas iyenebs ara mxolod adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasa-marTlos, aramed evropuli komisiis gadawyvetilebebs. rogorc cnobi-lia, evropulma komisiam Sewyvita arseboba mas Semdeg, rac ganxorci-elda evropuli konvenciis sazedamxedvelo sistemis reforma.168 mar-Talia, erovnuli sasamarTloebi davebis gadawyvetis dros, evropulisasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis garda, eyrdnoba komisiis gadawyveti-lebebs konvenciis debulebaTa ganmartebisaTvis, maT mxedvelobaSi un-da miiRon is garemoeba, rom xSirad sasamarTlos Sexeduleba konvenci-is debulebaTa ganmartebis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeboda komisiis Sexedule-bisagan. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sabolood evropuli sasamarTloadgenda, Tu rogor unda ganimartos evropuli konvenciis debulebebi,ueWvelia, evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi erovnuli sasamar-TloebisaTvis konvenciis debulebaTa ganmartebis bevrad ufro avto-ritetuli wyaroa, vidre evropuli komisiis gadawyvetilebebi.169 amasgarda, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, ramdenadac evropulma komisiam Sew-yvita arseboba, misi ganmartebebi SeiZleba aRar asaxavdes dRevandelmdgomareobas an imas, romelic SeiZleba Seiqmnas momavalSi.

4. advokatTa roli erovnuli sasamarTloebismier evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulisamarTlis gamoyenebisas

advokatebs mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT erovnuli sasamarTloebismier adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-Tlis gamoyenebisas. erovnuli sasamarTloebis winaSe advokatebma un-da moiSvelion ara mxolod evropuli konvencia, aramed evropuli sasa-marTlos precedentuli samarTali. advokatis argumentebi bevrad da-majerebeli iqneba, Tu igi daeyrdnoba evropuli sasamarTlos prece-

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168 konvenciis sazedamxedvelo sistemis reforma dasrulda 1998 wels konvenciis me-11damatebiTi oqmis ZalaSi SesvliT. marTalia, axalma evropulma sasamarTlom 1998wlis 1 noembridan daiwyo funqcionireba, magram evropulma komisiam kidev erTiwliT gaagrZela saqmianoba ganuxilav saqmeebze muSaobis dasasruleblad.

169 K. Starmer, European Human Rights Law: The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Con-vention on Human Rights, 1999, 19. rac Seexeba evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis ga-dawyvetilebebs, romelnic konvenciis me-11 oqmis ZalaSi Sesvlamde (1998 w.) asevearsebiTad wyvetdnen saqmeebs, maTi mniSvneloba erovnuli sasamarTloebisaTvismcirea, radgan misi gadawyvetilebebi ar sabuTdeboda evropuli sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetilebaTa msgavsad. ix. P. Plowden & K. Kerrigan, Advocacy and Human Rights: Usingthe Convention in Courts and Tribunals, 2002, 158.

dentebs, daasabuTebs, rom konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba iseunda ganimartos, rogorc es gaakeTa evropulma sasamarTlom, rac, Ta-vis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs erovnuli sasamarTlos darwmunebas advoka-tis poziciis marTebulobaSi. Tu advokati mxolod konvenciis teqstsdaeyrdno da ar miuTiTa evropuli sasamarTlos konkretul preceden-tze imis dasturad, Tu rogor ganmarta da gadawyvita evropulma sasa-marTlom msgavsi saqme, advokatis mier konvenciis moSveliebis efeqtiSezRuduli iqneba da, Sesabamisad, mcire iqneba sasamarTlos mier advo-katis poziciis gaziarebis albaTobac.

mizanSewonilia movlenebis ganviTarebis savaraudo scenaris gan-xilva. Tu advokati Tavisi poziciis dasasabuTeblad daeyrdno adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis konkretul debulebas, magram manar moiSvelia evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali — ar mi-uTiTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier konvenciis Sesabamisi debulebisganmartebasa da gamoyenebaze konkretul situaciaSi, romelic msgav-sia erovnuli sasamarTlos winaSe gansaxilveli saqmisa, erovnuli sasa-marTlos pasuxi am saqmis mimarT evropuli konvenciis gamoyenebaze,advokatisaTvis, savaraudod, arasasurveli iqneba.

Tu gansxvaveba advokatis mier moSveliebul konvenciis debulebasada im Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtis debulebas Soris, rome-lic amave sakiTxebs awesrigebs, ar iqneba aSkara erovnuli sasamarTlo-saTvis, risi albaTobac arc ise didia evropuli konvenciis debuleba-Ta zogadi formulirebebis gamo, advili iqneba am advokatis argumen-tis gaqarwyleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra uflebiT unda iyos uzrunvelyofi-li misi klienti, an/da rogor unda gadawydes sasamarTlo saqme. Tu ad-vokatma ar moiSvelia evropuli sasamarTlos precedenti, romelicerovnuli sasamarTlosaTvis aSkaras gaxdis, rom precedentiT dadge-nili standarti ufro maRali xarisxiT icavs pirs (an vrceldeba iseTurTierTobaze, razec ar vrceldeba Sesabamisi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivinormatiuli aqti), sasamarTlo, savaraudod, miuTiTebs, rom evropulikonvenciis msgavsi norma dadgenilia qveynis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivinormatiuli aqtiT (magaliTad, kanoniT) da daadasturebs, rom maT So-ris ar aris Seusabamoba. Tu sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom evropuli konven-cia da saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs, erov-nuli sasamarTlo, savaraudod, saerTod ar gamoiyenebs evropul kon-vencias.

amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuliaqti adgens, rogorc wesi, qcevis ufro detalur wesebs, vidre evropu-li konvencia, ris gamoc, erovnuli sasamarTlos azriT, evropuli kon-venciis gamoyeneba ar Seitans mniSvnelovan dadebiT wvlils sasamar-Tlo saqmis gadawyvetaSi. erovnuli sasamarTlos aseTi pozicia ar iq-neba usafuZvlo, Tu ori aqtidan (evropuli konvenciidan da Sidasa-

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xelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtidan), romelTa Soris ar aris winaaR-mdegoba, erTi adgens ufro konkretul normas (magaliTad, kanoni),vidre meore (magaliTad, evropuli konvencia), ar aris ufro zogadinormis gamoyenebis aucilebloba.170

Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom evropuli konvencia daqveynis kanonmdebloba ar ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs, erovnuli sasa-marTlo ukeTes SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetilebaSi gamoiyenebs konvenciisSesabamis debulebas mxolod rogorc saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoeb-rivi normatiuli aqtis amsaxvel normas. ase iqneba Tu ise, advokatis mi-er evropul konvenciaze dayrdnobis efeqti umniSvnelo iqneba, radganmas, evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis moSveliebis ga-reSe, gauWirdeba, daarwmunos erovnuli sasamarTlo, rom konvenciissadavo debuleba mis sasargeblod unda iyos ganmartebuli da gamoye-nebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi advokatis mier mxolod evropuli konvenciismoSvelieba ar moaxdens misTvis sasurvel gavlenas erovnuli sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetilebaze.

aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom, Tu advokati, evropul konvenciasTan erTad,ar daeyrdno evropuli sasamarTlos im gadawyvetilebas, romelicazustebs konvenciis Sesabamisi debulebis gamoyenebas konkretuli sa-marTlebrivi urTierTobis mimarT, erovnulma sasamarTlom SeiZlebadaaskvnas, rom konvenciis moSveliebuli debuleba ar vrceldeba kon-kretul garemoebaze. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, zogierT SemTxvevaSi kon-venciis debulebebidan pirdapir ar Cans, rom konvenciis esa Tu is uf-leba vrceldeba konkretul garemoebaze.

meore mxriv, Tu advokati, evropuli konvenciis debulebasTan er-Tad, daeyrdnoba evropuli sasamarTlos konkretul gadawyvetilebas,romliTac igi daasabuTebs, rogor ganmarta evropulma sasamarTlomes ufleba da gadawyvita saqme, advokatis poziciis aseT dasabuTebaserovnuli sasamarTlos mxridan, savaraudod, sakiTxis detaluri gan-xilva mohyveba. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ganixilavs ara mxolodevropuli konvenciis debulebasa da mis `erovnul~ analogs (SesabamisSidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqts), aramed evropuli konvenciiszogadi normis ganmartebas precedentuli samarTliT da analogiurisaqmis gadawyvetas evropuli sasamarTlos mier. advokatis mier evro-puli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyenebis Sedegaderovnuli sasamarTlosaTvis naTeli iqneba, erTi mxriv, evropuli kon-venciis norma, xolo, meore mxriv, am normis gamoyeneba konkretul ga-remoebaSi. evropuli konvenciisa da precedentuli samarTlis ganxil-

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170 SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi ar warmoiSoba am aqtebis ierar-qiuli Tanafardobis sakiTxi, Tu sasamarTlom daadgina, rom es ori aqti (konvenciada kanoni) ar ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs.

vis Sedegad erovnulma sasamarTlom SeiZleba gansxvavebuli gadawyve-tileba miiRos, vidre is gadawyvetileba, romelsac igi miiRebda advo-katis mier mxolod evropuli konvenciis moSveliebis SemTxvevaSi. am-denad, advokats bevrad didi Sansi aqvs, daarwmunos erovnuli sasamar-Tlo Tavisi poziciis dasabuTebulobaSi, Tu igi, evropul konvencias-Tan erTad, moiSveliebs evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samar-Tals. Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia, advokatis mier moSveliebuli prece-dentis analizis Sedegad erovnulma sasamarTlom SeiZleba daaskvnas,rom am precedentis garemoebebi gansxvavdeba erovnuli sasamarTlosmier gansaxilveli saqmis garemoebebisagan da, Sesabamisad, ar gamoiye-nos es precedenti sasamarTlos saqmis gadasawyvetad.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-Tlis gamoyenebiT advokats SeuZlia ganWvritos, eqneba Tu ara mis saCi-vars saqmis mogebis perspeqtiva evropul sasamarTloSi ganacxadis Se-tanis SemTxvevaSi, Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila misimoTxovna. Tu saqmis garemoebebi msgavsia im garemoebebisa, romelzecevropulma sasamarTlom ukve miiRo gadawyvetileba da daadgina saxel-mwifos mier evropuli konvenciis darRveva, savaraudoa, rom momdevnosaqmezec evropuli sasamarTlo imaves daadgens.

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63

IV. adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis ganmartebis principebi

1. Sesavali

samarTlis normaTa ganmarteba rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi proce-sia. gamonaklisi arc saerTaSoriso samarTlis, maT Soris saerTaSori-so xelSekrulebis, normebia. erT-erTi mecnieris azriT, saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebis ganmarteba ufro xelovnebaa, vidre procedura, rom-lis meSveobiTac gamoiyeneba samarTlis normebi.171

rogorcaRiniSna, adamianisuflebaTaevropulikonvenciagaxdasaqar-Tvelos kanonmdeblobis nawili, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis wyaro,romelic SeiZleba sasamarTloebma gamoiyenon, rogorc saqmis gadawyve-tis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mniSvnelo-vania, rom saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis debulebebi ganmarton im principebis safuZvelze, romlebicCamoyalibebulia rogorc zogadad saerTaSoriso samarTliT, ise adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier. Tu saqarTvelos sasamarTlo-ebma adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia imave principebiT ar ganmar-tes, romlebsac iyenebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo, Zalzedidi iqneba imis albaToba, rom evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuliadamianisuflebaTadebulebebiufroSezRudviTad ganimartos erovnuldoneze, ris Sedegadac fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi srulad ver isar-gebleben im uflebebiT, romlebic maT evropuli konvenciiT eniWebaT.

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, naSromis am nawilSi ganixileba ro-gorc saerTaSoriso samarTliT dadgenili saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-baTa normebis ganmartebis zogadi principebi, ise is wesebi, romlebsaciyenebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo evropuli konvenciisganmartebisaTvis. aseve mimoixileba evropul saxelmwifoTa praqtikaadamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis ganmartebasTan da-kavSirebiT. am analizis safuZvelze gakeTdeba ramdenime daskvna saqar-Tvelos sasamarTloebis mier adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisganmartebis praqtikis srulyofasTan dakavSirebiT.

171 R. Bernhardt, Thoughts on the Interpretation of Human-Rights Treaties, in: Protecting HumanRights: The European Dimension, Studies in Honour of G. Wiarda, F. Metscher & H. Petzold(Eds.), 1988, 65.

2. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa normebisganmartebis zogadi principebi

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa, maT Soris adamianis uflebaTa ev-ropuli konvenciis, ganmartebisaTvis amosavali wertilia `saerTaSo-riso saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ venis 1969 wlis konvenciis31-e-33-e muxlebi, romlebic gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso xelSekru-lebaTa ganmartebis zogad wesebs.172

formalur-iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, venis konvenciis moqmedeba arvrceldeba adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciaze, radgan es ukanas-kneli ufro adrea miRebuli (1950 w.), vidre venis konvencia (1969 weli).173

miuxedavad amisa, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom aRiara,rom venis konvenciis 31-e-33-e muxlebi asaxavs saerTaSoriso CveulebiTisamarTlis normebs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis normaTa ganmartebas-Tan dakavSirebiT, ris gamoc evropuli sasamarTlo evropuli konvenci-is ganmartebisas ixelmZRvanelebs venis konvenciis debulebebiT.174

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis ganmartebasTan dakavSi-rebiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania venis konvenciis 31-e muxlis pir-veli punqti, romlis Tanaxmad: `xelSekruleba unda ganimartos keTil-sindisierad, Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad, romelic unda mie-ces xelSekrulebis terminebs maT konteqstSi, agreTve xelSekrulebisobieqtisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT.~

venis konvenciis 31-e muxlis pirveli punqti pirdapir adgens, romxelSekrulebis ganmartebisas yuradReba unda gamaxvildes xelSekru-lebis obieqtsa da mizanze.175 aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom evropulikonvenciis debulebebi unda ganimartos misi obieqtisa da miznis gaT-valiswinebiT.176 evropuli konvenciis obieqti da mizania `adamianis

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172 venis konvenciis qarTulenovani araoficialuri teqsti ix.: k. korkelia, saerTaSo-riso xelSekruleba saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi, Tbilisi,1998 weli, gv. 268.

173 venis konvenciis me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad, konvencias ara aqvs ukuqceviTi Zala.174 golderi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Golder v. the United Kingdom), 1975 wlis 21

Tebervali, Series A, no. 35, 29-e, 30-e, 34-e-36-e punqtebi; jonstoni da sxvebi irlandi-is winaaRmdeg (Johnston and Others v. the United Kingdom), 1986 wlis 18 dekemberi, SeriesA, no. 112, 51-e-52-e punqtebi; bankoviCi da sxvebi natos wevri saxelmwifoebis winaaR-mdeg (Bankovic and Others v. NATO Member States), 2001 wlis 12 dekembris gadawyvetile-ba, 55-e punqti; aseve ix. J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Co-urt of Human Rights, 1993, 69-70.

175 P. van Dijk & G. van Hoof, Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights,1998, 72.

176 preto da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg (Pretto and Others v. Italy), 1983 wlis 8 dekemberi,Series A, no. 71, 26-e punqti; aqseni germaniis winaaRmdeg (Axen v. Germany), 1983 wlis 8dekemberi, Series A, no. 72, 31-e punqti; aseve ix. R. Bernhardt, Thoughts on the Interpreta-tion of Human-Rights Treaties, in: Protecting Human Rights: The European Dimension, Studiesin Honour of G. Wiarda, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1988, 65-66.

uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacva da maTi Semdgomi realizacia~`efeqtiani politikuri demokratiisa~ da `samarTlis uzenaesobis~ sa-fuZvelze.177 evropuli konvenciis debulebaTa ganmarteba misi obieq-tisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT moiTxovs konvenciis teqstis mimarTufro SemoqmedebiT midgomas, vidre mxolod ama Tu im terminis mniS-vnelobis dadgenas leqsikonis meSveobiT.178

adamianisuflebaTaevropulikonvenciaundaganimartosimgvarad,romuzrunvelyofil iqnes adamianis uflebaTa efeqtiani dacva. Tavis erT-erT saqmesTan dakavSirebiT adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlomjer kidev 70-ian wlebSi ganacxada, rom aucilebelia konvenciis iseTi gan-marteba, rac yvelaze adekvaturad uzrunvelyofs konvenciis miznis miR-wevasa da xelSekrulebis obieqtis realizebas, da ara iseTi, romelic maq-simalurad SezRudavs saxelmwifoTa mier aRebul valdebulebebs.179

3. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosmier Camoyalibebuli ganmartebis principebi

1969 wlis venis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli zogadi wesebis garda,ra principebiT xelmZRvanelobs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-marTlo evropuli konvenciis ganmartebisas?

SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime principi, romelTa safuZvelze evro-puli sasamarTlo ganmartavs evropuli konvenciis debulebebs:

a) evoluciuri (dinamikuri) ganmartebis principi;b) avtonomiuri ganmartebis principi;g) efeqtiani ganmartebis principi;d) proporciulobis (Tanazomierebis) principi;e) Tavisufali Sefasebis farglebis doqtrina;

3.1. evoluciuri (dinamikuri) ganmartebis principi

erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani principi, romelsac iyenebs adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo evropuli konvenciis debulebaTaganmartebisas, evoluciuri (dinamikuri) ganmartebaa. rogorc ukve

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177 ix. evropuli konvenciis preambulis me-4-me-6 punqtebi.178 J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993, 76.179 vemhofi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Wemhoff v. Germany), 1968 wlis 27 ivnisi, Series A, no. 7,

me-8 punqti; eiri irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Airey v. Ireland), 1979 wlis 9 oqtomberi, Seri-es A, no. 32, 24-e punqti; artiko italiis winaaRmdeg (Artico v. Italy), 1980 wlis 13 maisi,Series A, no. 37, 33-e punqti.

aRiniSna, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom da evropulmakomisiam konvencia aRiara „cocxal~ dokumentad, rac imas niSnavs, rommisi debulebebi unda ganimartos sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis Secvli-sa da ganviTarebis kvaldakval.

ganmartebis am principis Tanaxmad, konvenciaSi gamoyenebuli koncef-ciebi unda iqnes gagebuli evropuli sazogadoebisdRevandelicnobiere-bisada ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiTda ara konvenciis SemuSavebisdros,xuTi aTeuli wlis win, arsebulis mixedviT.180 droTa ganmavlobaSi evro-pulisazogadoebiscnobierebis Secvlamgavlena moaxdina sazogadoebrivRirebulebebze, maT Soriszneobis sakiTxebzeda amitomac amcvlilebaTagaTvaliswinebiT unda ganimartos evropuli konvenciis debulebebi.181

evropuli sazogadoebis dRevandeli cnobierebisa da ganviTarebisgaTvaliswinebiT, evropuli konvenciis ganmarteba pirdapir gavlenasaxdens saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa debulebebis ganmartebis zogadwesebze, romlebic Camoyalibebulia venis konvenciaSi. konvenciis 32-emuxliT saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis mosamzadebeli masalebi (travauxpréparatoires) SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc xelSekrulebis gan-martebis damxmare saSualeba.182 Tu mosamzadebeli masalebis roli, ro-gorc mxareTa ganzraxvis dadgenis saSualeba, mniSvnelovania normebisganmartebisaTvis zogadad saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa mimarT,adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis debulebebis evoluciuri(dinamikuri) ganmartebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xsenebuli damxmare saSua-lebis roli Zalian mcirea.183 vinaidan evropulma sasamarTlom daadgi-na, rom konvencia unda ganimartos dinamikurad, istoriuli (maT Sorismosamzadebeli masalebis gamoyenebiT) ganmartebis mniSvneloba evro-pul konvenciasTan dakavSirebiT kargavs aqtualobas. amitom, konven-ciis dinamikuri ganmartebis gamo, gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilea saWirokonvenciis mosamzadebeli masalebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.184

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier evropuli konven-ciis dinamikuri ganmartebis sailustraciod SeiZleba evropuli sasa-marTlos ramdenime precedentis moSvelieba.

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180 J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993,90-91.


182 saqme — bankoviCi da sxvebi natos wevri saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg (Bankovic andOthers v. NATO Member States), 2001 wlis 12 dekemberi, me-19-21-e punqtebi.

183 F. Mann, Foreign Affairs in English Courts, 1986, 109; R. Bernhardt, Human Rights and Judici-al Review: The European Court of Human Rights, in: Human Rights and Judicial Review: AComparative Perspective, D. Beaty (Ed.), 1994, 307; P. van Dijk & G. van Hoof, Theory andPractice of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1998, 78.

184 F. Jacobs & R. White, The European Convention on Human Rights, 1996, 33.

Tavis erT-erT saqmeze — Taireri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Tyrer v. the United Kingdom) (1978 w.), romelic exeboda gaerTianebuli sa-mefos zogierT nawilSi, kerZod, menis kunZulze arasrulwlovanTa mi-marT im droisaTvis SemorCenili sasjelis iseT formas, rogoricaagawkepvla, — evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom „konvencia `coc-xali~ dokumentia, romelic [...] unda ganimartos dRevandeli pirobebisgaTvaliswinebiT.“185 iqve evropulma sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom: „ar Se-iZleboda, sasamarTloze gavlena ar moexdina am dargSi evropis sabWoswevri saxelmwifoebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi politikis ganviTarebasada sayovelTaod aRiarebul standartebs.“186 am saqmesTan dakavSire-biT, evropulma sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom sxeulebrivi sasjeli (gaw-kepvla) aris damamcirebeli mopyroba, rac ikrZaleba adamianis ufle-baTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxliT.187

saqme — marqsi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Marckx v. Belgium) (1979 w.) — exebo-da belgiis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul SezRudvebs ukanonoqorwinebis Sedegad dabadebuli bavSvis uflebriv mdgomareobasTandakavSirebiT (kanonieri qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebul bavSvTan Seda-rebiT). am saqmeze evropuli sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, 50-ian wlebSigansxvaveba kanonieri da ukanono qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebuli bav-Svebis statusTan dakavSirebiT dasaSvebi iyo mraval evropul saxel-mwifoSi, magram miuTiTa, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenci-is me-8 muxli (piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba) undaganimartos dRevandeli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac gamoixataam sakiTxze saxelmwifoTa kanonmdeblobaSi asaxuli Secvlili midgo-mebiT. evropuli sasamarTlos azriT, 50-iani wlebis Semdeg evropulsaxelmwifoTa midgoma kanonieri da ukanono qorwinebis Sedegad daba-debuli bavSvebis statusTan dakavSirebiT Seicvala da daadgina, romamJamad aseTi gansxvaveba ewinaaRmdegeba konvenciis me-8 muxls.188

saqmeze — dadjeni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Dudgeon v. theUnited Kingdom) (1981 w.), romelic exeboda homoseqsualur urTierTo-bas srulwlovan mamakacebs Soris, rac gaerTianebuli samefos kanon-mdeblobiT sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebda, —adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom am kanon-mdeblobis miRebis periodTan SedarebiT, axla homoseqsualizmis sa-kiTxis gageba Seicvala mis mimarT mzardi SemwynareblobiT. sasamar-Tlom aseve aRniSna, rom evropis sabWos wevri saxelmwifoebis did um-ravlesobaSi aRar aris aucilebeli da adekvaturi, aseTi aqtebisaTvis

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185 1978 wlis 25 Tebervali, Series A, no. 26, 31-e punqti.186 iqve.187 J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993,

79-80.188 1979 wlis 13 ivlisi, Series A, no. 31, 41-e punqti.

gaTvaliswinebul iqnes sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. manaseve miuTiTa, rom igi ver ugulebelyofs im umniSvnelovanes cvlile-bebs, romlebic ganicada evropis sabWos wevr saxelmwifoTa erovnulmakanonmdeblobam am sakiTxis mimarT.189

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis debulebaTa ganmartebadrois sxvadasxva monakveTSi naTels hfens sazogadoebrivi cnobiere-bis Secvlis dinamikasa da im Sinaarss, romlis safuZvelzec daculiapirTa uflebebi.

3.2. avtonomiuri ganmartebis principi

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo evropuli konvenciiTgaTvaliswinebul principebsa da samarTlebriv terminebs avtonomiu-ri mniSvnelobiT ganmartavs. maTi ganmarteba SeiZleba ar emTxveodesim mniSvnelobas, romelic am principebsa da terminebs eniWebaT saxel-mwifos erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT.190

vinaidan evropul konvenciasa da mis oqmebSi gamoyenebuli mrava-li principi da samarTlebrivi termini kargad nacnobia erovnuli sa-samarTloebisaTvis, savsebiT gasagebia sasamarTlo saqmeebis ganxil-visas erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier am principebisa da samarTleb-rivi terminebisaTvis im mniSvnelobis miniWebis cduneba, ra mniSvne-lobiTac isini gaigeba erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT.191 aseTi cdunebismiuxedavad, konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli principebisa da samar-Tlebrivi terminebis ganmarteba erovnuli „mniSvnelobiT“ araswo-ria, radgan adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia miRebulia ev-ropis ara erTi romelime saxelmwifosaTvis, aramed gansxvavebulisamarTlebrivi sistemebisa da tradiciebis mqone evropis yvela sa-xelmwifosaTvis.192

Tu es principebi da terminebi ar ganimarta avtonomiuri mniSvnelo-biT, maSin isini unda ganimarton im mniSvnelobiT, romlebic maT eniWebaTsaxelmwifoTa erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT. erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT amprincipebisa da samarTlebrivi terminebisaTvis miniWebuli mniSvnelo-biT ganmarteba, savaraudod, gamoiwvevs maT gansxvavebul ganmartebas.

68

189 1981 wlis 22 oqtomberi, Series A, no. 45, me-60 punqti; aseve ix. saqme — norisi irlandi-is winaaRmdeg (Norris v. Ireland), 1988 wlis 26 oqtomberi, Series A, no. 142, 46-e punqti.

190 W. Strasser, The European Convention on Human Rights: Some Reflections on its Role in theLight of the Practice of the Convention Organs, in: Austrian-Soviet Round-Table on the Protec-tion of Human Rights, F. Matscher & W. Karl (Eds.), 1992, 105.

191 R. Bernhardt, Thoughts on the Interpretation of Human-Rights Treaties, in: Protecting HumanRights: The European Dimension, Studies in Honour of G. Wiarda, F. Matscher & H. Petzold(Eds.), 1988, 66.

192 F. Matscher, Methods of Interpretation of the Convention, in: The European System for the Pro-tection of Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 70-71.

magaliTad, avtonomiuri mniSvnelobiT konvenciis principebisa da ter-minebis ganmartebis gareSe „sisxlissamarTlebriv braldebas“, „samoqa-laqo uflebebsa da valdebulebebs“, „pirad da ojaxur cxovrebas~,193

„sacxovrebels~, „mimoweras~, „damoukidebel da miukerZoebel sasamar-Tlos“ sxvadasxva monawile saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba mi-eniWeba, rac SeuZlebels gaxdis yvela saxelmwifosaTvis konvenciiTgaTvaliswinebul adamianis uflebaTa saerTo standartis dadgenasa dadacvas.194 aman ganapiroba konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli principebisa daterminebis avtonomiuri mniSvnelobiT ganmartebis aucilebloba.195

aRniSnulis sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT adamianis ufleba-Ta evropuli sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli saqme — enxeli niderlande-bis winaaRmdeg (Engel v. Netherlands) (1976 w.),196 romelic exeboda nider-landebis SeiaraRebuli jarebis samxedro mosamsaxureTaTvis samxed-ro disciplinis darRvevis gamo sxvadasxva sasjelis Sefardebas. mo-sarCeleni amtkicebdnen, rom samarTalwarmoeba maT winaaRmdeg gan-xorcielda evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis (samarTliani sasamar-Tlo ganxilvis ufleba) darRveviT, romelic adgens procesualurmoTxovnebs „sisxlissamarTlebriv braldebasTan“ dakavSirebuli saq-meebis mimarT. evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe wamoiWra sakiTxi: vrcel-deba Tu ara evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxli disciplinur samarTal-darRvevebze? niderlandebis kanonmdeblobiT, aseTi samarTaldar-Rveva ganekuTvneba disciplinurs da ara sisxlissamarTlebrivs, mag-ram, rogorc man aRniSna, evropuli sasamarTlosaTvis aucilebeli iyoimis dadgena, aqvs Tu ara gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, evropuli konvenci-is TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifos mier samarTaldarRvevis klasificire-bas disciplinurad an sisxlissamarTlebrivad.197

evropulma sasamarTlom, vinaidan saWirod CaTvala, `sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi braldeba~ avtonomiurad ganemarta, ganacxada: „xelSem-kvrel mxareebs rom SeeZloT TavianTi SexedulebiT samarTaldarRve-vis klasificireba disciplinurad, nacvlad sisxlissamarTlebrivisa[...], me-6 da me-7 muxlebis ZiriTad debulebaTa moqmedeba daeqvemdeba-reboda saxelmwifos suverenul nebas. aseT farTo uflebamosilebasSeiZleba mohyves Sedegi, romelic SeuTavsebelia konvenciis obieqtsada mizanTan.“198

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193 ix. kigani irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Keegan v. Ireland), 1994 wlis 26 maisi, 44-e-45-e punqtebi.194 J. Frowein, The European Convention on Human Rights as the Public Order of Europe, in: Col-

lected Courses of the Academy of European Law, 1990, vol. I(2) 1992, 305.195 P. van Dijk & G. van Hoof, Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights,

1998, 77.196 Series A, no. 22.197 J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993,

71-72.198 Series A, no. 22, 81-e punqti.

SeiZleba moviyvanoT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis av-tonomiuri ganmartebis sxva magaliTic. evropuli sasamarTlos avto-nomiuri ganmartebiT, termini „sasamarTlo“, romelic moxseniebuliaevropuli konvenciis me-5 da me-6 muxlebSi, SeiZleba ar emTxveodes amterminis mniSvnelobas erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. Tavis erT-erT saqmeSi adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada,rom termini „sasamarTlo“, romelic moxseniebulia konvenciis me-5 dame-6 muxlebSi, ar aris maincdamainc „klasikuri saxis sasamarTlo, ro-melic integrirebulia qveynis sasamarTlo sistemaSi“.199 evropulmasasamarTlom daadgina, rom imisaTvis, raTa organo CaiTvalos „sasa-marTlod“ evropuli konvenciis mniSvnelobiT, igi ara mxolodunda xa-siaTdebodes saerTo ZiriTadi niSnebiT, romelTagan gansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovania damoukidebloba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa daprocesis mxareebisagan, aramed aseve unda iTvaliswinebdes procesua-lur garantiebs.200

radgan evropuli sasamarTlo evropuli konvenciis ama Tu im prin-cipsa da termins avtonomiuri mniSvnelobiT ganmartavs, aucilebelia,erovnulma sasamarTlom am principisa Tu terminis mniSvnelobis da-sadgenad gamoiyenos adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos pre-cedentuli samarTali. Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom ar gaiTvaliswinaevropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, man esa Tu is ufle-ba SeiZleba ver daicvas im standartiT, rac dadgenilia evropuli sasa-marTlos precedentuli samarTliT, vinaidan erovnuli kanonmdeblo-biT gaTvaliswinebul princips an termins erovnulma kanonmdebelmaSeiZleba gansxvavebuli, ufro SezRuduli mniSvneloba mianiWos, vidreis, romelic mianiWa mas evropulma sasamarTlom. xsenebuli kidev er-Txel adasturebs, rom konvenciis debulebaTa swori ganmartebisaTviserovnulma sasamarTloebma unda gamoiyenon ara mxolod adamianis uf-lebaTa evropuli konvenciis teqsti, aramed adamianis uflebaTa evro-puli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali.201

aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi adamianis uflebaTa ev-ropuli sasamarTlo samarTlebrivi terminebis gamoyenebisas pirda-pir eyrdnoba Sesabamisi saxelmwifos kanons. magaliTad, TavisuflebisaRkveTa pirisaTvis dasaSvebad rom CaiTvalos evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlis (Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba) Tanaxmad, Tavisuf-

70

199 viqsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Weeks v. the United Kingdom), A-114 (1987) 10EHRR 293, 61-e punqti.

200 de vildi, oomsi da versipi belgiis winaaRmdeg (De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Belgium),Series A, no. 12, 78-e punqti.

201 k. korkelia, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlisroli saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi, `adamianis uflebaTa dacva erov-nul da saerTaSoriso samarTalSi~, k. korkelia (red.), Tbilisi, 2002 w., gv. 53-109.

lebis aseTi aRkveTa unda ganxorcieldes kanoniT gansazRvruli pro-ceduriT da dakaveba an dapatimreba marTlzomieri unda iyos. aseveimis Sefasebisas, marTlzomieria Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvaevropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebis me-2 punqtebis safuZvelze,evropuli sasamarTlo uSualod eyrdnoba saxelmwifos kanons. miuxe-davad evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli zogadi miTiTebisa sa-xelmwifos kanonze, evropuli konvencia gansazRvravs „kanonisaTvis“dadgenil moTxovnebs. evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-TliT, saxelmwifos kanoni, imisaTvis, raTa man daakmayofilos evropu-li konvenciis moTxovna, unda iyos xelmisawvdomi da ganWvretadi. ev-ropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTliT kanonis xelmisawvdo-moba niSnavs mis gamoqveynebas (mag., Sida (samsaxurebrivi) sargeblobisnormatiuli aqti ver CaiTvleba xelmisawvdomad). rac Seexeba kanonisganWvretadobas, evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTliT,kanoni rom aseTad CaiTvalos, igi unda iyos `formulirebuli sakmari-si sicxadiT, rac moqalaqes miscems SesaZleblobas, Seusabamos mas Ta-visi moqmedeba: moqalaqes unda SeeZlos [...] ganWvreta, Seqmnili garemo-ebebisaTvis gonivrul farglebSi, im Sedegebisa, romlebic aseT moqme-debas SeiZleba mohyves.~202

3.3. efeqtiani ganmartebis principi

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetile-bebSi araerTxel aRniSna, rom konvencia uzrunvelyofs ara Teoriulda iluziur, aramed praqtikul da efeqtian dacvas.203

eiri irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Airey v. Ireland) evropuli konvenciis de-bulebaTa efeqtian ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT xSirad citirebadisaqmea.204 am saqmeSi adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganixi-la sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, hqonda Tu ara ganmcxadebels (q-n eiris) sasa-marTloSi Tavisi interesebis efeqtiani dacvis ufleba ganqorwinebas-Tan dakavSirebiT. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom sasamarTloSi mas arwarmoadgenda advokati, radgan ar hqonda sakmarisi saxsrebi da arc ir-landiis iuridiuli daxmarebis sistema iTvaliswinebda daxmarebas sa-moqalaqo saqmeebze. mopasuxe (irlandiis mTavroba) amtkicebda, romganmcxadebels araferi uSlida xels, miemarTa sasamarTlosaTvis ad-

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202 sandi Taimsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom),1979 wlis 26 aprili, Series A, no. 30, 49-e punqti.

203 W. Strasser, The European Convention on Human Rights: Some Reflections on its Role in theLight of the Practice of the Convention Organs, in: Austrian-Soviet Round-Table on the Protec-tion of Human Rights, F. Matscher & W. Karl (Eds.), 1992, 105-106.

204 eiri irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Airey v. Ireland), 1979 wlis 9 oqtomberi, Series A, no. 32;aseve ix. J. Frowein, The European Convention on Human Rights as the Public Order of Euro-pe, in: Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law, 1990, vol. I(2) 1992, 287-288.

vokatis daxmarebis gareSe. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamar-Tlom ar gaiziara mopasuxis es argumenti da ganacxada, rom ararealis-turia varaudi, TiTqos aseT sasamarTlo saqmeSi ganmcxadebels SeeZ-los, efeqtianad daicvas Tavisi interesebi. sasamarTlom ganacxada,rom `konvencia miznad isaxavs ara iseTi uflebebis garantirebas, rom-lebicTeoriuli an iluziuria, aramed uflebebisas, romlebic praqti-kuli da efeqtiania.~205

miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6muxli (samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba) ar iTvaliswinebsufaso iuridiul daxmarebas samoqalaqo saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT (ase-Ti daxmareba gaTvaliswinebulia konvenciis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqtis„g“ qvepunqtiT, romelic sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs exeba), evropulmasasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-6 muxli zogierT SemTxvevaSiavaldebulebs saxelmwifos, uzrunvelyos piri advokatis ufaso iuri-diuli daxmarebiT, Tu igi aucilebelia sasamarTlos efeqtiani xelmi-sawvdomobisaTvis (mag., proceduris an saqmis sirTulis gamo).206

evropuli sasamarTlos mier konvenciis efeqtiani ganmartebis sai-lustraciod SeiZleba aseve sxva magaliTis moSvelieba. evropuli kon-venciis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqtis „g“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, yvelas, visacbralad edeba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadena, aqvs ufleba, interalia, `daicvas Tavi piradad an mis mier arCeuli damcvelis meSveobiT, an,Tu mas ar aqvs sakmarisi saxsrebi iuridiuli daxmarebis asanazRaureb-lad, mieces amis SesaZlebloba ufasod, marTlmsajulebis interesebi-dan gamomdinare~. evropuli sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli saqme — arti-ko italiis winaaRmdeg (Artico v. Italy) (1980 w.) — exeba italiis sakasaciosasamarTlos mier, ganmcxadeblis TxovniT, misTvis advokatis daniS-vnas, raTa am ukanasknels warmoedgina ganmcxadeblis interesebi sakasa-cio sasamarTloSi. am saqmeSi saxelmwifos mier daniSnul advokats jan-mrTelobis mdgomareobam SeuSala xeli, raTa Seesrulebina dakisrebu-li movaleoba — daecva ganmcxadeblis interesebi sakasacio sasamar-TloSi. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo advokatma uari ganacxada Ta-visi klientis interesebis dacvaze. sxva advokatis daniSvnaze ganmcxa-deblis araerTi Txovnis miuxedavad, italiis sasamarTlom uari ganuc-xada mas adre daniSnuli advokatis Semcvlelze, ris Sedegadac ganmcxa-debels Tavad mouxda Tavisi interesebis dacva sasamarTloSi.

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205 eiri irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Airey v. Ireland), 1979 wlis 9 oqtomberi, Series A, no. 32, 24-epunqti.

206 eiri irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Airey v. Ireland), 1979 wlis 9 oqtomberi, Series A, no. 32, 26-epunqti. SedarebisaTvis ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 47-e muxlisme-2 nawili, romlisTanaxmad: `Tu mxares ar SeuZlia advokatis xarjebis anazRaureba,sasamarTlosufleba aqvs am mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze moiwvios advokati sa-xelmwifos xarjze, Tu gansaxilveli saqmis mniSvnelobisa da sirTulis gamo advoka-tis monawileoba am saqmis ganxilvaSi mizanSewonilia.~

adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi am saqmis ganxilvisasganmcxadebelma Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad moiSvelia evropuli kon-venciis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqtis „g“ qvepunqti, razec italiis mTavro-bam ganacxada, rom italiam Seasrula konvenciidan gamomdinare valde-buleba, rodesac ganmcxadebels dauniSna advokati da aranairi damate-biTi RonisZiebebis gatareba italias ar moeTxoveba konvenciis mixed-viT. kerZod, italiis mTavrobam aRniSna, rom, radgan xelmeored advo-katis daniSvna ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli konvenciiT, saxelmwifos arekisreba ganmcxadeblisaTvis sxva advokatis daniSvnis valdebuleba.207

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma italiismTavrobis pozicias da ganacxada:

`sasamarTlo kidev erTxel aRniSnavs, rom konvencia miznad isaxavsara iseTi uflebebis garantirebas, romlebic Teoriuli an iluziuria,aramed uflebebisas, romlebic praqtikuli da efeqtiania; es gansakuT-rebiT exeba dacvis uflebas, romelsac mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravsdemokratiul sazogadoebaSi, iseve rogorc samarTliani sasamarTloganxilvis uflebas, saidanac gamomdinareobs igi. [...] rogorc sworadaRniSnes komisiis wevrebma, me-6 muxlis me-3 punqtis „g“ qvepunqtSi sau-baria `daxmarebaze~ da ara `damcvelis daniSvnaze~. mxolod daniSvna aruzrunvelyofs efeqtian daxmarebas, radgan samarTlebrivi daxmarebisaRmosaCenad daniSnuli advokati SeiZleba gardaicvalos, seriozuladavad gaxdes, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ar hqondes SesaZlebloba,ganaxorcielos dakisrebuli movaleoba, an Tavi aaridos am movaleo-bas. Tu xelisufleba informirebulia aseTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, manunda Secvalos advokati, an aiZulos igi, Seasrulos Tavisi movaleoba.am qvepunqtis SezRudulganmartebas saxelmwifos mier mivyavarT Sede-gebamde, romlebic aragonivruli da SeuTavsebelia rogorc „g“ qvepun-qtis formulirebasTan, ise me-6 muxlTan mTlianobaSi, radgan bevr Sem-TxvevaSi ufaso iuridiuli daxmareba SeiZleba gamousadegari aRmoC-ndes.~208

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis efeqtian ganmartebasukavSirdeba saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos ev-ropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi. imisaTvis, raTa sa-xelmwifom efeqtianad uzrunvelyos yvela ufleba da Tavisufleba,romelnic gaTvaliswinebulia evropuli konvenciiT, man ara mxolodnegatiuri, aramed zogierT SemTxvevaSi pozitiuri RonisZiebebic undagaataros am garantiebis uzrunvelsayofad.

aseTi pozitiuri valdebulebis sailustraciod SeiZleba moviSve-lioT saqme — platforma `eqimebi sicocxlisaTvis~ avstriis winaaR-

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207 J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993, 99.208 artiko italiis winaaRmdeg (Artico v. Italy), 1980 wlis 13 maisi,Series A, no. 37, 33-e punqti.

mdeg (Plattform “Ärtzte für das Leben” v. Austria), romelic exeba evropulikonvenciis me-11 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul Sekrebis Tavisuflebas.209

evropulma sasamarTlom am saqmeze daadgina, rom konvenciis me-11muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis efeqtiani ganxorcielebisaTvisar aris sakmarisi, saxelmwifom Tavi Seikavos demonstraciaSi Carevi-sagan. evropulma sasamarTlom me-11 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uf-leba ganmarta efeqtianobis principis safuZvelze da daadgina, romsaxelmwifos ekisreba valdebuleba, gaataros gonivruli da adekva-turi RonisZiebebi, raTa uzrunvelyos kanonieri demonstraciismSvidobiani Catareba, maT Soris demonstrantTa fizikuri dacvaoponentebisagan.210

xsenebuli magaliTebi naTels hfens evropuli sasamarTlos mier Ca-moyalibebul efeqtiani ganmartebis princips, romlis Tanaxmad — kon-venciis esa Tu is debuleba imgvarad ganimarteba, rom uzrunvelyosadamianis uflebaTa efeqtiani dacva.

3.4. proporciulobis (Tanazomierebis) principi

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo aseve iyenebs proporci-ulobis (Tanazomierebis) princips, romlis safuZvelze igi adgens ba-lanss sajaro da kerZo interesebs Soris.211 evropuli konvenciiT gaT-valiswinebuli mravali debuleba iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebaTaSezRudvas, Tu, konvenciiT dadgenili sxva pirobebis dakmayofilebas-Tan erTad, daculia proporciulobis principi. am principiT, konven-ciis calkeuli uflebis SezRudva unda iyos konvenciiT gaTvaliswine-buli erT-erTi miznis miRwevis proporciuli.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da misi oqmebis mravaldebulebaSi gaTvaliswinebulia proporciulobis principis dacvis au-cilebloba, maT Soris konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebis me-2 punqtebSi Ca-moyalibebuli debulebebiT, romelTa Tanaxmad, adamianis uflebisSezRudva unda iyos `aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~.212

proporciulobis principi aseve gamoiyeneba evropuli konvenciis me-15 muxlis mimarT, romelic exeba saomari an sagangebo mdgomareobis

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209 1988 weli, Series A, no 139.210 1988 weli, Series A, no 139, 32-e punqti. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos sasa-

marTlo praqtikis Sesaxeb ix. k. korkelia, saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebuleba uz-runvelyos adamianis uflebaTa dacva, `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 5, N2-3, 2002w., gv. 404-408.

211 K. Starmer, European Human Rights Law: The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Con-vention on Human Rights, 1999, 169-176; P. Plowden & K. Kerrigan, Advocacy and HumanRights: Using the Convention in Courts and Tribunals, 2002, 39-40.

212 M.-A. Eissen, The Principle of Proportionality in the Case-Law of the European Court of HumanRights, in: The European System for the Protection of Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher& H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 126.

dros adamianis uflebaTa dacvas213 da evropuli konvenciis me-14 mux-lTan dakavSirebiT, romelic krZalavs diskriminacias.214 Tumca kon-venciis me-14 muxliT pirdapir ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, rom yvelagansxvavebuli mopyroba ar CaiTvleba konvenciis moTxovnaTa darRve-vad, mcdaria Sexeduleba, TiTqos yovelgvari gansxvavebuli mopyrobaarRvevs evropuli konvenciis xsenebul muxls. saxelmwifom unda daam-tkicos, rom aseTi gansxvavebuli mopyroba proporciulia adamianisuflebaTa SezRudvisa garkveuli kategoriis pirebis mimarT.

garda mxolod ramdenime uflebisa, romelnic absoluturi xasiaTi-saa, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis debulebebi moiTxovskonkretul garemoebebSi balansis dadgenas urTierTsawinaaRmdegouflebebsa da interesebs Soris. konvenciiT dadgenilia sxvadasxva pi-roba aseTi balansis dasadgenad: adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva undaiyos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli, unda isaxavdes kanonier mizans da iyosdasaxuli miznis proporciuli. am sam pirobas Soris gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba eniWeba proporciulobis princips.

imis Sefaseba, aucilebelia Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva ka-nonieri miznis misaRwevad,215 an sagangebo/saomari mdgomareobis drosproporciulia Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva `mdgomareobissimwvavisa~, moiTxovs balansis dadgenas mxareTa uflebebsa da intere-sebs Soris. erT-erTi mxaris uflebasa da meore mxaris interess Sorisbalansis dadgenisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, gamomdinare-obs Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva `mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWi-roebidan~.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis precedentulsamarTalSi araerTxel ganacxada, rom balansi piris uflebasa da sazo-gadoebis interesebs Soris SeiZleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi dadgindes,Tu piris uflebis SezRudva mkacrad proporciulia (Tanazomieria) imkanonieri miznisa, romlis miRwevac surs saxelmwifos am SezRudvis da-wesebiT. rodesac saxelmwifo zRudavs adamianis uflebebs, man undadaamtkicos, rom gatarebuli RonisZieba adekvaturi da aucilebeliaim kanonieri miznis misaRwevad, romelic pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuliaevropuli konvenciiT.216

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213 ix. k. korkelia, adamianis uflebaTa dacva sagangebo mdgomareobis dros: adamianis uf-lebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-lobis SedarebiTi analizi, `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 3/4, 2000 weli, gv. 61-79.

214 J. Cremona, The Proportionality Principle in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of HumanRights, Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung: Festschrift für Rudolf Bernhardt, U. Beyerlin,M. Bothe, R. Hofmann & E.-U. Petersmann, 1995, 323-324.

215 magaliTad, erovnuli uSiSroebis, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis, qveynis ekonomi-kuri keTildReobis interesebisaTvis, janmrTelobis an zneobis, an sxvaTa uflebe-bisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad.

216 ierSildi daniis winaaRmdeg (Jersild v. Denmark), 1994 wlis 23 seqtemberi, 31-e punqti.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina ramdenimekriteriumi, romlis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba im RonisZiebaTa pro-porciuloba, romelnic zRudaven konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul uf-lebebs. magaliTad, Tu saxelmwifos SeuZlia miaRwios kanonier mi-zans naklebad mkacri, magram Tanabrad efeqtiani RonisZiebis gata-rebiT, maSin ufro mkacri RonisZiebis gatareba gaumarTlebeli iqne-ba da ar CaiTvleba proporciulad dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. saqme-ze — kempbeli gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Campbell v. the Uni-ted Kingdom) — adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina,rom yvela patimris werilis gaxsna imis dasadgenad, Seicavs Tu araigi akrZalul masalas, araproporciuli iyo, radgan naklebad mkacriRonisZiebis gatareba — mxolod im werilebis gaxsna, romlebic sava-raudod Seicavdnen aseT masalas, — sakmarisi iqneboda kanonieri miz-nis misaRwevad.217

3.5. Tavisufali Sefasebis farglebis doqtrina

proporciulobis principi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Tavisu-fali Sefasebis farglebis doqtrinasTan. adamianis uflebaTa evro-pulma sasamarTlom da komisiam araerTxel ganacxada, rom, konvenci-iT gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa dacvasTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifo-ebs aqvT `Tavisufali Sefasebis farglebi~.218 konvenciis monawilesaxelmwifoebs aqvT garkveuli Tavisufleba, daadginon adamianisuflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa iseTi SezRudvebi, romlebic aucilebe-lia qveynis tradiciebisa da kulturuli Taviseburebebis gamo.219 sa-xelmwifoebis mier aseTi TavisuflebiT sargeblobis gaTvaliswine-biT, evropuli sasamarTlo imis Sefasebisas, uzrunvelyo Tu ara Se-sabamisma saxelmwifom konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi,mxedvelobaSi iRebs am Taviseburebebs.220 aqve evropulma sasamar-Tlom ganacxada, rom saxelmwifos aseTi Tavisufleba ar aris Seuz-Rudavi da rom igi eqvemdebareba zedamxedvelobas evropuli sasamar-Tlos mxridan.

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217 K. Starmer, European Human Rights Law: The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Con-vention on Human Rights, 1999, 173.

218 R. Macdonald, The Margin of Appreciation, in: The European System for the Protection of Hu-man Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 83 et seq.

219 R. Bernhardt, Thoughts on the Interpretation of Human-Rights Treaties, in: Protecting HumanRights: The European Dimension, Studies in Honour of G. Wiarda, F. Matscher & H. Petzold(Eds.), 1988, 68.

220 sxva saqmeebTan erTad, ix.: hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Handysidev. the United Kingdom), 1976 wlis 7 dekemberi, Series A, no. 24; dadjeni gaerTianebulisamefos winaaRmdeg (Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom), 1981 wlis 22 oqtomberi, Series A,no. 45;

amdenad, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo imis Sefasebi-sas, dasaSvebia Tu ara saxelmwifos mier adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva,iTvaliswinebs Tavisufali Sefasebis farglebis doqtrinas. evropul-ma sasamarTlom SeiZleba daadginos, rom saxelmwifos aqvs TavisufaliSefasebis farglebi, ris gamoc mis mier adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvaar scildeba dasaSveb farglebs, anu SezRudva konvenciiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli kanonieri miznis proporciulia.

unda gamoiyenon Tu ara Tavisufali Sefasebis farglebis doqtrinasaqarTvelos sasamarTloebma adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvis daSveba-dobis Sefasebisas?

mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT erovnulma sasamarTloebma (da ad-ministraciulma organoebma) mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon am doqtrinisTavisebureba, kerZod ki is, rom doqtrina Camoyalibda evropuli sasa-marTlos mier, raTa man gaiTvaliswinos gansxvavebani evropul saxel-mwifoebs Soris adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa SezRudvis da-saSvebobis Sefasebisas.

221magaliTad, evropulma sasamarTlom konven-

ciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis SezRudva erT saxelmwifoSi SeiZlebadauSveblad CaTvalos, xolo imave uflebis SezRudva meore saxelmwi-foSi SeiZleba dasaSvebad miiCnios imis gamo, rom am ukanasknelSi aseTiSezRudvis daweseba mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroebidan gamomdinare-obda da, Sesabamisad, gamarTlebuli iyo.

miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma evropuli sasamar-Tlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyenebisas aseve mxedvelobaSiunda miiRon am doqtrinis arsi. Tu Tavis precedentul samarTalSievropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom garkveuli uflebis SezRudvadasaSvebia sxva saxelmwifoSi, radgan igi gamomdinareobs am qveyanaSimwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroebidan, saqarTvelos sasamarTlom av-tomaturad ar unda CaTvalos, rom msgavs garemoebaSi konvenciiTgaTvaliswinebuli uflebis SezRudva saqarTveloSic dasaSvebia. sa-qarTveloSi SeiZleba ar arsebobdes am uflebis SezRudvis mwvave sa-zogadoebrivi saWiroeba da, Sesabamisad, am uflebis SezRudva gau-marTleblad da dauSveblad unda CaiTvalos saqarTvelos sasamar-Tlos mier.

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221 R. Bernhardt, Human Rights and Judicial Review: The European Court of Human Rights, in: Hu-man Rights and Judicial Review: A Comparative Perspective, D. Beaty (Ed.), 1994, 309; aseveix. didi britaneTis lordTa palatis mier ganxiluli saqme — R v. DPP ex p Kebileneand Others, 2000, 2 AC 380H.

4. saxelmwifoTa praqtika adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis debulebaTaganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis ganmartebasTan dakavSire-biT, saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma unda gaiTvaliswinon rogorc saer-TaSoriso samarTlis zogadi principebi da adamianis uflebaTa evropu-li sasamarTlos mier Camoyalibebuli ganmartebis wesebi, ise sxva evro-pul saxelmwifoTa praqtika saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis, maT Sorisadamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis, ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT.

4.1. `ganmartebis~ principi

erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani principi, romliTac xelmZRvanelo-ben evropul saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-baTa, maT Soris adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis, ganmartebi-sas, — esaa `ganmartebis~ principi.222 am principiT, Tu sasamarTlom aRmo-aCina winaaRmdegoba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtsa (mag., kanons)da evropul konvencias Soris, igi Seecdeba, ise ganmartos Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi normatiuli aqti, rom Seesabamebodes saxelmwifos saerTaSo-riso valdebulebas.223 am gziT sasamarTlo uzrunvelyofs Sidasaxel-mwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis iseT ganmartebas, romelic Tavidan aa-cilebs saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa darRvevas.224

am principidan aseve gamomdinareobs, rom Tu erovnul sasamarTlosSeuZlia Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtis orgvari ganmarteba,man unda airCios is, romelic ufro kargad miesadageba adamianis ufle-baTa evropuli konvenciiT dacul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.225

ganmartebis principi evropis sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebuligziTdamkvidrda:zogierTsaxelmwifoSiesprincipi Camoyalibdanormati-uli aqtis, zogierTSi ki sasamarTlo praqtikis safuZvelze. poloneTiskonstituciis 91-e muxlis me-2 punqtiT dadginda, rom xelSekrulebas mie-

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223 N. Mikkelsen, The Implementation in National Law of the Rights and Freedoms Embodied in theEuropean Convention on Human Rights, in: The Implementation in National Law of the Europe-an Convention on Human Rights, Proceedings of the Fourth Copenhagen Conference on Hu-man Rights, 28-29 October, 1988, 1989, 98.

224 C. Nørgaard, Danish Perspectives on Incorporation of the Convention, in: Aspects of Incorporationof the European Convention of Human Rights into Domestic Law, J.P. Gardner (Ed.), 1993, 42.

225 S. Jensen, The European Convention on Human Rights in Scandinavian Law: A Case LawStudy, 1992, 110.

niWebaupiratesobakanonismimarT,TuSeuZlebeliakanonismisadagebaxel-Sekrulebis debulebebTan. am wesis mixedviT, Tu saeWvo gaxda kanonis Sesa-bamisoba xelSekrulebasTan, poloneTis sasamarTlo Seecdeba, imgvaradganmartos kanonis sadavo debuleba, rom igi Seesatyvisebodes poloneTisSesabamis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas. Tu sasamarTlo SeuZleblad CaT-vlis kanonis aseT ganmartebas, is upiratesobas mianiWebs ratificirebulsaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas.226 gaerTianebuli samefos adamianis ufle-baTa aqtis (1998 weli) me-3 muxlis pirveli punqti adgens: kanonmdeblobaundaiqnesganmartebulidagamoyenebuliSeZlebisdagvaradise,romigiSe-esabamebodes evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuluflebebs.227

saxelmwifoTa meore jgufSi ganmartebis principi Camoyalibda sasa-marTlo praqtikiT. germaniis sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi damkvidrdawesi, romlis Tanaxmad, germaniis kanonmdebloba ise unda ganimartos,rom sasamarTloebma uzrunvelyon germaniis saerTaSoriso valdebu-lebebis Sesruleba.228 germaniis federalurma sakonstitucio sasamar-Tlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi ganacxada, rom sasamarTlos erT-erTifunqciaa, uzrunvelyos kanonmdeblobis iseTi ganmarteba, romelicgermanias Tavidan aacilebs saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis darRvevas,rac gamoiwvevda mis saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.229

italiis sasamarTloebic xSirad iyeneben ganmartebis princips.230

ganmartebis principis gamoyenebis farglebi SezRudulia. igi gamo-iyeneba mxolod maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia normatiuli aqtis iseTiganmarteba, romelic Tavidan aacilebs saxelmwifos nakisri saerTaSo-riso valdebulebebis darRvevas. miuxedavad am principisa, winaaRmde-goba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtsa da evropul konvenciasSoris SeiZleba imdenad aSkara iyos, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdes ganmarte-bis principis gamoyeneba.

4.2. Sesabamisobis prezumfciis principi

konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoTa praqtikaSi aseve gamoiyeneba Se-sabamisobis prezumfciis principi, romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba

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226 L. Garlicki, The European Convention on Human Rights and its Application before National Co-urt, written contribution made at the Annual Judicial Training Centers Meeting, 28-29 April 2002,Tbilisi, Georgia, 3.

227 adamianis uflebaTa aqtis teqsti ix. K. Starmer, European Human Rights Law: The HumanRights Act 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights, 1999, 718.

228 B. Simma, D.-E.Khan, M. Zöckler & R. Geiger, The Role of German Courts in the Enforcementof International Human Rights, in: Enforcing International Human Rights in Domestic Courts, B.Conforti & F. Francioni (Eds.), 1997, 94.

229 saqme BVerfGE 58, 34. cit. J. Frowein, Federal Republic of Germany, in: The Effect of Treati-es in Domestic Law, F. Jacobs & S. Roberts (Eds.), 1987, 69.

230 Bianco v. Institute Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale and Instituto Nazionale per l’Assicurazionecontro le malattie, No. 527/1979, 5 Italian Yearbook of International Law, (1980-1981), 266.

`ganmartebis~ princips. Sesabamisobis prezumfciis principiT, erovnu-li sasamarTloebi moqmedeben im prezumfciiT, rom erovnuli kanon-mdebloba Seesabameba qveynis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs.231 amprincipis Tanaxmad, arsebobs prezumfcia, rom saxelmwifos sakanon-mdeblo xelisuflebas ar surs iseTi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiu-li aqtis miReba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis uflebaTa evropulkonvencias.232 mravali evropuli saxelmwifo iyenebs Sesabamisobis pre-zumfciis princips, raTa Tavidan aicilos evropuli konvenciidan ga-momdinare valdebulebebis darRveva.233

am principis sailustraciod SeiZleba `janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb~saqarTvelos kanonis moSvelieba, romelic exeba janmrTelobis mdgoma-reobis Sesaxeb informaciis xelmisawvdomobas. aRniSnuli kanonis me-7muxli adgens, rom `saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes ufleba aqvs... miiRosamomwuravi da obieqturi informacia ... sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgoma-reobis Sesaxeb.~ TugaviTvaliswinebT, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis me-14 muxliTa da konvenciis me-12 oqmiT ikrZaleba diskrimi-naciaraime niSniT,234 SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom kanonis xsenebulidebu-leba adgens diskriminaciul mopyrobas saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis ar-mqone saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovreb pirTa, sxva qveynis moqalaqeTadamoqalaqeobis armqone pirTa mimarT.235 Tu sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgo-mareobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes ufleba aqvs miiRos amom-wuravi da obieqturi informacia, maSin gamodis, rom saqarTvelos moqa-laqeobis armqone saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovreb pirebsa da sxva qvey-nis moqalaqeebs ar aqvT ufleba, an saerTod miiRon informacia sakuTarijanmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, an aqvT aseTi informaciis miRebisufleba, Tumca es informacia SeiZleba ar iyos amomwuravi da obieqturi.

kanonis xsenebuli debulebis aseTi ganmarteba ewinaaRmdegeba ada-mianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs, maT Soris adamianisuflebaTa evropul konvencias. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sasamarTlounda Seecados, imgvarad ganmartos saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebri-

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231 J. Frowein, International Law in Municipal Courts, American Society of International Law, Proce-edings of the 91st Annual Meeting 1997, (1998), 291.

232 Á. Rodríguez, The European Convention on Human Rights in the Domestic Legal Order of Italyand Spain: A Comparison, in: 49 Jahrbuch Des Öffentlichen Rechts Der Gegenwart 2001, 392.


234 sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebTan erTad, ix. samoqalaqo da politikuri ufle-bebis saerTaSoriso paqti da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-12 oqmi. esukanaskneli, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelom moaxdina misi ratificireba, jer arSesula ZalaSi, radgan igi ar aris ratificirebuli sakmarisi raodenobis saxelmwi-fos mier.

235 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis angariSi saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa da Ta-visuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb: 2001 wlis pirveli naxevari, Tbilisi,2001 weli, gv. 45.

vi normatiuli aqtebi, kerZod ki termini `moqalaqe~, rom aseTma gan-martebam ar daarRvios saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi, ma-Sin erovnuli sasamarTlos mier termin `moqalaqis~ ganmartebam undamoicvas ara mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqe, aramed nebismieri indivi-di, maT Soris saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis armqone saqarTveloSi mudmi-vad mcxovrebi pirebi da sxva qveynis moqalaqeebi.236

SeiZleba aseve sxva magaliTis ganxilva: saqarTvelos konstituciisme-14 muxliT, `yvela adamiani [...] kanonis winaSe Tanasworia ganurCevladrasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexe-dulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSo-bisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa.~konstituciis am muxlisagan gansxvavebiT, evropuli konvenciis me-14muxliT aseve ikrZaleba diskriminacia `dabadebis~ safuZvelze. amas gar-da, Tu konstituciiT amomwuravad aris CamoTvlili is niSnebi, romelTasafuZvelzec ikrZaleba diskriminacia, evropuli konvencia aseve miuTi-Tebs, rom diskriminacia unda aikrZalos sxva niSnebiTac.237 Tu mosamar-Tle ixelmZRvanelebs Sesabamisobis prezumfciis principiT, kerZod, iseganmartavs konstituciisa da evropuli konvenciis debulebebs, rom isi-ni ar movidnen winaaRmdegobaSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba maqsima-lurad efeqtianad daicavs fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis uflebebs.

xsenebul pozicias adasturebs saerTaSoriso konferenciis das-kvna, romelic mieZRvna erovnuli mosamarTlis rols saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis normebis gamoyenebisas. konferenciis daskvnis Tanaxmad, `mo-samarTlem Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdebloba unda ganmartos ise,rom igi Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasa da saerTaSori-so samarTlis sxva wyaroebs.~238

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sasamarTlopraqtikaSi unda damkvidrdes Sesabamisobis prezumfciis principi,romlis Tanaxmad, normatiuli aqtis mimRebi organo miznad ar isaxavsiseTi aqtis miRebas, romelic gamoiwvevs saxelmwifos mier saerTaSo-riso valdebulebebis darRvevas.239

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236 aseve ix.: saqarTvelos konstituciis 35-e muxlis pirveli punqti, romlis Tanaxmad,yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba da amave muxlis me-3 punqti, romelic adgens,rom moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT saxelmwifo saswavleblebSi ufasod miiRon saSualo,profesiulidaumaRlesi ganaTleba; am sakiTxzeufrodetalurad ix.Study on the Com-patibility of Georgian Law with the Requirements of the Convention for the Protection of HumanRights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols, HRCAD(2001)2, 2001, 120-121, 130-131.

237 ix. Study on the Compatibility of Georgian Law with the Requirements of the Convention for the Pro-tection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols, HRCAD(2001)2, 2001, 64.

238 `mosamarTle da saerTaSoriso samarTali~, q buqaresti, 1995 wlis 28-30 noemberi, kon-ferenciis daskvnebi, `samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba~, saqarTvelos axalgazrdaiuristTa asociaciis gamocema, Tbilisi, 2001 weli, gv. 187.

239 k. korkelia, sasamarTlos roli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis gamoyenebaSi, Jurnali`adamiani da konstitucia~, N1, 1998 weli, gv. 108.

4.3. erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier evropuli konvenciisdebulebaTa avtonomiuri ganmarteba

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiTgaTvaliswinebuli principebi da samarTlebrivi terminebi avtonomiu-ri mniSvnelobiT ganimarteba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos mier da maTi mniSvneloba SeiZleba ar emTxveodes mniSvnelobas,romelsac saxelmwifos erovnuli kanonmdebloba aniWebs am principeb-sa da samarTlebiv terminebs. aqedan gamomdinare, erovnulma sasamar-Tloebma evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli principebisa daterminebis ganmartebisas unda gamoiyenos ara erovnul, aramed saer-TaSoriso (evropul) doneze damkvidrebuli meTodebi.240

TuerovnulmasasamarTlomargamoiyena es principebida meTodebi ada-mianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis debulebebis ganmartebisaTvis, di-di iqneba imis albaToba,rom am sasamarTlomgansxvavebulimniSvneloba mi-aniWos konvenciis ama Tu im princips an termins da adamianis uflebaTadacva uzrunvelyos ufro dabali standartiT, vidre dawesebulia evro-pulikonvenciiTada evropulisasamarTlosprecedentulisamarTliT.241

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis (iseve rogorc zogadadadamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis) ganmartebisas Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobiT Camoyalibebuli meTodebis gamo-yeneba erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezia, ro-melic iwvevs konvenciis debulebebis araswor ganmartebas.242 imis gaT-valiswinebiT, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia gamocxade-bulia saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis nawilad, erovnuli sasamarTloebievropuli konvenciis debulebebis ganmartebisaTvis qvecnobierad iye-neben im meTodebs, romlebic gamoiyenebian maT mier Sidasaxelmwifoeb-rivi normatiuli aqtebis (mag., kanonis) ganmartebisaTvis.243

dasaSvebia, rom erTsa da imave samarTlebriv termins evropuli kon-venciiTa da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT SeiZleba gansxvavebulimniSvneloba hqondes, an maTi gamoyenebis areali srulad ar emTxveo-des erTmaneTs.244 amis gamo erovnulma sasamarTlom evropuli konven-

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241 T. Scovazzi, The Application by Italian Court of Human Rights Treaty Law, in: Enforcing Interna-tional Human Rights in Domestic Courts, B. Conforti & F. Francioni (Eds.), 1997, 63-64.

242 J. Velu, Report on “Responsibilities for States Parties to the European Convention”, in: Procee-dings of the Sixth International Colloquy about the European Convention on Human Rights, 13-16 November 1985, 1988, 592.

243 Second Report, Committee on International Law in National Courts, International Law Associa-tion, 1996, 12.

244 C. Schreuer, The Interpretation of Treaties by Domestic Courts, 45 British Yearbook of Interna-tional Law 1971, 264.

cia unda ganmartos im mniSvnelobiT, ra mniSvnelobac eniWeba mas, ro-gorc saerTaSoriso aqts, da ara saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis `mniS-vnelobiT~. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropuli konvencia saqarTvelos ka-nonmdeblobis Semadgeneli nawilia, konvenciis debulebebi mainc imprincipebiT unda ganimartos, rac Camoyalibda zogadad saerTaSorisosamarTliT da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier.

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa im meTodebiT ganmarteba, romlebicgamoiyenebian saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis (organoebis) mier, das-turdeba ara mxolod saxelmwifoTa praqtikiT, aramed mecnieruli ga-mokvlevebiTac. saerTaSoriso samarTlis kvleviTma institutma, rome-lic swavlobda erovnuli mosamarTlis rols saxelmwifos saerTaSo-riso urTierTobaSi, 1993 wels miRebul rezoluciaSi aRniSna, romerovnulma sasamarTloebma saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi unda gan-marton ise, rogorc isini ganimartebian saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebismier.245

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245 ix. rezolucia `erovnuli mosamarTleebis saqmianoba da maTi saxelmwifoebis saerTa-Soriso urTierTobani~ (1993 wlis 7 seqtemberi), me-5 punqtis me-3 qvepunqti, Institutde Droit international, Annuaire, Vol. 65, Tome II, Session de Milan 1993, 323.

V. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisgamoyeneba sasamarTloebis mier

1. Sesavali

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia gaxda saqarTvelos kanon-mdeblobis nawili, normatiuli aqti, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba ga-dawydes sasamarTlo saqme.246 saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa roli sa-qarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi ganisazRvra rogorc saqarTvelos kon-stituciiT,247 ise sxva Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebiT, maTSoris kanonebiT: `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesa-xeb~248 da `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~.249

garda xsenebuli normatiuli aqtebisa, romlebmac zogadad gansaz-Rvres saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa roli saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-lobaSi, miRebulia ramdenime aqti, romlebic uSualoddakavSirebuliasaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa gamoyenebasTan saqarTvelos sasamar-Tloebis mier.

`saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonisme-7 muxlis pirveli punqti iTvaliswinebs, rom `mosamarTle Tavis saq-mianobaSi damoukidebelia, emorCileba mxolod saqarTvelos konsti-tucias, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas, SeTanxmebas da kanons.~ kanonisam debulebidan gamomdinareobs, rom mosamarTle, saqarTveloSi moq-med sxva normatiul aqtebTan erTad, unda daemorCilos saqarTvelossaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas, rogorc saqarTvelos normatiul aqtsda sasamarTlo saqmis gadawyvetisas ixelmZRvanelos saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebiT.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis saqarTvelos normatiul aq-tad aRiarebisfaqtiTavisTavad ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, romdamkvid-rdes konvenciis gamoyenebis praqtika sasamarTloebis (da administraciu-

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246 v. SevardnaZe, `saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi stan-dartebi TavSesafris maZiebeli pirebisa da ltolvilebis Sesaxeb: SedarebiTi ana-lizi~, saqarTveloda saerTaSoriso samarTali, k. korkelia (red.), Tbilisi, 2001 we-li, gv. 166.

247 me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti.248 me-6 muxli.249 me-4 muxlis pirveli punqti da me-19 muxlis pirveli punqti.

liorganoebis) saqmianobaSi. sakanonmdeblodoneze gadadgmulinabijebi,marTalia, qmnis samarTlebriv safuZvels saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTaerovnul doneze gamosayeneblad, magram isini ver CaiTvlebian sasamar-Tloebis (da administraciuliorganoebis) mier saerTaSoriso xelSekru-lebaTa, maT Soris evropuli konvenciis, gamoyenebis garantiad. sakanon-mdeblodoneze gatarebuliRonisZiebebis garda, aucilebelia gadaidgaspraqtikuli nabijebi sasamarTlosaqmeebis ganxilvisdros saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebaTa gamoyenebis praqtikis dasamkvidreblad.250

udavoa, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebas eniWeba mTavari roli im nor-matiuli aqtebis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad, romlebic qmnian saerTaSo-riso xelSekrulebaTa erovnul doneze gamoyenebis samarTlebriv sa-fuZvels. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis rolze damokidebulia, ganxorci-eldeba Tu ara praqtikaSi konstituciisa da sxva Sidasaxelmwifoebrivinormatiuli aqtebis debulebebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa qvey-nis normatiul aqtad aRiarebis Sesaxeb da Seitans Tu ara adamianis uf-lebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, maT Soris evropuli konvencia,dadebiT wvlils qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso(evropuli) standartebis damkvidrebaSi.251 saqarTvelos sasamarTloTasurvili, gamoiyenon saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi sasamarTlo dave-bis mogvarebisas, naTels mohfens imas, praqtikaSi saTanadod aisaxebaTu ara kanonmdeblis neba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa qveynis kanon-mdeblobis nawilad aRiarebisa da maTi uSualo moqmedebis Sesaxeb.252

erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa ga-mouyeneblobis mizezebi mravalgvaria. zogadad SeiZleba aRiniSnos,rom praqtikulad yvela qveyanas, romelSic erovnuli sasamarTloebiamJamad regularulad iyeneben adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenci-as, dasWirda garkveuli dro evropuli konvenciis gamoyenebis praqti-kis dasamkvidreblad. sxva sityvebiT, evropuli konvenciis TiTqmisyvela monawile saxelmwifos sasamarTlo organoebma garkveuli droisganmavlobaSi gaiara `aklimatizacia~ saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa,maT Soris adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis, gamoyenebis praq-tikis dasamkvidreblad.253

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250 P. van Dijk, Domestic Status of Human-Rights Treaties and the Attitude of the Judiciary: theDutch Case, in: Fortschritt im Bewußtsein der Grund- und Menschenrechte, Festschrift für FelixErmacora, M. Nowak, D. Steurer & H. Tretter (Hrsg.) 1988, 639.

251 G. Danilenko, The New Russian Constitution and International Law, 88 American Journal ofInternational Law 1994, 470.

252 G. Danilenko, International Law in the Russian Legal System, American Society of InternationalLaw, Proceedings of the 91st Annual Meeting 1997, (1998), 297.

253 C. Dupré, France, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on HumanRights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 321; G.Gauksdóttir, Iceland, iqve, 399; E. Meriggiola, Italy, iqve, 475; I. Cameron, Sweden, iqve, 843;Y. Özdek & E. Karacaogli, Turkey, iqve, 890.(

amas mowmobs mravalisaxelmwifos, maTSoris im saxelmwifoTa, praqtika,romlebicsakanonmdeblodonezeTavidanveliberalurpoziciasmiemxrnensaerTaSorisoxelSekrulebaTagamoyenebasTandakavSirebiT.praqtikuladyvela im saxelmwifos, romlebic gaxdnen adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis monawilenida aRiares konvenciaTavianTi kanonmdeblobis nawi-lad,dasWirda garkveulidro,raTa sasamarTloTa pozicia evropuli kon-venciis gamoyenebis mimarT Secvliliyoukiduresad negatiuridan poziti-urisaken.254 am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba ramdenime magaliTis moSvelieba. av-striam adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis ratificireba moaxdina1958wels, xolo1964welsevropulkonvencias konstituciuristatusimi-eniWa.255 miuxedavad amisa, avstriis sasamarTloebma mxolod 80-iani wlebi-dan daiwyes evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba TavianT praqtikaSi.256

niderlandebma adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis ratifici-reba moaxdina 1954 wels, magram mxolod 80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan Seic-vales misma sasamarTloebma evropuli konvenciis mimarT im droisaTvisCamoyalibebuli negatiuri damokidebuleba da daiwyes evropuli konven-ciis regularuli gamoyeneba sasamarTlo davebis mogvarebis dros.257

centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis saxelmwifoebsac dasWirdaTgarkveuli dro, raTa damkvidrebuliyo saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa,maT Soris evropuli konvenciis, erovnul doneze gamoyenebis praqtika.

zemoxsenebuli mowmobs, rom im saxelmwifoebsac ki, romlebmac Ca-moayalibes Zalze myari normatiuli baza saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-baTa gamoyenebisaTvis, garkveuli dro dasWirdaT saerTaSoriso xel-SekrulebaTa erovnuldoneze gamoyenebis praqtikis dasamkvidreblad.

niSandoblivia, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mona-wile saxelmwifoebis sasamarTloebi, konvenciis gamoyenebis praqtikisdamkvidrebamde, xSirad uars acxadebdnen konvenciis gamoyenebaze immizeziT, rom konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebi Zalze zogadida bundovani iyo, ris gamoc maT ar SeeZloT raime dadebiTi wvlilisSetana konkretuli sasamarTlo saqmis gadawyvetaSi.258 am Tvalsazri-siT, sayuradReboa britaneli mosamarTlis, lord deningis 1976 welsgamoTqmuli Sexeduleba, romelic im periodSi evropul saxelmwifoTasasamarTloebSi damkvidrebuli saerTo mosazrebis gamomxatvelia:

`konvencia Sedgenilia iseTi stiliT, romelsac Cven ara varT SeCve-ulni Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi. is Seicavs Zalze zogad principebs. amprincipebis gamoyeneba metad rTulia, radgan isini formulirebuliazogadad. [...] me-8 muxli amis magaliTia. is imdenad zogadia, rom SeuZ-lebelia misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba. amdenad, CvenTvis bevrad ufroumjobesia mivsdioT Cvens kanonebsa da principebs, xolo konvenciasyuradReba mivapyroT mxolod rogorc gzamkvlevs, kanonmdeblobisswor gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT eWvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.~259

Tu 60-70-ian wlebSi mosamarTleTa aseTi midgoma evropuli konven-

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ciis gamoyenebis mimarT tipuri iyo, dRes is anaqronistulad miiCne-va.260 evropul saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebis pozicia adamianis ufle-baTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT radikaluradSeicvala ukanaskneli 15-20 wlis ganmavlobaSi.261

erovnuli sasamarTloebis poziciis aseTi Secvla evropuli konvenci-is gamoyenebis mimarTukanaskneli 15-20 wlis ganmavlobaSi aseve ganapiro-ba im faqtorma, rom am periodSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda adamianis ufle-baTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis raodenoba, romlebicganmartaven konvenciiszogaddebulebebsda amiT azusteben maTSinaarss,rac aiolebs am debulebaTa gamoyenebas erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier.

adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis, maT Soris ev-ropuli konvenciis, gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT mizanSewonilia ram-denime sakvanZo sakiTxis ganxilva.

2. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis gamoyenebis formebi

im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon-vencia (iseve rogorc zogadad saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi) aRiare-bulia qveynis normatiul aqtad, erovnuli sasamarTloebi sxvadasxvaformiT iyeneben mas sasamarTlo saqmeebis ganxilvisas. sasamarTlo da-vebis gadawyvetisas erovnulma sasamarTlom evropul konvencias SeiZ-leba mianiWos rogorc ZiriTadi, ise damxmare roli. bunebrivia, evro-puli konvenciis mniSvneloba sasamarTlo saqmis gadawyvetaSi gansxva-vebuli iqneba imis mixedviT, sasamarTlom is gamoiyena saqmis gadawyve-tis ZiriTad Tu damxmare wyarod.

erovnulma sasamarTlom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia(iseve rogorc zogadad saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi) SeiZleba gamo-iyenos ZiriTadad Semdegi sami formiT:

a) evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba, rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivinormatiuli aqtis ganmartebis saSualeba

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259 R v. Chief Immigration Officer, ex parte Salamat Bibi [1976] 3 All E.R., 847.260 J. Polakiewicz, The Status of the Convention in National Law, in: Fundamental Rights in Euro-

pe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blac-kburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 51.

261 C. Dupré, France, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on HumanRights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 318-319; iqve, K. Ioannou, Greece, 354.

erovnulma sasamarTlom evropuli konvencia SeiZleba gamoiyenos ro-gorcSidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuliaqtisganmartebissaSualeba. sa-samarTlosaqmis gadasawyvetad erovnulma sasamarTlom SeiZleba ZiriTa-dadgamoiyenosSidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuliaqti, magram misidebu-lebis swori ganmartebisaTvis man SeiZleba aseve gamoiyenos evropulikonvencia. am SemTxvevaSi evropuli konvencia da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivinormatiuli aqti avseben erTmaneTs. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis samar-Tlebrivi safuZvelia rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti(mag., kanoni), ise adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia. evropuli kon-venciis gamoyeneba, rogorcSidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtis gan-martebis saSualebisa, xdeba maSin, rodesac Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi norma-tiuli aqti arasakmarisad konkretulad awesrigebs sazogadoebrivurTi-erTobas, ris gamoc arsebobs araswori gadawyvetilebis miRebis riski. ev-ropuli konvenciis gamoyenebiT sasamarTlos eZleva SesaZlebloba, uz-runvelyos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtis swori ganmarteba.

konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoTa sasamarTlo praqtikaSi yvelazexSiria evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba, rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebri-vi normatiuli aqtis ganmartebis saSualebisa.

b) evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiulaqtTan koliziis SemTxvevaSi

evropul saxelmwifoTa sasamarTlo praqtikaSi evropuli konvenciaaseve gamoiyeneba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan koliziisdros. am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli sasamarTlo iyenebs evropul konvencias,Tu man daadgina, rom ufro dabal safexurze mdgomi Sidasaxelmwifoeb-rivi normatiuli aqti (mag., kanoni) ewinaaRmdegeba evropul konvencias.

evropuli konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoTa sasamarTlo praqtika-Si konvenciis gamoyeneba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtiTdadgenili normis sawinaaRmdegod SedarebiT iSviaTobaa.

g) evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba, rogorc sasamarTlo saqmis ga-dawyvetis erTaderTi samarTlebrivi safuZveli

evropul saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebi aseve iyeneben evropul kon-vencias, rogorc saqmis gadawyvetis erTaderT samarTlebriv safuZ-vels. es xdeba, Tu qveynis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti (mag.,kanoni) ar awesrigebs Sesabamis sazogadoebriv urTierTobas (anu saxe-zea samarTlebrivi xarvezi), maSin, rodesac evropuli konvenciiT ase-Ti urTierToba mowesrigebulia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis gamoyenebas, rogorc saqmis gadawyve-tis erTaderT samarTlebriv safuZvels, araferi uSlis xels (Tu konven-cia aRiarebulia saxelmwifos normatiul aqtad), evropul saxelmwifo-

88

Ta sasamarTlo praqtikaSi konvenciis amgvarad gamoyeneba iSviaTobaa.262

es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom, rogorc wesi, esa Tu is sazogadoebrivi ur-TierToba mowesrigebulia Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebiT.

erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier konvenciis, rogorc saqmis gadawyve-tis, erTaderT samarTlebriv safuZvlad gamoyenebis sailustraciodSeiZleba poloneTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTapalatis 1997 wlis gadawyvetilebis moSvelieba.263

saqme exeboda poloneTSi dakavebul CineTis ori moqalaqis eqstra-dicias CineTSi, sadac maTze gamocxadebuli iyo Zebna TaRliTobisa daqonebis miTvisebis braldebis gamo. CineTis xelisuflebam moiTxova ampirTa eqstradicia.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos winaSe CineTis moqalaqeebma eqstradiciis Se-saxeb brZanebis gasauqmeblad moiSvelies ori argumenti: a) CineTSi esdanaSaulebi iTvaliswinebs sikvdiliT dasjas; b) arsebobs imis dasabu-Tebuli eWvi, rom orive maTgani daeqvemdebareba wamebas da/an arahuma-nur an damamcirebel mopyrobas an sasjels. am argumentebis safuZvel-ze isini amtkicebdnen, rom CineTSi maTi eqstradicia CaiTvleba adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad, ris gamocunda gauqmdes brZaneba eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. poloneTis uzenaesma sa-samarTlom gaauqma brZaneba eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom gaake-Ta gancxadeba, romelic Tavisi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamosrulad aris citirebuli:

`is, rom CineTi ar aris adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mo-nawile, araarsebiTia imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom es saqme exeba urTier-Tobas poloneTsa da CineTs Soris. [adamianis uflebaTa evropuli] kon-venciis pirveli muxli akisrebs maRal xelSemkvrel mxareebs valdebu-lebas, `yvela uzrunvelyon am konvenciis I nawilSi gansazRvruli uf-lebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT.~ garda amisa, Cven unda daveyrdnoT aramxolod konvenciis teqsts, aramed strasburgis sasamarTlos prece-dentul samarTals. strasburgis sasamarTlom araerTxel ganmartakonvencia eqstradiciasTan dakavSirebiT. [...] konvenciis me-3 muxlikrZalavs wamebas an araahumanur, an damamcirebel mopyrobas an sas-jels. eqstradicia im saxelmwifoSi, romelSic piri SeiZleba daeqvem-debaros wamebas an arahumanur mopyrobas, an sasjels, Seadgens am mux-lis darRvevas.264 saWiro ar aris imis damtkiceba, rom es piri namdvi-lad daeqvemdebareba aseT mopyrobas an sasjels. sakmarisia aseTi mop-

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263 ix. poloneTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis palatis ganaCeni saqmeze —mandugeki, 1997 wlis 29 ivlisi; aseve ix. A. Drzemczewski & M. Nowicki, Poland, in: Fun-damental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member States(1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 666.

yrobis an sasjelis albaTobis dadgena (ix. zoeringi gaerTianebuli sa-mefos winaaRmdeg, 1989 weli; kruz varasi da sxvebi SvedeTis winaaR-mdeg, 1991 weli; vilvaraja gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1991 we-li; ahmedi avstriis winaaRmdeg, 1996 weli).

amgvarad, eqstradicia dauSvebelia, Tu arsebobs imis albaToba, romgadasacemi piri daeqvemdebareba wamebas an araahumanur an damamcire-bel mopyrobas, an sasjels.

igive wesi gamoiyeneba evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis 1-li pun-qtis mimarT. [...] eqstradicia ar daiSveba, Tu arsebobs albaToba, romgadasacemi piri ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili samarTliani sasamarTlosZiriTadi garantiebiT gadacemis Semdgomi sasamarTlo procesis dros.

am sasamarTlos ar ZaluZs, daadginos raime faqti CineTSi arsebulimdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Cven mxolod SegviZlia daveyrdnoT raionulisasamarTlos daskvnebs (romlebic ar uaryo saapelacio sasamarTlom),romlis Tanaxmad, arsebobs didi albaToba, momCivnebs, Tu ganxorciel-da maTi eqstradicia, SeiZleba moepyron ise, rom dairRveva saerTaSo-riso samarTali, gansakuTrebiT evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxli.~

xsenebuli saqmidan naTelia, rom poloneTis uzenaesma sasamarTlomgamoiyena evropuli konvencia (da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentu-li samarTali), rogorc sasamarTlo saqmis gadawyvetis erTaderTi sa-marTlebrivi safuZveli.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis aRiareba normatiul aqtadniSnavs, rom fizikur da iuridiul pirebs SeuZliaT mimarTon erovnulsasamarTlos mxolod evropuli konvenciis darRvevis mtkicebiT da mo-iTxovon darRveuli uflebis aRdgena. formaluri TvalsazrisiT, araris aucilebeli, rom fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi sasamarTlos wina-Se TavianTi uflebis darRvevis dasamtkiceblad, evropul konvencias-Tan erTad, daeyrdnon qveynis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqts(mag., kanons). miuxedavad amisa, praqtikaSi, rogorc wesi, mxolod evro-puli konvenciis safuZvelze ar xdeba uflebis darRvevis mtkiceba sasa-marTlos winaSe. Tu fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi saerTod uTiTebenadamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis darRvevaze, isini, rogorc we-si, pirvel rigSi amtkiceben Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtisdarRvevas, rasTan erTadac uTiTeben evropuli konvenciis darRvevaze.

3. saWiroa Tu ara evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba

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264 M. O’Boyle, Extradition and Expulsion under the European Convention on Human Rights: Ref-lection on the Soering Case, in: Human Rights and Constitutional Law, Essays in Honour of Bri-an Walsh, J. O’Reilly (Ed.), 1992, 96-98.

yvela sasamarTlo saqmeSi?

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia sa-qarTvelos normatiuli aqtia, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sa-samarTlo saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis. am TezisTan dakavSirebiT SeiZlebadaisvas kiTxva: saWiroa Tu ara evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba yvelasasamarTlo saqmeSi? es kiTxva SeiZleba kidev ufro dazustdes: ra Sem-TxvevaSi aris saWiro evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba sasamarTloSi?

sasamarTlo saqmeebis ganxilvisas adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSori-so xelSekrulebebis, maT Soris evropuli konvenciis, gamoyenebis Zi-riTadi mizania pirTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis minimalu-ri standartis uzrunvelyofa. rogorc cnobilia, adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvencia adgens adamianis uflebaTa dacvis `minimalurstandartebs~.265 evropuli konvenciis 53-e muxlidan pirdapir gamom-dinareobs, rom pirTa uflebebi ar unda iyos daculi ufro dabalistandartiT, vidre es gaTvaliswinebulia evropuli konvenciiT.

evropuli konvenciiT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis minimaluri stan-dartis dadgena saxelmwifoebs ar zRudavs imaSi, rom maT erovnuli ka-nonmdeblobiT gaiTvaliswinon adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ufro maRalistandarti, anu pirebs mianiWon uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis uf-ro myari garantiebi, vidre es dadgenilia evropuli konvenciiT. saqar-Tvelos kanonmdeblobisa da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisSedarebiTi analizidan TvalnaTliv Cans, rom uamrav SemTxvevaSi Sidasa-xelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebi iTvaliswineben adamianis uflebaTadacvis ufro maRal standartebs, vidre evropuli konvencia.266

Tu evropuli konvencia adgens adamianis uflebaTa dacvis minima-lur standartebs, xolo qveynis kanonmdebloba ufro maRali standar-tebiT icavs pirTa uflebebs, aris Tu ara imis aucilebloba, rom sasa-marTlo saqmis ganxilvis dros gamoyenebul iqnes adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvencia? miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnul sasamarTlos arekrZaleba evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba arc erT sasamarTlo saq-mesTan dakavSirebiT, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ar aris aucilebelievropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sidasaxelmwifoeb-rivi normatiuli aqti (mag., kanoni) adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ufromaRal standarts adgens, vidre evropuli konvencia. adamianis ufleba-Ta evropuli konvenciis gamoyenebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eqneba mxo-lod maSin, rodesac evropuli konvencia adamianis uflebaTa dacvisufro maRal standarts adgens, vidre saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoeb-

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265 ix. evropuli konvenciis 53-e muxli.266 ix. k. korkelia, adamianis uflebaTa dacva sagangebo mdgomareobis dros: adamianis uf-

lebaTada ZiriTadTavisuflebaTadacvis evropulikonvenciisada saqarTveloskanon-mdeblobis SedarebiTi analizi, `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 3/4, 2000 weli, gv. 79.

rivi normatiuli aqti.zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze — saWiroa Tu ara evropuli konvenciis gamo-

yeneba yvela sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvisas? — pasuxis gasacemad gasaT-valiswinebelia is garemoeba, rom evropuli konvenciiT daculia mxo-lod SezRuduli raodenobis uflebebi, xolo dava erovnul doneze Se-iZleba wamoiWras piris uflebebTan dakavSirebul nebismier sakiTxze.erovnuli sasamarTlo ubralod ver gamoiyenebs konvencias Tavis winaSearsebul yvela sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvisas imis gamo, rom sadavo sa-kiTxi ubralod SeiZleba ar wesrigdebodes evropuli konvenciiT.

Tu evropuli konvencia awesrigebs sadavo sakiTxs, saqarTvelos sa-samarTlos nebismieri saqmis ganxilvisas SeuZlia konvenciis gamoyene-ba. sasamarTlos SeuZlia, Tavisi gadawyvetileba daafuZnos saqarTve-los Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtsa (mag., kanoni) da evropulkonvenciaze.

Tu saqarTvelos sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebas iRebs kanoniTada konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli analogiuri Sinaarsis mqone normebissafuZvelze, evropuli konvenciis gamoyenebas aqvs umniSvnelo roli.Tu kanoniTa da konvenciiT dadgenili qcevis wesebi analogiuria, romcar gamoiyenos sasamarTlom evropuli konvencia da Tavisi gadawyveti-leba daafuZnos mxolod kanonze, misi gadawyvetileba ar iqneba gan-sxvavebuli im gadawyvetilebisagan, romelsac sasamarTlo miiRebda ka-nonTan erTad evropuli konvenciis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. sxva sit-yvebiT, Tu mxolod kanonis gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli sasamarTlogadawyvetileba igive iqneba im gadawyvetilebisa, romlis misaRebad sa-samarTlom gamoiyena rogorc kanoni, ise konvencia, konvenciis gamoye-nebas mieniWeba umniSvnelo, meorexarisxovani roli. am SemTxvevaSi ka-nonTan erTad konvenciis gamoyenebiT erovnul sasamarTlos surs mi-Rebuli gadawyvetilebis marTebulobisa da samarTlianobis dasabuTe-ba imiT, rom am gadawyvetilebis misaRebad man ixelmZRvanela ara mxo-lod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtiT, aramed adamianis uf-lebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebiT.267

aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoye-nebas, ZiriTadad, fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. Tu sasamarTlo saq-mis gadasawyvetad, Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan erTad,iyenebs adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias, igi miRebul gadawyve-tilebas matebs avtoritetulobas. Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiulaqtTan erTad adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis (da evropulisasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis) gamoyeneba adasturebs imas,rom konkretuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba damyarebulia ara mxo-lod saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtze (mag., kanon-ze an kodeqsze), aramed adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciazec.naklebad savaraudoa, procesis mxarem eWvi Seitanos imaSi, rom adamia-

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nis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia araefeqtianad icavs mis uflebebs.amdenad, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba sasa-

marTlos mier mniSvnelovania im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi gamoyenebis Se-degad sasamarTlo miiRebs gadawyvetilebas, romelsac igi ver miiReb-da mis gamouyeneblad. sxva sityvebiT, konvenciis gamoyenebis samar-Tlebrivi efeqti maSin aris didi, Tu misi gamoyenebis Sedegad sasamar-Tlouzrunvelyofs piris uflebaTa dacvas ufro maRali standartiT,vidre aseTi dacva uzrunvelyofili iqneboda mxolod Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi normatiuli aqtis safuZvelze.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom mniSvnelovania Tu ara Sidasa-xelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan erTad adamianis uflebaTa evropu-li konvenciis gamoyeneba konkretul sasamarTlo saqmesTan dakavSire-biT, SeiZleba dadgindes Semdeg kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT: Sidasaxel-mwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan erTad evropuli konvenciis gamoyene-bis SemTxvevaSi miiRebs Tu ara saqarTvelos sasamarTlo iseT gadawyve-tilebas, romelsac is ver miiRebda konvenciis gamoyenebis gareSe?

konvenciis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovania koliziis SemTxvevaSi saqar-Tvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtsa da konvencias Soris.Tu kanonsa da konvencias Soris koliziis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom ga-moiyena konvencia, radgan kanoniT dadgenili adamianis uflebaTa stan-darti ewinaaRmdegeba konvenciiT dadgenil standarts, maSin konvenci-is gamoyenebas eqneba mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi Sedegi: piris ufle-ba uzrunvelyofili iqneba ufro maRali standartiT, vidre aris isstandarti, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT.

konvenciis gamoyeneba aseve mniSvnelovania Sidasaxelmwifoebrivinormatiuli aqtis swori ganmartebisaTvis.

4. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTebaevropuli konvenciiT

erovnuli sasamarTlos mier evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba mWid-rod ukavSirdeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTebis sakiTxs.

gadawyvetilebaSi unda daasabuTos Tu ara erovnulma sasamarTlomTavisi pozicia im argumentebis mimarT, romlebsac mxareebi amyarebenevropul konvenciasa da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samar-Tlze?

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267 G. Danilenko, Implementation of International Law in CIS States: Theory and Practice,10 European Journal of International Law 1, 1999, 62.

zogadad evropul saxelmwifoTa praqtika gansxvavdeba sasamar-Tlo gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTebis xarisxis TvalsazrisiT. zogi-erTi saxelmwifos erovnuli sasamarTlo asabuTebs gadawyvetile-baTa detalebsac ki. sxva saxelmwifoebSi damkvidrda sasamarTlogadawyvetilebaTa SedarebiT lakoniurad dasabuTebis praqtika.268

erTsa da imave saxelmwifoSi aseve gansxvavdeba sasamarTlo praqtikagadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTebis TvalsazrisiT sasamarTlo saqmisa(sisxlis, samoqalaqo, administraciuli) da sasamarTlo instanciismixedviT.

269

miuxedavad aseTi gansxvavebisa, evropul saxelmwifoTa kanonmdeb-loba da/an praqtika adgens, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebam dasabu-Tebis minimaluri moTxovna mainc unda daakmayofilos. erovnulma sa-samarTlom unda ganixilos is argumentebi, maT Soris evropul konven-ciasa da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTalze damyarebu-li, romlebiTac mxareebi asabuTeben TavianT poziciebs da unda gamo-xatos Tavisi Sexeduleba am argumentebis mimarT.

Tu mxare Tavisi poziciis dasasabuTeblad iSveliebs evropul kon-venciasa da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals, erov-nulma sasamarTlom unda gaaanalizos sasamarTlo saqme am argumente-bis mixedviT. man ar unda ugulebelyos es argumentebi. sasamarTlomTavis gadawyvetilebaSi SeiZleba gaaqarwylos wamoyenebuli argumen-tebi, mxari dauWiros maT, an uaryos evropuli konvenciis normis iseTiganmarteba, romelsac mxare asabuTebs konvenciis safuZvelze. mxarisSexeduleba ama Tu im normis ganmartebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gansxvavde-bodes sasamarTlos ganmartebisagan. gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlomunda gamoxatos Tavisi pozicia — SeiZleba Tu ara konkretuldavaSi ev-ropuli konvenciisa da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-Tlis gamoyeneba, unda daasabuTos, ratom iyenebs an ar iyenebs igi amnormebs saqmis gadasawyvetad.270 sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabu-Tebis moTxovna ar unda iqnes imgvarad gagebuli, rom sasamarTlomprocesis dros gamoTqmul yvela arguments detalurad unda gascespasuxi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi. sasamarTlosaTvis aseTi moT-xovnis daweseba aragonivruli iqneboda. miuxedavad amisa, Tu procesismxare Tavis pozicias asabuTebs or samarTlebriv aqtze (mag., kanonsada evropul konvenciaze) dayrdnobiT, sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyveti-lebaSi unda imsjelos orive aqtze.

Tu advokati sasamarTlo saqmesTan dakavSirebiT daeyrdno adamia-

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268 R. Ryssdal, Norwegian Problems of Compliance with the Convention and Norwegian Perspec-tives on Incorporation of the Convention, in: Aspects of Incorporation of the European Conven-tion of Human Rights into Domestic Law, J.P. Gardner (Ed.), 1993, 32-33.

269 J. de da Rochère, France, in: The Effect of Treaties in Domestic Law, F. Jacobs & S. Roberts(Eds.), 1987, 54.

nis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis erT-erT muxls da miuTiTa, rogorganimarteba es muxli evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-TliT, erovnulma sasamarTlom unda daasabuTos Tavisi pozicia gadaw-yvetilebaSi, eTanxmeba Tu ara igi advokatis mier konvenciaze damyare-bul argumentebs. Tu sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba aseT argumentebs, manunda daasabuTos is mizezebi, romelTa gamoc igi ar eTanxmeba advoka-tis pozicias. sasamarTlom SeiZleba miuTiTos, rom konvenciis es mux-li ar gamoiyeneba am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, radgan misi regulirebissfero gansxvavdeba, an — rom advokati arasworad ganmartavs evropulikonvenciis konkretuli muxlis Sinaarss.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, erovnul sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia, ubra-lod ugulebelyos mxaris mier moSveliebuli norma imis dasabuTebisgareSe, ratom ar SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba am konkretul saqmesTan da-kavSirebiT. ra Tqma unda, es amZimebs mosamarTlis tvirTs, magram amtvirTis Semsubuqeba ar unda moxdes samarTlianobis principis (risigamovlinebac aris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTeba) xar-jze.271 sasamarTlos valdebuleba — daasabuTos Tavisi pozicia mxarismier gamoTqmul argumentebTan dakavSirebiT, ar gansxvavdeba sasamar-Tlos valdebulebisagan — daasabuTos Tavisi pozicia im argumenteb-Tan dakavSirebiT, romelTac mxare afuZnebs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivnormatiul aqtze (mag., kanonze).

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis xarisxi calkeuli mosamar-Tlis midgomazea damokidebuli. SeuZlebelia raime mkacri formalurimoTxovnebis daweseba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTebis deta-lurobasTan dakavSirebiT. gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis xarisxi indivi-dualuri Sefasebis sakiTxia. Tu erT mosamarTles konkretuli sasamar-TlogadawyvetilebisdasabuTebulobaSi eWvic ki ar epareba, meore mosa-marTlem es gadawyvetileba SeiZleba arasakmarisad dasabuTebulad CaT-valos. ueWvelia, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebam dasabuTebulobis minima-luri moTxovna undadaakmayofilos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlogadawyvetileba ar iqneba samarTliani. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTadasabuTebulobis lakoniurobas Tavisi farglebi unda hqondes.

sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilSi unda miuTiTosis motivebi, romelTa gamoc sasamarTlo uaryofs mxaris mosazrebebs.

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270 R. Maruste, Status of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Estonian Legal System,in: Protecting Human Rights: European Perspective: Studies in Memory of R. Ryssdal, P.Maho-ney, F. Matscher, H. Petzold & L. Wildhaber (Eds.), 2000, 879.

271 A. Yotopoulos-Marangopoulos, The Hellenic Experience concerning the Protection of HumanRights and particularly the Implementation of the Rights and Freedoms Embodied in the Euro-pean Convention, in: The Implementation in National Law of the European Convention on Hu-man Rights, Proceedings of the Fourth Copenhagen Conference on Human Rights, 28-29 Octo-ber, 1988, 1989, 64.

5. adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvis marTlzomierebisdadgena evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebulipirobebis mixedviT

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-lobis nawilad aRiarebis Sedegia ara mxolod is, rom fizikur da iuri-diul pirebs SeuZliaT daicvan TavianTi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebikonvenciis safuZvelze, aramed isic, rom saqarTvelos sasamarTloebmaunda ixelmZRvanelon adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvis marTlzomiere-bis Sefasebis im kriteriumebiT, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia evropu-li konvenciiT.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia iTva-liswinebs saxelmwifos uflebas, garkveul SemTxvevaSi marTlzomieradSezRudos konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi. ZiriTadad aseTi uf-lebebis SezRudvis SesaZlebloba gaTvaliswinebulia konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT (piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba; azris,sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba; gamoxatvis Tavisufleba; Sekrebisada gaerTianebis Tavisufleba), kerZod ki am muxlebis me-2 punqtebiT,romlebic gansazRvraven xsenebuli uflebebis SezRudvis pirobebs.

saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba, SezRudos konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiTgaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi, Tu aseTi SezRudva: a) aris kanonis Sesaba-misad, an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli;272 b) emsaxureba kanonier mizans(mag., erovnuli uSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoeb-rivi usafrTxoebis interesebi, uwesrigobis an danaSaulis Tavidanacileba, janmrTelobis an zneobis dacva) da g) aucilebelia demokra-tiul sazogadoebaSi.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo am pirobebis safuZvelzeafasebs, marTlzomieria Tu ara saxelmwifos mier adamianis uflebaTaSezRudva. zustad am pirobebis safuZvelze unda Seafason erovnulmasasamarTloebma adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvis marTlzomiereba.

mizanSewonilia TiToeuli pirobis ufro detaluri ganxilva im me-Todologiuri Tanamimdevrobis mixedviT, romelsac iyenebs adamianisuflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvis mar-Tlzomierebis Sefasebisas.

a) evropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT ganmtkicebuli uflebe-

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272 miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis me-8 muxlSi gamoiyeneba fraza `kanonis Sesabami-sad~ (in accordance with the law), maSin, rodesac me-9-me-11 muxlebSi gamoyeneba fraza`kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli~ (prescribed by law), adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komi-siam saqmeze — melouni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Malone v. the United Kin-gdom) — miuTiTa, rom am frazebs aqvT erTi da igive mniSvneloba. melouni gaerTia-nebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Malone v. the United Kingdom), 1984 wlis 2 agvisto, SeriesA, no. 82, 66-e punqti. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom konvenciis frangulenovan teqstSi ga-moiyeneba erTi da igive fraza “prévue par la loi”.

bis SezRudvis marTlzomierebis Sefasebisas erovnulma sasamarTlom(evropuli sasamarTlos msgavsad) unda daadginos, iTvaliswinebs Tuara saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba am uflebis SezRudvas, anu daSvebu-lia Tu ara am uflebis SezRudva saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. niSan-doblivia, rom `kanoni~ evropuli konvenciis mniSvnelobiT gvarovnu-li cnebaa da gulisxmobs normatiuli xasiaTis aqts.273

imis Sefasebisas, akmayofilebs Tu ara `kanoni~ evropuli konvenciismoTxovnebs, erovnulma sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos evropulisasamarTlos saqme — sandi Taimsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom). am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT evropul-ma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanoni: a) unda iyos xelmisawvdomi piri-saTvis, raTa mas hqondes warmodgena, Tu ra samarTlebrivi normebi ga-moiyeneba aseT garemoebaSi da b) unda iyos sakmarisi sicxadiT formu-lirebuli, raTa pirs hqondes Tavisi moqmedebis regulirebis SesaZleb-loba. kerZod, mas unda hqondes SesaZlebloba, gonivrulobis fargleb-Si ganWvritos is Sedegebi, romlebic mis moqmedebas SeiZleba mohyves.274

saqmeze — klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany), romelic exe-boda saxelmwifo uSiSroebis interesebisaTvis saidumlo satelefonomosmenas, evropulma komisiam da sasamarTlom miuTiTes, rom adamianisuflebis SezRudvisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris zogadi samarTlebrivi sa-fuZvlis arseboba, aramed aucilebelia, kanonmdeblobam konkretuladgaiTvaliswinos uflebis SezRudvis pirobebi da procedurebi.275 saq-mis — melouni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Malone v. the UnitedKingdom), romelic aseve satelefono mosmenas exeboda, — ganxilvisasevropulma sasamarTlom kidev ufro daazusta termin `kanonis~ mniS-vneloba. man miuTiTa, rom evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlis obieqtidanda miznidan gamomdinare, Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi undaarsebobdes sajaro xelisuflebis mier konvenciis me-8 muxlis pirvelipunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa aramarTlzomieri SezRudvisagansamarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmi. sasamarTlom aseve miuTiTa, rom gan-sakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac aseTi RonisZiebebi tardeba saidumlod,didia aramarTlzomieri moqmedebis riski.276

saqmis — kruslini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Kruslin v. France), rome-lic aseve satelefono mosmenas exeboda, — mosmenasTan dakavSirebiTsafrangeTis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi sa-

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273 H. Schermers, The Netherlands, in: The Effect of Treaties in Domestic Law, F. Jacobs & S. Ro-berts (Eds.), 1987, 117.

274 sandi Taimsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom),1979 wlis 26 aprili, Series A, no. 30, 49-e punqti; aseve ix. evropuli sasamarTlos Se-darebiT axali saqme — petra rumineTis winaaRmdeg (Petra v. Romania), 1998 wlis 23 seq-temberi, 37-e punqti.

275 klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany), 1978 wlis 6 seqtemberi, Series A, no. 28,43-e punqti.

fuZveli sasamarTlom arasakmarisad konkretulad CaTvala, radgan ka-noni ar uTiTebda, Tu ra farglebsa da pirobebSi tardeba aseTi Ronis-Ziebebi. evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom satelefono saubrebismosmena pirad cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani Carevaa da, Sesabamisad, undaemyarebodes kanons, romelic gansakuTrebiT detaluria.277

b) Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom adamianis uflebaTaSezRudva gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT, igi unda Seudges Semdegi sakiT-xis ganxilvas: isaxavs Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva evropulikonvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebis me-2 punqtebiT gaTvaliswinebul erT-erT kanonier mizans? adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli miznebi, romelTa misaRwevad SeiZlebaSeizRudos adamianis uflebebi, gansxvavdeba. aseT mizans ganekuTvnebaerovnuli uSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebriviusafrTxoebis interesebi, uwesrigobis an danaSaulis Tavidan acileba,janmrTelobis an zneobis dacva, sxvaTa reputaciis an uflebaTa dacva,saidumlo informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan acileba, sasamarTlo xe-lisuflebis avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis SenarCuneba da sxva.magaliTad, saxelmwifom SeiZleba amtkicos, rom msjavrdebulTa mimo-weris ufleba izRudeba danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad.

miznebis CamonaTvali, romelTa misaRwevad SeiZleba SeizRudos kon-venciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi, amomwura-via.278 Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos ekrZaleba evropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis SezRudva sxva miznebiT,romlebic ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli konvenciiT. am muxlebiT ganmtki-cebuli uflebebis SezRudva sxva miznebiT, romlebic ar aris am muxle-biT gaTvaliswinebuli, pirdapir ikrZaleba evropuli konvenciis me-18muxliT.

erovnulma sasamarTlom unda daadginos, emsaxureba Tu ara adamia-nis uflebis SezRudva konvenciis Sesabamisi muxliT gaTvaliswinebulimiznis miRwevas.

g) konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis Sez-Rudvis mesame pirobasTan dakavSirebiT erovnulma sasamarTlom undadaadginos, aucilebelia Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva demok-ratiul sazogadoebaSi.

erovnulma sasamarTlom unda Seafasos, adamianis uflebaTa Sez-Rudva, romelic emsaxureba konkretul mizans, ganpirobebulia Tu ara

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276 melouni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Malone v. the United Kingdom), 1984 wlis2 agvisto, Series A, no. 82, 67-e punqti.

277 kruslini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Kruslin v. France), 1990 wlis 24 aprili, Series A, no.176-B, 33-e punqti.

278 M. Macovei, Freedom of Expression: A Guide to the Implementation of Article 10 of the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights, 2001, 28.

`mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroebiT~, ramac gamoiwvia saxelmwifos mieradamianis uflebis SezRudvis aucilebloba. saxelmwifos mier gatare-buli RonisZieba, romelic mimarTulia konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiTgaTvaliswinebuli adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvisaken mwvave sazoga-doebrivi saWiroebis proporciuli (Tanazomieri) unda iyos.279 niSan-doblivia, evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis precedentul samarTalSiaraerTxel miuTiTa, rom saxelmwifos aqvs garkveuli Tavisuflebaimis SefasebisaTvis (`Tavisufali Sefasebis farglebi~), aucilebeliaTu ara konkretuli RonisZiebis gatareba konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebu-li miznis misaRwevad.280

evropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebis SezRudvis marTlzomiere-bis dasadgenad erovnulma sasamarTlom pasuxi unda gasces Semdeg kiT-xvebs:

a) exeba Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva me-8-me-11 muxlebispirveli punqtebiT mowesrigebul sakiTxebs?

b) iTvaliswinebs Tu ara qveynis kanonmdebloba am SezRudvas?g) gaTvaliswinebulia Tu ara am muxlebis me-2 punqtebiT is miznebi

(mag.: erovnuli uSiSroebis an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis in-teresebi, janmrTelobis an zneobis dacva), romelTa gamoc izRu-deba adamianis uflebebi?

d) ganpirobebulia Tu ara es SezRudva mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWi-roebiT?

CamoTvlil yvela kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaices, raTa mar-Tlzomierad CaiTvalos adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva.

saqarTvelos sasamarTlom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda gaamax-vilos a) punqtze — exeba Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva me-8-me-11 muxlebis pirveli punqtebiT mowesrigebul sakiTxebs, anu daculiaTu ara sadavo ufleba evropuli konvenciiT.

am kiTxvaze pasuxis sworad gacema imitom aris mniSvnelovani, rom Tuerovnulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, sadavo ufleba ar aris daculi konven-ciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT, am uflebis marTlzomierebas sasamarTlo arSeafasebs zemoaRniSnuli sami pirobis mixedviT. aRniSnul kiTxvazeuaryofiTi pasuxis arasworad gacemis mizezia is, rom mxolod konven-ciis debulebaTa gacnobis Sedegad erovnulma sasamarTlom SeiZlebadaaskvnas: konvenciiT ar regulirdeba sadavo ufleba, radgan is pirda-pir ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli konvenciiT. Tu erovnulma sasamarTlomar ganixila evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali konven-ciis Sesabamis muxlTan dakavSirebiT, didia albaToba, erovnulma sasa-

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280 S. Jensen, The European Convention on Human Rights in Scandinavian Law: A Case LawStudy, 1992, 249-252.

marTlom daaskvnas, rom sadavo ufleba ar regulirdeba evropuli kon-venciiT. erovnulma sasamarTlom konvenciasTan erTad unda ganixilosevropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, romelic ganmartavskonvenciis debulebaTa Sinaarssa da maTi gamoyenebis sferos, rac sasa-marTlos miscems saSualebas, sworad Seafasos, regulirdeba Tu ara sa-davo ufleba evropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT.

Tu evropuli konvenciisa da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulisamarTlis safuZvelze erovnulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavoufleba daculia konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebiT, igi unda Seudges imsami pirobis ganxilvas, romlebic unda daakmayofilos saxelmwifom,raTa adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva marTlzomierad CaiTvalos. maga-liTad, Tu mxare amtkicebs, rom dairRva misi piradi cxovrebis ufle-ba, rac daculia evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxliT, erovnulma sasamar-Tlom unda ganixilos es muxli evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulsamarTalTan erTad da daadginos, moicavs Tu ara me-8 muxli im ufle-bas, romlis dacvas moiTxovs mxare. Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom daad-gina, rom me-8 muxli icavs sadavo uflebas, sasamarTlo unda Seudgessadavo uflebis SezRudvis marTlzomierebis Seswavlas konvenciis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqtiT dawesebuli pirobebis mixedviT.

am sami pirobis safuZvelze erovnulma sasamarTlom SeiZleba daad-ginos, rom, marTalia, piradi cxovrebis ufleba am konkretul SemTxve-vaSi SeizRuda, magram aseTi SezRudva akmayofilebs evropuli konven-ciis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqtiT dadgenil pirobebs da, Sesabamisad, mar-Tlzomieria, ris gamoc is ar arRvevs evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxls.erovnulma sasamarTlom aseve SeiZleba daadginos, rom, Tumca konven-ciis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqti iTvaliswinebs sadavo uflebis SezRudvisSesaZleblobas, saxelmwifom konkretul SemTxvevaSi ar daakmayofilasadavo uflebis SezRudvisaTvis dawesebuli pirobebi, ris gamoc aseTiSezRudva ver CaiTvleba marTlzomierad. am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlodaadgens, rom dairRva evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli.

evropuli konvenciis me-8-me-11 muxlebis me-2 punqtebiT gaTvalis-winebuli sami pirobis safuZvelze erovnulma sasamarTlom unda Sea-fasos, sakmarisad konkretulia Tu ara normatiuli aqtis debuleba(debulebebi), romelic iTvaliswinebs sadavo uflebis SezRudvas. sasa-marTlom aseve unda ganixilos, emsaxureba Tu ara uflebis SezRudva immizans, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia evropuli konvenciis SesabamisimuxliT. gansakuTrebul analizs moiTxovs erovnuli sasamarTlosaganimis Sefaseba, ganpirobebulia Tu ara uflebis SezRudva mwvave sazoga-doebrivi saWiroebiT da aris Tu ara uflebis SezRudva im miznis pro-porciuli, romlis miRwevac saxelmwifos surs aseTi SezRudviT. Tuerovnulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saqarTvelos normatiuli aqti,romelic miznad isaxavs adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvas, ar akmayofi-

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lebs evropuli konvenciiT dadgenil moTxovnebs, man uflebis aseTiSezRudva aramarTlzomierad unda CaTvalos.

ganxiluli sami kriteriumis dawesebis mizania pirTaTvis imis garan-tireba, rom saxelmwifo aramarTlzomierad ar SezRudavs maT ufle-bebs. amitomac erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, romevropulma sasamarTlom daadgina evropuli konvenciis debulebaTaSezRudviTad ganmartebis aucilebloba.281

aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli samikriteriumi, romelTa safuZvelzec sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos ada-mianis uflebis SezRudvis marTlzomiereba, saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-lobisaTvis ucxo ar aris. saqarTvelos konstituciis calkeuli debu-lebebi adgenen evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisSezRudvis analogiur sam pirobas.282

101

281 sxva saqmeebTan erTad ix. sandi Taimsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Sunday Ti-mes v. the United Kingdom), 1979 wlis 26 aprili, Series A, no. 30, 65-e punqti.

282 ix.: saqarTvelos konstituciis 22-e muxlis me-3 punqti da 24-e muxlis me-4 punqti.

VI. adamianis uflebaTa evropulisasamarTlo — wesebi da procedurebi

1. Sesavali

1950 wels miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia iTva-liswinebda ori organos — adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisiisa daevropuli sasamarTlos — daarsebas, romelTa mizani iyo konvenciasada mis oqmebSi ganmtkicebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesru-lebaze zedamxedvelobis ganxorcieleba. amdenad, konvenciis pirve-ladi teqstis safuZvelze moqmedebda orsafexuriani sazedamxedve-lo sistema.

komisiis funqciebSi Sedioda: ganacxadebis dasaSvebobis ganxilva,morigebis proceduris Catareba, faqtebis gamoZieba, daskvnebis Semu-Saveba, sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvra.

Tu komisia daadgenda, rom ganacxadi eqvemdebareboda ganxilvas daar iyo miRweuli morigeba, igi amzadebda moxsenebas, romelSic `aRwer-da faqtebs da miRebuli gadawyvetilebis arss~.283 moxseneba egzavnebo-da ministrTa komitets, Sesabamis saxelmwifoebs da evropis sabWos ge-neralur mdivans. moxsenebis momzadebidan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi saqmeSeiZleboda gadascemoda sasamarTlos, Tu mxareebi aRiarebdnen mis iu-risdiqcias. Tuki saqme ar iyo gadacemuli sasamarTlosaTvis, minis-trTa komiteti ixilavda, dairRva Tu ara konvenciiT garantirebuliufleba. amgvari faqtis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi ministrTa komitetsSeeZlo, saxelmwifosaTvis daekisrebina kompensaciis gadaxdis valde-buleba. garda amisa, ministrTa komiteti akontrolebda sasamarTlogadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas.

rac Seexeba adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos, igi arsebi-Tad ixilavda da wyvetda saqmes, romlis warmoebis proceduruli sa-kiTxebi sasamarTlos reglamentiT ganisazRvreboda.284

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283 adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenci-is 30-e muxli.

284 amave periodSi daiwyo samarTlebrivi poziciebis Camoyalibeba, rac mniSvnelobasinarCunebs sasamarTlos saqmianobis Tanamedrove etapzec. aseTia, magaliTad, sasa-marTlos damokidebuloba me-17 muxlTan, zogadi kontrolis principTan mimarTe-biT da a.S.

sazedamxedvelo organoTa gadatvirTulobis gamo, rac ganapirobaevropis sabWoSi centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis saxelmwifoebisgawevrianebam da ramac mniSvnelovnad gazarda ganacxadebis raodeno-ba, 1994 wels miiRes me-11 oqmi, romelic konvenciis sazedamxedvelosistemis reformirebasa da ganacxadTa ganxilvis proceduris gamar-tivebas iTvaliswinebda. 1998 wlis 1 noembers, me-11 oqmis ZalaSi Ses-vlis Sedegad, funqcionireba Sewyvita adamianis uflebaTa evropulmakomisiam da amoqmedda reformirebuli, mudmivmoqmedi adamianis ufle-baTa evropuli sasamarTlo, romelic Tavad wyvets ganacxadTa ro-gorc dasaSvebobas, aseve arsebiTad ixilavs maT.

amgvarad, evropuli konvenciis me-11 oqmma Secvala konvenciis saze-damxedvelo sistema. reformis Sedegad, adamianis uflebaTa sasamar-TlosTan mimarTebiT, evropis sabWos ministrTa komitets CamoerTvakvazisasamarTlo funqciebi, Tumca mas akisria sasamarTlos gadawyve-tilebis aRsrulebis zedamxedveloba.

2. sasamarTlos struqtura

Tanamedrove saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv sistemaSi adamianis uf-lebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo miiCneva erT-erT yvelaze efeqtianorganod, romlis saqmianobac gavlenas axdens wevr saxelmwifoTa sa-marTlebriv sistemebze. sasamarTlo Sedgeba imdeni mosamarTlisa-gan, ramdenic konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoa. mosamarTleebi as-ruleben TavianT movaleobas piradad da ara rogorc saxelmwifoswarmomadgenlebi. zeda asakobrivi zRvari 70 welia. isini irCevian 6wlis vadiT da unda xasiaTdebodnen saukeTeso zneobrivi Tvisebe-biT, hqondeT saTanado kompetencia da iyvnen aRiarebuli avtorite-tis mqone iuristebi.285

sasamarTlos saqmianoba ganisazRvreba rogorc evropuli konvenci-is me-11 oqmiT, ise 1998 wlis 1 noembers ZalaSi Sesuli reglamentiT.

plenarul sxdomebze sasamarTlo irCevs Tavmjdomares, moadgile-ebsa da seqciaTa Tavmjdomareebs sami wlis vadiT.

sasamarTlo iyofa 4 seqciad, romelTa Semadgenloba sami wlis va-diT mtkicdeba. seqciebi yalibdeba dabalansebuli geografiuli dasqesobrivi niSniT, aseve masSi Tanabrad unda iyos warmodgenili wevrsaxelmwifoTa sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sistema.

sasamarTlo Sedgeba sami saxis organosagan: komiteti, palata da di-

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285 konvenciis 21-e muxlis 1-li punqti.

di palata. komiteti ar ixilavs saqmes arsebiTad. igi amowmebs, akmayo-filebs Tu ara ganacxadi dasaSvebobis yvela kriteriums. komitetis ga-dawyvetileba sabolooa.

palata da didi palata arsebiTad ixilavs ganacxads. palata Sedge-ba 7 mosamarTlisagan. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis seqciis Tavmjdomareda im saxelmwifodan arCeuli mosamarTle, romlis winaaRmdeg aris mi-marTuli ganacxadi.

didi palata Sedgeba 17 mosamarTlisagan. masSi Sedian: sasamarTlosTavmjdomare, misi moadgileebi, seqciaTa Tavmjdomareebi da sxva mosa-marTleebi.

dadgenili wesiT, palatisa da didi palatis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis ismosamarTlec, romelic saqmeSi monawile saxelmwifos mier aris war-dgenili. marTalia, mosamarTle ar gvevlineba mopasuxe saxelmwifos anmxaris interesebis damcvelad, magram igi ukeT erkveva mxared warmod-genili saxelmwifos erovnul samarTlebriv sistemaSi da SeuZlia gan-martos is sakiTxebi, romlebic saqmis ganxilvisas warmoiSobian. esxels uwyobs saqmis obieqtur da srulfasovan ganxilvas. im SemTxveva-Si, rodesac es mosamarTle ar aris seqciis wevri, mas SeuZlia, monawi-leoba miiRos ex officio (dakavebuli Tanamdebobis ZaliT).

Tu mopasuxe saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia, sapatio mizezebis gamo, mona-wileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi, SesaZlebelia dainiSnos ad hoc mosa-marTle. sapatio mizezebad Semdegi garemoebani CaiTvleba:

• sasamarTloSi droebiT ar aris saxelmwifos mosamarTle (wina mo-samarTles gauvida vada da axali jer ar aris arCeuli);

• avadmyofoba;• mosamarTles, Tavisi adrindeli saqmianobidan gamomdinare, hqon-

da Sexeba mocemul saqmesTan (mosamarTle muSaobda komisiaSi,romelic ixilavda am saqmes, an Sexeba hqonda saqmesTan, rodesacsaqme erovnul doneze ganixileboda);

• mosamarTle piradi motivebiT mizanSeuwonlad miiCnevs monawi-leoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi.

aseT SemTxvevaSi palatis Tavmjdomare sTavazobs saxelmwifos, er-Ti Tvis vadaSi daasaxelos ad hoc mosamarTlis kandidatura. Tu am va-daSi kandidatura ar dasaxelda, iTvleba, rom saxelmwifom uari ganac-xada ad hoc mosamarTlis wardgenaze.

sasamarTlos normaluri funqciobisaTvis Seqmnilia aparati, ro-melsac xelmZRvanelobs registratori [Registrar (ingl.); Greffier(frang.)]. reglamentis me-17 muxlis mixedviT, igi exmareba sasamarTlosTavisi funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi, pasuxismgebelia samdivnos saqmia-nobaze, inaxavs sasamarTlo arqivs, TanamSromlobs masobrivi informa-ciis saSualebebTan.

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3. subsidiurobis principi

strasburgis sasamarTlo daarsda, raTa ùzrunvelyofil iqneskonvenciisa da misi oqmebis xelmomwer mxareTa mier aRiarebul val-debulebaTa pativiscema~.286 am dokumentiT Seiqmna adamianis ufleba-Ta evropuli standartebi, romelTa mizania wevr saxelmwifoSi de-mokratiuli politikuri da samarTlebrivi sistemis Camoyalibeba-ganmtkiceba.

saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas, Tavisi iurisdiqciis farglebSiyvelasaTvis uzrunvelyos konvenciis pirvel nawilSi gansazRvruliuflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. konvenciis debulebebi yuradRebas amax-vilebs efeqtiani erovnuli samarTlebrivi dacvis sistemis arsebobisaucileblobaze, romlis meSveobiT saxelmwifos unda Seswevdes unariadamianis uflebaTa dacvis saWiro xarisxiT garantirebisaTvis.287

evropuli sasamarTlo subsidiuri, anu damatebiTi, xasiaTisaa, vi-naidan misi amocanaa ganixilos uflebaTa darRvevis konkretuli faq-tebi, romelTa mogvarebac ver moxerxda erovnul doneze.288

sasamarTlo ar aris erovnuli sasamarTlo xelisuflebis zemdgo-mi instancia. am organos ar SeuZlia Secvalos erovnuli normatiuliTu individualuri aqti. gadawyvetilebebSi sasamarTlos araerTxelmiuTiTebia im garemoebaze, rom ver gascems brZanebebs. magaliTad,saqmeze — selmuni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Selmouni v. France) — gan-mcxadebeli moiTxovda, darCenili vada moexada niderlandebis cixe-Si. niderladebis mxare, saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare, ar iyoamis winaaRmdegi. strasburgis sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom, konvenci-is Tanaxmad, mas ara aqvs uflebamosileba, gasces amgvari brZaneba.

sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxolod daafiqsiros, rom ama Tu im samar-Tlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis Sedegad moxda konvenciis debulebis dar-Rveva. sasamarTlo faqtobrivad iZleva konvenciis normebis axsna-ganmartebas.

subsidiurobis princips adasturebs dasaSvebobis erT-erTi moT-xovnac — yvela xelmisawvdom Sidasaxelmwifoebriv saSualebaTa amo-wurvis aucilebloba.

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286 konvenciis me-19 muxli.287 magaliTad, me-13 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom: `yvelas, visac daerRva am konvenciiT gaT-

valiswinebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, eqneba efeqtiani zomis miRebis uflebaerovnuli xelisuflebis winaSe.~

288 sasamarTlos axlandeli Tavmjdomare l. vildhaberi aRniSnavs: `konvencia es arissubsidiuri sistema, romelic yvelaze ufro efeqtianad da saimedod maSin moqme-debs, rodesac gasaCivrebuli darRvevebi erovnul sasamarTloSive SeiZleba Semow-mdes Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi proceduruli saSualebebiT~. l. vildhaberi, àdamia-nis ufleba: rogor unda icavdes mas strasburgisa da erovnuli sasamarTloebi~,Jurnali àdamiani da konstitucia~, 1, 2002 weli, gv. 60.

4. abstraqtuli kontroli

sasamarTlo ar ixilavs saqmes in abstracto. igi uflebamosilia gana-xorcielos mxolod konkretuli kontroli.

konvencia saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumentia. igi ar aniWebsstrasburgis sasamarTlos uflebamosilebas, gasces savaldebulo xa-siaTis gankargulebebi, Tu rogor ganxorcieldes saxelmwifoSi saka-nonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli Tu sasamarTlo xelisuflebis saqmianoba.kontrolis regionaluri saerTaSoriso meqanizmis arsebobis mizania,konvenciuri normebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyos piris uf-lebaTadacva xelisuflebis mxridan.

sasamarTlo exeba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi norme-bis konvenciasTan Sefardebis sakiTxebs imdenad, ramdenadac amassaqmis garemoebani moiTxovs. Tavisi saqmianobis pirvelsave etapzesasamarTlom ganacxada, rom igi mowodebulia gamoitanos gadawyve-tileba ara abstraqtuli problemis Sesaxeb, romelic erovnuli ka-nonisa da konvenciis debulebis Sefardebas exeba, aramed kanonisgamoyenebaze konkretul SemTxvevaSi, imdenad, ramdenadac mocemu-li normiT moxda konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebis SezRudvaganmcxadeblis mimarT. marTalia, debatebi imis Taobaze, rom sasa-marTlos unda hqondes in abstracto kontrolis SesaZlebloba TviTsasamarTloSic, araerTxel gamarTula, dRemde arsebuli praqtikanaTlad amtkicebs, rom sasamarTlos mier 1962 wels gamoTqmuli mo-sazreba (romelic sxva saqmeebSic aisaxa) ar kargavs aqtualobas. espozicia sasamarTlom araerTxel ganamtkica Tavis gadawyvetile-bebSi. saqmeSi — golderi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Golderv. the United Kingdom) — sasamarTlom daakonkreta, rom `sasamarTlofunqciebSi ar Sedis SezRudvebis SemuSaveba, romlebic sapyrobi-leSi myofi patimrebis mimarT SeiZleba iyos daSvebuli da in abstrac-to ar ixilavs sapyrobilis wesebis konvenciasTan Sefardebis sa-kiTxs.289 reformirebuli sasamarTlos saqmianobaSic es debulebaxSirad JRers. dasaSvebobis gansazRvrisas saqmeebze — sorenseni da-niis winaaRmdeg da jenseni da rasmuseni daniis winaaRmdeg (Sorensenv. Denmark; Jensen and Rasmussen v. Denmark) — sasamarTlom aRniSna,rom gancxadeba dasaSvebia, vinaidan igi uSualod exeba mis pirad si-

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289 magram mosamarTle martensi saqmeeze — brogani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Brogan v. the United Kindom) da manusakisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Manoussakis v. Gre-ece) — gamoTqmul gansakuTrebul azrSi asabuTebs, rom imisaTvis, raTa dadgindes,arRvevs Tu ara saxelmwifo konkretul SemTxvevaSi konvenciis normas, upirvelesyovlisa, sasamarTlom in abstracto unda gansazRvros, Seesabameba Tu ara mocemulikanoni konvencias.

tuacias da ar SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes rogorc in abstracto an actio popu-laris.290

In abstracto kompetenciis arqona ar niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo ar ik-vlevs da ar iZleva Sefasebas im kanonisas, romliTac konkretul Sem-TxvevaSi xelmZRvanelobda xelisufleba da romlis gamoyenebis Sede-gad dairRva ufleba. amis gamokvleva sasamarTlos sWirdeba, upirve-les yovlisa, imisaTvis, rom daadginos, hqonda Tu ara xelisuflebasSesaZlebloba, emoqmeda konvenciis debulebebis Sesabamisad. zogierTSemTxvevaSi, kanonis Seswavlis Sedegad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom xdebaara xelisuflebis mxridan aramarTlzomieri qmedeba, aramed sworedkanonis moqmedeba aris darRvevis pirvelwyaro, vinaidan kanonis aR-msrulebels sxva arCevani ar hqonda, garda imisa, rom kanonis imperati-ul moTxovnas damorCileboda.

5. sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia

adamianisuflebaTa evropulisasamarTlouflebamosilia ganixilos:a) saxelmwifoTaSorisi ganacxadebi (33-e muxli);b) individualuri ganacxadebi (34-e muxli), romelSic ganmcxadebe-

li amtkicebs Tavisi uflebebis darRvevis Taobaze konvenciiserT-erTi monawile saxelmwifos mier.

5.1. saxelmwifoTaSorisi ganacxadebi

konvenciis 33-e muxli adgens, rom: `sasamarTlo uflebamosilia mii-Ros gansaxilvelad nebismieri monawile saxelmwifos ganacxadi meoremonawile saxelmwifos mier konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebisdarRvevis Taobaze~.

es procedura ar aris sxva saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Careva,swored im valdebulebebidan gamomdinare, romelnic saxelmwifoebmaikisres konvenciis mixedviT.

saxelmwifos gancxadebebis obieqti SeiZleba iyos: a) meore saxel-mwifoSi sakanonmdeblo Tu adaministraciuli praqtika. aseT SemTxve-vaSi ar aris saWiro darRvebis konkretul msxverplTa miTiTeba. saqme-ze — irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Ireland v. the UnitedKingdom) — sasamarTlom aRniSna: `darRveva warmoSva kanonma, romelicuSvebs, adgens da axorcielebs iseT zomebs, romlebic SeuTavsebelia

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290 Information Note N. 51 on the Case-Law of the Court, March 2003, 21.

konvenciiT dadgenil uflebebTan da TavisuflebebTan.~; b) adamianisuflebaTa darRvevis konkretuli faqtebis arsebobis SemTxevaSi.291

ZiriTadi raodenoba saxelmwifoTaSorisi gancxadebebisa modiodaim periodze, rodesac jer kidev yvela saxelmwifos ar hqonda aRiare-buli evropuli komisiis mier individualuri gancxadebebis ganxilviskompetencia. amitom mxolod saxelmwifoTaSorisi gancxadebebis meSve-obiT iyo SesaZlebeli damrRvevi saxelmwifos saerTaSorisosamar-Tlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis dayeneba.292

konvenciis am normas, garkveulwilad, politikuri elferi dah-kravs, vinaidan saxelmwifoTa gancxadeba sxva saxelmwifos winaaRmdegam ukanasknelis mier `aramegobrul~ Jestad ganixileba. miuxedavad ami-sa, komisiisa da sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi saxelmwifoTaSoris ganac-xadTa ganxilvam mniSvnelovani praqtika ganaviTara (gansxxavebiT ada-mianis uflebaTa komitetisagan, sadac faqtobrivad arcerTi saxelmwi-foTaSorisi ganacxadi ar yofila ganxiluli).

5.2 individualuri ganacxadebis subieqtebi

5.2.1. msxverpli

konvenciis 34-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos ga-nacxadi nebismieri pirisagan, pirTa jgufisagan an arasamTavrobo or-ganizaciisagan, romlebic amtkiceben, rom isini arian erT-erTi xel-Semkvreli mxaris mier konvenciiTa da misi oqmebiT aRiarebuli ufle-bebis darRvevis msxverplni.

fizikuri pirebis wre Zalze farToa, vinaidan ar arsebobs SemzRud-veli garemoebani, rogoricaa: asaki, moqalaqeoba qmedunarianoba (mag.,SeiZleba iyos mcirewlovani, rogorc saqmeSi — `t~ gaerTianebuli same-fos winaaRmdeg (T. v. the United Kingdom), 1999 wlis 19 dekemberi); ar arisaucilebeli, dadgindes stabiluri samarTlebrivi urTierToba saxel-mwifosa da pirs Soris, iseTi, rogoricaa `binadroba~ an `sacxovrebeli

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291 1956 wels saberZneTma orjer Seitana ganacxadi gaerTianebuli samefos qmedebebiswinaaRmdeg, romelsac es saxelmwifo kviprosze axorcielebda (am periodisaTviskviprosi gaerTianebuli samefos administraciuli mmarTvelobis qveS imyofebo-da.), gancxadeba exeboda konvenciis me-3 muxlis (wameba, araadamianuri mopyroba)darRvevas; 1982 wels skandinaviis qveynebma, safrangeTma da niderlandebma Seitanesganacxadi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, xelisuflebaSi samxedro reJimis mosvlis Sedegadarsebuli viTarebis Taobaze. saqme morigebiT damTavrda, ris Sedegad TurqeTi da-Tanxmda, regularulad waredgina komisiaSi mosxenebebi saxelmwifoSi adamianis uf-lebebTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, kerZod im RonisZiebebis Se-saxeb, romlebic mas me-3 muxlTan mimarTebiT unda ganexorcielebina.

292 es ar unda iyos gagebuli ise, rom sasamarTlos praqtikaSi Tanamedrove etapze am-gvari saqmeebi ar ixileba. ix. saqme — dania TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Denmark v. Turkey),1997 weli.

adgili~. ganmcxadebeli SeiZleba ar iyos evropis sabWos wevri saxel-mwifos moqalaqe, Tu igi davobs wevri saxelmwifos mierTavisi uflebe-bis darRvevis Taobaze.293 sakmarisia, rom saxelmwifos SeeZlos garkve-uli uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba fizikuri piris mimarT (amiTaris ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom sasamarTlos gancxadebiT mimar-Ta 120-ze meti qveynis moqalaqem).

mniSvnelovani is garemoebaa, rom ganmcxadebeli TviTon unda iyoskonvenciis msxverpli, anu unda moqmedebdes Tavisi interesebidan ga-momdinare.

`msxverplTan~ mimarTebiT sasamarTlo praqtikis Sedegad Camoya-libda 2 cneba: `potenciuri~ da `iribi~ (arapirdapiri).

potenciur msxverplad ganmcxadebeli ganixileba, rodesac arse-bobs realuri zianis miyenebis safrTxe, romelic mas SeiZleba daemuq-ros momavalSi. sxva sityvebiT, ganmcxadeblis azriT, kanonis an sxva sa-marTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SesaZlebloba safrTxes uqmnis konven-ciiT garantirebuli uflebebis gamoyenebas. sasamarTlo aseT SemTxve-vaSi Zalze yuradRebiTudgeba `realuri safrTxis~ arsebobas, vinaidanmis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis in abstracto saqmis ganxilva.294

arapirdapir (irib) msxverplad miiCnevian msxverplis uaxloesi na-Tesavebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu: a) darRveulia sicocxlis ufleba, piri da-iRupa da naTesavebis mier iniciirebuli sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagnadgvevlineba daRupvis garemoebani; b) ganmcxadebeli gardaicvala sasa-marTloSi mimarTvis Semdeg da naTesavebi agrZeleben saqmes. xSirad mo-pasuxe saxelmwifo cdilobs daasabuTos, rom ganmcxadebelma dakarga`msxverplis~ statusi, vinaidan strasburgSi sasamarTlo ganxilvisprocesis dawyebisas erovnulma xelisuflebam ukve daakmayofila moT-xovnebis didi nawili. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ixilavs saqmis ir-gvliv arsebul konkretul garemoebebs.

aris Tu ara ganmcxadebeli `msxverpli~ 34-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ro-gorc wesi, dasaSvebobis stadiaze ixileba. maSinve ixileba, warmoad-gens Tu ara mopasuxe saTanado mxares. Tu dadginda, rom ganmcxadebelian mopasuxe ar akmayofilebs savaldebulo kriteriumebs, saqme arsebi-Tad ar ganixileba.

5.2.2. arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da pirTajgufis cneba evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikaSi

konvenciis 34-e muxli arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da pirTajgufebs aniWebs sasamarTloSi ganacxadebis Setanis uflebas. es niS-

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293 ekbatani SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Ekbatani v. Sweden), 1988 weli.294 klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany) 1978 wlis 6 seqtemberi.

navs, rom nebismier organizacias, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo Tuadgilobrivi xelisuflebis organo (an saxelmwifo Tu adgilobrivixelisuflebis organos Semadgeneli struqtura), SeuZlia mimarTossasamarTlos darRveuli uflebebis Taobaze. bunebrivia, dacul un-da iqnes yvela is kriteriumi, romlebic ganacxadTa dasaSvebobisaT-vis aucilebelia. mocemul SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebobis dadgenisas ar-sebiTi kriteriumia: iyo Tu ara konvenciiTa da misi oqmebiT gamocxa-debul uflebaTa darRveva. naTelia, rom organizacias SeuZlia ida-vos mxolod garkveul uflebaTa darRvevis Taobaze. organizacieb-Tan mimarTebiT SeuZlebelia dairRves iseTi uflebebi, rogoricaa:sicocxlis ufleba, wamebis akrZalvis ufleba, monobis akrZalva, pi-radi, saojaxo cxovrebisa da qorwinebis ufleba. ganxilul saqmeTaZiriTadi nawili gviCvenebs, rom organizaciebi davoben iseTi ufle-bebis darRvevis faqtebze, rogoricaa: ufleba samarTlian sasamar-Tloze, azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba, sityvis Tavisuf-leba, Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis ufleba, ufleba samarTlebrivi dac-vis efeqtian saSualebebze, diskriminaciis akrZalva, qonebis ufle-ba, arCevnebis ufleba.

ganmcxadeblis statusi aqvs aseve profesiul kavSirebs. sasamar-Tlo ar mijnavs komerciuli da arakomerciuli xasiaTis organizaci-ebs. mimarTvis ufleba aqvT partiebs. gancxadeba SeiZleba Setanil iq-nes iseTi organizaciis mier, romelsac iuridiuli piris statusi araaqvs (ar miuRia an dakarga amgvari statusi). saqmeSi — sindiropulosida sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Sidiropulos v. Greece) — ganmcxadebelsuari eTqva saberZneTSi organizacia `makedoniuri civilizaciis sax-lis~ registraciaze. organizaciis mizani iyo erovnul umciresobaTaTviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba, rac, saregistracio organos azriT, sa-xelmwifos usafrTxoebasa da teritoriul mTlianobas emuqreboda.evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxelmwifom araproporciuliRonisZiebebi gaatara, rac gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis realizebis xe-lis SeSlaSi gamomJRavnda. aseTive daskvna gamoitana evropulma sasa-marTlom saqmeze — socialisturi partia TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Socia-list Party v. Turkey).

amgvarad, evropuli sasamarTlos praqtika `arasamTavrobo organi-zaciebis~ cnebaSi gulisxmobs gaerTianebaTa farTo speqtrs, rac saSu-alebas aZlevs am organizaciebs, daicvan darRveuli uflebebi.

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6. ganacxadTa dasaSvebobis kriteriumebi

6.1. sagnobrivi kompetencia (ratione materiae)

sasamarTlo ixilavs mxolod im uflebaTa savaraudodarRvevis faq-tebs, romlebic konvenciasa da mis oqmebSia asaxuli. sasamarTlo praq-tikaSi am pirobas ewodeba ratione materiae. konvenciasa da mis oqmebSi Ca-moyalibebul uflebebTan mimarTebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom:

• zogierT muxlSi Serwymulia ramdenime damoukidebeli, TumcaerTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, uflebebi. magaliTad, me-8 muxls`piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis ufleba“ ewodeba, magram es muxliaseve exeba `sacxovreblis pativiscemis uflebas~ da `mimowerispativiscemis uflebas~;

• konvencia moicavs iseT uflebebsac, romlebic pirdapir ar arisCamoyalibebuli teqstSi, magramlogikurad gamomdinareobs maTiSinaarsidan da konvenciis miznebidan. (magaliTad, marTlmsaju-lebis xelmisawvdomoba).

6.2. teritoriuli iurisdiqcia (ratione loci)

meore piroba, romelsac sasamarTlo dasaSvebobis dros ixilavs,aris ratione loci-is kriteriumi. konvenciis 1-li muxli acxadebs: `maRalixelSemkvreli mxareebi TavianTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi yvelas uz-runvelyofen am konvenciis I nawilSi gansazRvruli uflebebiTa da Ta-visuflebebiT.“

6.3. drois faqtori (ratione temporis)

sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos mxolod is faqtebi, romlebic sa-xelmwifos mier konvenciis ratificirebis Semdeg moxda. sasamarTlosar SeuZlia, konvenciis normebs ukuqceviTi Zala mianiWos. rogorc wesi,saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas ukuqceviTi Zala ar eniWeba. `saerTaSori-so xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb~ venis 1969 wlis konvencia adgens: `Tu xel-Sekruleba raime sxva ganzraxvas arcxadyofs, an ganzraxva sxvagvarad araris dadgenili, maSin xelSekrulebis debulebebi savaldebulo ar arisxelSekrulebis monawileTaTvis nebismieri moqmedebis an faqtis mimarT,romelsac adgili hqonda xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRamde.~295

debuleba, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas ukuqceviTi Zala ara aqvs,sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principia (Tumca dispoziciuri xasiaTis). sa-yovelTaoobaze migviTiTebs is garemoebac, rom ar aris savaldebulo,

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295 `saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb~ venis 1969 wlis konvenciis 28-e muxli.

xelSekrulebaSi konkretulad iyos miTiTebuli debuleba ukuqceviTiZalis gavrcelebaze. evropuli konvencia pirdapir ar uTiTebs im gare-moebaze, rom konvenciis debulebebs ar aqvT ukuqceviTi Zala, magram ko-misiam Tavisi muSaobis pirvel periodSi araerTxel imsjela am sakiTxzeda calsaxad daasabuTa igi.296 ratione temporis-is gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-loba eniWeba saxelmwifos mier konvenciis ratificirebis pirvel wleb-Si. swored am periodSi sasamarTloSi Sedis iseTi gancxadebebi, romel-Tac sasamarTlo ar iRebs ratione temporis-is safuZvelze.

6.4. eqvsTviani vadis moTxovna

konvenciis 35-e muxlis 1-li punqti adgens dasaSvebobis kidev erTkriteriums — eqvsTvian vadas saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dRi-dan. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba eniWeba ara samarTaldarRvevis CadenisTariRs, aramed Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organoebis mier saboloo ga-dawyvetilebis gamotanis dRes. eqvsTviani vadis aTvla iwyeba Sidasa-xelmwifoebrivi organoebis mier saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebidan(magaliTad, ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom ukanonod Catarda Cxreka.mniSvneloba eniWeba ara Cxrekis Catarebis TariRs, aramed im TariRs,rodesac dazaralebuli amowuravs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi dacvis yve-la saSualebas).

zogjer erTmaneTs ar emTxveva erovnuli sasamarTlos mier gadaw-yvetilebis gamotanis TariRi da TariRi, rodesac am gadawyvetilebisSesaxeb ganmcxadeblisaTvis cnobili gaxda. sasamarTlo praqtikis mi-xedviT, mniSvneloba eniWeba im TariRs, rodesac ganmcxadebelma Seityogadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi eqvsi Tvis vadis aTvla swo-red am dRidan iwyeba. saqmeze — vormi avstriis winaaRmdeg (Worm v. Aus-tria) — sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mniSvneloba eniWeba ara erovnuli sa-samarTlos mier saboloo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis TariRs, aramed imTariRs, rodesac ganmcxadebels Cabarda gadawyvetilebis asli.297

6.5. yvela xelmisawvdom Sidasaxelmwifoebriv saSualebaTa amo-wurvis moTxovna

konvenciis 35-e muxli adgens: `sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos saqmegansaxilvelad mxolod mas Semdeg, rac saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayo-velTaod aRiarebuli wesebis Tanaxmad, yvela SidasaxelmwifoebrivisaSualeba amoiwureba.~

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296 ¿. “‡Î‡Î‡Â‚, ¬ÂÌÒÍ‡ˇ ÍÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËˇ Ó Ô‡‚Â ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì˚ı ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓÓ‚ ñ ÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ,M., 1997, ÒÚ. 71.

297 ≈‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÈ –Û‰ ÔÓ Ô‡‚‡Ï ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ‡ ñ »Á·‡ÌÌ˚Â Â¯ÂÌËˇ, “. 1, M., ÒÚ. 705.

strasburgis organoebis precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, Sida-saxelmwifoebrivi saSualebebi zogadad niSnavs sasamarTlo organo-ebs. praqtikaSi yoveli konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo gan-sazRvravs, amowurulia Tu ara ganmcxadeblis mier Sidasaxelmwifoeb-rivi dacvis yvela saSualeba. konkretuli saqmis garemoebebidan gamom-dinare, SeiZleba saWiro ar gaxdes, miemarTos yvela sasamarTlo in-stancias.

samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebaTa sistema ar aris erTgvarovanikonvenciis xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebSi, Tumca umravles SemTxvevaSies aris sasamarTlo samsafexuriani sistema: pirveli, saapelacio daumaRlesi instanciebi.

saqmeze — van ostereiki belgiis winaaRmdeg (Van Oostereijck v. Belgium)(1980 weli) — sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganmcxadebelma ar amowura sa-marTlebrivi dacvis yvela saSualeba, vinaidan saapelacio sasamar-Tlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg ar mimarTa sakasacio sa-samarTlos.

samarTlebrivi dacvis yvela saSualebis amowurvis saerTo moTxov-nidan arsebobs gamonaklisebi. magaliTad, ganmcxadebels ar moeTxove-ba samarTlebrivi dacvis yvela saSualebis amowurva, Tu man daamtkica,rom erovnuli sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva azrs moklebulia, gamomdina-re saxelmwifoSi arsebuli praqtikidan, an Tu saqmis ganxilva gaumar-Tlebeli vadiT Wianurdeba.

pirs moeTxoveba im samarTlebrivi saSualebebis amowurva, romleb-zec erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT mas ufleba, da ara privilegia, aqvs. pi-ri valdebuli ar aris, mimarTos calkeul specialur organosa Tu sam-saxurs (mag., ombudsmenis samsaxuri an sakanonmdeblo organos adamia-nis uflebaTa komiteti da sxv.), romelTa kompetenciaSi adamianis uf-lebaTa dacva Sedis.

mtkicebis tvirTi, Tu ra Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualebani arse-bobs erovnul sistemaSi, romelTa amowurvac ganmcxadebels evaleba,saxelmwifos awevs. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifom SeiZleba daayenos sakiTxi,rom pirs ar amouwuravs dacvis yvela Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualeba.

6.6. dasaSvebobis sxva kriteriumebi

evropuli konvenciis 35-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 punqtebiT gansaz-Rvrulia individualuri ganacxadis dasaSvebobis kidev ramdenime kri-teriumi. isini iTvaliswineben, rom sasamarTlo ar miiRebs individua-lur gancxadebs, Tu: a) igi aris anonimuri; b) arsebiTad igive sakiTxia,romelic ukve ganxilul iqna sasamarTlos mier, an gadaeca saerTaSo-riso gamoZiebisa Tu mogvarebis sxva proceduras da ar Seicavs raimeaxal informacias.

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sasamarTlo dauSveblad gamoacxadebs individualur ganacxads,Tuki miiCnevs, rom igi SeuTavsebelia konvenciisa da misi oqmebis debu-lebebTan (magaliTad, ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs erovnuli sasamarTlosmier gamotanili ganaCenis gadasinjvas), aSkarad dausabuTebelia, an sa-samarTlosaTvis mimarTvis uflebis borotad gamoyenebaa. SeuTavseb-lobis kriteriumi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gamoirkveva,rom romelime saqmis obieqti ar Sedis evropuli sasamarTlos kompe-tenciaSi. aSkarad dausabuTeblobis kriteriumi sasamarTlo praqtika-Si araerTxel gamoyenebula. es kriteriumi aTavisuflebs sasamarTlosim ganacxadebis ganxilvis valdebulebisagan, romlebic ar miuTiTebenkonvenciisa da misi oqmebis darRvevaze.

sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebis borotad gamoyeneba niSnavs,rom ganmcxadebelma aSkarad cilismwamebluri gancxadebebi gaakeTamopasuxe saxelmwifos mimarT, an Tavs aridebs sasamarTlosTan Tanam-Sromlobas da ar pasuxobs gancxadebasTan dakavSirebul sasamarTlosmoTxovnebs.

7. samarTalwarmoebis procedura

yovel ganacxadze iniSneba mosamarTle-momxsenebeli. komiteti da-saSvebobis sakiTxs konsensusiT iRebs. aseTi ganxilva, rogorc wesi, we-rilobiTi formiT xdeba, Tumca komitets SeuZlia daniSnos mosmenac.

ganacxadis dasaSvebad gamocxadebis Semdeg palatas SeuZlia daiw-yos morigebis procedura. morigebis Taobaze warmoebuli molaparake-bebi konfidenciuria.

7.1. morigeba

sasamarTlos mizani ar aris sasamarTlo procesis Catareba. ganacxa-dis dasaSvebobis gamocxadebis Semdeg sasamarTlo cdilobs, `morige-bis~ gziT gadawyvitos arsebuli problema. morigeba exeba rogorc sa-xelmwifoTaSoris, ise individualur ganacxadebs. 38-e muxlis 1-li (b)punqtis Sesabamisad, `adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemis safuZvelze sa-samarTlo SesTavazebs mxareebs Tavis momsaxurebas saqmis morigebismiRwevis mizniT~. am muxliT sasamarTlos ori amocana aqvs dasaxuli:

1) saSuamavlo funqciis Sesruleba mxareebs Soris. sasamarTlo ac-nobebs mopasuxe saxelmwifos gancxadebis arsis, xolo ganmcxadebelsmTavrobis mier warmodgenili pasuxisa da komentarebis Sesaxeb. saWi-roebis SemTxvevaSi tardeba konsultaciebi; 2) nebismieri morigeba un-

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da gamomdinareobdes adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemis principidan. sa-samarTlounda darwmundes, rom morigebis Sedegad gatarebuli Ronis-Ziebebi adekvaturia.

morigebis procesis Sedegad gatarebuli RonisZiebebi ori saxisaa:materialuri (fuladi kompensacia) da aramaterialuri (saxelmwifosmxridan konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatareba arsebuli viTarebis gamo-sasworeblad). umravles SemTxvevaSi davis gadawyveta gulisxmobs gar-kveuli fuladi kompensaciis gacemas ganmcxadebelze.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia restitucio in integrum-is dadgena anstatus quo ante-s aRdgena. aseT SemTxevaSi materialuri kompensaciaproblemis gadaWris erTaderT saSualebad rCeba.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac kon-venciis darRvevis Sedegebi scildeba erTi pirovnebis interesebs da sa-xelmwifosagan moiTxovs saerTo xasiaTis RonisZiebaTa gatarebas. Sem-Txvevebi, rodesac morigebis Sedegad saxelmwifom Secvala Sidasaxel-mwifoebrivi administraciuli da sakanonmdelo debulebebi, sasamar-Tlos pratikaSi sakmarisad aris. magaliTad, didma britaneTma ramden-jerme Seitana cvlilebebi moqmed penitenciarul wesebSi; avstriamcvlilebebi Seitana advokatTa sabWos Sesaxeb im wesebsa da kanonmdeb-lobaSi, romlebic socialurad daucvel pirTa samarTlebriv daxmare-bas exeboda298 da SeimuSava saministros debulebebi avadmyof da daWrilpatimarTa hospitalizaciis Sesaxeb. garda sakanonmdebloRonisZiebebisgatarebisa, saxelmwifos SeiZleba moeTxovos konkretuli moqmedeba: ga-uSvas piri TavdebiT, uzrunvelyos, rom arasamarTlianad wayenebulmabraldebam gavlena ar moaxdinos ganmcxadeblis karieraze, gasces viza,an gadaixados deportirebuli pirisaTvis mgzavrobis xarjebi da sxva.

morigebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gamoricxavs saqmes Tavisi siidansaTanado gadawyvetilebis miRebis gziT, romelSic faqtebis mokle aR-wera iqneba mocemuli.

7.2. mesame mxare

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi saqmis ganxilvisas palatisTavmjdomare iRebsgadawyvetilebas mesame mxaris CarTvis Taobaze. mesame mxaris monawileo-ba SesaZlebelia palatis an didi palatis mier gansaxilvel saqmeSi.

konvenciis monawile saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs waradginos werilo-biTi komentarebi da daSvebul iqnes mxared palatis an didi palatis mi-er gansaxilvel saqmeSi, Tu ganmcxadebeli misi moqalaqea, an amas moiT-xovs saxelmwifos an marTlmsajulebis interesebi.

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298 gusenbaueri avstriis winaaRmdeg (Gusenbauer v. Austria). komisiis 1972 wlis 19 dekem-bris moxseneba.

7.3. saqmis warmoeba

sasamarTlo ganxilva SejibrebiTobis principzea dafuZnebuli dasajaroa.299 saqmis warmoeba ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba: saqmis aRZvra,momxsenebeli mosamarTlis daniSvna, damatebiTi informaciis mopoveba,arsebiTi mosmena, gadawyvetilebis gamotana.

palata ixilavs saxelmwifoTaSoris davebsa da individualur ga-nacxadebs, romlebic mas komitetma gadasca. individualuri ganacxa-debis avtorebs SeuZliaT, sasamarTloSi Seitanon ganacxadi damouki-deblad, an mimarTon advokatis daxmarebas. evropis sabWos mier SemuSa-vebulia ufaso daxmarebis sistema im pirTaTvis, romlebsac ara aqvTsakmarisi saxsrebi, isargeblon advokatis daxmarebiT.300

saqmis dasaSvebobis gamocxadebis Semdeg palatas SeuZlia SesTava-zos monawile mxareebs, mxareTa Txovnis an sakuTari iniciativis sa-fuZvelze, warmoadginon damatebiTi mtkicebulebani an werilobiTiaxsna-ganmartebani, ganmcxadeblis samarTliani kompensaciis moTxov-nis CaTvliT. palatas SeuZlia sTxovos nebismier damoukidebel pirsaTu organizacias, gamoxatos azri, an moamzados moxseneba konkretulsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. mxareebi SeiZleba mowveul iyvnen sajaro mos-menaze.

saxelmwifos sasamarTloSi warmoadgens specialurad uflebamosi-li piri-agenti, romelsac SeiZleba exmarebodnen Tavisi mrCevlebi anadvokatebi.

Tavisi iniciativiTa Tu mxareTa Txovnis safuZvelze palatas SeuZ-lia, ramdenime saqme erT warmoebaSi gaaerTianos.

Tu palata CaTvlis, rom gansaxilveli saqme wamoWris iseT mniSvne-lovan sakiTxs, romelic konvenciasa da misi oqmebis axsna-ganmartebasexeba, an, rodesac palatis mier sakiTxis gadawyvetas SeiZleba mohyvesSedegi, romelic SeuTavsebelia manamde miRebul gadawyvetilebasTan,palatas ufleba aqvs, nebismier dros, gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde,gadasces Tavisi iurisdiqcia did palatas, Tuki saqmis arcerTi mxarear iqneba amis winaaRmdegi. palatis mier saboloo gadawyetilebis gamo-tanis Semdeg nebismier mxares gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia sami TvisvadaSi moiTxovos saqmis did palatisaTvis gadacema. mxarem arsebiTadunda miuTiTos, Tu ris safuZvelze moiTxovs saqmis did palataSi gan-xilvas. didi palatis xuTi mosamarTlisagan Semdgari kolegia miiRebsTxovnas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme exeba konvenciisa da misi oqmebis gamo-yenebasa da axsna-ganmartebas an sxva zogadi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs.

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299 Tumca gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi palatam da didma palatam SeiZleba miiRos gadawyve-tileba sxdomis daxurulad Catarebis Taobaze.

300 advokatis anazRaureba SesaZlebelia saqmis dasaSvebobis Taobaze gadawyvetilebismiRebis Semdeg.

kolegiis gadawyvetilebis Semdeg saqmes ixilavs didi palata. misi ga-dawyvetileba sabolooa.

sasamarTlos samuSao enebia inglisuri da franguli, Tumca gancxa-deba SeiZleba wardgenili iyos sasamarTloSi wevr saxelmwifoTa erT-erT oficialur enaze. saqmis dasaSvebobis Semdeg saqmis warmoeba mim-dinareobs sasamarTlos oficialur enaze, Tu seqciis an didi palatisTavmjdomare ar miiRebs sxva gadawyvetilebas.

7.4. saqmis siidan amoReba

sasamarTlos SeuZlia, samarTalwarmoebis nebismier etapze amoiRosganacxadi Tavis saqmeTa siidan, Tu CaTvlis, rom:

a) ganmcxadebeli ar apirebs bolomde mihyves Tavis ganacxads;b) saqme gadawyda;g) sasamarTlos mier dadgenili nebismieri sxva mizeziT aRar aris

gamarTlebuli ganacxadis ganxilvis gagrZeleba.zemoCamoTvlil garemoebaTa arsebobis miuxedavad, sasamarTlos

SeuZlia ganagrZos ganxilva, Tuki CaTvlis, rom amas moiTxovs konven-ciiTa da misi oqmebiT gansazRvruli adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema.sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos gadawyvetileba siidan garicxuli ganac-xadis aRdgenis Taobaze, Tu miiCnevs, rom saqmis garemoebani amarTle-ben amgvar qmedebas (38-e muxli).

7.5. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sabo-looa.301 maTi gadasinjva ar xdeba, Tu axali garemoebebi ar aRmoCndeba(procedurulad aseT SemTxvevaSi saqmis ara ganaxleba, aramed Tavidanganxilva iwyeba).

gadawyvetileba Sedgeba ramdenime nawilisagan:1. `procedura~ moicavs informacias, rodis iyo miRebuli saqme, gan-

mcxadeblis vinaobas, palatis Semadgenlobas, mxareebis warmomadge-nelTa vinaobas da sxva);

2. `faqtebi~ moicavs saqmis detalur garemoebaTa aRweras, (maT So-ris: sasamarTlo instanciebis gadawyvetilebebis, Sidasaxelmwifoeb-rivi samarTlis normebis an proceduruli normebisas, romlebic amsaqmesTan mimarTebiT iqna gamoyenebuli da sxva);

3. `samarTali~ an `samotivacio nawili~. am nawilSi detalurad arisgamokvleuli yvela samarTlebrivi sakiTxi, romlebic arsebiTia sabo-loo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi yoveli sa-

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301 palatis gadawyvetileba SesaZlebelia gasaCivrdes mxolodzemoxsenebulSemTxvevaSi.

kiTxis irgvliv fiqsirdeba ganmcxadeblisa da mopasuxis argumentebida sasamarTlos detaluri, ganvrcobili, motivirebuli pozicia. aseTiagebuleba asaxavs sasamarTlo procesis SejibrebiTobis princips;

4. `dadgenilebiT~ nawilSi sasamarTlos yvela daskvnaa gaerTianebu-li. aqve miTiTebulia, ramdeni xmiT iyo miRebuli es daskvnebi. dadgeni-lebiT nawilSi aseve miTiTebulia 41-e (Zveli redaqciiT 50-e) muxlis —`samarTliani kompensacia~ — safuZvelze sasamarTlos mier miRebuligadawyvetileba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia gadadossamarTliani kompensaciis irgvliv gadawyvetilebis miReba SemdgomiperiodisaTvis. es xdeba maSin, Tuki sasamarTlo CaTvlis, rom sakiTxisaTanadod ar aris momzadebuli mxareebis mier, an arsebobs mxareebsSoris am sakiTxis mogvarebis SesaZlebloba.

Tu sasamarTlom gadado samarTliani kompensaciis ganxilva Semdgo-mi periodisaTvis da gadawyvetileba mogvianebiT miiRo, aseTi `momdev-no gadawyvetileba~ damoukidebuli iqneba. drois TvalsazriT, aranai-ri vada, Tu rodis unda iqnes ganxiluli samarTliani kompensaciis sa-kiTxi, dadgenili ar aris. amitom praqtikaSi `momdevno gadawyvetileba~SesaZlebelia, sakmaoddacilebuli iyos `ZiriTad gadawyvetilebas~. ma-galiTad, cnobil saqmeze — sandi Taimsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaR-mdeg (Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom) — ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba mi-Rebul iqna 1978 wels da gadawyvetileba kompensaciis Taobaze — mxo-lod 1980 wels. 1978 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom aRniSna: `sasa-marTlo erTxmad adgens, rom 50-e muxlis gamoyenebis sakiTxi ar aris sa-Tanadod momzadebuli imisaTvis, raTa miRebul iqnes gadawyvetileba~.1980 wels sasamarTlom 13 xmiT 3-is winaaRmdeg daadgina, aenazRaurebi-na gazeT `sandi Taimsis~ xarjebi 22.626 funti sterlingis odenobiT.)

saqmis — papamixalopulosi da sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Papa-michalopoulos v. Greece), (1993 wlis 24 ivnisi) — sasamarTlo gadawyveti-lebaSi aRiniSna: saxelmwifo acxadebs, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme mo-sarCelis sasargeblod gadawyda, saberZneTis samarTali iZleva imis sa-Sualebas, rom ganmcxadebelma miiRos sakuTrebis dabrunebasTan da-kavSirebuli kompensacia. amitom sasamarTlom am sakiTxis ganxilva Se-aCera da aRniSna: Tu mxareebi ver SeTanxmdebian qonebis Sefasebis Tao-baze 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ganaax-lebs am sakiTxis ganxilvas.

saqmeze — iagtzilari da sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Yagtzilar andOthers v. Greece) — gadawyvetileba gamotanil iqna 2001 wels, xolo sa-marTliani kompensaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba sasamarTlommomdevno periodisaTvis gadado.

kompensaciisaTvis dawesebuli Tanxa rodi aris yovelTvis erTnairi.rogorc wesi, sasamarTlo ar awesebs Zalian did Tanxas. magaliTad, saq-meSi — posoxovi ruseTis winaaRmdeg (Posokhov v. Russia) — ganmcxadebeli

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saxelmwifosagan moiTxovda 10000 evros. sasamarTlom daadastura uf-lebaTa darRvevis faqti, magram 41-e muxlis safuZvelze ganmcxadeblismimarT saxelmwifos 500 evros gadaxda daakisra.302 kompensaciis raode-nobis dadgenaze gavlenas axdens, Tu ra saxis zarali an ziani ganicadadazaralebulma. saqmeze — tsironisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Tsironis v.Greece) — miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT, dazaralebulis sasargeblod sa-xelmwifos moraluri zianisaTvis 6000000 draxmisa da 2.000.000 draxmisgadaxda daekisra samarTliani kompensaciis saxiT.303

sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar daeTanxmos ganmcxadeblis mier wamoyene-bul moTxovnas samarTliani kompensaciis Taobaze, an moTxovnili TanxamiiCnios aragonivrulad.magaliTad, saqmeze — beldjudi safrangeTiswinaaRmdeg (Beldjoudi v. France), (1992 weli) — moraluri zianis asanazRa-ureblad mosarCele moiTxovda 100000 frangul franks, Tumca sasamar-Tlom daadgina, rom `ganmcxadeblis moraluri zianis asanazRaurebladTviT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miReba ganmcxadeblis sasargeblodaris samarTliani da sakmarisi forma moraluri anazRaurebisa~.

gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia, saxelmwifos da-akisros sakmaod mozrdili Tanxis gadaxda. cnobili saqmis — ojalaniTurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Öcalan v. Turkey) — mixedviT, uflebaTa daRvevisfaqtis dadgenasTan erTad, sasamarTlom saxelmwifos ganmcxadeblissasargeblod kompensaciis saxiT 100000 evros gacema daakisra.304

gadawyvetilebis axsna-ganmarteba. gadawyvetilebis miRebidan er-Ti wlis ganmavlobaSi mxarem SeiZleba mimarTos sasamarTlos TxovniT,misces axsna-ganmarteba gadawyvetilebis calkeul debulebebs (dadge-nilebiTi nawilis CaTvliT). mimarTva igzavneba samdivnoSi. masSi asaxu-li unda iyos konkretulad, romeli debulebis (an debulebaTa) axsnasiTxovs mxare. sasamarTlos SeuZlia, ar miiRos mimarTva im motiviT, romar arsebobs am sakiTxis ganxilvis sakmarisi safuZveli. Tu mimarTva pa-latis mier miRebulia gansaxilvelad, registratori atyobinebs meoremxares, raTa mas mieces saSualeba, warmoadginos werilobiTi SeniSvnebipalatis Tavmjdomaris mier dadgenil vadebSi. sasamarTlos mier mice-muli erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili axsna-ganmarteba dakavSirebulia saq-meze — ringeizeni avstriis winaaRmdeg (Ringeisen v. Austria) — gamotanilgadawyvetilebasTan, romelic sasamarTlom 1973 wels miiRo.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebani gamoitaneba inglisur da frangulenebze. gadawyvetilebis gamoqveyneba xdeba orive oficialur enaze bi-uletenebSi da internetis meSveobiT.

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302 2003 wlis 4 marti.303 2001 wlis 6 dekemberi.304 2003 wlis 12 marti.

mosamarTlis gansakuTrebuli azri. gadawyvetileba kolegiuradmiRebuli dokumentia, romelic asaxavs sasamarTlos Semadgenlobisumravlesobis pozicias. yovel mosamarTles, romelic monawileobdasaqmis ganxilvaSi, aqvs ufleba, werilobiT gamoxatos Tavisi pozicia,Tu misi mosazrebebi ewinaaRmdegeba palatis mier miRebul gadawyveti-lebas. gansakuTrebuli azri qveyndeba gadawyvetilebasTan erTad(Tumca ar aris gadawyvetilebis struqturuli nawili). gansakuTrebu-li azri mosamarTlem SeiZleba gamoTqvas: a) rodesac ar eTanxmeba ga-motanil gadawyvetilebas an mis nawils; b) rodesac eTanxmeba gadawyve-tilebis dadgenilebas, magram saWirodTvlis, daamatos an koreqtivebiSeitanos samotivacio nawilSi.

mosamarTlis gansakuTrebuli azri gavlenas ar axdens gadawyveti-lebis samarTlebriv Sedegebze, Tumca am institutis arsebobam gavle-na moaxdina konvenciis axsna-ganmartebis procesze da sasamarTlopraqtikis formirebaze.

8. sakonsultacio daskvnebi

1963 wels miRebul iqna konvenciis me-2 damatebiTi oqmi, romelicawesebs sakonsultacio daskvnebis gacemis sistemas. dResdReobiT esoqmi inkorporirebulia konvenciis 47-e-49-e muxlebSi. am muxlebiTdadgenil debulebaTa Tanaxmad:

• sakonsultacio daskvnebis obieqtia samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi,romlebic konvenciasa da mis oqmebTan aris dakavSirebuli;

• sakonsultacio daskvnebis obieqti ar SeiZleba iyos konvenciiTada misi oqmebiT dadgenil uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa Sinaarsida miznebi an nebismieri sxva sakiTxi, romelic sasamarTlo gan-xilvis sagania. sxva sityvebiT, is, rac SeiZleba ganxilul iqnessasamarTlo wesiT, ar SeiZleba sakonsultacio daskvnebis meSve-obiT mogvardes.

• sakonsultacio daskvnebi gaicema mxolod ministrTa komitetismoTxovnis safuZvelze. saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia mosTxovos sasa-marTlos sakonsultacio daskvnis gacema.

• sasamarTloTviTon wyvets, Sedis Tu ara ministrTa komitetis mi-er wardgenili moTxovna sakonsultacio daskvnis Sesaxeb mis kom-petenciaSi.

sasamarTlos es kompetencia dRemde gamouyenebelia.

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VII. evropis sabWos farglebSi moqmediadamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadi dokumentebida meqanizmebi

evropis sabWo evropis regionis erT-erTi mZlavri saerTaSo-riso organizaciaa, romlis ZiriTadi mizania WeSmariti demokra-tiis safuZvelze wevr saxelmwifoebSi samarTlis uzenaesobisdamkvidreba. Tavis saqmianobaSi evropis sabWo xelmZRvanelobspluralisturi demokratiis, adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da sa-marTlis uzenaesobis principebiT.

evropis sabWos egidiT SemuSavebulia da moqmedebs mravalidokumenti Tu meqanizmi, romelTa gavlena evropaSi adamianis uf-lebaTa dacvaze metad mniSvnelovania.

1. evropuli socialuri qartia

1.1. Sesavali

arc ise didi xania, rac saxelmwifoTa kanonmdeblobasa Tu saerTaSo-risodokumentebSi socialur-ekonomikuriuflebebis asaxvadaiwyo. XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi Tu konstituciebi, romlebic ada-mianis uflebaTa standartebs asaxavdnen, ZiriTadad politikur da samo-qalaqo uflebebze amaxvilebda yuradRebas. ekonomikuri da socialuriuflebebi ganixilebodarogorcmaTiganviTarebisdamatebiTi saSualeba.mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo uflebaTa am blokis asaxva erov-nul kanonmdeblobaSi.305 amave periods miekuTvneba pirveli saerTaSori-so dokumentebic, romlebic am sferos aregulireben (ZiriTadad es arisSromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis egidiT miRebuli konvenciebi).

1945 wlis gaeros wesdebisa da 1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayo-velTao deklaraciis miRebiT, adamianis uflebaTa dadgenis xarisxob-

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305 magaliTad, 1919 wlis germaniis vaimaris konstitucia; 1931 wlis espaneTis respubli-kis konstitucia; 1937 wlis irlandiis konstitucia; 1936 wlis ssrk-is konstitucia.

rivad axali etapi iwyeba. deklaraciam asaxa rogorc samoqalaqo da po-litikuri, ise socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi,306 magram saxel-mwifoebi socialur-ekonomikur uflebebs didi enTuziazmiT rodiaRiarebdnen, rasac ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali doniT xsnidnen.

bolo aTwleulebSi am uflebaTa mimarT axali midgoma SeimCneva ro-gorc universalur, ise regionul doneze. amis dasturia 1986 welslimburgis universitetSi (holandia) Catarebul Sexvedraze miRebuliprincipebi:

a) yvela ufleba da Tavisufleba, socialur-ekonomikuris CaT-vliT, ganuyofeli da urTierTdamokidebulia. isini saerTaSori-so samarTlis ganuyreli nawilebia;

b) ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb paqtiwevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis iuridiulad savaldebuloa.307

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis aseTi yuradReba socialur-ekono-mikuri uflebebis mimarT ganpirobebulia imiT, rom `Tavisufalipirovnebis idealis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, Tu Se-iqmna iseTi pirobebi, roca TiToeuli SeZlebs isargeblos Tavisiekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebiT iseve, ro-gorc Tavisi politikuri da samoqalaqo uflebebiT.~308

1.2. evropuli socialuri qartiis zogadi mimoxilva

rogorc cnobilia, 1950 wlis adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciaexeba ZiriTadad samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs. amitom evropissabWos wevri saxelmwifoebis iniciativiT SemuSavdadokumenti, romelicsocialur-ekonomikur uflebaTa blokis dacvas uzrunvelyofda. aseTdokumentad evropis regionSi evropuli socialuri qartia mogvevlina.

evropuli socialuri qartia aris saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi do-kumenti, romelic socialur-ekonomikur uflebebs adgens da wevri sa-xelmwifoebis mier am uflebaTa Sesrulebis sazedamxedvelo meqanizmsawesebs. qartia miRebul iqna 1961 wlis 18 oqtombers, xolo ZalaSi Sevi-da 1965 wels. 1988 wels xeli moewera da 1992 wlis 4 seqtembers ZalaSiSevida damatebiTi oqmi, romelmac gaafarTova qartiaSi Camoyalibe-bul uflebaTa nusxa.

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom qartiamdidi gavlena moaxdina wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri

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306 universalur doneze saxelSekrulebo dokumenti ekonomikuri, socialuri da kul-turuli uflebebis Sesaxeb miRebul iqna 1966 wels.

307 The Limburger Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic So-cial and Cultural Rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 1987, Vol. 9. N 2. 122-135.

308 ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb ix. 1966 wlis saerTaSo-riso paqtis preambula.

da socialuri uflebebis dacvis garantirebaze, Tumca, amasTan erTad,dokuments hqonda rigi xarvezebisa, romlebic xels uSlidnen qartiispotenciuri SesaZleblobebis realizacias.309 es xarvezebi wevri sa-xelmwifoebis valdebulebaTa kontrolis sistemaze aisaxeboda. gasaT-valiswinebeli iyo aseve is, rom am droisaTvis evropam mniSvnelovanisocialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri cvlilebebi ganicada: ekonomi-kuri TvalsazrisiT, ganviTarebul qveynebSi Seicvala socialur-eko-nomikur uflebaTa standartebi, centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropissaxelmwifoebSi demokratiuli reformebi daiwyo. am garemoebaTa gaT-valiswinebiT, qartia iqca im mniSvnelovan orientirad, romelic amqveynebSi socialuri politikis formirebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenasaxdenda. amiT iyo ganpirobebuli qartiis Sinaarsis daxvewisa da kon-trolis meqanizmis sistemis srulyofis aucilebloba.

amitom 1991 wels SemuSavda damatebiTi oqmi, romliTac cvlilebebiSedioda qartiaSi, xolo 1996 wels xelmosawerad gaixsna evropuli so-cialuri qartiis gadasinjuli varianti.310 faqtobrivad, dReisaTvisqartia ZalaSi Sesuliteqstis ori variantiT aris warmodgenili: ZveliredaqciiT qartias eqneba Zala manamde, sanam misi yvela monawile ar mo-axdens gadasinjuli qartiis ratificirebas: dokumentis axali redaq-ciiT Canacvleba TandaTanobiT moxdeba. qartiis III nawilis Tanaxmad,`Sesabamisi mxaris mier gadasinjuli qartiis valdebulebaTa aReba ...iwvevs evropuli qartiis ... gamoyenebis Sewyvetas ...~.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qartia ar aris iseTive efeqtiani dokumen-ti, rogoricaa 1950 wlis konvencia. es garkveuli obieqturi mizezebiTaris gamowveuli:

• qartias ar gaaCnia iseTi mZlavri kontrolis meqanizmi, rogori-caa konvenciis mier dawesebuli sasamarTlo;

• ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli individualuri ganacxadebis meqanizmi;• qartiis monawile saxelmwifoTa raodenoba ar emTxveva evropis

sabWos wevr saxelmwifoTa raodenobas;• qartiis mier SemuSavebuli kontrolis meqanizmi sakmaod rTul

sistemaze aris agebuli, xolo gadawyvetilebebi sarekomendacioxasiaTisaa.

yvela es garemoeba dakavSirebulia arasakmaris politikur nebas-Tan. aseTi pozicia, socialur-ekonomikur uflebebTan dakavSirebiT,saxelmwifoebs araerTxel gamoumJRavnebiaT.

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309 –. √Ó¯ÍÓ‚‡, –Ú‡Ì‰‡Ú˚ –Ó‚ÂÚ‡ ≈‚ÓÔ˚ ÔÓ Ô‡‚‡Ï ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ‡ Ë —ÓÒÒËÈÒÍÓÂÁ‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚Ó, Ã., 2001, ÒÚ. 22.

310 ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wels. dResdReobiT xeli mowerili aqvs 15 saxelmwifos. saqar-Tvelom xeli moawera 2000 wels, magram dRemde ratificireba ar mouxdenia.

qartiis axali redaqcia Sedgeba eqvsi nawilisigan.I nawilSi gansazRvrulia miznebi, romelTa miRwevisaken iswrafvian

mxareebi, mocemulia im uflebaTa CamonaTvali, romlebic II nawilSimuxlobrivad aris mowesrigebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom dokumentis esTavi qartiis ganuyofeli nawilia, igi politikuri gancxadebis, da arauSualod iuridiul valdebulebaTa, xasiaTs atarebs;

II nawili pirdapir miuTiTebs CamoTvlil debulebaTa iuridiuladsavaldebulo xasiaTze (Sedgeba 31 muxlisagan, nacvlad 19-isa, ZveliredaqciiT). muxlebi dayofilia qvepunqtebad (sul 83), romlebSic gan-martebulia uflebaTa dacvis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi;

III nawili asaxavs valdebulebaTa miRebis wesebs da qartiis Zvel re-daqciasTan urTierTdamokidebulebas;

IV nawili adgens kontrolis meqanizms;V nawili asaxavs koleqtiuri ganacxadebis ganxilvis uflebamosi-

lebas, debulebebs diskriminaciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, saomari mdgoma-reobis arsebobis dros qartiis debulebaTa SezRudvis pirobebs;

VI nawili gansazRvravs procedurul sakiTxebs (ZalaSi Sesvla, te-ritoriuli gamoyeneba, denonsacia da sxva).

qartias Tan erTvis danarTi, romelic zogierTi terminis ganmarte-bas iZleva.

qartia icavs iseT uflebebs, rogoricaa: Sromisa da masTan dakavSi-rebuli pirobebi; gaerTianebis; profesiuli orientraciisa da momza-debis; janmrTelobis; socialuri, samedicino daxmarebis; dasaqmebis;gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis; Tanabar pirobebSi Tanabari mopyrobis(diskriminaciis akrZalva); informaciisa da konsultaciebis miRebis;ganaTlebis; siRatakisa da socialuri mowyvladobisagan dacvis dasxva. qartia gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs pirTa iseT jgufebs,rogoricaa: bavSvebi, axalgazrdebi, qalebi, moxucebi, Sromisuunaropirebi, migrantebi.

gansxvavebiT 1966 wlis ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uf-lebebis saerTaSoriso paqtisagan, romlis implementaciac saxelmwi-fos, Sesabamisi resursebidan gamomdinare, TandaTanobiT SeuZlia, qar-tiis Sesabamisad nakisri valdebulebebi saxelmwifom dauyovneblivunda Seasrulos.311

saxelmwifo, romelic socialur qartias, uerTdeba, valdebuliaaRiaros saerTo raodenobidan 2/3, Tanac `ZiriTad birTvs~ mikuTvne-buli 9 uflebidan 6 mainc. ZiriTadi birTvis uflebebi asaxulia SemdegmuxlebSi: 1-li muxli — Tavisufali Sromis ufleba; me-5 muxli — gaer-Tianebis ufleba; me-6 muxli — koleqtiuri molaparakebis warmoebis

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311 albaT, erT-erTi mizezi — saqarTvelom dRemde ratom ver SeZlo qartiis ratifici-reba, isaa, rom saxelmwifos ar ZaluZs Seasrulos qartiiT gancxadebuli uflebebisgarantireba.

ufleba; me-7 muxli — bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis ufleba specialurdacvaze; me-12 muxli — socialuri uzrunvelyofis ufleba; me-13 muxli— socialuri da samedicino daxmarebis ufleba; me-16 muxli — ojaxissocialuri, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri dacvis ufleba; me-19 muxli— migrant muSaTa uflebebi; me-20 muxli — diskriminaciis akrZalva.muxlebi, romlebic `ZiriTad birTvSia~ asaxuli, icavs ara yvelazemniSvnelovan uflebebs, aramed qartiaSi asaxul sxvadasxva uflebasSoris balansis dacvis mizans emsaxureba.

danarCeni uflebebidan saxelmwifom unda airCios 16 (31-dan) an 63(83-dan).

1.3. kontrolis meqanizmi

qartiis safuZvelze uflebebis garantirebis meqanizmad dawesda ev-ropuli komiteti (adre cnobili iyo rogorc damoukidebel eqsper-tTa komiteti). komiteti Sedgeba 13 damoukidebeli eqspertisagan, ro-melTac 6 wlis vadiT irCeven, xelaxali gadarCevis uflebiT. komite-tis funqciebia rogorc saxelmwifoTa moxsenebebis, ise koleqtiuriganacxadebis ganxilva.

saxelmwifoTamoxsenebebzedafuZnebulimonitoringis procedura

komitetis es funqcia dafuZnebulia qartiis 24-e muxlze (cvli-lebebi Sevida 1991 wlis turinis oqmiT). yoveli wevri saxelmwifo wa-radgens moxsenebas, Tu rogor mimdinareobs qartiis implementaciaerovnul samarTalSi da rogoria saxelmwifoSi arsebuli praqtika.moxsenebebis sistema gansxvavdeba gaeros sistemaSi arsebuli moxse-nebebis procedurisagan. or weliwadSi erTxel saxelmwifo amzadebsmoxsenebas im ZiriTad birTvs mikuTvnebuli uflebebis Taobaze,romlebic man aRiara savaldebulod. yvela danarCen aRiarebul uf-lebasTan dakavSirebiT moxseneba mzaddeba dadgenili periodulo-biT. komiteti ixilavs moxsenebas da afasebs, ramdenad Seesabameba sa-xelmwifoSi arsebuli viTareba qartiis moTxovnebs. amis Sedegad ko-miteti ayalibebs `daskvnebs~ (conclusions), romlebic qveyndeba yo-velwliurad.

komitetis gadawyvetilebaTa Sesrulebas zedamxedvelobs minis-trTa komiteti. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifo ar gaatarebs garkveulRonisZiebebs komitetis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa Sesasruleb-lad, ministrTa komiteti mimarTavs saxelmwifos rekomendaciiT, Sec-valos viTareba.

ministrTa komitetis rekomendacia mzaddeba samTavrobo komite-tis mier, romelic Sedgeba qartiis wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobaTa

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warmomadgenlebisagan, xolo damkvirveblis statusiT sargeblobs ev-ropis Sromis organizacia da profkavSiri.

koleqtiuri ganacxadebis procedura

koleqtiuri ganacxadebis procedura 1995 wlis oqmiT Camoyalibda(romelic 1998 wels Sevida ZalaSi).312 komiteti uflebamosilia ganixi-los mxolod koleqtiuri gancxadebebi, romelTa obieqti saxelmwifosmxridan socialuri qartiisdebulebaTadarRvevaa. koleqtiuri ganacxa-debiT mimarTvis uflebamosileba mxolod garkveulorganizaciebs aqvT.

organizaciebi, romelTac SeuZliaT mimarTon komitets ganacxade-biT:

I. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi: evropis profkavSirTa konfedera-cia (ETIC, European Trade Union Confederation), evropis industriuli dadasaqmebis konfederaciaTa kavSiri (UNICE, Union of Industrial and Emplo-yers Confederations of Europe), muSa-mosamsaxureTa saerTaSoriso orga-nizacia (IOE International Organization of Employers);

II. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romelTac evropis sabWoSi sakon-sultacio statusi aqvT da romlebic Setanilni arian `siaSi~ samTav-robo komitetis mier;

III. saxelmwifoSi moqmedi SromiTi organizaciebi da profkavSirebi;IV. erovnuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, Tu saxelmwifo aRia-

rebs maT aseT uflebamosilebas.ganacxadi unda moicavdes Semdeg informacias: organizaciis dasaxe-

lebas da sakontaqto informacias; dasabuTebas imisas, rom organizaciauflebamosilia Seitanos ganacxadi komitetSi; miTiTebas saxelmwifoze,romlis winaaRmdeg Sedis gancxadeba; miTiTebas qartiis debulebebisas,racgancxadebisobieqts warmoadgens; informaciasdavis saganis Sesaxeb.

komiteti ixilavs ganacxadis dasaSvebobis sakiTxs. Tu ganacxadi da-saSvebad gamocxadda, misi ganxilvis procedura or etapad iyofa: weri-lobiTi procedura da sajaro mosmena. werilobiTi procedura moicavsmxareebs Soris memorandumebis wardgenas. am memoradumebis ganxilvisSemdgom komiteti wyvets, daniSnos Tu ara sajaro mosmena. komitetiiRebs gadawyvetilebas saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis safuZvelze, romel-sac dainteresebul mxareebs ugzavnis, xolo ministrTa komitets moxse-nebis saxiT awvdis informacias. es ukanaskneli 4 Tvis ganmavlobaSi aq-veynebs am gadawyvetilebebs. ministrTa komiteti SeimuSavebs rezolu-cias, romelSic miTiTebulia is SesaZlebeli saSualebebi da gzebi, rom-liTac mocemuli viTareba SesabamisobaSi unda movides qartiasTan.

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312 gansxvavebiT adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciisagan, soci-aluri qartia ar iTvaliswinebs individualur ganacxadTa ganxilvis proceduras.

1.4. qartia da erovnuli samarTali

qartiis damatebaSi aRniSnulia, rom qartia moicavs saerTaSorisoxasiaTis iuridiul valdebulebebs, romelTa Sesrulebis kontroligamoixateba qartiis IV nawilSi asaxuli wesiT (igulisxmeba angariSval-debulebaTa sistema).

es formulireba ar avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, uSualod aRiaronqartiis debulebaTa pirdapiri moqmedebis iuridiuli Zala da aqcentsmxolod makontrolebeli meqanizmis meSveobiT miRebul `daskvnaTa~realizaciis Sedegebze amaxvilebs.

sakiTxi — gamoiyenebs Tu ara erovnuli sasamarTlo evropul socia-lur qartias, damokidebulia saxelmwifos nebis gamomJRavnebaze. praq-tikaSi arcTu ise bevri magaliTi arsebobs, rodesac erovnulma sasa-marTlom socialuri qartiis debulebebi gamoiyena. erT-erTi aseTisaqme, dakavSirebuli gaficvis uflebasTan, holandiis sasamarTlosmier aris ganxiluli, rodesac man moiSvelia socialuri qartiis Sesa-bamisi norma.313

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu parlamentma am doku-mentis ratificireba moaxdina, sasamarTloebs qartiis pirdapiri ga-moyenebis SesaZlebloba eqnebaT. amis safuZvels saqarTvelos konsti-tuciasTan erTad `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesa-xeb~ da `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanonebi iZleva.

2. evropuli konvencia wamebisa da araadamianuri andamamcirebeli mopyrobis, an sasjelis aRkveTisSesaxeb

wamebis faqtebis arseboba aris erT-erTi is ZiriTadi problema,romlis gadaWrac saerTaSoriso samarTlis sazrunavia rogorc regio-nul, ise universalur doneze.

Tavis mxriv, evropis sabWo sul ufro met yuradRebas uTmobs aseTidarRvevebis Tavidan acilebas. pirovnebis fizikuri da moraluri xel-Seuxebloba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis safuZvelia. 1950 wlis konven-ciis me-3 muxli krZalavs wamebas. imisaTvis, rom gaZlierdes zemoqme-deba saxelmwifoze, romelmac saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa Sesrule-basTan erTad unda moaxdinos arsebuli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi siste-

127

313 ƒ. √ÓÏ¸ÂÌ, ƒ. ’‡ËÒ, À. «‚‡‡Í, ≈‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ˇ ÍÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËˇ Ó Ô‡‚‡ı ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ‡ Ë≈‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ˇ ÒÓˆË‡Î¸Ì‡ˇ ı‡ÚËˇ: Ô‡‚Ó Ë Ô‡ÍÚËÍ‡, Ã., 1998, ÒÚ. 567.

mis ganmtkiceba, 1987 wels SemuSavda da 1989 wels ZalaSi Sevida evro-puli konvencia wamebisa da araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobi-sa an sasjelis aRkveTis Sesaxeb.314

am miznis gansaxorcieleblad konvenciiT daarsda organo — wamebissawinaaRmdego komiteti (SemdgomSi komiteti).

komiteti Sedgeba imdenive wevrisagan, ramdenic konvenciis monawi-lea. wevrebs irCevs ministrTa komiteti 4 wlis vadiT, orjer gadarCe-vis uflebiT. komitetis samdivno ganlagebulia q. strasburgSi, evro-pis sabWos Stab-binaSi. komitetis mizania wamebisagan da araadamianurian Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisagan, an sasjelisagan pirTa dacvis gaZ-liereba. saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad komitets SemuSavebuli aqvsis kriteriumebi, romliTac muSaobis dros xelmZRvanelobs.

wameba da araadamianuri mopyroba ikrZaleba rogorc saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi dokumentebiT, ise erovnuli kanonmdelobiT. praqtikagviCvenebs, rom saWiroa gatardes ufro efeqtiani saerTaSoriso Ro-nisZiebebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirTa uf-lebebis dacvas. swored amitom konvencia yuradRebas amaxvilebs am sa-kiTxebze. komitetis funqciebSi ar Sedis Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso do-kumentebis debulebaTa darRvevis faqtebis dadgena. rekomendaciis Se-muSavebisas komiteti Sefasebas aZlevs mxolod im faqtebs, romlebicsaxelmwifoSi monaxulebisas daafiqsira.

komitets ara aqvs ufleba, gamoiZaxos da dakiTxos mowmeebi, rode-sac raime faqti misTvis gaugebaria, an moiTxovos gamoZiebis Catareba.aseT SemTxvevaSi komitets SeuZlia mimarTos saxelmwifosTxovniT, ra-Ta am ukanasknelma Caataros Sesabamisi qmedebebi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivdoneze da miawodos komitets informacia ganxorcielebuli RonisZie-bebis Taobaze. termini `Tavisuflebis aRkveTa~ am konvenciis miznebi-saTvis gagebul unda iqnes 1950 wlis evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlisgansazRvrebisa da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlisfarglebSi. Tumca am muxlis Sinaarsisgan gansxvavebiT, komitetis kom-petenciasTan mimarTebiT, `kanonier~ da `ukanono~ dakavebas Soris gan-sxvaveba arsebiTi ar aris. me-3 muxli, sasamarTlo precedentebi am mux-lTan mimarTebiT komitetis saqmianobis wyaroa, magram komitetis saq-mianoba mimarTulia prevenciaze da ara samarTlgamoyenebaze.315

miznis misaRwevad komiteti iyenebs `saxelmwifoTa monaxulebis sis-temas.~ komitetis eqspertebi adgilze mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad ewve-vian saxelmwifos da xvdebian ara marto xelisuflebis warmomadgen-lebs, aramed moinaxuleben sapyrobileeebs, cixeebs, arasrulwlovanTadawesebulebebs, policiis ganyofilebebs, fsiqiatriul klinikebs, ra-

128

314 dResdReobiT konvencia ratificirebulia evropis sabWos 44 saxelmwifos mier. sa-qarTvelom am dokumentis ratificireba 2000 wlis maisSi moaxdina.

315 The CPT standards. CPT/Inf /E(2003)1/ English.

Ta uSualod Seiswavlon, Tu ra pirobebi arsebobs Tavisuflebis aRkve-Tis dawesebulebebSi.

konvenciis Tanaxmad, delegatebs dawesebulebebSi SeuzRudavi SeR-wevisa da gadaadgilebis ufleba aqvT.

komiteti muSaobisas xelmZRvanelobs ori principiT — saxelmwifos-Tan TanamSromloba da informaciis konfidenciuroba.

erovnul xelisuflebasTan TanamSromloba konvenciis moTxovnaa,vinaidan komitetis muSaobis mizania ara saxelmwifos dadanaSaulebaarsebul darRvevebSi, aramed TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirTaTvis viTa-rebis gaumjobeseba. am mizeziT komitetis sxdomebi daxurul kars miR-ma mimdinareobs, xolo saxelmwifos Sesaxeb moxseneba konfidenciuria.

komiteti yovelwliurad aqveynebs angariSsTavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb.saerTo moxsenebebSi wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti aRwers sakiT-

xebs im kriteriumebis safuZvelze, romlebiTac igi xelmZRvanelobsTavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi vizitebis dros.316 ase magaliTad,komiteti gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aniWebs policiis mier dakavebulpirTa sam uflebas: aRniSnul pirTa uflebas, Seatyobinos Tavisi daka-vebis faqtis Sesaxeb mesame mxares, romelsac TviTon irCevs (ojaxiswevrs, megobars, sakonsulos), uflebas advokatze da uflebas — moiT-xovos samedicino Semowmeba im eqimis mier, romelsac airCevs (aseTi Se-mowmeba SeiZleba damatebiT dainiSnos im samedicino SemowmebasTan er-Tad, romelic policiis moyvanili eqimis mier iyo Catarebuli). wamebissawinaaRmdego komitetiis azriT, es aris dakavebuli pirebis sastikimopyrobisagan dasacavad sami ZiriTadi minimaluri saSualeba, romle-bic gamoiyeneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis sawyis etapze, imisda miuxeda-vad, Tu rogor aisaxeba es etapi ama Tu im samarTlebriv sistemaSi (da-kaveba, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, sxv.). wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti yu-radRebiT Seiswavlis dawesebulebis SigniT Seqmnil mdgomareobas: pa-timrebsa da personals Soris arsebul urTierTobas, saknebis normiTgaTvaliswinebulze metad Sevsebis problemas, inspeqtirebisa da saCiv-rebis ganxilvis efeqtian wess. wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti udidesmniSvnelobas aniWebs samarTaldamcavi organoebis muSakTa momzadebas(romelic unda moicavdes ganaTlebas adamianis uflebaTa sakiTxebze).TavisuflebaaRkveTili pirebisaTvis janmrTelobis dacvis samsaxurikomitetis uSualo kompetenciis sagania, vinaidan samedicino momsaxu-rebis arasaTanado donem SeiZleba migviyvanos viTarebamde, romeliceqceva `araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxveli~ mopyrobis farglebSi.

mosazrebebi, romliTac wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti xelmZRvane-lobda Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebSi samedicino momsaxurebissakiTxebis Seswavlis dros, SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad: eqimis

129

316 CPT/INF/E (99) 1 (Rev.1) Georgian.

xelmisawvdomoba, Tanabari samedicino momsaxureba, pacientisTanxmobadakonfidenciuroba, janmrTelobis dacvis profilaqtika, humanitarulidaxmareba, profesiuli damoukidebloba, profesiuli kompetenturoba.317

komitetis mosanaxulebel dawesebulebaTa ricxvSi Sedis is fsiqi-atriuli saavadmyofoebic, romlebSic nebayoflobiT moTavsebulavadmyofebTan erTad imyofebian is pirebic, romelTa fsiqiatriulimkurnalobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba gamoitana samoqalaqo sasamar-Tlom, an romelTa moTavseba fsiqiatriul dawesebulebaSi sisxlis sa-marTlis saqmeze sasamarTlo warmoebis dros gadawyda. im dawesebule-bebis monaxulebis dros, romlebSic arasrulwlovnebi imyofebian, ko-mitetis mTavari prioriteti aris imis dadgena, Tu ra garantiebi arse-bobs saxelmwifoSi arasrulwlovanTa wamebis winaaRmdeg.

moxsenebis safuZvelze komiteti SeimuSavebs rekomendaciebs kon-kretul saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT. gadawyvetilebebi miiReba dam-swreTa xmebis umravlesobiT.

saxelmwifos mxridan konvenciis ratificireba niSnavs, rom igiiRebs valdebulebas, komitets neba darTos ewvios Tavisi iurisdiqci-is farglebSi arsebul nebismier adgils. mxare valdebulia, komitetsmiawodos informacia, Tu ra saxis Tavisuflebis aRmkveTi dawesebule-bebi arsebobs saxelmwifoSi da sadaa isini ganlagebuli (cixe, polici-is ganyofileba, fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofo ...).

gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos SeuZlia, komitets SeuzRudoskonkretul adgilebSi daSveba. aseTi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebia:

• erovnuli Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofa;• sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;• Tavisuflebis aRmkveT dawesebulebebSi seriozuli areuloba;• SemTxveva, rodesac, pirovnebis samedicino mdgomareobidan ga-

momdinare, misi monaxuleba sazianoa janmrTelobisaTvis.aRsaniSnavia, rom komitetis mier saqmis ganxilva xels ar uSlis

pirs, SemdgomSi mimarTos adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos.

3. umciresobaTa dacva evropis sabWos farglebSi

3.1. Sesavali

adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali did yuradRebas uT-mobs umciresobaTa sakiTxebs. umciresobaTa sxvadasxva jgufi arse-

130

317 CPT/INF/E (99) 1 (Rev.1) Georgian, Chapter IV, p. 32.

bobs — enobrivi, religiuri, eTnikuri, erovnuli da a.S. miuxedavad imi-sa, rom saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba umciresobaTa problematikaszedmiwevniT ixilavs, dRemde universalur an regionul doneze arse-buli arc erTi moqmedi mravalmxrivi xelSekruleba ar iZleva `erovnu-li umciresobis~ cnebis ganmartebas.

umciresobebis problemebTan mimarTebiT zogadi postulati isaa,rom saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos umciresobaTa, maT Soris erovnulumciresobaTa, uflebebis dacva. erovnul umciresobebs aqvT uflebebi,isargeblon TavianTi kulturiT, religiiT, mSobliuri eniT, ganaviTa-ron TviTmyofadoba. am uflebaTa ganxorcieleba umciresobaTa erov-nul-kulturuli avtonomiis srulyofis saSualebas iZleva. saerTaSo-riso samarTlis urRvev principad aris aRiarebuli is, rom erovnuliumciresobebis pretenzia ar SeiZleba exebodes saxelmwifos teritori-ul mTlianobasa da suverenitets, Tu es pirTa jgufi demokratiul sa-xelmwifoSi cxovrobs da misi interesebi adekvaturad aris daculi.318

evropis sabWos farglebSi SemuSavda ori mniSvnelovani dokumenti,romelnic yuradRebas amaxvileben umciresobaTa problematikaze:

a) erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb CarCo konvencia;b) evropuli qartia regionaluri enebisa da umciresobaTa enebis Se-

saxeb.

3.2. CarCo konvencia erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb

CarCo konvencia erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb pirveli mra-valmxrivi iuridiulad savaldebulo saerTaSoriso dokumentia.319

konvenciaSi Camoyalibebulia principebi, romlebiTac monawile sa-xelmwifoebma unda ixelmZRvanelon umciresobaTa uflebebis dasaca-vad da romelTa implementacia unda moaxdinon erovnul kanonmdeblo-baSi. iseve rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi, CarCo xelSekru-lebac ar iZleva `erovnuli umciresobebis~ definicias.

konvencia icavs uflebaTa farTo speqtrs, rogoricaa: diskrimina-ciis akrZalva; efeqtiani TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofa; erovnulum-ciresobaTa kulturisa da TviTmyofadobis, kerZod, enis, religiis,tradiciebis kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCunebisa da ganviTare-bis uflebaTa xelSewyoba; sakuTari enis Seswavlis ufleba; ganaTlebismiRebisa da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa dafuZnebis ufleba; Sek-rebis, gaerTianebis, sityvisa da azris Tavisuflebis, rwmenis, sindisi-sa da religiis uflebaTa pativiscema; masobrivi informaciis saSuale-baTa xelmisawvdomoba; kulturuli pluralizmis xelSewyoba; asimila-

131

318 l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 2000 weli, gv. 204.319 ZalaSi Sevida 1998 wels.

ciisagan dacva; saxelmwifos politikur, ekonomikur da socialursferoebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba.

konveniis 26-e muxlisa da ministrTa komitetis rezoluciis sa-fuZvelze amuSavebulia kontrolis meqanizmi, romlis mizania erov-nul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis mdgomareobis monitoringi. mo-nitoringi xorcieldeba ministrTa komitetisa da sakonsultacio ko-mitetis mier. sakonsultacio komiteti Sedgeba 18 damoukidebeli damiukerZoebeli eqspertisagan. wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni ari-an, waradginon moxseneba, Tu ra sakanonmdeblo da sxva RonisZiebebigatarda qveyanaSi konvenciis implementaciisaTvis. pirveladi moxse-neba mzaddeba konvenciis ratificirebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi,xolo momdevnoebi — yovel 5 weliwadSi erTxel. ministrTa komitetisakonsultacio komitetis meSveobiT ixilavs moxsenebas, aZlevs masSefasebas da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iZleva rekomendaciebs.

3.3. evropuli qartia regionaluri enebisa daumciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb

1950 wlis adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa evropuli konven-ciis me-14 muxli exeba diskriminaciis akrZalvas, maT Soris iseTis, ro-goricaa diskriminacia erovnul umciresobaTa safuZvelze, magram esmuxli adgens calkeuli individis uflebebs da ar exeba erovnul umci-resobaTa, rogorc erTobliobis, dacvas.

qartiis gagebiT: 1. regionuli da umciresobaTa enebis cneba, gamoiye-neba im enebis mimarT, romlebic: a) tradiciulad gamoiyeneba mocemulisaxelmwifos teritoriaze danarCen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mcire-ricxovani misive moqalaqeebis jgufis mier; b) oficialuri enisagan gan-sxvavebuli enebia (es debuleba ar vrceldeba ZiriTadi enis dialeqtzean migrantTa enebze); 2. saxelmwifos teritoria gulisxmobs geografi-ul sivrces, romelzec mocemuli regionuli an umciresobis ena ixmare-ba komunikaciis saSualebad pirTa iseTi raodenobis mier, romelic Se-saZlebels xdis qartiiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebas.aseTad qartia miiCnevs ganaTlebis, sajarocxovrebis, administraciulixelisuflebis, masmediis, kulturis, ekonomikuri da socialuri saqmia-nobis sferoebSi Catarebul Sesabamis RonisZiebebs, romelTa meSveobiTSesaZlebeli iqneba regionuli Tu umciresobaTa enebis dacva.

wevri saxelmwifo valdebulia, Tavis Tavze aiRos qartiiT deklari-rebuli sul mcire 35 debulebis, `ZiriTadi birTvis~ CaTvliT,320 uz-runvelyofa.

132

320 `ZiriTad birTvs~ mikuTvnebuluflebaTa nusxa mocemulia qartiis pirveli nawilisme-2 muxlSi.

monitoringi xorcieldeba moxsenebebis meSveobiT eqspertTa komi-tetis mier. komiteti Sedgeba imdenive wevrisagan, ramdenic qartiismonawile saxelmwifoa. es organo ar aris sasamarTlo an kvazisasamar-Tlo dawesebuleba. komiteti afasebs saxelmwifoTa moxsenebebs da ug-zavnis maT ministrTa komitets. eqspertTa komitetis moxseneba saja-roa da qveyndeba.

133

VIII. evropuli konvenciis calkeulimuxlebis komentarebi

1. evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxli —wamebis akrZalva

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis mixedviT:

`aravin SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros wamebas an araadamianur an damamci-rebel mopyrobas an sasjels.~

evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba erT-erTiyvelaze mniSvnelovani uflebaa.321 amas adasturebs is garemoeba, rom ik-rZaleba misi SezRudva nebismierdrosda nebismieri mizeziT. saxelmwifosekrZaleba wamebis, araadamianuri andamamcirebeli mopyrobis, an sasjelisgamoyeneba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu gamocxadebulia saomari an sagangebomdgomareoba.322 iseTi mZime danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolamac ki, rogori-caa terorizmi, ar SeiZleba gaamarTlos konvenciis me-3 muxlis SezRudva.

konvenciis me-3 muxli moicavs akrZaluli mopyrobis an sasjelis samkategorias: a) wameba; b) araadamianuri mopyroba/sasjeli; da g) damamci-rebeli mopyroba/sasjeli. es kategoriebi gansxvavdeba mopyrobis an sas-jelis sisastikis xarisxiT. yvela SemTxvevaSi moqmedebam unda miaRwiossisastikis minimalur dones, raTa konvenciis me-3 muxli darRveulad Ca-iTvalos. miaRwia Tu ara mopyrobam an sasjelma sisastikis minimalurdo-nes, damokidebulia saqmis sxvadasxva garemoebaze, rogoricaa: mopyrobisxangrZlivoba, misi fizikuri da fsiqikuri Sedegebi, zogierT SemTxveva-Si ki, msxverplis sqesi, wlovaneba da janmrTelobis mdgomareoba.323

konvenciiT saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba, uzrunvelyon,rom TavianTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi aravin daeqvemdebaros me-3 mux-liT gaTvaliswinebul mopyrobas.

134

321 irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Ireland v. the United Kingdom), 1978 wlis18 ianvari, Series A no. 25, 162-e punqti.

322 ix. konvenciis me-15 muxlis me-2 punqti.323 irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Ireland v. the United Kingdom), 1978 wlis

18 ianvari, Series A no. 25, 162-e punqti; aseve ix. tekini TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Tekin v.Turkey), 1998 wlis 9 ivnisi, ECHR 1998-IV, 52-e punqti; keenani gaerTianebuli samefoswinaaRmdeg (Keenan v. the United Kingdom), 2001 wlis 3 aprili, me-20 punqti; valasina-si litvis winaaRmdeg (Valašinas v. Lithuania), 2001 wlis 24 ivlisi, 120-e punqti.

saqmeze — irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Ireland v. theUnited Kingdom) — adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom gansaz-Rvra konvenciis me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli moqmedebani:

• wameba: ganzrax araadamianuri mopyroba, romelic iwvevs mniSvne-lovan da sastik tanjvas;

• araadamianuri mopyroba an sasjeli: Zlieri fizikuri da sulieritanjvis miyeneba;

• damamcirebeli mopyroba an sasjeli: iseTi cudi mopyroba, rome-lic msxverplSi iwvevs SiSis grZnobas, daTrgunvas da arasrul-fasovnebas, rac miznad isaxavs piris Seuracxyofas, damcirebas anmisi fizikuri Tu moraluri winaaRmdegobis daZlevas.324

gansxvaveba wamebasa da araadamianur da damamcirebel mopyro-bas/sasjels Soris `ZiriTadad gamomdinareobs miyenebuli tanjvis xa-risxidan.~325 Tu wameba da araadamianuri mopyroba gulisxmobs zedmetifizikuri da sulieri tanjvis miyenebas, damamcirebeli mopyroba arismoqmedeba, romelic miznad isaxavs piris Seuracxyofasa da damcirebas.adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisiis azriT, `damamcirebeli~ mop-yroba konvenciis me-3 muxlis mniSvnelobiT ar niSnavs arasasiamovno anarakomfortul mopyrobas.326

evropulma komisiam da sasamarTlom naTeli mohfina imas, rom konven-ciis me-3 muxli krZalavs ara mxolodfizikuri, aramed sulieri tanjvismiyenebasac.327 evropulma sasamarTlom ar gamoricxa, rom garkveuli aq-tebi, romlebic warsulSi `araadamianurdadamamcirebel mopyrobad~daara `wamebad~ miiCneoda, momavalSi SeiZleba sxvagvarad CaiTvalos.328

mopyrobam an sasjelma unda miaRwios sisastikis minimalur dones,raTa CaiTvalos konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad. saqme — Taireri ga-erTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Tyrer v. the United Kingdom) — exebodaganmcxadeblis gawkepvlas, rogorc sasjelis formas, romelic gaTva-liswinebuli iyo kanoniT da gamoiyeneboda arasrulwlovanTa mi-marT.329 marTalia, evropuli sasamarTlos azriT, aseTi sasjeli (gaw-

135

324 1978 wlis 18 ianvari, Series A no. 25, 162-e punqti; aseve ix. dania, safrangeTi, norve-gia, SvedeTi da niderlandebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (saberZneTis saqme) (Greek ca-se), komisiis moxseneba, 1969 wlis 5 noemberi, me-2 punqti.

325 irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Ireland v. the United Kingdom), Series A no.25, 167-e punqti.

326 lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (Lopez Ostra v. Spain), 1994 wlis 9 dekemberi, Seri-es A no. 303-C.

327 sxva saqmeebTan erTad, ix. irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Ireland v. theUnited Kingdom), Series A, no. 25; aseve ix. saqme — aRmosavleTafrikeli azielebi gaer-Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (East African Asians v. the United Kingdom), D&R 78-A(1994). wamebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb gaeros konvenciis 1-li muxli pirdapiruTiTebs, rom wameba SeiZleba iyos gonebrivi.

328 selmuni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Selmouni v. France), 1999 wlis 28 ivlisi, ECHR 1999-V.329 1978 wlis 25 aprili, Series A, no 26.

kepvla) ar aRwevs wamebis an araadamianuri mopyrobisaTvis aucilebelisisastikis dones, man CaTvala, rom aseTi moqmedeba aRwevs damamcirebe-li mopyrobisaTvis aucilebel sisastikes.

saqmeze — aqsoi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Aksoy v. Turkey) — adamianis ufle-baTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganixila piris ganacxadi, romelic daeqvem-debara sxvadasxva saxis sastik mopyrobas, maT Soris igi gaaSiSvles dazurgs ukan Sekruli xelebiT Camokides.330 sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, ase-Ti mopyroba ganzrax ganxorcielda am pirisagan informaciis miRebis miz-niT da daaskvna, rom sastiki tanjva, romlis Sedegad pirs dambla daeca,unda CaiTvalos wamebad.331 saqmeze — aidini TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Aydin v.Turkey) — evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganmcxadebeli daeqvemde-bara wamebas, vinaidan mis mimarT ganxorcielda sastiki gonebrivi da fizi-kuri moqmedeba, maT Soris gaupatiureba.332 gaupatiurebasTan dakavSire-biT sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom `dapatimrebuli piris gaupatiureba sa-xelmwifos warmomadgenlis mier unda iqnes miCneuli cudi mopyrobis gan-sakuTrebiT uxeS da sazizRar formad, vinaidan samarTaldamrRvevs SeuZ-lia, iolad isargeblos msxverplis umweo da susti mdgomareobiT. amasgarda, gaupatiureba Rrma fsiqologiur daRs asvams msxverpls, romelicise Cqara ar qreba, rogorc fizikuri da gonebrivi Zaladobis sxva forme-bi.~

saqme — akoCi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Akkoç v. Turkey) — exeboda pirismimarT eleqtroSokis gamoyenebas, Tavis areSi araerT dartymas da da-muqrebas, rom gauswordebodnen mis Svilebs. aseTma moqmedebam gamoiw-via posttravmuli stresuli aSliloba da aucilebeli gaxada misi sa-medicino mkurnaloba. piris mimarT gamoyenebuli sisastikis gamo ev-ropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom igi daeqvemdebara wamebas.333

adamianisuflebaTaevropulikonvencia saxelmwifosakisrebs aramxo-lod negatiur valdebulebas, ar ganaxorcielos piris wameba, araadamia-nuri an damamcirebeli mopyroba an sasjeli, aramed pozitiur valdebu-lebasac, uzrunvelyos efeqtiani RonisZiebebis gatareba piris uflebe-bis dasacavad. evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulma samarTalma naTe-li mohfina imas, rom, konvenciis me-3 muxlidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifosekisreba pozitiuri valdebuleba, me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli mop-yrobis SemTxvevaSi ganaxorcielos efeqtiani gamoZieba.334 Tu piri warmo-adgensdasabuTebulsaCivars,rommas sastikadmoepyropolicia an saxel-mwifos sxva warmomadgenlebi, konvenciis me-3 muxli, konvenciis 1-el mux-

136

330 1996 wlis 18 dekemberi, 23 E.H.R.R. 533.331 1996 wlis 18 dekemberi, 23 E.H.R.R. 533, 64-e punqti.332 1997 wlis 22 seqtemberi, 25 E.H.R.R. 251.333 2000 wlis 10 oqtomberi, 115-e punqti.334 asenovi da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg (Assenov and Others v. Bulgaria), 1998 wlis 28

oqtomberi, 1998-VIII; labita italiis winaaRmdeg (Labita v. Italy), 2000 wlis 6 aprili,ECHR 2000-IV.

lTan erTad, akisrebs saxelmwifos am saCivris efeqtiani gamoZiebis val-debulebas. aseTigamoZiebis Sedegadunda moxdes im pirTavinaobisdadge-na da dasja, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian aseT moqmedebaze.335

saxelmwifo pasuxismgebelia Tavisi warmomadgenlebis moqmedebaze.saqmeze — kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Cyprus v. Turkey) — evropulmakomisiam miiCnia, rom mopasuxe saxelmwifos ekisreba pasuxismgeblobaTavisijariskacebis mier Cadenilgaupatiurebaze, vinaidan saxelmwifomar gadadga saTanado nabijebi gaupatiurebis Tavidan asacilebladda argaatara disciplinuri RonisZiebebi am SemTxvevis Semdeg.336 saxelmwifover aicilebs pasuxismgeblobas im garemoebaze dayrdnobiT, rom misTvisar iyo cnobili Tavisi warmomadgenlebis ukanono moqmedebis Sesaxeb.337

sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjeli da Tavisuflebis kanonieri aRkveTaar miiCneva evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad.

1. dapatimrebuli pirebis mimarT cudi mopyroba

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komisiam da evropulma sasamarTlomaraerTxel daadgina konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRveva, vinaidan ganmcxa-deblebma sxeulebrivi dazianebebis Sesaxeb waradgines cnobebi, romle-biTac amtkicebdnen, rom isini miadgaT samarTaldamcav organoebSiyofnis dros, ris sawinaaRmdegodac saxelmwifom ver waradgina damaje-rebeli kontrargumentebi aseT dazianebaTa mizezebis Sesaxeb.338

saqmeze — ribiCi avstriis winaaRmdeg (Ribitsch v. Austria) — evropulmasasamarTlom daadgina, rom gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamotana poli-ciis im oficris winaaRmdeg, romelsac brali edeboda sxeulebrivi sas-jelebis gamo aRZrul sisxlis samarTlis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, araTavisuflebs saxelmwifos konvenciis me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebulivaldebulebisagan. am saqmeze evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom:`... TavisuflebaaRkveTili piris mimarT fizikuri Zalis gamoyeneba,romelic ar ganapiroba am piris moqmedebis mkacrma aucileblobam,

137

335 asenovi da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg (Assenov and others v. Bulgaria), 1998 wlis 28oqtomberi, 102-e punqti; kaia TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Kaya v. Turkey), 1998 wlis 19 Te-bervali, 86-e punqti.

336 ganacxadebi: N6780/74 da 6950/75, 4 EHRR, 1976.337 irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Ireland v. the United Kingdom), Series A no.

25, 159-e punqti.338 tomasi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Tomasi v. France), 1992 weli; ribiCi avstriis winaaR-

mdeg (Ribitsch v. Austria), 1995 wlis 4 dekemberi, Series A, no. 336; aqsoi TurqeTis wina-aRmdeg (Aksoy v. Turkey), 1996 wlis 18 dekemberi, Reports 1996-VI 26, 61-e punqti.

339 aseve ix. selmuni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Selmouni v. France), komisiis moxseneba, 1997wlis 11 dekemberi.

konvenciis me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis darRvevaa.~339

wamebis gamoyenebis damuqreba SeiZleba CaiTvalos wamebad, Tu igisakmarisad realuria da iwvevs sulier tanjvas (kempbeli da kozansi ga-erTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Campbell and Cosans v. the United Kin-gdom).340

saqme — ranineni fineTis winaaRmdeg (Raninen v. Finland) — exeboda pi-risaTvis xelborkilebis dadebas cixidan saavadmyofoSi gadayvanisdros, ramac, ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, daarRvia konvenciis me-3 mux-li.341 evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom xelborkilebis dadebamiznad ar isaxavda piris damcirebas an mis Seuracxyofas da misTvis armiuyenebia fizikuri tanjva.

saxelmwifos ekisreba pasuxismgebloba, uzrunvelyos Tavisufleba-aRkveTili piri saTanado samedicino momsaxurebiT, fsiqiatriulidaxmarebis CaTvliT. TavisuflebaaRkveTili pirebisaTvis samedicinomomsaxurebis ararseboba SeiZleba gaxdes konvenciis me-3 muxlis dar-Rvevis mizezi.342 TavisuflebaaRkveTili pirebi xSirad amtkiceben kon-venciis me-3 muxlis darRvevas arasaTanado samedicino momsaxurebisararsebobis gamo. erT-erT saqmeSi, romelic sabolood morigebiTdas-rulda, evropulma komisiam miiCnia, rom dairRva konvenciis me-3 mux-li, vinaidan saxelmwifom ver uzrunvelyo samedicino Semowmeba 8 dRisganmavlobaSi ganmcxadeblisaTvis, romelsac dakavebis dros Caemtvranekni.343

evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxli saxelmwifos ara mxolod avalde-bulebs, Tavi Seikavos msjavrdebulTa mimarTfizikuri sasjelis gamo-yenebisagan, aramed akisrebs valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos sapatimroe-bis saTanado pirobebi.

sapatimroebis cudi pirobebi, romlebic ar akmayofileben `evro-pul penitenciarul wesebs~ (1987 weli), yovelTvis ar niSnavs evropulikonvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevas. amis magaliTia saqme delazarusi ga-erTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Delazarus v. the United Kingdom).344 miu-xedavad imisa, rom am saqmeSi ganmcxadebelma moiSvelia wamebis winaaR-mdeg brZolis Sesaxeb evropuli komisiis moxseneba, romelmac sapatim-roTa pirobebi wamebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenci-is darRvevad miiCnia, aseTi pirobebi mainc ar CaTvala konvenciis me-3

138

340 1982 wlis 25 Tebervali, Series A, no. 48.341 1997 wlis 16 dekembris gadawyvetileba, ECHR 1997-VIII.342 kotela niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Kotälla v. Netherlands), N7994/77, 14 DR 238 (1988);

hercegfalvi avstriis winaaRmdeg (Herzegfalvy v. Austria), Series A no. 244 (1992).)343 hurtado Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Hurtado v. Switzerland), komisiis moxseneba, 1993 wlis

8 ivlisi, A.280-A.344 ganaxcadiN17525/90 (1993).345 aseve ix. `b~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (B v. the United Kingdom), ganacxadi,

N6870/75, 32 DR 5 (1981). Com. rep., 29-30.

muxlis darRvevad.345 miuxedavad amisa, sapatimros pirobebi, maT Sorissanitariulic, SeiZleba imdenad cudi iyos, rom isini miCneul iqnnenkonvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad.346

saqmeSi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg evropulma komisiam daaskvna, rom sa-patimros pirobebi, rogorebicaa: saknebis gadatvirTuloba, gaTbobis,sanitariuli pirobebis, dasaZinebeli adgilebis, sakvebisa da sxvaTaararseboba, unda iqnes miCneuli damamcirebel mopyrobad.347 aRsaniSna-via, rom konvenciis monawile saxelmwifo sapatimroTa cud pirobebs vergaamarTlebs finansuri resursebis ararsebobiT an maTi naklebobiT.

2. eqstradicia da gaZeveba

marTalia, evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlSi araferia aRniSnuli eq-stradiciis an gaZevebis Sesaxeb, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasa-marTlom daadgina, rom saxelmwifos mier piris eqstradicia an gaZevebaim saxelmwifoSi, romelSic is SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros wamebas an araa-damianur, an damamcirebel mopyrobas an sasjels, iwvevs konvenciis me-3muxlis darRvevas. magaliTad, saqmis — soeringi gaerTianebuli samefoswinaaRmdeg (Soering v. the United Kingdom) — mixedviT, arsebobda imis al-baToba, rom germaniis moqalaqe, romlis gadacemas mkvlelobis bralde-biT moiTxovda aSS (aSS-Si ki amisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sikvdiliTdasja), am qveyanaSi xangrZlivad (daaxloebiT 6-8 weli) aRmoCndebodasikvdilmisjilTa sakanSi. am saqmeze evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina,rom sikvdilmisjilTa sakanSi piris xangrZlivad moTavseba konvenciisme-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis Selaxva iqneboda, razec gaer-Tianebul samefos daekisreboda pasuxismgebloba.348

analogiuri wesi Camoyalibda piris im saxelmwifoSi deportacias-Tan dakavSirebiT, romelSic igi SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros sastiki mop-

139

346 ix. saberZneTis saqme (Greek case), komisiis moxseneba, 1969 wlis 5 noemberi; kalaSni-kovi ruseTis winaaRmdeg (Kalashnikov v. Russia), 2002 wlis 15 ivlisi, ECHR 2002-VI;aseve ix. dugozi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Dougoz v. Greece), 2001 wlis 6 marti.

347 dania, safrangeTi, norvegia, SvedeTi da niderlandebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (sa-berZneTis saqme) (Greek case), komisiis moxseneba, 1969 wlis 5 noemberi.

348 k. korkelia, eqstradicia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentu-li samarTlis mixedviT, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, t. 5,N1, 2002 weli, gv. 176-180.

349 Cahali gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Chahal v. the United Kingdom), 1996 wlis 15noemberi, 23 E.H.R.R. 413; kruz varasi da sxvebi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Cruz Varas v.Sweden), 1991 wlis 20 marti, Series A no. 201; vilvaraja da sxvebi gaerTianebuli sa-mefos winaaRmdeg (Vilvarajah v. the United Kingdom), 1991 wlis 30 seqtemberi,Series A, no.215; ahmedi avstriis winaaRmdeg (Ahmed v. Austria), 1996 wlis 17 dekemberi, Reports1996-VI, vol. 26.

yrobis realur saSiSroebas.349

saqmeze — `d~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (D v. the United Kin-gdom) — evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-3 muxlis dar-Rveva ganmcxadeblis Tavis warmoSobis qveyanaSi deportaciis gamo,radgan igi SidsiT iyo daavadebuli da xanmokle sicocxle hqonda dar-Cenili, samSobloSi ki misTvis xelmisawvdomi ar iqneboda saTanado sa-medicino mkurnaloba da siRatakeSi gardaicvleboda.350

3. sxeulebrivi sasjelebi

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sxeu-lebrivi sasjelis gamoyeneba, rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivisa, damam-cirebeli moqmedebaa, rac arRvevs konvenciis me-3 muxls.

evropuli konvenciis 1-li muxli, me-3 muxlTan erTad, moiTxovs sa-xelmwifoebisagan, `gaataron RonisZiebebi, raTa TavianTi iurisdiqci-is farglebSi myofi pirebi ar daeqvemdebaron wamebas ... kerZo pirebisa-gan gamovlenili cudi mopyrobis CaTvliT. ... am RonisZiebebma unda uz-runvelyos efeqtiani dacva, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebisa da sxva daucve-li pirebisa.~351

saqme — Taireri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Tyrer v. the UnitedKingdom) — exeboda arasrulwlovnis gawkepvlas, rogorc sasjelis Ro-nisZiebas. evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom kanoniT daSvebuliZaladoba samarTaldamrRvevs ayenebs iseT mdgomareobaSi, romliTacziani adgeba mis adamianur Rirsebas da fizikur xelSeuxeblobas.352

Tumca saqmeSi — kostelo-robertsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Costello-Roberts v. the United Kingdom) — sxeulebrivi sasjeli saskolodisciplinis darRvevisaTvis ar iqna miCneuli damamcirebel mopyro-bad, vinaidan sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom disciplinuri sasjelis Se-fardebis garemoebebi da forma kostelo-robertsis saqmeSi gansxvav-deboda Taireris saqmisagan.353

140

350 1997 wlis 2 maisi.351 `z~ da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Z and others v. the United Kingdom),

2001 wlis 10 maisi, ECHR 2001-V, 73-e punqti.352 1978 wlis 25 aprili, Series A no. 26, 33-e punqti.353 1993 wlis 25 marti, Series A no. 247-C, 29-e-32-e punqtebi; aseve ix. `a~ gaerTianebuli

samefos winaaRmdeg (A v. the United Kingdom), 1998 wlis 23 seqtemberi.

4. diskriminacia

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komisiam rasis mixedviT pirTa dis-kriminacia miiCnia damamcirebel mopyrobad. saqme — aRmosavleTafri-keli azielebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (East African Asians v.the United Kingdom) — exeboda azielebis masobriv gaZevebas aRmosavleTiafrikidan.354 miuxedavad imisa, rom am pirTagan zogierTs hqonda gaer-Tianebuli samefos moqmedi pasporti, maT uari eTqvaT gaerTianebulsamefoSi cxovrebaze.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganixila gaerTianebu-li samefos saimigracio kanonmdebloba, romelic diskriminacias ax-denda rasisa da kanis feris mixedviT. am saqmeze evropulma komisiam ga-nacxada, rom `rasobrivi diskriminacia, romelsac ganmcxadeblebi da-eqvemdebarnen xsenebuli saimigracio kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebiT,adamianis Rirsebis Selaxvaa, rac ... `damamcirebel mopyrobad~ iTvlebakonvenciis me-3 muxlis gagebiT.~355

141

354 ix. saqme — aRmosavleTafrikeli azielebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (EastAfrican Asians v. the United Kingdom), 3 EHRR 76 (1981).

355 aseve ix. saqme — abdulazizi, kabalesi da balkandali gaerTianebuli samefos winaaR-mdeg (Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. the United Kingdom), Series A, no. 94.

2. evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxli —Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlis mixedviT:

`1. yvelas aqvs Tavisuflebisa da piradi usafrTxoebis ufleba. ara-vis SeiZleba aRekveTos Tavisufleba, garda Semdegi SemTxvevebisa dakanoniT gansazRvruli proceduris mixedviT:

a) kompetenturi sasamarTlos mier msjavrdebis Semdgom piris ka-nonieri dapatimreba;

b) piris kanonieri dakaveba an dapatimreba sasamarTlos kanonierigadawyvetilebis SeusruleblobisaTvis an kanoniT gaTvaliswi-nebuli nebismieri valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad;

g) piris kanonieri dakaveba an dapatimreba kompetenturi sasamar-Tlo organos winaSe wardgenis mizniT, Tu arsebobs samarTal-darRvevis Cadenis safuZvliani eWvi an, rodesac es safuZvlianadmiCneulia aucileblad, piris mier danaSaulis Cadenis an CadenisSemdgom misi gaqcevis Tavidan asacileblad;

d) arasrulwlovanis dakaveba kanonieri gadawyvetilebis safuZvel-ze saganmanaTleblo zedamxedvelobis mizniT an misi kanonieridakaveba uflebamosili kompetenturi sasamarTlo organos wina-Se misi wardgenis mizniT;

e) infeqciur daavadebaTa gavrcelebis Tavidan asacileblad pire-bis, agreTve suliT avadmyofebis, alkoholikebis, narkomanebisan mawanwalebis kanonieri dakaveba;

v) piris kanonieri dakaveba an dapatimreba qveyanaSi misi unebar-Tvod Sesvlis aRsakveTad an im pirisa, romlis winaaRmdegac xor-cieldeba RonisZiebebi misi deportaciis an eqstradiciis mizniT.

2. yvela dakavebuls misTvis gasageb enaze dauyovnebliv ecnobeba mi-si dakavebis mizezebi da mis winaaRmdeg wayenebuli yvela braldeba.

3. am muxlis 1-li punqtis `g~ qvepunqtis debulebebis Tanaxmad, daka-vebuli an dapatimrebuli yvela piri dauyovnebliv waredgineba mosa-marTles an sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaze kanoniT uf-lebamosil sxva moxeles da mas ufleba aqvs sasamarTlo procesis go-nivrul vadaSi Catarebaze an procesis ganmavlobaSi gaTavisuflebaze.gaTavisufleba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos sasamarTlo procesze ga-mocxadebis garantiebiT.

4. dakavebiT an dapatimrebiT TavisuflebaaRkveTil yvela pirs uf-leba aqvs sasamarTlo procesze, romliTac sasamarTlos mier swrafad

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gadawydeba dapatimrebis kanoniereba da gaicema brZaneba gaTavisufle-baze, Tu dapatimreba ar aris kanonieri.

5. yvelas, vinc aris dakavebis an dapatimrebis msxverpli am muxlisdebulebaTa darRveviT, aqvs kompensaciis ufleba.~

Tavisuflebisa da piradi usafrTxoebis ufleba fundamenturi uf-lebaa, romelzec damokidebulia mravali sxva uflebis uzrunvelyofa.konvenciis me-5 muxli pirobiTad SeiZleba daiyos or nawilad: pirvelinawili — me-5 muxlis 1-li punqti — uzrunvelyofs Tavisuflebisa dausafrTxoebis uflebas; meore nawili — me-5 muxlis me-2-me-5 punqtebi —adgens procesualur garantiebs TavisuflebaaRkveTili pirebisaTvis.piris Tavisufleba da usafrTxoeba mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSi-rebuli, ris gamoc evropuli sasamarTlo iSviaTad ganasxvavebs maT.usafrTxoebis ufleba niSnavs, rom ikrZaleba piris ukanono dakaveba.

konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis mixedviT, dauSvebelia pirisaT-vis Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis uflebis SezRudva, gardaim SemTxvevebisa, romlebic me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis a-v qvepunqtebiTamomwuravad aris CamoTvlili. konvenciis mixedviT, dasaSvebia piri-saTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTa mxolod me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis a-v qve-punqtebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. gamonaklisebi, romlebicgaTvaliswinebulia me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis a-v qvepunqtebiT, SezRud-viTad unda ganimartos.356 rac Seexeba konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-2-me-5punqtebs, isini iTvaliswineben procesualur garantiebs, romlebiTacuzrunvelyofili unda iyos nebismieri TavisuflebaaRkveTili piri.

miuxedavad erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli terminebis mniSvne-lobisa, konvenciis me-5 muxlSi gamoyenebuli ori termini — dakaveba dadapatimreba, romlebic konvenciaSi avtonomiuri mniSvnelobiT ganimar-teba, unda iqnes gagebuli rogorc pirisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.

konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqti adgens, rom pirisaTvisTavisufle-bisadausafrTxoebisuflebis SezRudvadasaSvebia mxolod `kanoniTgan-sazRvruli proceduris mixedviT~. saqmeze — vinterverpi niderlandebiswinaaRmdeg (Winterwerp v. Netherlands) — adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sa-samarTlom ganacxada, rom piris dakavebis proceduram unda daakmayofi-los saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiTdadgenili wesebi.357 amitom mniSvnelo-vania, Semowmdes, akmayofilebsTuarapirisdakaveba qveynis kanonmdeblo-biT dadgenil wesebs, maT Soris dakavebis proceduras. saqmeze — lukano-vi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg (Loukanov v. Bulgaria) — evropulma sasamarTlomganacxada, rom moqmedeba, romlisTvisac daakaves ganmcxadebeli (rome-

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356 guzardi italiis winaaRmdeg (Guzzardi v. Italy), 1980 wlis 6 noemberi, Series A, no 39, 98-epunqti.

357 Series A, no. 33, 45-e punqti.

lic, rogorc ministri, monawileobda ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisaT-vis sesxis gacemis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi), ar iyo sisxlissa-marTlebrivi danaSauli bulgareTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. ganmcxa-deblis dakaveba ar Seesabameboda kanoniT gansazRvrul proceduras, risgamoc evropulma sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom dairRva konvenciis me-5 mux-lis 1-li punqti. dakaveba ukanonod unda CaiTvalos, Tu is ar Seesabamebakonvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis erT-erTi qvepunqtiT dadgenil mi-zans.358 amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom piris dakaveba da dapatimreba undaSeesabamebodes ara mxolod erovnul kanonmdeblobas, aramed konvenciisme-5 muxlis moTxovnebs. saqmeze — kurti TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Kurt v. Tur-key) — evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom Tavisuflebis aRkveTa aramxolod unda ganxorcieldes erovnuli kanonmdeblobis materialuri dasaproceso wesebis Sesabamisad, aramed aseve emsaxurebodes konvenciis me-5 muxlis mizans, kerZod, individis dacvas ukanonobisagan.359

piris dakaveba kanonierad rom CaiTvalos, qveynis kanonmdebloba un-da iTvaliswinebdes dakavebas aseTi qmedebisaTvis. Tu uflebamosilierovnuli organoebi ar daadgenen piris dakavebis safuZvels, aseTi da-kaveba konvenciis me-5 muxlis darRvevad CaiTvleba. saqmeze — denizi dasxvebi kviprosis winaaRmdeg (Denizci and Others v. Cyprus) — ganmcxadeb-lebi amtkicebdnen, rom maTTvis ar ucnobebiaT dakavebis mizezi. evro-puli sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, mopasuxe saxelmwifom ar warmoadginaganmcxadebelTa dakavebisa da dapatimrebis kanonieri safuZveli, risgamoc miiCnia, rom dairRva konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqti.360

konvenciis me-5 muxli icavs piris fizikur Tavisuflebas, uzrunvel-yofs mis dacvas ukanono dakavebisa da dapatimrebisagan. piris dakavebiskanoniereba dgindeba yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevis garemoebebis mi-xedviT. saqmeze — enxeli da sxvebi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Engel andOthers v. Netherlands) — evropulma sasamarTlomdaadgina, romjariskace-bis valdebuleba, icxovron yazarmaSi, ar ewinaaRmdegeba konvenciis me-5muxls, vinaidan Tavisuflebis aseTi SezRudva ar scildeba Cveulebrivisamxedro samsaxuris gavlis moTxovnaTa CarCoebs, Tumca aseTi SezRud-vebis daweseba samoqalaqo pirTa mimarT aSkarad Selaxavda konvenciisme-5 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul Tavisuflebis uflebas.361

Tavisuflebis SezRudva yovelTvis ar niSnavs dakavebas konvenciisme-5 muxlis mixedviT. amisaTvis unda ganisazRvros dakavebis konkre-tuli garemoebebi, risTvisac aucilebelia Sefasdes ramdenime krite-riumi, rogoricaa: Tavisuflebis SezRudvis saxe, misi xangrZlivoba,Sedegi da ganxorcilebis xerxi.

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358 1997 wlis 20 marti.359 1998 wlis 28 maisi.360 2001 wlis 23 maisi.361 1976 wlis 8 ivnisi, Series A, no 22.

udavoa,rom,TupirsiZulebiTamyofeben policiissakanSi, mas aRkveTi-li aqvsTavisufleba.Tavisuflebis aRkveTadCaiTvleba viTareba,TupirsekrZaleba konkretuli adgilis datoveba. mTavari, rac gansazRvravs, aR-kveTili aqvs Tu ara pirs Tavisufleba, iZulebis arsebobaa. is faqti, rompirs aqvs garkveuli Tavisufleba konkretul adgilze, ar niSnavs, konven-ciis me-5 muxli argamoiyenebodes aseTsituaciaSi. saqme — guzardi itali-is winaaRmdeg (Guzzardi v. Italy) — exebodaorganizebulidanaSaulis CadenaSieWvmitanili piris iZulebiT moTavsebas orkilometrnaxevrian kunZulze,rac evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia Tavisuflebis aRkveTad.

mizanSewonilia konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis a-v qvepunqte-biT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebis ufro detalurad ganxilva.

a) msjavrdebis Semdgom piris kanonierad dapatimreba — me-5 muxlis1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqti

evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqti iTva-liswinebs, rom SeiZleba pirs aRekveTos Tavisufleba kompetenturisasamarTlos mier msjavrdebis Semdgom. dapatimreba, konvenciis mi-xedviT, ar niSnavs piris mxolod cixeSi moTavsebas. igi aseve moicavspiris moTavsebas fsiqiatriuldawesebulebaSi, Tu dadginda, rom dana-Sauli Caidina fsiqikurad daavadebulma pirma.

konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqti ar iTvaliswinebs`kanonierad msjavrdebas~, aramed moiTxovs `kanonierad dapatimrebas~.aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia uars acxa-debda, mieRo ganacxadebi im patimrebisagan, romlebic amtkicebdnen,rom isini aramarTebulad iyvnen msjavrdebulni.362

konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis à~ qvepunqtis mixedviT, msjav-rdebis sakiTxi unda gadawyvitos kompetenturma sasamarTlom, anu or-ganom, romelic uflebamosilia ganixilos es saqme da romelic damou-kidebelia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da mxareebisagan.363

b) piris kanonierad dakaveba an dapatimreba sasamarTlos kanonierigadawyvetilebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis Sesasru-leblad — me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `b~ qvepunqti

konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `b~ qvepunqti Sedgeba ori nawi-lisagan. pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs piris kanonierad dakavebas an

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362 mag., krJicki germaniis winaaRmdeg (Krzycki v. Germany), 7629/76, 1978 weli, 13 DR 57.363 de vilde, oomsi da versipi belgiis winaaRmdeg (De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Belgium),

1971 weli, Series A, no 12; enxeli da sxvebi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Engel andOthers v. Netherlands), 1976 wlis 8 ivnisi, Series A, no 22; noimaisteri avstriis winaaR-mdeg (Neumeister v. Austria), 1974 wlis 7 maisi, Series A, no 17.

dapatimrebas sasamarTlos kanonieri gadawyvetilebis Seusruleblo-bisaTvis; meore nawili adgens piris kanonierad dakavebas an dapatimre-bas kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri valdebulebis Sesrulebisuzrunvelsayofad.

pirveli nawili exeba dapatimrebas sasamarTlo brZanebis Seusru-leblobis gamo, magaliTad: dapatimreba jarimis gadauxdelobis ga-mo,364 fsiqiatriul Semowmebaze uaris Tqmis gamo,365 mSoblis dadgenas-Tan dakavSirebiT sisxlis analizis aRebaze uaris Tqmis gamo,366 mowmedgamoucxadeblobis gamo. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi valdebuleba undawarmoiSvas sasamarTlo brZanebis safuZvelze.

konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `b~ qvepunqtis meore nawili exebadakavebas an dapatimrebas kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli konkretuli valde-bulebis Sesasruleblad.367 evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom esde-buleba ar iTvaliswinebs piris dakavebas an dapatimrebas sazogadoebriviwesrigis an saxelmwifouSiSroebis winaaRmdegdanaSaulTaTavidan asaci-leblad, aramed miznad isaxavs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli konkretulivaldebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofas.368 xsenebuli debuleba arvrceldeba piris valdebulebaze, daeqvemdebaros kanonmdeblobas zoga-dad. unda arsebobdes piris mier Seusrulebeli konkretuli valdebule-ba, romlis Sesruleba mas kanoniT ekisreba (magaliTad, piris valdebule-ba — gaiaros samxedro an alternatiuli samsaxuri). dakaveba da dapatim-reba swored aseTi valdebulebis Sesrulebas unda isaxavdes miznad.

g) dakaveba `dasabuTebuli eWvis~ gamo — me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `g~qvepunqti

konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `g~ qvepunqti dakavebisaTvisiTvaliswinebs sam safuZvels. esenia:

• dasabuTebuli eWvis arseboba, rom dakavebulma pirma Caidina da-naSauli;

• rodesac gonivrulia aucilebloba, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli pi-ris mier danaSaulis Cadena; an

• rodesac gonivrulia aucilebloba, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli pi-ris mier danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg gaqceva;

`dasabuTebuli eWvis~ arseboba damokidebulia faqtebze. saqmeze —foqsi, kempbeli da hartli gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Fox,

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364 eiri irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Airey v. Ireland), 1977 weli, 8 DR 42.365 iqsi germaniis winaaRmdeg (X v. Germany), 1975 weli, 3 DR 92.366 iqsi avstriis winaaRmdeg (X v. Austria), 1979 weli, 18 DR 154.367 enxeli da sxvebi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Engel and Others v. Netherlands), 1976 wlis

8 ivnisi, Series A, no 22; aseve ix. D. Gomien, D. Harris & L. Zwaak, Law and Practice of theEuropean Convention on Human Rights and the European Social Charter, 1996, 134-135.

368 loulisi irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Lawless v. Ireland), Series A no. 3, me-9 punqti.

Campbell and Hartley v. the United Kingdom) — evropulma sasamarTlom ga-nacxada, rom:

`dasabuTebuli eWvi iTvaliswinebs iseTi faqtebis an informaciisarsebobas, romlebic daarwmunebda obieqtur damkvirvebels imaSi, romSesabamis pirs SeeZlo Caedina aseTi danaSauli.~369

sasamarTlos am gancxadebidan gamomdinare, ar aris aucilebeliimis dadastureba, rom pirma Caidina Sesabamisi danaSauli, sakmarisiadasabuTebuli eWvis arseboba. garda imisa, rom dasabuTebuli eWvi un-da iyo bona fide (keTilsindisieri), mxolod misi arseboba sakmarisi araris. aseve aucilebelia, pirisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTas hqondesobieqturi safuZveli.

konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `g~ qvepunqtis mizania: uzrun-velyos gansasjeli piris warmodgena sasamarTlo procesze; Tavidanaicilos xelis SeSla marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisaTvis; Tavidanaicilos konkretuli danaSaulis Cadena.370

Tu dasabuTebuli eWvi, romelmac ganapiroba piris dakaveba an dapa-timreba, aRar arsebobs, pirisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTis gagrZelebaewinaaRmdegeba konvencias.

d) arasrulwlovanTa dakaveba — me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `d~ qvepunqti

me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `d~ qvepunqti iTvaliswinebs arasrulwlo-vanis dakavebas kanonieri gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze saganmanaTleb-lo zedamxedvelobis mizniT an mis kanonierad dakavebas uflebamosilikompetenturi sasamarTloorganos winaSe wardgenis mizniT. konvenciises debuleba iTvaliswinebs arasrulwlovanTa dakavebis or safuZvels:

pirveli safuZveli iTvaliswinebs sasamarTlo an administraciuliorganos kanonieri gadawyvetilebiT arasrulwlovani piris dakavebasgamosasworebel dawesebulebaSi moTavsebis mizniT;371

meore safuZveli iTvaliswinebs arasrulwlovnis dakavebas sasamar-Tlo organos winaSe misi wardgenisaTvis.

e) suliT avadmyofTa da sxvaTa kanonierad dakaveba — me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `e~ qvepunqti

konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `e~ qvepunqti iTvaliswinebs:

• piris dakavebas infeqciur daavadebaTa gavrcelebis Tavidan asa-cileblad;

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369 1990 wlis 30 agvisto, Series A, no 182, 49-e punqti.370 guzardi italiis winaaRmdeg (Guzzardi v. Italy), 1980 wlis 6 noemberi, Series A no. 39.371 bumari belgiis winaaRmdeg (Boumar v. Belgium), 1988 wlis 29 Tebervali.

• suliT avadmyofi pirebis dakavebas;• alkoholikebis dakavebas;• narkomanebis dakavebas;• mawanwalebis dakavebas.

am pirebis dakavebas ganapirobebs ara mxolod is, rom isini safrTxesuqmnian sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, aramed maTive interesebis dac-vis aucilebloba. zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevebSi pirTa dakaveba gamar-Tlebuli iqneba mxolod maSin, Tu igi kanonieria da xorcieldeba ka-nonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli proceduris mixedviT. saqmidan — vinter-verpi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Winterwerp v. Netherlands) — gamomdina-re, piris gonebriv aSlilobasTan dakavSirebiT evropulma sasamar-Tlom ganmarta, Tu ras niSnavs, rom dakaveba `kanonieria~ da `xorciel-deba kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli proceduris mixedviT.~ kerZod,sasamarTlom Camoayaliba ramdenime piroba, kerZod:

1) gonebrivi aSliloba, romelic ganapirobebs piris dakavebas, undadadgindes obieqturi samedicino SemowmebiT;

2) aSlilobis buneba da xarisxi unda iyos sakmarisad mwvave, raTa ga-marTldes dakaveba;

3) dakavebis xangrZlivoba unda ganisazRvros gonebrivi aSlilobisxangrZlivobiT;

4) Tudakaveba xorcieldeba ganusazRvreli vadiT, unda arsebobdespiris mdgomareobis perioduli gadasinjvis sistema sasamar-Tlos mier, romelic uflebamosili iqneba, gaaTavisuflos piri;

5) dakaveba unda moxdes saavadmyofoSi, klinikasa an sxva SesabamisdawesebulebaSi, romelic amisaTvis uflebamosili iqneba.372

v) dakaveba piris deportaciamde an eqstradiciamde — me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `v~ qvepunqti

konvenciis me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `v~ qvepunqti iTvaliswinebs pi-ris kanonierad dakavebas an dapatimrebas qveyanaSi misi unebarTvodSesvlis aRsakveTad an dakavebas im pirisas, romlis winaaRmdegac xor-cieldeba RonisZiebebi deportaciis an eqstradiciis mizniT.

deportacia an eqstradiciaunda iyos kanonieri, anu man undadaakmayo-filosSidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobisada konvenciis moTxovnebi.konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirsunda miecesde-portaciis an eqstradiciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis ufleba.

148

372 1979 wlis 24 oqtomberi, Series A no. 33.

1. Tavisuflebis aRkveTis procesualuri garantiebi

1.1. braldebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis ufleba

konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti iTvaliswinebs mniSvnelovan pro-cesualur garantias. igi adgens, rom yvela dakavebuls misTvis gasagebenaze dauyovnebliv ecnobeba dakavebis mizezebisa da yvela wayenebulibraldebis Sesaxeb. konvenciis am debulebidan gamomdinare, specialu-ri RonisZiebebi unda gatardes im pirTa mimarT, romlebic ar flobensaxelmwifo enas. konvenciiT ganmtkicebuli am garantiis mizania, romTavisuflebaaRkveTil pirs mieces Tavisi dakavebis kanonierebis gasa-Civrebis saSualeba.

Tumca konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti saxelmwifos valdebule-bas ar akisrebs, dakavebuls werilobiT acnobos dakavebis mizezebisada wayenebuli braldebis Sesaxeb. konvenciidan gamomdinareobs, romaseT pirs dakavebis mizezebisa da wayenebuli braldebis Sesaxeb undaecnobos martiv, arateqnikur enaze, aexsnas misi dakavebis samarTleb-rivi da faqtobrivi safuZveli.373

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, dakavebul pirs Sesabamisi informacia undamiewodos `dauyovnebliv~. saqmeze — foqsi, kempbeli da hartli gaerTi-anebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Fox, Campbell and Hartley v. the United Kin-gdom) — evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom dakavebasa da Sesabami-si informaciis miwodebas Soris Svid saaTamde intervali akmayofi-lebs am moTxovnas.374

1.2. winaswari patimroba

1.2.1. piris wardgena mosamarTlis an sasamarTloxelisuflebis ganxorcielebaze kanoniT uflebamosilisxva moxelis winaSe

konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti adgens, rom am muxlis 1-li pun-qtis `g~ qvepunqtis debulebebis mixedviT, dakavebuli an dapatimrebu-li piri dauyovnebliv unda waredginos mosamarTles an sasamarTlo xe-lisuflebis ganxorcielebaze kanoniT uflebamosil sxva moxeles.

me-5 muxlis me-3 punqtis moTxovnidan gamomdinareobs, rom piri pi-radad unda wardges mosamarTlis an sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gan-

149

373 foqsi, kempbeli, hartli gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Fox, Campbell, Hartley v.the United Kingdom) 1990 wlis 30 agvisto, Series A, no. 182.

374 aseve ix. miurei gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Murray v. the United Kingdom) dadikme TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Dikme v. Turkey), 2000 wlis 11 ivlisi.

xorcielebaze kanoniT uflebamosili sxva moxelis winaSe, romelmacunda gadawyvitos dapatimrebis sakiTxi.375 mosamarTlem an sasamarTloxelisuflebis ganxorcielebaze kanoniT uflebamosilma sxva moxelemsamarTlebrivi kriteriumebis safuZvelze unda ganixilos garemoebe-bi, romlebic amarTleben piris dakavebas.376 mas unda hqondes ufleba-mosileba, gaaTavisuflos piri.

konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-3 muxli adgens, rom piri `dauyovnebliv~waredgineba mosamarTles an sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorciele-baze kanoniT uflebamosil sxva moxeles, Tumca konvencia ar iTvalis-winebs konkretul vadas. zogadad, SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom piri undawaredginos mosamarTles gaumarTlebeli dagvianebis gareSe. miuxeda-vad imisa, rom konvencia ar iTvaliswinebs aseT minimalur vadas, saqme-ze — brogani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Brogan v. the United Kin-gdom) — evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dakavebulis wardgenamosamarTlis winaSe dakavebidan oTx dResa da eqvs saaTSi metismetadxangrZlivi droa, ris gamoc igi ar akmayofilebs am muxlis moTxov-nebs.377

saqmeSi — kosteri niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Koster v. Netherlands) —ganmcxadebeli, romelicjariskaci iyo, dakavebul iqna oTxSabaT dRes,magram orSabaTamde ar waredgina samxedro sasamarTlos. Tumca saxel-mwifom ganacxada, rom orSabaTamde sasamarTlos winaSe misi wardgenisdagvianeba ganapiroba samxedro manevrebma, evropulma sasamarTlom armiiRo es ganmarteba da aRniSna, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi piri sasamarTlosSabaT an kvira dRes unda waredginos.378

evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti arunda iyos imgvarad gagebuli, TiTqos saxelmwifos SeuZlia piri patim-robaSi amyofos ganusazRvreli drois ganmavlobaSi. saqmeze — Stogmi-uleri avstriis winaaRmdeg (Stögmüller v. Austria)379 — evropulma sasamar-Tlom aRniSna, rom Tu me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis `g~ qvepunqtiT gaTva-liswinebuli `dasabuTebuli eWvi~ aRar arsebobs, piris patimrobaSiyofnis gagrZeleba arRvevs me-5 muxls.

rogorc aRiniSna, evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti ad-gens, rom dakavebuli unda waredginos mosamarTles an sasamarTlo xe-lisuflebis ganxorcielebaze kanoniT uflebamosil sxva moxeles.strasburgis organoTa precedentulma samarTalma Camoayaliba ram-denime piroba, romlebic unda dakmayofildes, raTa Sesruldes me-5muxlis es moTxovna, kerZod:

150

375 Seseri Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Schiesser v. Switzerland), 1979, Series A no. 34, 31-e punqti.376 iqve.377 1988 wlis 29 noemberi, Series A, no. 145-B.378 1991 wlis 29 noemberi, Series A, no 222.379 1969 weli, Series A no. 9.

• mosamarTle unda sargeblobdes damoukideblobiT (gansakuTre-biT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan);

• prokurori ar iqneba miukerZoebeli, Tu arsebobs imis albaToba,rom igi SemdgomSi Seasrulebs braldeblis funqcias dakavebulipiris saqmesTan dakavSirebiT;380

• dakavebuli unda daeswros process da mosamarTlem an sasamar-Tlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaze kanoniT uflebamosilmasxva pirma unda mousminos dakavebulis an misi warmomadgenliswardginebas;

• mosamarTlem an sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaze ka-noniT uflebamosilma sxva moxelem unda ganixilos mis ganTavi-suflebasTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebi da dadgenili samar-Tlebrivi kriteriumebis safuZvelze gadawyvitos, arsebobs Tuara misi dapatimrebis mizezi.

• mosamarTles an sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaze ka-noniT uflebamosil sxva moxeles unda hqondes ufleba, dauyov-nebliv gaaTavisuflos dakavebuli piri, Tu misi dakaveba gaumar-Tlebelia.

1.2.2. gonivrul vadaSi saqmis ganxilvis ufleba

konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti aseve uzrunvelyofs gonivrulvadaSi saqmis ganxilvis uflebas. es debuleba uzrunvelyofs pirs uf-lebiT, rom misi saqmis ganxilva gonivrul vadaSi Catardeba. konvenci-is me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti ar adgens winaswari dakavebis maqsimalur va-das.381

evropuli konvencia moiTxovs, rom winaswari dakavebis xangrZli-voba `gonivruli~ iyos. gonivrulia Tu ara winaswari dakavebis xan-grZlivoba, damokidebulia konkretul saqmeze da am saqmis garemoe-bebis safuZvelze unda Sefasdes dakavebis xangrZlivobis gonivru-loba. sakmarisi ar aris, rom saxelmwifom ar gadaaWarbos winaswaridakavebisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil maqsimalur vadas. evro-pulma sasamarTlom daadastura, rom, Tu erT SemTxvevaSi winaswaridakavebis xangrZlivoba, romelmac weliwadze mets (TiTqmis 15 Tves)gastana, miCneul iqna aragonivrulad, sxva saqmeSi ori welze metidro man misaRebad miiCnia.382 saqmeze — tosi avstriis winaaRmdeg(Toth v. Austria) — winaswari patimroba ori wlisa da erTi Tvis ganmav-

151

380 mag., huberi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Huber v. Switzerland), 1990 wlis 23 oqtomberi, Seri-es A, no. 188.

381 Stogmiuleri avstriis winaaRmdeg (Stögmüller v. Austria), 1969 weli, Series A no. 9.382 letelie safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Letellier v. France), 1991 wlis 26 ivnisi,SeriesA, no. 207

lobaSi evropulma sasamarTlom aragonivrulad CaTvala.383 winaswa-ri dakavebis xangrZlivoba, romelic gastans 3 an 4 wels, zogierT Sem-TxvevaSi SeiZleba misaRebad, zogierTSi ki miuReblad iqnes miCneu-li.384 miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos SeuZlia kanonmdeblobiTdaadginos winaswari dakavebis maqsimaluri vada, piris winaswari da-kaveba aseTi maqsimaluri vadiT, konkretuli garemoebebisaTvis au-cilebeli dakavebis xangrZlivobis gauTvaliswineblad, ewinaaRmde-geba konvenciis me-5 muxls.

winaswari dakavebis xangrZlivoba ganisazRvreba konkretuli saq-mis garemoebebiT. saqmis sirTulem, maT Soris danaSaulis xasiaTmada eWvmitanilTa raodenobam, SeiZleba gaamarTlos winaswari daka-vebisaTvis xangrZlivi dro. drois imave xangrZlivobiT piris daka-veba SedarebiT martiv saqmeze ar CaiTvleba gonivrulad da, Sesaba-misad, miiCneva konvenciis darRvevad. saxelmwifos ekisreba valde-buleba, daamtkicos winaswari dakavebis xangrZlivobis gagrZelebissaWiroeba.

evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gansasjeli dakavebuli pirissaqme unda sargeblobdes upiratesobiT im braldebulebTan Sedare-biT, romlebic Tavisuflebaze imyofebian (vemhofi germaniis winaaR-mdeg (Wemhoff v. Germany)).385

evropulmasasamarTlomdaadgina,rompiriundaganTavisufldessasa-marTlo procesis ganmavlobaSi, Tu saxelmwifo ver daamtkicebs, rom ar-sebobs `Sesabamisi da sakmarisi mizezebi patimrobis gasamarTleblad.~386

dasabuTebuli eWvis arseboba, rom pirma Caidina danaSauli, funda-menturia piris dakavebis xangrZlivobis gonivrulobis Sefasebisas.drois gasvlasTan erTad dasabuTebuli eWvi SeiZleba aRar iyos sakma-risi piris dakavebis gagrZelebis gasamarTleblad. rac ufro didiadro sasamarTlo procesis Catarebamde, miT ufro damajerebeli undaiyos argumentebi piris dakavebis gagrZelebis gasamarTleblad. pirisdakavebis momentidan periodulad unda iqnes ganxiluli giraoze ua-ris Tqmis safuZveli.

saqmis — skoti espaneTis winaaRmdeg (Scott v. Spain) — masalebis mixed-viT, ganmcxadebeli dakavebuli iyooTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi, sanam gaamar-Tles saqmeSi, romelicdakavSirebuli iyo gaupatiurebasTan. miuxedavadimisa, rom ganmcxadeblis winaaRmdeg wayenebuli braldeba Zalze mniSvne-

152

383 1991 wlis 12 dekemberi, Series A no. 224.384 misaRebad iqna miCneuli winaswari dakavebis xangrZlivoba — 4 weli da 3 dRe (`v~ Sve-

icariis winaaRmdeg (W v. Switzerland)), Tumca sxva saqmeSi sasamarTlom miuRebladCaTvala dakavebis xangrZlivobad 3 weli da 2 Tve (klosi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Cloothv. Belgium)).

385 vemhofi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Wemhoff v. Germany), Series A, no 7, 1968, 1 E.H.R.R. 55.386 iqve.

lovani iyo da arsebobda didi eWvi am danaSaulSi misi monawileobis Sesa-xeb, am garemoebebma ver gaamarTla winaswari dakavebis xangrZlivoba.387

Tumca saqmeSi — `v~ Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (W v. Switzerland) — evro-pulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom ar darRveula konvenciis me-5 muxlisme-3 punqti oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi piris winaswari dakavebis SemTxve-vaSi. saqme exeboda safinanso gayalbebebTan dakavSirebul braldebebs.am saqmeze evropulma sasamarTlom miiRo mopasuxe saxelmwifos mize-zebi giraoze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb piris gacqevis safrTxisa da marTal-msajulebis ganxorcielebisaTvis xelis SeSlis gamo.388

1.2.3. girao

konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti uzrunvelyofs giraos SetanissafuZvelze piris ganTavisuflebis uflebas. giraos Setana miznad isa-xavs, uzrunvelyos gansasjeli piris warmodgena sasamarTloSi.

giraossafuZvelzepirsganTavisuflebaze SeiZlebauari eTqvas,Tuar-sebobs safrTxe, rom gansasjeli gaiqceva,389 safrTxe Seeqmneba marTlmsa-julebis ganxorcielebas,390 an misi patimroba aucilebeliadanaSaulisTa-vidan asacileblad391 da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis SesanarCuneblad.392

konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti Seicavs Zlier prezumfcias gira-os safuZvelze ganTavisuflebaze sasamarTlo procesis ganmavlobaSi.giraos pirobebis gansazRvrisas unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili maTi go-nivruloba, rac niSnavs, rom mxedvelobaSi miiReba pirTan dakavSirebu-li garemoebebi, rogorebicaa: asaki,393 giraos pirobebis dakmayofile-bis SesaZlebloba. giraos Tanxa ar unda iyos imaze meti, vidre pirs Se-uZlia misi gadaxda. igi unda ganisazRvros gansasjelis qonebrivimdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

1.3. dakavebis kanonierebis Semowmebis ufleba

evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqti TavisuflebaaRkveTilpirs aniWebs uflebas, gaasaCivros Tavisi dakaveba, mizezis miuxedavad.

153

387 1996 wlis 18 dekemberi, 24 E.H.R.R. 391.388 1993 wlis 26 ianvari, Series A, no. 254.389 Stogmiuleri avstriis winaaRmdeg (Stögmüller v. Austria), 1969 wlis 10 noemberi,

1 E.H.R.R. 155.390 sxva saqmeebTan erTad, ix.: letelie safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Letellier v. France), 1991

wlis 26 ivnisi, Series A, no. 207; bruno kontrada italiis winaaRmdeg (Bruno Contradav. Italy), 1998 wlis 24 agvisto.

391 mancneteri avstriis winaaRmdeg (Manznetter v. Austria), 1969 weli, Series A, no 10, 1E.H.R.R. 198.

392 tomasi safrangeTiswinaaRmdeg (Tomasi v. France), 1992 weli,SeriesA, no 241-A, 15 E.H.R.R. 1.393 boneCo Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Bonnechaux v. Switzerland), DR 15/211.

aseTi saCivari unda iqnes ganxiluli swrafad da piri unda gaTavisuf-ldes, Tu sasamarTlo CaTvlis, rom Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ukanonoa.me-5 muxlis me-4 punqti iTvaliswinebs patimrobaSi yofnis kanoniere-bis kontrolis arsebobas.

konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqti iTvaliswinebs, rom saqme unda ga-nixilos `sasamarTlom~, rac aseTi saqmis ganxilvas prokuroris mierukanonod acxadebs.394 saqme unda ganixilos mosamarTlem da sasamar-Tlo procesi unda iyos samarTliani da miukerZoebeli. konvenciis esdebuleba aseve moiTxovs, rom TavisuflebaaRkveTili piri waredginossasamarTlos, raTa gadawydes misi dakavebis kanoniereba. saqmesTan —kampanisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Kampanis v. Greece) — dakavSirebiT ev-ropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dairRva konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-4punqti, vinaidan TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirs ar mieca sasamarTlos wi-naSe wardgenis ufleba. konvencia aseve moiTxovs, rom TavisuflebaaR-kveTil pirs aRmoeCinos samarTlebrivi daxmareba, misi dakavebis kano-nierebis gasaCivrebisaTvis.395 Tu pirs ara aqvs advokatis daqiravebisSesaZlebloba, igi unda uzrunvelyos saxelmwifom.

saqmeze — vinterverpi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Winterwerp v. Net-herlands) — evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dakavebul pirs aqvssaCivris Setanis ufleba misi dakavebis kanonierebis SemowmebisaTvisdrois gonivruli intervalebiT.

1.4. kompensaciis miRebis ufleba

evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-5 punqti iTvaliswinebs, rom yve-las, vinc aris dakavebis an dapatimrebis msxverpli, aqvs kompensaciismoTxovnis ufleba.396 kompensaciis moTxovnis ufleba mxares aqvs, Tuda-irRva me-5 muxlis 1-li-me-4 punqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebani.

saqmeSi — sakiki TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Sakik v. Turkey) — mopasuxe sa-xelmwifo amtkicebda, rom pirs kompensaciis miReba SeeZlo konstitu-ciuri debulebis safuZvelze. Tumca, vinaidan saxelmwifom ver warmo-adgina kompensaciis gacemis magaliTebi, evropulma sasamarTlom CaT-vala, rom dairRva konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-5 punqti.

me-5 muxlis me-5 punqti iTvaliswinebs kompensaciis uflebas materi-aluri da moraluri zianisaTvis. praqtikaSi kompensacia, Cveulebriv,finansuria.

154

394 vodenikarovi slovakeTis winaaRmdeg (Vodenicarov v. Slovakia), 2000 wlis 21 dekemberi.395 vukami mufedo safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Woukam Moufedo v. France), 1988 wlis 11 oq-

tomberi, Series A, no 141-B.396 vasinki niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Wassink v. Netherlands),Series A no. 185-A, 38-e punqti.

3. evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxli —samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad:

`1. samoqalaqo uflebaTa da movaleobaTaan wayenebuli braldebisgansazRvrisas, yvelas aqvs ufleba kanoniT Seqmnili damoukidebeli damiukerZoebeli sasamarTlos mier gonivrul vadaSi samarTlian an saja-ro mosmenaze. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba cxaddeba sajarod, magram,demokratiul saxelmwifoSi zneobis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis an erov-nuli uSiSroebis interesebidan gamomdinare, presa da sazogadoeba Se-iZleba ar daiSvas sasamarTlo ganxilvis mTel an mis nawilze, Tu amasmoiTxovs arasrulwlovanTa interesebi an mxareTa piradi cxovrebisdacva, an, sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, gansakuTrebul garemoebebSi,mkacri aucileblobis zRvramde, Tu sajarooba zians miayenebda mar-Tlmsajulebis interesebs.

2. yvela, visac bralad edeba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadena,iTvleba udanaSaulod, sanam misi braleuloba damtkicdeba kanonis Se-sabamisad.

3. yvelas, visac bralad edeba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadena,aqvs uflebaTa Semdegi minimumi:

a) dauyovnebliv da detalurad ecnobos misTvs gasageb enaze waye-nebuli braldebis arsi da mizezi;

b) mieces sakmarisi dro da SesaZlebloba dacvis mosamzadeblad;g) daicvas Tavisi Tavi an mis mier arCeuli damcvelis meSveobiT, an,

Tu mas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi saxsrebi samarTlebrivi daxmarebisasanazRaureblad, mieces amis SesaZlebloba ufasod, rodesacmarTlmsajulebis interesebi amas moiTxovs;

d) dakiTxos an daikiTxon mis winaaRmdeg Cvenebis mimcemi mowmeebi dauzrunvelyofil iqnes dacvis mowmeTa daswrebiT da dakiTxviTmis winaaRmdeg Cvenebis mimcem mowmeTa Tanabar pirobebSi;

e) miiRos Tarjimnis ufaso daxmareba, Tu mas ar SeuZlia gaigos anilaparakos enaze, romelsac iyenebs sasamarTlo.~

1. Sesavali

konvenciis me-6 muxli swored is muxlTagania, romlis Sinaarsi ur-TerTdakavSirebul ramdenime uflebas aerTianebs. me-6 muxliT garan-tirebulia individis ufleba saqmis samarTliani da sajaro ganxilvisasamoqalaqo uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrisas Tu sisxlissa-marTlebrivi braldebis wayenebis SemTxvevaSi. demokratiuli sazoga-

155

doebis funqciobisaTvis swored am debulebis arseboba iZens fuZem-deblur mniSvnelobas. saqmeze — delkuri belgiis winaaRmdeg397 (Delco-urt v. Belgium) — sasamarTlom ganacxada: `demokratiul sazogadoebaSisamarTlian sasamarTlo ganxilvaze uflebas imdenad didi mniSvnelobaeniWeba, rom misi SezRudviTi axsna-ganmarteba me-6 muxlis 1-li pun-qtis WrilSi dauSvebelia~.

me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti vrceldeba rogorc samoqalaqo, ise sis-xlis samarTlis saqmeTa ganxilvaze, xolo me-2 da me-3 punqtebi gansa-kuTrebulad Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs.398

me-6 muxliT ganmtkicebuli debulebebi vrceldeba rogorc sasa-marTlo ganxilvis, ise mis wina da momdevno etapebze. sisxlis samar-Tlis saqmeebTan mimarTebiT me-6 muxli vrceldeba winaswar gamoZieba-ze, romelsac uflebamosili organo awarmoebs. saqmeze — imbrioSa Sve-icariis winaaRmdeg (Imbrioscia v. Switzerland) — sasamarTlom daadgina,rom `gonivruli vadebis debuleba iwyebs moqmedebas bralis wayenebismomentidan da am muxlis sxva debulebebic, gansakuTrebiT me-3 nawilSiasaxuli, aqtualuria saqmis sasamarTloSi gadacemamde. sasamarTlomaRniSna, rom im saqmeebze, romlebic exeba konvenciis me-8 muxls (pira-di da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba), me-6 muxli gamoiyenebamosmenis administraciul etapzec.399 sasamarTlos araerTxel aRuniS-navs, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erovnuli samarTliT gaTvaliswine-bulia gasaCivrebis ufleba, maszec vrceldeba me-6 muxlis moqmedeba.me-6 muxli vrceldeba sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi samarTalwarmoe-bazec, roca samarTalwarmoebis Sedegs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvssamoqalaqo uflebebisa da movaleobebisaTvis.400

me-6 muxli vrceldeba im procedurebzec, romlebic mosmenas sdevsTan, anu gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis etapze. saqmeSi — hornsbi saber-ZneTis winaaRmdeg (Hornsby v. Greece) — sasamarTlom aRniSna: `me-6 mux-liT garantirebuli ufleba marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobaze iq-neba iluziuri, Tuki erovnuli samarTlis sistema dauSvebs, rom sabo-lood kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba aRusrule-beli darCes~.401

aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo praqtika naTlad gviCvenebs, rom me-6 muxlis moqmedeba mTlianad saqmis samarTalwarmoebaze vrceldeba.

156

397 1970 wlis 1 ianvari.398 am muxlis SinaarsTan dakavSirebulia aseve me-7 oqmis me-2 da me-4 muxlebi. ix. saqme-

ebi: raimondo italiis winaaRmdeg (Raimondo v. Italy), 1994 wlis 22 Tebervali, radin-geri avstriis winaaRmdeg (Radinger v. Austria), 1995 wlis 23 oqtomberi.

399 iohanseni norvegiis winaaRmdeg, (Johansen v. Norway), 1996 wlis 27 ivnisi.400 kraska Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Kraska v. Switzerland), 1993 wlis 19 aprili.401 1997 wlis 19 marti.

2. me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis zogadi momoxilva

2.1. samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi

samoqalaqo uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrisas yovel ada-mians aqvs samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba. am formulire-bidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania dadgindes, ra igulisxmeba `samoqa-laqo uflebebisa da movaleobebis~ cnebebSi. marTalia, konvencia ariZleva am terminebis ganmartebas, magram sasamarTlos Zalze didipraqtika aqvs, rac naTels hfens am debulebis mniSvnelobas. Tavismxriv, TviT am praqtikis Camoyalibebas dasWirda sakmaod didi dro. Tukomisiis muSaobis Tavdapirvel etapze Zalze frTxili damokidebule-ba arsebobda, bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi am cnebam mniSvnelovanicvlilebebi ganicada — gafarTovda samoqalaqo uflebebisa da movale-obebis areali (magaliTad, warsulSi evropuli sasamarTlo am cnebisWrilSi ar ixilavda socialuri dacvis uflebas). sasamarTlom daadgi-na, rom samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi ar ganixileba mopasuxesaxelmwifos kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare.

sasamarTlopraqtika gvaZlevs imis saSualebas,rom samoqalaqoufle-bebsa da movaleobebTan mimarTebiT gamoiyos zogierTi saerTo principi:

1. samoqalaqo uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrisas mniSvne-lobas iZens gansaxilveli saqmis xasiaTi. didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu ro-meli kanonmdeblobiT (samoqalaqo, komerciuli, administraciuli) anromeli organos (saerTo sasamarTlo, administraciuli organoebi)meSveobiT ixileba mocemuli sakiTxi erovnuli samarTlis sistemaSi;

2. meore mxriv, gasaTvaliswinebelia unificirebuli evropuli xed-va am uflebebis mimarT;

3. saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobas mniSvneloba aqvs samoqalaqo ufle-bebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrisas ara imis mixedviT, Tu rogoriaqveynis kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare maTi klasifikacia, aramed — ramaterialuri Sinaarsia Cadebuli kanonmdeblobiTda ra Sedegebia amas-Tan dakavSirebuli.402

komerciuli sferodan sasamarTlom ganixila iseTi saqmeebi, romel-Ta obieqtic exeboda, magaliTad, restornisaTvis spirtiani sasmele-bis gayidvisa da samedicino klinikisaTvis licenzirebis CamorTmevas;kerZo skolebis gaxsnis uflebis gacemas; profesiuli saqmianobis li-cenzirebis uflebas (kerZod, samedicino da saadvokato).

saojaxo samarTlis sferodan ganxilul saqmeTa obieqti gamxdarabavSvis saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis, bavSvTa Svilad ayvanisa da aR-zrdis sakiTxebi.

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402 konigi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Konig v. Germany), 1978 wlis 28 ivnisi.

socialuriuzrunvelyofis sferodan sasamarTlom am muxliTganixi-la saqmeebi, romelTadacvis sagani exeboda samedicinodazRvevas, soci-alur dazRvevas, Semweobas invalidobis gamo, saxelmwifo pensiebs. erT-erT saqmeSi sasamarTlom zogadad daaskvna: `samarTlebrivi ganviTareba... da Tanasworobis principi ganapirobebs im Sexedulebis gaziarebas,romdResdReobiT me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis gavrceleba socialuridaz-Rvevis sferoSi, socialuri daxmarebis CaTvliTac ki, saerTo wesia.~403

me-6 muxliT ganmtkicebuli garantiebi vrceldeba administraciis qme-debis winaaRmdeg mimarTul sasamarTlo ganxilvebzec, romlebic dakav-Sirebulia kontraqtebiT an administraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebriviganxilvis Sedegad miyenebul zianTan da sxva. samoqalaqo uflebebSiigulisxmeba aseve reputaciisa da Rirsebis pativiscema, romelic Seila-xa sxva pirTa mxridan. samoqalaqo uflebebis WrilSi ixileba qonebriviurTierTobebis is sferoc, romelzec vrceldeba me-6 muxli, im SemTxve-vabSic, Tu mxared saxelmwifogvevlineba: eqspropriaciis sakiTxebi, mSe-neblobaze nebarTvis gacemisa da mSeneblobis dagegmarebis sakiTxebi.

2.2. sisxlissamaTlebrivi braldeba

`braldebis~ arsis evropuli sasamarTloseuli axsna SeiZleba ar em-Txveodes erovnuli samarTliT dadgenil ganmartebas. sasamarTlosprecedentuli samarTlidan SeiZleba gamovyoT zogadi debulebebi,romlebic `braldebis~ axsna-ganmartebaSi gvexmarebian. braldeba ar-sebobs, rodesac:

• gacemulia piris dapatimrebis brZaneba;• pirs oficialurad ecnoba, rom mis winaaRmdeg gamocxadebulia

sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna.`sisxlissamarTlebrivi~ Sinaarsis dadgenisas sasamarTlo Semdegi

kriteriumebiT xelmZRvanelobs:• Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis sistemaSi arsebuli klasifikacia;• marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis xasiaTi;• sasjelis simkacris arsi da xarisxi.

2.2.1. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis sistemebSiarsebuli klasifikacia

Tu braleuloba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT klasificirdebasisxlissamarTlebrivad, rogorc wesi, me-6 muxlTan mimarTebiT sasa-marTlos praqtikaSi problema ar Cndeba. sirTules iwvevs iseTi Sem-

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403 Suler-zgrageni Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Schuler-Zgraggen v. Switzerland), 1993 wlis 24ivnisi.

Txvevebi, rodesac saxelmwifo Tavs aridebs me-6 muxliT pasuxismgeb-lobas dekriminilazaciis an danaSaulis klasifikaciis gadasinjvisgziT. aseTi viTarebis arsebobisas sasamarTlo ar iTvaliswinebs, qme-debas Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT miniWebuli aqvs Tu ara sis-xlissamarTlebrivi klasifikacia.

saqmeze — enxeli niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Engel v. Netherlands) — sa-samarTlom ganacxada: `Tu saxelmwifos SeuZlia, Tavisi survilisamebrmarTlsawinaRmdego qmedebas misces disciplinuri gadacdomis, da aradanaSaulis, kvalifikacia, an `Sereuli~ marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisCadenisas disciplinuri, da ara sisxlissamarTlebrivi, pasuxismgeb-loba moiTxovos, me-6 muxlis ZiriTad debulebaTa moqmedeba saxelmwi-fos suverenul nebaze iqneba damokidebuli~.404

2.2.2. marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis xasiaTi

sasamarTlo iseT aspeqtebs aqcevs yuradRebas, rogoricaa: darRve-uli samarTlebrivi normis gamoyenebis sfero da sasjelis mizani.

Tu samarTlebrivi norma gamoiyeneba mxolod SezRudul pirTa (maga-liTad, garkveuli profesiis warmomadgenelTa) mimarT, umravles Sem-TxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs disciplinur, da ara sisxlissamarTlebriv, warmoe-basTan. rodesac samarTlebrivi norma zogadi moqmedebisaa, ufro metadsavaraudoa, rom igi eqceva me-6 muxlis moqmedebis qveS. saqmeze — veberiSveicariis winaaRmdeg (Weber v. Switzerland)405 — sasamarTlom daadgina:`rogorcwesi, disciplinuri sanqciebis mizania, rom amaTu imdajgufebiswarmomadgenlebma imoqmedon maTi qcevis maregulirebeli normebis Sesa-bamisad, xolo mxareebi, romlebic sasamarTlo mosmenaSi subieqtebis sa-xiT monawileoben, disciplinuri sferos moqmedebis qveS eqcevian.~ vinai-dan im normis moqmedeba, romlis irgvliv ganmcxadebeli davobda, `poten-ciurad vrceldeba yvela moqalaqeze, samarTaldarRveva, romlis gansaz-Rvrebac am normaSia mocemuli da romelic sadamsjelo sanqciebs iTva-liswinebs, `sisxlissamarTlebrivia~ meore kriteriumis TvalsazrisiT~.

2.2.3. sasjelis mizani

es kriteriumi exmareba sasamarTlos, ganasxvavos sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi sanqcia administraciulisagan.

saqmeze — ozTurqi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Ozturk v. Germany)406 — sasa-marTlom ganixila manqanis marTvis wesebis darRvevis SemTxveva, samar-TaldarRvevisa, romlis dekriminalizacia moxda germaniaSi. sasamar-

159

404 1976 wlis 8 ivnisi.405 1990 wlis 22 maisi.406 1984 wlis 21 Tebervali.

Tlom ganacxada: `me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, mocemuli samarTaldarRvevaganixileba rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi. es debuleba vrceldeba`gzebis yvela momxmarebelze~ da ara calkeul pirTa jgufebze, TanaciTvaliswinebs damsjel da damaSinebeli xasiaTis sanqciebs. sasamar-Tlom aseve aRniSna, rom monawile saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi Tun-dac umniSvnelo sagzao-satransporto samarTaldarRveva ganixilebarogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi~.

2.2.4. sasjelis simkacris arsi da xarisxi

es kriteriumi ar unda iyos aRreuli sasjelis mizanTan. Tu SeuZlebe-lia sasjelis miznis dadgena me-6 muxlis WrilSi, sasamarTloyuradRebasaqcevs sasjelis simkacris arssa da xarisxs. Tavisuflebis aRkveTis gamo-yeneba sasjelis saxiT samarTlebriv normas, rogorc wesi, sisxlissamar-Tlebriv, da ara disciplinur, xasiaTs aniWebs. saqmeze — benami gaerTiane-buli samefos winaaRmdeg (Benham v. the United Kingdom) — sasamarTlom ga-nacxada: `Tu arsebobs Tavisuflebis aRkveTis safrTxe, maSin marTlmsa-julebis interesebi moiTxovs sasamarTloSi dacvis uflebis uzrunvel-yofas~.407 Tavisuflebis aRkveTis yoveli faqti ar moiTxovs me-6 muxlisgamoyenebas. saqmeze — enxeli niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Engel v. Nether-lands) — sasamarTlom aRniSna: 2 dRis ganmavlobaSi sapyrobileSi moTavse-ba arasakmarisi safuZvelia imisaTvis, rom aseTi SemTxveva sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi warmoebis terminologiiT iqnes ganxiluli.

jarimis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo yuradRebas aqcevs imas, Tu ra mizniTiyo gamoyenebuli amgvari RonisZieba: zaralis asanazRaureblad fuladikompensaciis saxiT, Tu damaSinebeli sasjelis saxiT, romlis mizania gan-meorebiTi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisTavidan acileba. mxolodmeoreSemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ganixilavs am RonisZiebas sisxlissamarTlebrivkonteqstSi. saqmeze — ravnsborni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Ravnsborn v. Swe-den) — sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom jarima daekisra ganmcxadebels sasamar-Tlo mosmenis msvlelobisas gakeTebuli SeniSvnebis gamo. am SemTxvevaSies RonisZieba Seesabameboda disciplinur sanqcias, vinaidan misi (sanqci-is) mizani iyo saTanado sasamarTlo mosmenis uzrunvelyofa.408

2.3. gonivruli vada

me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtiT garantirebulia ufleba, rom `gonivrul va-daSi~ Catardes sasamarTloganxilva. esufleba emsaxureba Semdeg miznebs:

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407 benami gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Benham v. the United Kingdom), 1996 wlis 10ivnisi.

408 1994 wlis 21 Tebervali.

• daicvas mxareebi samarTlebrivi proceduris gaumarTlebeli ga-Wianurebisagan;

• ganxorcieldes marTlmsajeleba iseTi dayovnebis gareSe, rome-lic Zirs uTxris misdami ndobas.

samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze `gonivruli vadebis~ gan-sazRvris standartebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, TviT saqmeTa speci-fikidan gamomdinare. sisxlissamarTlebriv saqmeebze drois aTvla iwye-ba xelisuflebis kompetenturi organoebis mier pirovnebisaTvis ofi-cialuri Setyobinebis miwodebisTariRidan. Setyobineba unda Seicavdessisxlis samarTlisdanaSaulis Cadenis mtkicebas. samoqalaqo samarTal-warmoebis konteqstSi drois aTvla iwyeba saqmis aRZvris momentidan.

orive SemTxvevaSi aTvla wydeba umaRlesi instanciis mier saboloogadawyvetilebis gamotanisTanave. sasamarTlo yuradRebas aqcevs kon-kretuli saqmis sirTuleebs, ganmcxadeblis qcevis aspeqtebs (kerZod,gamowveulia Tu ara gaWianureba Tavad ganmcxadeblis arajerovani moq-ceviT), xelisuflebis qceviT, saqmis specifikuri garemoebebiT, rom-lebiTac SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes samarTalwarmoebis gaWianureba.

2.3.1. saqmis sirTule

saqmis sirTulis Sefasebisas yuradReba eqceva rogorc samarTlisaspeqtebs, aseve iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa: dasadgen faqtobriv gare-moebaTa xasiaTi, braldebulTa da mowmeTa ricxobrivi raodenoba, pro-cesSi axal pirTa CarTva, saqmeTa gaerTianeba erT warmoebaSi da sxva.

saqmis gansakuTrebuli sirTule saqmis gaWianurebis samarTlebrivisafuZvelia. saqmesTan — bodaerti belgiis winaaRmdeg409 (Boddaert v. Belgi-um) — dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom ar miiCnia, rom 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi saq-mis ganxilva ganpirobebuli iyo rTuli mkvlelobis gamoZiebiT da daad-gina, rom `gonivruli vadis~ moTxovna dairRva. amavdroulad, sasamar-Tlo ar daeTanxma saxelmwifos mosazrebas saqmeze — feranteli da san-tanjelo italiis winaaRmdeg410 (Ferranteli and Santangelo v. Italy) — TiTqosdanaSaulis gamoZieba ara mxoloddiddros, arameddelikatur midgomasmoiTxovda, radgan saqmeSi arasrulwlovnebi monawileobdnen.

2.3.2. ganmcxadeblis qcevis aspeqtebi

ganmcxadeblis ganacxadis ganxilvis efeqtianoba mcirdeba, Tu saq-mis ganxilvis dayovneba gamowveulia ganmcxadeblis mizeziT. amaSi ar

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409 1992 wlis 12 oqtomberi.410 1996 wlis 7 agvisto.

igulisxmeba SidasamarTlebriv saSualebaTa srulyofilad amowurva.Tu ganmcxadebeli cdilobs daaCqaros ganxilvis procesi, es mis sasar-geblod iqneba ganxiluli, magram mas ar moeTxoveba aqtiuri Tanam-Sromloba saxelmwifosTan, ramac SeiZleba misi msjavrdeba gamoiwvios.

sasamarTlos pozicia Semdegia: `naTlad unda Candes, rom ganmcxade-beli mzad aris, monawileoba miiRos ganxilvis yvela etapze, Tavi Seika-vos iseTi xerxebis gamoyenebisagan, romlebic aWianurebs process, ag-reTve maqsimalurad gamoiyenos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobamosmenis procesis dasaCqareblad.~ saqmeze — Cirikosta da viola ita-liis winaaRmdeg (Ciricosta and Viola v. Italy) — sasamarTlom daadgina, rom,marTalia, saqmis ganxilva 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda ar yo-fila `gaumarTlebeli gaWianureba~, vinaidan ganxilva 17-jer gadaidoswored ganmcxadeblis Txovnis safuZvelze.411

saqmeSi — bomartani safrangeTis winaaRmdeg412 (Beaumartin v. France) —sasamarTlom saxelmwifo daadanaSaula saqmis gaWianurebaSi, miuxeda-vad imisa, rom ganmcxadebelma sasamarTlos mimarTa, romlis qvemdeba-rec mocemuli saqme ar iyo. sasamarTlo xelisuflebas 5 weli dasWirdaimisaTvis, rom pirveli mosmena Caetarebina.

2.3.3 xelisuflebis qmedeba

saqmeze — cimermani da Staineri Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Zimmermanand Steiner v. Switzerland) — sasamarTlom ganacxada: `yvela saxelmwifosevaleba samarTlis sistemis srulyofa, raTa sasamarTloebs mieceT sa-Sualeba, imoqmedon me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis moTxovnaTa (gonivrulivadebis principis CaTvliT) Sesabamisad~.413 erovnul sasamarTloebsevalebaT, Seuqmnan mxareebs iseTi pirobebi, romelTa meSveobiT Tavi-dan iqneba acilebuli saqmis ganxilvis gaumarTlebeli gaWianureba.414

sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma saxelmwifos argumentebs, rom arasakmarisipersonali an zogadi administraciuli xasiaTis sirTuleebi gonivru-li vadis darRvevis gamarTlebis sakmarisi safuZvelia.415 sasamarTloar iziarebs aseve saxelmwifos pozicias, TiTqos xangrZlivi samarTal-warmoeba yovelTvis SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes saxelmwifoSi gansa-kuTrebuli politikuri faqtorebis arsebobiT.416 Tumca gadawyveti-lebis miRebisas sasamarTlom SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos saxelmwifoSiarsebuli politikuri Tu socialuri viTarebis Taviseburebani.417

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411 1995 wlis 4 dekemberi.412 1994 wlis 24 noemberi.413 1981 wlis 6 ivnisi.414 vernilo safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Vernillo v. France), 1991 wlis 20 Tebervali.415 guinCo portugaliis winaaRmdeg (Guincho v. Portugal), 1984 wlis 10 ivlisi.416 pameli germaniis winaaRmdeg (Pameli v. Germany), 1997 wlis 1 ivlisi.417 milasi italiis winaaRmdeg (Milasi v. Italy), 1987 wlis 25 ivlisi.

2.3.4. riskis faqtorebi, romlebic ganmcxadebels Seexeba

gonivruli vadis Sefasebisas sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs riskis faq-torebs, romlebic ganmcxadeblis mdgomareobas Seexeba. Sesabamisadsisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze `gonivruli vada~ drois ufro mcire mo-nakveTs moicavs, vidre samoqalaqo saqmeebze. magram zogierT SemTxve-vaSi samoqalaqo saqmeebSi xelisuflebas moeTxoveba dauyovnebeli zo-mebis miReba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac ganmcxadeblisaTvis saqmisgonivrul vadebSi ganxilvas gansakuTrebuli, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobaaqvs. aseT saqmeTa magaliTebia:

• SromiTi davebi;418

• saqmeebi, romlebic bavSvebze meurveobis dadgenis sakiTxebs exe-ba;419

• janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli kompensaciis saqmeebi.420

2.4. miukerZoebeli da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo

me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad: `yovel adamians aqvs ufleba kanonis safuZ-velze Seqmnil miukerZoebel da damoukidebel sasamarTloze~. orivekriteriumi — miukerZoebloba da damoukidebloba — erTmaneTTanaris dakavSirebuli. sasamarTlo maT, rogorc wesi, erTad ixilavs.

zogadad iTvleba, rom sasamarTlo damoukidebelia. gamonaklisisgarda evropul sasamarTlos iSviaTad uwevs erovnuli sasamarTlosdamoukideblobis sakiTxis Seswavla. sasamarTlos damoukideblobisprincipis gansazRvrisas yuradReba eqceva iseT faqtorebs, rogori-caa:

• sasamarTlos wevrebis daniSvnis wesi;• maTi muSaobis staJi;• sasamarTloze zewolis ganxorcielebis aRmkveTi garantiebis

arseboba;• garegani atributebis arseboba.

evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom erovnuli sasamarTlo orga-no unda iyos damoukidebeli rogorc aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa-gan, aseve mxareebisagan.421

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418 obermieri avstriis winaaRmdeg (Obermeier v. Austria), 1990 wlis 28 ivnisi.419 ignakolo-zenide rumineTis winaaRmdeg (Ignakolo-Zenide v. Romania), 2000 wlis 25 ian-

vari.420 silva pontesi portugaliis winaaRmdeg (Silva Pontes v. Portugal), 1994 wlis 23 ianvari.421 kempbeli da feli gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Campbell and Fell v. the United

Kingdom), 1984 wlis 28 ianvari.

2.4.1. miukerZoebloba

saqmeze — piersaki belgiis winaaRmdeg422 (Piersack v. Belgium) — sasa-marTlom ganacxada: `miukerZoebloba niSnavs winazraxvis an mikerZoe-bis uqonlobas. mocemul konteqstSi unda ganvasxvavoT: subieqturimidgoma, romelic konkretuli saqmis irgvliv mosamarTlis piradmrwamss asaxavs da obieqturi midgoma, romelic gansazRvravs, arsebob-da Tu ara sakmarisi garantiebi, raTa gamoricxuli yofiliyo nebismie-ri eWvi amasTan dakavSirebiT~. subieqturi miukerZoeblobis SemTxveva-Si sasamarTlos sWirdeba winrwmenis arsebobis faqtobrivi mtkicebu-lebani. zogadad, oficialurad daniSnuli mosamarTlis miukerZoeb-loba ar iwvevs eWvs, Tu ar arsebobs Cvenebebi, romelebic sapirispirosamtkiceben. es Zalze mniSvnelovani prezumfciaa, romelic sasamarTlogadawyvetilebebSic aisaxa.

2.4.2. obieqturi miukerZoebloba

obieqturi miukerZoeblobis konteqstSi Seswavlil unda iqnes, ar-sebobs Tu ara mosamarTlis qcevisagan damoukidebeli udavo faqtebi,romlebic mis miukerZoeblobaze axdenen gavlenas da, Sesabamisad, mas-Si SeaqvT eWvi. aseT SemTxvevebSi mniSvnelobas iZens yvela garemoeba,garegani atributikis CaTvliT, radgan saboloo jamSi yovelive maTga-ni gavlenas axdens im ndobis faqtorebze, romlebic demokratiul sa-zogadoebaSi sasamarTlos mimarT unda arsebobdes. yoveli mosamar-Tle, romlis miukerZoeblobaSic eWvia Setanili, valdebulia ganacxa-dos TviT-acilebis Sesaxeb.

2.5 samarTliani da sajaro ganxilva

2.5.1 sajaro ganxilva

sasamarTlo ganxilvis sajarooba samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxil-vis mniSvnelovani elementia, vinaidan am principis arseboba ara mxo-lod mxareTa, aramed zogadad sazogadoebis interesebSi Sedis. sworedsajaro ganxilvis principis moqmedeba ganapirobebs sazogadoebis ndo-bis xarisxs marTlmsajulebisadmi.

me-6 muxliT ar aris dakonkretebuli, sasamarTlo ganxilvis romelsafexurze vrceldeba sajaro ganxilvis moTxovna. evropulma sasamar-Tlom ganacxada: `zeda instanciis sasamarTloSi ar aris savaldebulosisxlis samarTlis saqmis zepiri mosmenis Catareba, magram iseT SemTxve-

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422 1982 wlis 1 oqtomberi.

vaSi, rodesac zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagania ro-gorc faqtebi, aseve formaluri iuridiuli sakiTxebi, da romelTa sa-fuZvelze piris braleulobis an udanaSaulobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaunda iqnes gamoitanili, zepiri samarTalwarmoeba aucilebelia.~423

sajaroobis ufleba ar irRveva iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac orive mxareTanaxmaa, rom saqmis ganxilva Catardes daxurul sxdomaze. aseT SemTxve-vaSi sasamarTlo yuradRebas aqcevs, gaTvaliswinebulia Tu ara me-6 mux-lis 1-l punqtSi CamoTvlili pirobebi — presa da sazogadoeba SeiZlebaar eswrebodnen mTelsasamarTloprocess an eswrebodnen mis nawils, racmxareTa interesebTanaa dakavSirebuli — esenia: moralis interesebi, sa-zogadoebrivi wesrigi, erovnuli usafrTxoeba, kerZo cxovrebis intere-sebi, profesiuli saidumloeba, arasrulwlovanTa interesebi.

rac Seexeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs, yvela SemTxvevaSi isinisajarod unda gamocxaddnen. sasamarTlo pozicia am uflebis gamoyene-basTan calsaxaa — zepir samarTalwarmoebaze uaris Tqma ar unda gakeT-des orazrovani formiT da ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes sazogadoebrivimniSvnelobis interesebs, Tumca sasamarTlo ar moiTxovs, rom uarisTqma am uflebis gamoyenebaze aSkara formiT gamoixatos. saqmeze — ha-kansoni da Sturesoni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg424 (Hakansson and Sturesson v.Sweden) — sasamarTlom aRiara, rom uari iTqva dumiliT ganxilvaze, vi-naidan mxareebma ar mimarTes erovnul sasamarTlos TxovniT sajaroganxilvis Taobaze, ris saSualebasac SvedeTis kanonmdebloba iZleva.

2.5.2. samarTliani ganxilva

me-6 muxliT yoveli adamianisaTvis garantirebulia samarTliani sa-samarTlo ganxilvis ufleba. mocemuli formulireba marTlmsajule-bis ganxorcielebis mraval aspeqts moicavs: marTlmsajulebis xelmi-sawvdomobas; sasamarTlo ganxilvis SejibrebiTobis principsa da mxa-reTa Tanasworobis princips; piris uflebas — eswrebodes sasamarTloganxilvas da ar misces Cveneba sakuTari Tavi winaaRmdegaRiarebiTiCveneba (right not to incriminate oneself); dasabuTebuli sasamarTlo gadaw-yvetilebis miRebis uflebas.

marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba. sasamarTlom araerTxel ganac-xada, rom marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba moicavs yvela adamianisuflebas — mimarTos sasamarTlos, gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo saqmeze,Tumca marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba ar aris absolutu-ri. sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom aRniSnuli ufleba TavisTavad moiT-

165

423 eqseni germaniis winaaRmdeg (Axen v. Germany), 1983 wlis 8 dekemberi.424 1990 wlis 21 Tebervali.

xovs saxelmwifos mxridan daregulirebas.425 aseTi regulireba ar un-da xdebodes uflebis arsis sazianod da winaaRmdegobaSi ar unda modi-odes konvenciis sxva uflebebTan.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom nebismieri regulireba me-6 muxlTan Se-sabamisobaSi CaiTvleba Tu:

• igi emsaxureba kanonier mizans;• daculia gonivruli proporciulobis principi gamoyenebul sa-

SualebaTa da saboloo mizans Soris.

saqmeze — golderi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Golder v. theUnited Kingdom) — sasamarTlom daadgina, rom, vinaidan ganmcxadebelsar hqonda SesaZlebloba, dakavSireboda Tavis damcvels, amiT mar-Tlmsajulebis efeqtiani xelmisawvdomobis principi dairRva.

sasamarTlo ganxilvis SejibrebiTobis principi — mxareTa Tanaswo-robis principi. am principis idea isaa, rom samarTalwarmoebis TiToe-ul mxares unda hqondes Tanabari SesaZlebloba Tavisi saqmis wardgeni-saTvis da arcerT mxares ar unda mieces raime arsebiTi upiratesobamowinaaRmdege mxaresTan SedarebiT.

mxareTa Tanasworobis principi niSnavs, rom samarTalwarmoebis mo-nawileebs ufleba aqvT, hqondeT informacia mowinaaRmdege mxaris faq-tebisa da argumentebis Sesaxeb da aseve TiToeul maTgans sawinaaRmde-go argumentebis wardgenis Tanabari SesaZlebloba. sasamarTlom daad-gina: me-6 muxli irRveva saqmeebSi, romlebSic erovnul sasamarTloebsTavianTi gadwyvetilebebi gamotanili hqondaT braldebis im mtkice-bulebebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa Sesaxeb mopasuxe mxares informaciaar gaaCnda.426 sasamarTlom aseve daafiqsira am principis darRveva saq-meebSi, romlebSic erT mxares uari eTqva saqmis masalebis gacnobaze,an, rodesac erT-erT mxares sasamarTlos mier uari eTqva wardgenilmtkicebulebaTa ganxilvaze.

gansasjelis ufleba — eswrebodes sasamarTlo ganxilvas da ar miscesCveneba sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdegaRiarebiTi Cveneba. me-6 muxlis 1-lida me-3 punqtebis moTxovnaa gansasjelis sasamarTlo ganxilvaze das-wreba. samoqalaqo saqmeebze mxaris sasamarTloproceszedaswreba auci-lebelia mxolod gansakuTrebuli saxis SemTxvevebSi (magaliTad, rode-sac sasamarTlo ganxilvisas unda moxdes pirovnebis qcevis Sefaseba).

166

425 golderi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Golder v. United Kingdom), 1975 wlis 21Tebervali.

426 fuSeri safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Foucher v. France), 1997 wlis 18 marti.

sisxlissamarTlebrivi ganxilva gansasjelis an sxva mxaris gareSe(anu dauswreblad) SesaZlebelia mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi: Tu,xelisuflebis Sesabamisi organoebis yovelgvari Zalisxmevis miuxeda-vad, SeuZlebelia (ar xerxdeba) ecnobos dainteresebul mxares ganxil-vis Taobaze, an monawileTa avadmyofobis gamo, an mxareebma nebayoflo-biT uari ganacxades monawileobaze. bolo SemTxvevaSi uaris Tqma mo-tivirebuli unda iqnes araorazrovani formiT.427

Tu braldebulma uari ganacxada sasamarTlo mosmenaSi monawileo-baze, misi interesebis damcveli aucileblad unda monawileobdes pro-cesSi.428

sasamarTlom naTlad Camoayaliba Tavisi pozicia: sisxlis samar-Tlis saqmeTa samarTliani ganxilva moicavs gansasjelis uflebas, armisces Cveneba sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdegaRiarebiTi Cveneba, an gamoi-yenos dumilis ufleba. am TvalsazrisiT sasamarTlom ganacxada, romdumilis ufleba da sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg Cvenebis armicemis uf-leba me-6 muxlSi ar aris pirdapir moxseniebuli, magram maTi sayovel-Taod aRiareba im saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebidan gamomdina-reobs, romlebic samarTliani marTlmsajulebis standartebs adgenen.maTi Sinaarsi, inter alia, isaa, rom daicvan gansasjeli xelisuflebis iZu-lebisagan, kerZod, ar iqnes mopovebuli mtkicebulebani gansasjelisiZulebis gziT. am konteqstSi mocemuli ufleba mWidro kavSirSia uda-naSaulobis prezumfciis principTan da ar vrceldeba sxva mtkicebu-lebaTa mopovebaze gansasjelis nebayoflobiTiTanxmobis gareSe, maga-liTad dokumentebis amoReba, nivTmtkicebulebaTa amoReba, samedici-no manipulaciebis (sisxlis, dnm-is analizis da sxva) Catareba.

motivirebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miReba. me-6 muxlis erT-erTi moTxovnaa, rom erovnulma sasamarTloebma gamoitanon dasabuTe-buli gadawyvetilebebi rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve sisxlissamarTlissaqmeebze. sasamarTlo ar aris valdebuli, detaluri pasuxebi gascesyvela kiTxvaze, magram iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac werilobiTi wardgenamniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens saqmis saboloo Sedegze, gadawyvetilebismiRebisas sasamarTlom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios mas.saqmeSi — hiro balani espaneTis winaaRmdeg429 (Hiro Balani v. Spain) — gan-mcxadebelma mimarTa erovnul sasamarTlos werilobiTi gancxadebiT,romelSic sasamarTlosagan konkretulpasuxebs moiTxovda. erovnulmasasamarTlom pasuxi ar gasca ganmcxadebels. amis safuZvelze evropul-ma sasamarlom daadgina me-6 muxlis am debulebis darRvevis faqti.

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427 poitrimoli safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Poitrimol v. France), 1993 wlis 23 noemberi.428 feladoa niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Pelladoah v. Netherlands), 1994 wlis 22 seqtemberi.429 1994 wlis 9 dekemberi.

3. udanaSaulobis prezumfcia

me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti adgens, rom yvela, visac brali edeba danaSa-ulSi, ganixileba udanaSaulod kanonis Sesabamisad.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi mocemuli debuleba vrceldeba samoqalaqosaqmeebzec, romlebic ganixilebian sasamarTlos mier `sisxlissamar-Tlebrivis~ konteqstSi (magaliTad, profesiul saqmianobasTan dakav-Sirebuli disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebisas).430

saqmeze — barbera, mesege da habardo espaneTis winaaRmdeg (Barbera,Messegué and Jabardo v. Spain) — sasamarTlom aRniSna: `udanaSaulobisprezumfcia gulisxmobs, inter alia, rom Tavisi movaleobis SesrulebisassasamarTlos wevrebi ar unda eyrdnobodnen winaswar Camoyalibebulazrs piris mimarT. braleulobis damtkicebis tvirTi bralmdebelsakisria da nebismieri eWvi braldebulis an gansasjelis sasargeblodunda ganimartos.~431

me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti moqmedebs sisxlissamarTlebrivi ganxilvismTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. nebismieri SeniSvna, romelsac mosamar-Tle gaakeTebs mosmenis damTavrebis an gansasjelis gamarTlebis mo-mentSi, udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principis darRvevad CaiTvleba.

udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principis dacva evaleba ara marto sa-samarTlos, aramed saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sxva organoebsac.

saqmeze — alene de ribemoni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg432 (Allenet de Ri-bemont v. France) — sasamarTlom daadgina me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtis dar-Rvevis faqti. erT-erT preskonferenciaze policiis maRali Tanamde-bobis pirma ganmcxadebeli daasaxela rogorc mkvlelobis wamqezebe-li. am momentisaTvis am piris winaaRmdeg braldeba ar iyo wayenebulida, Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo ganxilvac ar iyo dawyebuli. udanaSaulo-bis prezumfcia daculunda iqnes aseve gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamo-tanis Semdegac. saqmeze — sekanina avstriis winaaRmdeg (Sekanina v. Aus-tria) — sasamarTlom daadgina, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamotanilia gama-marTlebeli ganaCeni, dauSvebelia, erovnuli sasamarTlo eyrdnobo-des eWvs pirovnebis braleulobis Taobaze.433

168

430 albert da le kompte (Albert and le Compte v. Belgium), 1983 wlis 10 Tebervali.431 1988 wlis 6 dekemberi.432 1995 wlis 10 Tebervali.433 1993 wlis 25 ivnisi.

4. braldebulis an gansasjelis uflebaTaminimaluri standartebi

me-6 muxlis mesame punqtSi mocemulia is garantiebi, romlebic sis-xlissamarTlebriv saqmeebTan mimarTebiT unda ganxorcieldes, ro-gorc am punqtis, aseve pirveli punqtis moTxovnaTa SemTxvevaSi. es Ca-monaTvali ar aris amomwuravi. masSi mocemulia samarTliani sasamar-Tlos konkretuli elementebi. sasamarTlom daaxasiaTa 1-l da me-3punqtebs Soris Sefardeba rogorc `moZraoba zogadidan kerZosaken~.magaliTad, SeiZleba dairRves samarTliani sasamarTlos principi ise,rom ar iyos darRveuli me-3 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi.

me-3 punqti im pirTa uflebebs exeba, romelTac brali danaSaulisCadenaSi edebaT.

me-3 punqti Sedgeba 5 qvepunqtisagan, romelTa ganxilvac qvemoTaris mocemuli.

4.1. (a) qvepunqti. pirs ufleba aqvs, misTvis gasageb enaze saswrafodda detalurad iqnes informirebuli mis winaaRmdeg braldebis bunebi-sa da mizezebis Sesaxeb.

es debuleba exeba informacias, romelic bralis wayenebis an saqmisaRZvris momentSi unda ecnobos braldebuls. saqmeze — de salvadortoresi espaneTis winaaRmdeg434 (De Salvador Torres v. Spain) — ganmcxade-beli amtkicebda, rom erovnulma sasamarTlom gamoitana ufro mkacriganaCeni damamZimebeli garemoebebis safuZvelze, romelic ar iyo nax-senebi sabraldebo daskvnaSi. evropulma sasamarlom ar daadgina dar-Rveva, vinaidan mocemul SemTxvevaSi es garemoebebi gamomdinareobdabraldebis Sinaarsidan, e.i. amis Sesaxeb ganmcxadeblma icoda.

saqmeSi — broziCeki italiis winaaRmdeg (Brozicek v. Italy) — ganmcxade-belma, erovnebiT germanelma, italiis sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvaSinaTlad ganacxada, rom enobriv sirTuleebs ganicdis. sasamarTlom argamouyo mas Tarjimani, ris safuZvelze evropulma sasamarTlom me-6muxlis me-3(a) punqtis darRveva daafiqsira.435

analogiuri viTareba iyo saqmeSi — kamasinski avstriis winaaRmdeg(Kamasinski v. Austria).436 sasamarTlom ganacxada: `braldebuligansasje-li, romelic ver flobs samarTlawarmoebis enas, arasamarTlian piro-bebSi aRmoCndeba, Tu mas ar mieca saSualeba, gaecnos sabraldebo aqtsada sxva dokumentebs misTvis gasageb enaze~.

mniSvnelovania, rom gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni gamotanil unda iqnesim marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisaTvis, romelic pirs sabraldebo das-

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434 1996 wlis 24 oqtomberi.435 1989 wlis 19 dekemberi.436 1989 wlis 19 dekemberi.

kvnaSi waeyena. saqmeSi — pelisie da sasi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg437

(Pélissier and Sassi v. France) — ganmcxadebels brali wauyenes danaSau-lebriv gakotrebaSi, Tumca isini msjavrdebul iqnnen danaSaulebrivigakotrebis mizniT SeTqmulebis organizebaSi. evropulma sasamar-Tlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romliTac daadgina, rom dairRvakonvencia.

4.2. (b) qvepunqti.438 piris uflebaa, iqonios sakmarisi dro da saSua-lebebi sakuTari dacvis mosamzadeblad. mosamarTlis mTavari amoca-naa, daicvas balansi mocemul debulebasa da `gonivruli vadis~ far-glebSi sasamarTlo ganxilvas Soris.

sakmarisi drois kriteriumis gansazRvra yoveli saqmis sirTules-Tan da saqmis garemoebebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

damcveli unda dainiSnos ise, rom mas procesisaTvis mosamzadebladsakmarisi dro hqondes. es debuleba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elemen-tia. aseve, am debulebidan gamomdinareobs, rom braldebuli an gansas-jelis damcvels klientTan SeuzRudavi da konfidenciuri xelmisaw-vdomobis saSualeba TavisTavad unda hqondes. sistema, romelic moiT-xovs mosamarTlis an prokuroris nebarTvas, raTa damcveli SexvdesTavis klients, ewinaaRmdegeba konvenciis mocemul debulebas da xel-yofs samarTliani samarTalwarmoebis princips. Sesabamisad, cixis ad-ministracia valdebulia uzrunvelyos yvela piroba, romelic auci-lebelia damcvelsa da mis klients Soris Sexvedris Casatareblad. ro-gorc evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, mosamarTles unda axsovdes,rom gansasjels braldebuls dabrkolebebis gareSe unda mieces saSua-leba, daamyaros kavSiri Tavis damcvelTan dacvis mosamzadeblad. esganixileba samarTliani sasamarTlos centralur elementad. zogierTSemTxvevaSi SezRudvebi SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos. saxelmwifos Se-uZlia SezRudos kerZo konsultaciebi advokatsa da braldebuls So-ris, rodesac saxezea aSkara eWvi imisa, rom advokati borotad iyenebsTavis profesiul mdgomareobas, saidumlod aTanxmebs Tavis klien-tTan mtkicebulebaTa damalvis an ganadgurebis faqtebs, an sasamar-Tlo procesis obstruqcias gegmavs.

SezRudva SeiZleba droebiTi RonisZiebis xasiaTs atarebdes. magali-Tad, saqmeze — bonzi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Bonzi v. Switzerland)439 — evro-pulma komisiam ar daadgina darRveva imis gamo, rom braldebuls, rome-lic samartoo sakanSi imyofeboda, garkveuli droiT SeezRuda advokat-Tan Sexvedris ufleba, sxva danarCen dros ki mas amis saSualeba hqonda.

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437 1999 wlis 25 marti.438 es qvepunqti mWidro kavSirSia (g) qvepunqtTan.439 12 PR185.

saqmeSi — krioxeri da mioleri Sveicariis winaaRmdeg440 (Kröcher andMöller v. Switzerland) — ganmcxadebels brali edeboda gansakuTrebiT mZi-me danaSaulSi, romelic terorizmTan iyo dakavSirebuli. sasamar-Tlom 3 kviriT SeuzRuda mas advokatTan pirispir Sexvedris ufleba,Tumca maT SeeZloT zedamxedvelobis qveS werilobiTi formiT urTi-erToba. am SemTxevaSic evropulma sasamarlom darRveva ar daadgina.

miuxedavad amisa, nebismieri aseTi SezRudva ganpirobebuli undaiyos mxolod ukiduresi aucileblobiT.

konsultaciebi moicavs rogorc pirispir Sexvedrebs, ise werilobi-Ti formiT mimoweras. konvenciis saerTo suliskveTebidan gamomdina-re, SeiZleba mtkiceba, rom am debulebis nebismieri SezRudva kanoniTunda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, rac `zust da mkafio~ pirobebs daadgens,Tu rodis SeiZleba am SezRudvebis gamoyeneba.

ganmcxadeblis ufleba mowmeTa Cvenebebis xelmisawvdomobaze. am sa-kiTxTan dakavSirebiT evropulma komisiam CaTvala, rom SesaZleblobe-bi, romlebic yovel gansasjels unda hqondes, moicavs aseve mis ufle-bas, gaecnos gamoZiebis Sedegebs, raTa saTanado dacvisaTvis moemza-dos. mocemuli ufleba zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba SeizRudos. sasa-marTlom daadgina: saxelmwifos SeuZlia SeuzRudos dacvis mxares ma-salebisadmi xelmisawvdomoba, Tu amas moiTxovs marTlmsajulebis gan-xorcielebis interesebi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac amgvar masalebsdacvis mxarisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs.

4.3. (g) qvepunqti. piris uflebaa, daicvas Tavi piradad an mis mierarCeuli damcvelis meSveobiT, an, Tu mas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi saxsrebisamarTlebrivi daxmarebis asanazRaureblad, mieces amis SesaZleblobaufasod, rodesac marTlmsajulebis interesebi amas moiTxovs.

es debuleba moiTxovs, rom sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze braldebulsan gansasjels aucileblad eZleodes saSualeba, daicvas Tavi piradad andamcvelis meSveobiT. aucilebel SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos ufaso sa-marTlebrivi daxmarebis miReba (mag., advokatis saxazino wesiTdaniSvna).

ufaso daxmareba unda iyos praqtikuli da efeqtiani da ara Teoriu-li da iluziuri. saqmeze — artiko italiis winaaRmdeg441 (Artico v. Italy) —sasamarTlom aRniSna: me-6 muxlSi saubaria `daxmarebaze~ da ara `daniS-vnaze~. advokatis daniSvna rodi uzrunvelyofs yovelTvis efeqtiandaxmarebas, vinaidan daniSnuli advokati SeiZleba Tavs aridebdes Ta-vis movaleobaTa Sesrulebas an avadmyofobis gamo ver axorcielebdesTavis movaleobas. xelisuflebam unda Secvalos aseTi advokati, an ai-Zulos igi, Seasrulos dakisrebuli movaleobebi.

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440 26 DR 24.441 1980 wlis 13 maisi.

ufaso iuridiulidaxmarebis ufleba ganisazRvreba ori kriteriumiT:• braldebuls an gansasjels ar gaaCnia sakmarisi saxsrebi damcve-

lis dasaqiraveblad;• marTlmsajulebis interesebi moiTxovs ufaso iuridiuli daxma-

rebiT uzrunvelyofas.sasamarTlos azriT, Tu saqme rTul sakiTxs exeba da Tu gansasjels,

romelmac airCia sakuTari ZalebiT dacvis ufleba, magram mas ar gaaC-nia sakmarisi saTanado iuridiuli momzadeba, marTlmsajulebis inte-resebi moiTxovs, rom mas daeniSnos advokati. sasamarTlo miaqcevs ase-ve yuradRebas saqmis sirTules da savaraudo sanqciis simkacres. saqme-Si — benami gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Benham v. the United Kin-gdom) — sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom: `rodesac arsebobs TavisuflebisaRkveTis safrTxe, marTlmsajulebis interesebi moiTxovs iuridiulidaxmarebiT gansasjelis uzrunvelyofas.~

konvencia pirdapir ar moiTxovs ufaso iuridiuli daxmarebiT ga-rantirebas samoqalaqo saqmeebze, magram sasamarTlom daadgina, romaseTi daxmareba unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili, Tu marTlmsajulebis in-teresebi amas moiTxovs, miT ufro, Tu daxmarebis ararsebobam SeiZle-ba konvenciis debulebaTa darRveva gamoiwvios. yovel konkretul Sem-TxevaSi es damokidebuli iqneba saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebze. erov-nulma mosamarTlem unda gansazRvros, moiTxovs Tu ara marTlmsaju-lebis interesebi samoqalaqo procesis monawilisaTvis ufaso iuridi-uli daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofas.442

4.4. (d) qvepunqti. piris uflebaa, dakiTxos an daikiTxon mis winaaR-mdeg Cvenebis mimcemi mowmeebi da uzrunvelyofil iqnes dacvis mowme-Ta daswrebiT da dakiTxviT mis winaaRmdeg Cvenebis mimcem mowmeTa Ta-nabar pirobebSi

mxareTa Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare, mocemuli debule-ba da arsebuli precedentuli samarTali aniWebs uflebas mxareebs,maT Soris gansasjels, dakiTxos mowmeebi. saqmeze — bioniSi avstriiswinaaRmdeg443 (Bönisch v. Austria) — sasamarTlom daadgina, rom erovnul-ma sasamarTlom unda dakiTxos dacvis mier gamoZaxebuli mowmeebi ise-ve, rogorc eqspertad mowveuli mowmeebi. Tumca erovnul sasamar-Tlos aqvs ufleba, uari uTxras gansasjelis mxares mowmis gamoZaxeba-ze, Tu naTelia, rom mowmis Cvenebas saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisaTvismniSvneloba ar aqvs.

konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis kanonmdeblobaiTvaliswinebs iseT normebs, romelTa safuZvelze mowmeTa garkveuli

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442 eiri irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Airey v. Ireland), 1979 wlis 9 oqtomberi.443 1985 wlis 6 maisi.

kategoriebi (magaliTad, ojaxis wevrebi) Tavisufldebian Cvenebis mi-cemisagan. saqmeze — unterpertingeri avstriis winaarmdeg444 (Unterper-tinger v. Austria) — sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom amgvari normebi ar ewinaaR-mdegeba me-6 muxlis me-3 punqtis qvepunqtebis debulebebs.

4.5. (e) qvepunqti. piris uflebaa, miiRosTarjimnis ufasodaxmareba.im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac braldebuls an gansasjels ar esmis samarTal-warmoebis ena da `samarTalwarmoebaSi arsebuli yvela dokumentis anganacxadis gageba ki aucilebelia gansasjelisaTvis, raTa man isargeb-los samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis uflebiT~, sasamarTlom undauzrunvelyos es piri Tarjimnis gamoyenebis uflebiT. qvepunqtis moq-medeba ar vrceldeba saqmeSi arsebul yvela dokumentaciaze. am qvepun-qtis moTxovnaa, iTargmnos is dokumentebi, romlebic saWiroa, raTa pi-risaTvis gasagebi iyos saqmis arsi da amiT garantirebul iqnes samar-Tliani sasamarTlos principi.445

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom (e) qvepunqtiT calsaxad akrZalulia,moeTxovos braldebuls, aanazRauros Tarjimnis xarjebi, vinaidantermini `ufasod~ aRniSnavs `erTjerad da srul ganTavisuflebas ga-daxdis valdebulebisagan~.

uflebamosili organoebis valdebuleba ar Semoifargleba mxolodTarjimnis daniSvniT, maT aseve aqvT valdebuleba, gaakontrolon Tar-gmanis xarisxis adekvaturoba. Tarjimnis ufleba vrceldeba yru-mun-jebzec, romelTac specialisti sWirdebaT, vinaidan maT urTierTobamxolod Jestebis meSveobiT SeuZliaT.

173

444 1986 wlis 24 noemberi.445 ludike, belkasemi da koCi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Luedicke, Belkasam and Koc v. Ger-

many), 1978 wlis 28 noemberi; kamasinski avstriis winaaRmdeg (Kamasinski v. Austria),1989 wlis 28 dekemberi;

4. evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli — piradi daojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba

4.1. evropuli konvencia da misi ganmarteba

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad:

`1. yvelas aqvs ufleba pativi scen mis pirad da ojaxur cxovrebas,mis sacxovrebelsa da mis mimoweras.

2. dauSvebelia sajaro xelisuflebis Careva am uflebis ganxor-cielebaSi, garda iseTi Carevisa, rac daSvebulia kanoniT da aucile-belia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi erovnuli uSiSroebis, sazoga-doebrivi usafrTxoebis an qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReobis inte-resebisaTvis an uwesrigobis an danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad,janmrTelobis an zneobis an sxvaTa uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa da-sacavad.~

naTelia, rom me-8 muxli Camoyalibebulia or punqtad. 1-li punqtiadgens uflebebs, romlebiTac pirebi unda iyvnen uzrunvelyofili,xolo me-2 punqti iTvaliswinebs, rom sajaro xelisuflebam SeiZlebamarTlzomierad SezRudos es uflebebi masSi Camoyalibebuli pirobe-bis mixedviT. igi adgens sam pirobas, SezRudva marTlzomierad rom Ca-iTvalos. me-2 punqtis mixedviT, SezRudva unda:

a) iyos kanonis Sesabamisi;b) emsaxurebodes kanonier mizans (erovnuli uSiSroebis, sazogado-

ebrivi usafrTxoebis an qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReobis interese-bi, uwesrigobis an danaSaulis Tavidan acileba, janmrTelobis an zneo-bis dacva da sxv.);

g) iyos aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.rac Seexeba `kanonis~ moTxovnebs, mniSvnelovania ori elementi:

xelmisawvdomoba da ganWvretadoba. xelmisawvdomobis moTxovnarom daakmayofilos, `kanoni unda iyos advilad xelmisawvdomi: moqa-laqes, garemoebebis mixedviT, unda hqondes SesaZlebloba, gaerkves,romeli samarTlebrivi normebi gamoiyeneba mocemul SemTxveva-Si.~446 rac Seexeba ganWvretadobis moTxovnas, is niSnavs, rom `normaar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `kanonad~, Tu igi ar aris formulirebulisakmarisi sizustiT, rac moqalaqes miscems SesaZleblobas, Seusat-yvisos mas Tavisi moqmedeba: mas unda hqondes SesaZlebloba — saWi-roebisamebr, Sesabamisi daxmarebiT — ganWvritos Seqmnili garemoe-

174

446 silveri da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Silver and Others v. the UnitedKingdom), 1983 wlis 25 marti, Series A no. 61.

bebisaTvis gonivrul farglebSi is Sedegebi, romlebic aseT moqme-debas SeiZleba mohyves.~447

SezRudvebi rom dawesdes, unda arsebobdes `mwvave sazogadoebrivisaWiroeba~ da SezRudvebi unda iyos proporciuli SezRudvis kanonie-ri miznisa. saxelmwifom unda gaamarTlos uflebis SezRudva da daam-tkicos, rom dawesebuli SezRudva proporciuli iyo me-2 punqtiT gaT-valiswinebuli miznisa.

evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli akisrebs saxelmwifoebs valdebu-lebas, pativi scen oTx interess — piradi da ojaxuri cxovreba, sacxov-rebeli da mimowera. konvenciis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebs aqvT ara mxo-lod negatiuri valdebuleba — ar SezRudon me-8 muxlis 1-li punqtiTgaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi, aramed aseve pozitiuri valdebuleba —uzrunvelyon efeqtiani sargebloba am uflebebiT.

saqmeze — X da Y niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (X and Y v. Netherlands)448— evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxelmwifos pozitiuri val-debuleba vrceldeba urTierTobebze kerZo pirebs Soris. am saqmeSi,romelic exeboda 16 wlis fsiqikurad daavadebuli gogonas mimarTsrulwlovani mamakacis seqsualur Zaladobas, SeuZlebeli iyo am ma-makacis mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldebis wayeneba holandiiskanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli xarvezis gamo. Tumca mopasuxe mTavrobaamtkicebda, rom gogonas SeeZlo gamoeyenebina samoqalaqosamar-Tlebrivi dacvis saSualeba, evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, romam SemTxvevaSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis efeqtiani saSualebisararseboba piradi cxovrebis uflebis pativiscemis moTxovnis Seus-ruleblobaa polandiis xelisuflebis mier. evropulma sasamarTlomganacxada, rom:

`[me-8 muxli] ara mxolod avaldebulebs saxelmwifos, Tavi SeikavosSezRudvisagan — am ZiriTad negatiur valdebulebasTan erTad, SeiZle-ba arsebobdes pozitiuri valdebuleba piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebisefeqtiani pativiscemisa. ... aseTma valdebulebam SeiZleba saWiro gaxa-dos iseTi RonisZiebebis gatareba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen piradicxovrebis pativiscemis uflebas, Tundac individebs Soris urTier-TobaTa sferoSi.~449

amis msgavsad, saqmeze — kroni niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Kroon v.Netherlands) — evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom me-8 muxlis `Ziri-Tadi mizani~ aris `... individTa dacva sajaro xelisuflebis ukanonomoqmedebisagan. amasTan erTad, SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri valdebuleba,romelic gamomdinareobs piradi cxovrebis [da konvenciis me-8 muxlis

175

447 andersoni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Andersson v. Sweden), 1992 wlis 25 Tebervali, SeriesA no. 226, 75-e punqti.

448 1985 wlis 26 marti, Series A no. 91, 27-e punqti.449 iqve, 23-e punqti.

1-li punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva faseulobebis] efeqtiani `pati-viscemidan.~450

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom me-8 muxlSi gamoyenebuli terminebismniSvnelobis ganmarteba, konvenciis sxva debulebebis msgavsad, `avto-nomiuria~. evropuli sasamarTlo ar izRudeba terminebis raime gan-martebiT erovnuli organoebis mier.

evropuli sasamarTloTavs aridebs wesebis dadgenas daculi ufle-bebis mniSvnelobis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT. arcerT SemTxvevaSisasamarTlos ar ucdia, amomwuravad ganesazRvra, ra Seadgens pirad anojaxur cxovrebas, sacxovrebels an mimoweras.

4.1.1. piradi cxovreba

rogorc aRiniSna, evropuli sasamarTlo amomwuravad ar gansaz-Rvravs pirad cxovrebas. saqmesTan — kostelo-robertsi gaerTianebu-li samefos winaaRmdeg (Costello-Roberts v. the United Kingdom) — dakavSi-rebiT evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom piradi cxovreba farTokoncefciaa, romelic `ar eqvemdebareba amomwuravad gansazRvrebas~.451

saqmeze — nimici germaniis winaaRmdeg (Niemietz v. Germany) — evropulmasasamarTlom ganacxada, rom:

`sasamarTlo ar Tvlis SesaZleblad an aucileblad, amomwuravadgansazRvros `piradi cxovrebis~ koncefcia. Tumca Zalze SezRuduliiqneboda am koncefciis Semofargvla `Sida wriT~, romelSic individiSeiZleba mis mier arCeuli piradi cxovrebiT cxovrobdes da misgan ga-moricxavdes garesamyaros, romelic ar Sedis am wreSi. piradi cxovre-bis pativiscema aseve unda moicavdes, garkveul farglebSi, sxva adami-anebTan urTierTobis damyarebisa da ganviTarebis uflebas.~452

piradi cxovreba moicavs sakiTxTa farTo wres.

4.1.1.1. fizikuri da moraluri xelSeuxebloba

piradi cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba koncefciaa, romelic moicavspirisfizikurda moralurxelSeuxeblobas. ukve moxseniebuli saqmis —XdaY niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (X and Y v. Netherlands) — ganxilvisas evro-pulma sasamarTlom naTelyo,rom erTi piris mier ganxorcielebulmafi-zikurma Tavdasxmam SeiZleba xelyos meore piris piradi cxovreba.453

176

450 1994 wlis 27 oqtomberi, Series A no. 297-C, 31-e punqti; aseve ix. eiri irlandiis wina-aRmdeg (Airey v. Ireland), 1979 wlis 9 oqtomberi, Series A no. 32, 32-e-33-e punqtebi.

451 1993 wlis 25 marti, Series A no. 247-C, 36-e punqti.452 1992 wlis 16 dekemberi, Series A no. 251-B, 29-e punqti.453 X da Y niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (X and Y v. Netherlands), 1985 wlis 26 marti, Series A

no. 91, 22-e punqti; aseve ix. S.W. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (S.W. v. the UnitedKingdom), 1995 wlis 22 noemberi, Series A no. 335-B.

amave dros, evropulma sasamarTlom gamoxata pozicia, rom, mar-Talia, fizikuri an moraluri xelSeuxeblobis SezRudvam SeiZlebaxelyos individis piradi cxovrebis ufleba, magram yvela moqmedebaar unda CaiTvalos individis piradi cxovrebis uflebis xelyofad.saqmis kostelo-robertsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Costel-lo-Roberts v. the United Kingdom), romelic exeboda kerZo skolis mas-wavleblis mier moswavlis mimarT sxeulebrivi sasjelis gamoyenebas,— ganxilvisas sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina sasjelis SedarebiT umniS-vnelo xasiaTi, dasaSvebad miiCnia misi gamoyeneba saskolo garemoSida ganacxada, rom `moqmedeba, romelmac ganapiroba ganmcxadeblissaCivari, ar iwvevs fizikuri da moraluri SeuracxyofisaTvis sakma-ris zians, raTa moqmedeba moeqces me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ak-rZalvis farglebSi.~454

4.1.1.2. piradi monacemebis Segroveba da Senaxva saxelmwifos mier

saxelmwifo moxeleTa mier informaciis Segroveba individis Sesaxebmisi Tanxmobis gareSe zRudavs adamianis piradi cxovrebis pativisce-mis uflebas. saqmeSi — makveigi da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaR-mdeg (McVeigh and Others v. the United Kingdom) — ganmcxadeblebi dakiT-xes, gaCxrikes, auRes TiTis anabeWdebi da moaxdines maTi fotografi-reba, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Sesaba-misad. isini amtkicebdnen, rom Sesabamisi dosies SenarCuneba maT piradcxovrebaSi Carevaa. evropulma sasamarTlom gaiziara mosazreba, romes informacia mniSvnelovani iyo uSiSroebis miznebisaTvis da rom ar-sebobs mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba terorizmis winaaRmdeg sab-rZolvelad, ramac gadawona ganmcxadebelTa uflebis SezRudva da esqmedeba sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSi marTlzomierad CaTvala.455

evropulma sasamarTlom gaiziara mosazreba, rom erovnuli uSiSro-ebis dacvisaTvis saxelmwifoebs unda hqondeT kanonebi, romlebic xe-lisuflebas aniWeben uflebas, Seagrovon da Seinaxon informacia sa-zogadoebisaTvis xelmiuwvdomel dosieSi.456 evropuli sasamarTloaseve daeTanxma mosazrebas, rom xelisuflebas unda SeeZlos am infor-maciis gamoyeneba erovnuli uSiSroebisaTvis mniSvnelovan Tanamdebo-bebze kandidatTa vargisianobis Sesafaseblad. saxelmwifos valdebu-leba aris, daadginos aseTi gamonaklisi pirobebi da specialuri Tanam-debobebi. Tumca sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom saxelmwifoebma kanoniT un-da uzrunvelyon dacvis minimaluri standartebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes

177

454 1993 wlis 25 marti, Series A no. 247-C, 36-e punqti.455 komisiis moxseneba, 25 D.R. 15, 1981 wlis 18 marti.456 lianderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Leander v. Sweden), 1987 wlis 26 marti, Series A no. 116,

59-e punqti.

acilebuli uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyeneba saxelmwifos mier.sasamarTlom aRniSna:

`eWvs ar iwvevs imis aucilebloba, rom Tavisi erovnuli uSiSroe-bis dasacavad xelSemkvrelma saxelmwifoebma xelisuflebis kompe-tentur organoebs unda mianiWon imis uflebamosileba, reestrSi Se-itanon sazogadoebisaTvis xelmiuwvdomeli informacia da gamoiye-non igi erovnuli uSiSroebisaTvis mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebze kan-didatTa vargisianobis Sesafaseblad. amasTan, sadavo Careva uaryo-fiTad moqmedebs batoni lianderis kanonier interesebze, radgan masSeezRuda calkeul sajaro Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis SesaZlebloba.meore mxriv, sajaro samsaxuris xelmisawvdomobis ufleba, rogorcaseTi, uzrunvelyofili ar aris konvenciiT ... da amasTanave, Carevaar iyo dabrkoleba misTvis, sakuTari arCevaniT waremarTa piradicxovreba.~457

4.1.1.3. piradi informaciis xelmisawvdomoba

piradi informaciis Semcveli saxelmwifo dosies gacnobis SeuZleb-lobam SeiZleba wamoWras pirad cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxe-bi. saqme — gaskini gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Gaskin v. the Uni-ted Kingdom) — gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania am mimarTebiT.458 ganmcxa-debeli bavSvobaSi imyofeboda sazogadoebrivi meurveobis qveS. adgi-lobrivi saxelmwifo organo inaxavda dosies misi meurveobis Sesaxeb.mas Semdeg, rac igi zrdasruli adamiani gaxda, gaskinma moisurva, gas-cnoboda dosies Tavis Sesaxeb. saxelmwifo organom uari ganacxada ase-Ti informaciis gacemaze. man yuradReba gaamaxvila dosies konfiden-ciurad Senaxvis mniSvnelobaze meurveobis sistemis efeqtianobisaT-vis. miuxedavad amisa, evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom:

`ganmcxadeblis mdgomareobaSi myof pirebs aqvT konvenciiTdaculisasicocxlo interesi iseTi informaciis miRebisadmi, rac aucilebe-lia maTTvis, raTa icodnen TavianTi bavSvobisa da ganviTarebis Sesa-xeb.~459

piradi monacemebis dacvas mesame mxarisa Tu sazogadoebisagan didimniSvneloba aqvs piradi cxovrebis uflebiT sargeblobisaTvis. saqme-ze — `z~ fineTis winaaRmdeg (Z v. Finland) — evropulma sasamarTlom da-adgina, rom janmrTelobis Sesaxeb monacemebis konfidenciuroba undaiqnes daculi.460

178

457 iqve.458 1989 wlis 7 ivlisi, Series A no 160.459 iqve, 49-e punqti.460 1997 wlis 25 Tebervali.

4.1.1.4. sqesobrivi cxovrebis saidumloeba

sqesobrivi urTierToba Sedis piradi cxovrebis sferoSi. saqmeSi— dadjeni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Dudgeon v. the UnitedKingdom), romelic exeboda urTierTTanxmobiT homoseqsualur ur-TierTobas srulwlovan mamakacebs Soris, — sasamarTlom sqesobrivicxovreba aRwera rogorc piradi cxovrebis `yvelaze intimuri aspeq-ti~.461 am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom daadgina, rom iseTi ka-nonmdeblobis arsebobam, romelic ukanonod acxadebda homoseqsua-lur urTierTobas, Selaxa ganmcxadeblis piradi cxovrebis ufleba.

sqesis Secvla miCneul iqna piradi cxovrebis sakiTxad. saqmeze —reesi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Rees v. the United Kingdom),(1986 weli) — evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom mTavrobas arSeulaxavs transseqsualis piradi cxovrebis ufleba, Secvliliyodabadebis mowmobaSi Setanili informacia ganmcxadeblis sqesis Sesa-xeb, dabadebis registraciis arsebuli sistemis Secvlaze uaris gamo.sasamarTlom msgavsi pozicia Camoayaliba saqmeze — kosi gaerTiane-buli samefos winaaRmdeg (Cossey v. the United Kingdom), (1990 weli).462

Tumca saqmeze — `b~ safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (B v. the United Kingdom) —evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom saxelmwifos uarma, ganmcxa-deblisaTvis daerTo neba, Seecvala Tavisi saxeli qalis saxeliT, ra-sac daemata saxelmwifos uari, cvlileba Seetana moqalaqeobrivimdgomareobis CanawerSi, ganmcxadebels Seuqmna sirTuleebi yovel-dRiur cxovrebaSi, vinaidan saxelmwifom ar gaatara sakmarisi Ronis-Ziebebi me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli piradi cxovrebis uflebisuzrunvelsayofad.463

4.1.1.5. saxelebi

saxelis/gvaris arCevis uflebas moicavs konvenciis me-8 muxliT uz-runvelyofili piradi da ojaxuri cxovreba, vinaidan igi aris individ-Ta piradi identificirebis saSualeba.464

179

461 1981 wlis 22 oqtomberi, Series A no. 45, 52-e punqti.462 aseve ix. van oosterveiki belgiis winaaRmdeg (Van Oosterwijk v. Belgium), komisiis mox-

seneba, 1979 wlis 1 marti, Series B no. 36, 52-e punqti.463 1992 wlis 25 marti, Series A no. 232-C.464 stierna fineTis winaaRmdeg (Stjerna v. Finland), 1994 wlis 25 noemberi, Series A no. 299-

B; guilo safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Guillot v. France), 1996 wlis 24 oqtomberi,RJD 1996-V, N19.

4.1.2. ojaxuri cxovreba

4.1.2.1. dauqorwinebeli mSoblebi da Svilebis samarTlebrivimdgomareoba

evropuli konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebSi momxdari socialu-ri da samarTlebrivi cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ojaxuri cxovre-bis ganmarteba strasburgis organoebis mier gascda formalur urTi-erTobas da moicva aseve faqtobrivi kavSirebi partniorebs Soris.465

amdenad, Tu partniorebs ara aqvT formaluri urTierToba, aris Tuara aseTi urTierToba ojaxuri cxovreba, damokidebuli iqneba faq-tobriv mdgomareobaze. am mimarTebiT evropulma komisiam aRniSna, rom`òjaxuri cxovrebis~ arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxi mniSvnelovnaddamokidebulia mWidro piradi urTierTobis realuri arsebobis faq-tze ...~.466 saqmeze — kroni niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Kroon v. Nether-lands) — evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada:

`sasamarTlo ixsenebs, rom me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli òjaxuricxovrebis~ cneba ar izRudeba mxolod qorwinebaze damyarebuli urTi-erTobiT da SeiZleba moicavdes sxva de facto òjaxur kavSirebs~, rode-sac mxareebi erTad cxovroben qorwinebis gareSe. ... Tumca, rogorc we-si, erTad cxovreba SeiZleba aseTi urTierTobis moTxovna iyos, gamo-naklisis saxiT sxva faqtorebma aseve SeiZleba moaxdinon imis demon-strireba, rom aseT urTierTobas aqvs sakmarisi mdgradoba, raTa dam-yardes de facto òjaxuri kavSirebi~; ... aseTi urTierTobis Sedegad da-badebuli Svili aris ipso jure òjaxuri erTeulis~ nawili misi dabade-bis momentidan da Tavad am faqtis gamo. ...~.467

mamakacisa da qalis Tanacxovreba ar miiCneva ojaxuri cxovrebisaT-vis aucilebel winapirobad.468

saqme — marqsi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Marckx v. Belgium) — exeboda dauqor-winebeli dedis ganacxads belgiis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT qorwinebis-gareSe Svilis statusis Sesaxeb.469 am saqmis ganxilvis dros moqmedi bel-giis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, qorwinebisgareSe Svilebis aRiareba mxo-

180

465 jonstoni da sxvebi irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Johnston and Others v. Ireland), 1986 wlis 18dekemberi, Series A no. 112; marqsi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Marckx v. Belgium), 1979 wlis 13ivnisi, Series A no. 31 da X, Y da Z gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (X, Y and Z v. theUnited Kingdom), 1997 wlis 22 aprili, EHRR 1997-II.

466 `k~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (K v. the United Kingdom),No. 11468/85, 1986 wlis15 oqtomberi, 50 DR 199; X, Y da Z gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (X, Y and Z v.the United Kingdom), 1997 wlis 22 aprili, EHRR 1997-II, 36-e punqti.

467 1994 wlis 27 oqtomberi, Series A no. 297-C.468 kroni niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Kroon v. Netherlands), Series A no. 297-C, 30-e punqti;

aseve ix. berehabi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Berrehab v. Netherlands), 1988 wlis 21 iv-nisi, Series A no. 138.

469 1979 wlis 13 ivnisi, Series A no. 31.

lod maSin moxdeboda TavianTi dedis Svilebad, Tu deda formaluradcnobda Tavis dedobas. am saqmeze evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, romdedasa da Svils Soris biologiuri kavSiri qmnis ojaxur cxovrebas me-8muxlisgagebiT,rac aseve vrceldebadedisadaukanonoSvilis SemTxveva-ze, vinaidan konvencia ar ganasxvavebs `kanonier~ da `ukanono~ Svilebs.470

saqmeze — jonstoni da sxvebi irlandiis winaRmdeg (Johnston andOthers v. Ireland) — evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dauqorwine-bel mSoblebsa da maT Svilebs Soris bunebrivi ojaxuri urTierTobisnormalurad ganviTareba moiTxovs, maTi Svilebi Cayenebul iqnnen ima-ve samarTlebriv da socialur mdgomareobaSi, romelSic arian daqor-winebuli mSoblebis Svilebi. mSobelTa qorwinebasTan dakavSirebulimdgomareobis gamo Svilebis gansxvavebul samarTlebriv mdgomareoba-Si Cayeneba ikrZaleba konvenciis me-8 muxliT, diskriminaciis akrZal-vis Sesaxeb me-14 muxlTan erTad.471

ojaxuri cxovreba ZiriTadad exeba urTierTobas meuRleebs Soris,mSoblebsa da Svils Soris, Tumca is aseve moicavs urTierTobas da-Zmas,472 bebia-babuasa473 da SviliSvils Soris da urTierTobas mSvileb-lebsa da naSvilebs Soris.474

4.1.2.2. meurveoba da mzrunveloba

4.1.2.2.1. meurveoba

vinaidan ojaxuri cxovreba moicavs sxvadasxva urTierTobas, erT-erTis Sewyveta (mag., ganqorwinebis gziT) avtomaturad ar unda niSnav-des ojaxis yvela wevrs Soris urTierTobis Sewyvetas. saqmesTan — be-rehabi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Berrehab v. Netherlands) — evropulmasasamarTlom gaiziara Sexeduleba, rom, miuxedavad mSoblebis ganqor-winebisa, grZeldeba ojaxuri cxovreba mamasa da Svils Soris, vinaidanmama inarCunebda urTierTobas Tavis SvilTan.475

Tu arsebobs ojaxuri urTierToba mamasa da Svils Soris, am ukanas-knelis gaSvileba mamis Tanxmobis an mamisaTvis Setyobinebis gareSe, me-

181

470 31-e da 45-e punqtebi.471 1986 wlis 18 dekemberi, Series A no. 112, 74-e-76-e punqtebi.472 olsoni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Olsson v. Sweden), 1988 wlis 24 marti, Series A no. 130,

81-e punqti; mustakimi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Moustaquim v. Belgium), 1991 wlis 18 Teber-vali, Series A no. 193, 56-e punqti.

473 marqsi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Marckx v. Belgium), 1979 wlis 13 ivnisi, Series A no. 31, 45-epunqti; frisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Price v. the United Kingdom), No.12402/86, 1988 wlis 14 ivlisi, 55 DR 224, 1988.

474 soderbeqi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Söderbäck v. Sweden), 1998 wlis 28 oqtomberi, 29EHRR 95, 1998-VII.

475 1988 wlis 21 ivnisi, Series A no. 138, 21-e punqti.

8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ojaxuri cxovrebis uflebis Selaxvaa. saq-mis — kigani irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Keegan v. Ireland), romelic exebodairlandiis kanonmdeblobas gaSvilebis Sesaxeb, — ganxilvisas evropul-ma sasamarTlom me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ojaxuri cxovrebisdarRvevad CaTvala is faqti, rom biologiur mamas ar hqonda Svilad ay-vanis procesSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba.476

me-8 muxli ar Seicavs wess im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romel mSobels undamieniWos meurveobis ufleba ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi. es sakiTxierovnulma kanonmdebelma unda gadawyvitos. miuxedavad imisa, romerovnuli kanonmdeblis gadasawyvetia, dedas Tu mamas unda mieniWosmeurveobis ufleba, evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeze — hofmani avstri-is winaaRmdeg (Hoffmann v. Austria) — aRniSna, rom konvenciis me-14 muxlidiskriminaciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. evro-pulma sasamarTlom daadgina evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRve-va, vinaidan erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelmac mamas mi-aniWa meurveobis ufleba, miRebul iqna mxolod dedis religiuri kuT-vnilebis (iehovas mowme) gamo.477

miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos SeuZlia gansazRvros, romelmSobels unda hqondes Svilze meurveobis ufleba, evropuli sasamar-Tlo emxroba Sexedulebas, rom meore mSobelsac aqvs SvilTan kontaq-tis ufleba, raTa SeinarCunos konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebu-li ojaxuri cxovreba.478 saqmeSi — hokaneni fineTis winaaRmdeg (Hokka-nen v. Finland) — mama edaveboda bebia-babuas Tavisi Svilis meurveobisada kontaqtebis damyarebis uflebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom mamas hqondaTavisi Svilis meurveobisa da masTan kontaqtebis damyarebis ufleba,mopasuxe saxelmwifom ar uzrunvelyo am uflebaTa ganxorcieleba. sa-samarTlom miiCnia, rom dairRva SvilTan kontaqtis ufleba, rasac iT-valiswinebs me-8 muxli.479

4.1.2.2.2. mzrunveloba

evropulma sasamarTlom naTeli mohfina imas, rom mSoblebi unda iy-vnen CarTuli TavianTi Svilebis mzrunvelobaSi gadacemis Sesaxeb ga-dawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, raTa isini uzrunvelyofil iyvnenTavianTi interesebis saTanado dacviT. saqmeze — `b~ gaerTianebuli sa-mefos winaaRmdeg (B v. the United Kingdom) — evropulma sasamarTlom ga-nacxada, rom:

182

476 1994 wlis 26 maisi, Series A no. 290, 55-e punqti.477 1993 wlis 23 ivnisi, Series A no. 255-C.478 jonstoni da sxvebi irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Johnston and Others v. Ireland), 1986 wlis 18

dekemberi, Series A no. 112, 57-e punqti.479 1994 wlis 23 seqtemberi, Series A no. 299-A.

`amdenad, saqmis konkretuli garemoebebisa da misaRebi gadawyveti-lebis seriozuli xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda dadgindes, iyvnen Tuara mSoblebi sakmarisad CarTulni gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi,rac aucilebeli iyo TavianTi interesebis saTanadod dasacavad. Tuara — maSin ver iqneba uzrunvelyofili ojaxuri cxovrebis pativisce-ma ...~.480

mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris kontaqtebis SenarCuneba am ukanasknel-Ta mzrunvelobaSi yofnis ganmavlobaSi is sakiTxia, romelsac evropu-li sasamarTlodid mniSvnelobas aniWebs. Tumca sasamarTlom SeiZlebadaadginos, rom gadawyvetileba bavSvze mzrunvelobis dawesebis Sesa-xeb Seesabameba konvencias, man aseve SeiZleba daadginos, rom mSobleb-sa da Svilebs Soris urTierTobis SezRudva an akrZalva ar akmayofi-lebs me-8 muxlis moTxovnebs.

am mimarTebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia ori interesi: mSobelsa da SvilsSoris urTierTobis SezRudva unda emyarebodes, erTi mxriv, Svilis in-teresebis dacvis arsebiT da sakmaris mizezebs da, meore mxriv, ojaxisSemdgomi gaerTianebis aucileblobas. urTierTobis SezRudva undaiyos im interesis proporciuli, romelsac emsaxureba SezRudva. saqme-Si — andersoni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Andersson v. Sweden) — deda da misivaJiSvili amtkicebdnen, rom 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi mkacrad SeezRudaTvizitebisa da satelefonoTu safosto kontaqtebis ufleba. evropul-ma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mopasuxe saxelmwifom ver gaamarTla Se-fardebuli mkacri RonisZiebebi, ramac gamoiwvia me-8 muxlis darRve-va.481

saqmeSi — iohanseni norvegiis winaaRmdeg (Johansen v. Norway) — gan-mcxadebeli asaCivrebda gadawyvetilebas mzrunvelobis organosaTvisTavisi qaliSvilis gadacemis Sesaxeb, Semdgom misi gaSvilebis mizniT.482

meurveobis komitetma miiCnia, rom q-ni iohansenis fizikuri da goneb-rivi mdgomareoba aradamakmayofilebeli iyo, rom mas ezruna TavisSvilze. amis gamo komitetma saWirod CaTvala ganmcxadeblisaTvismSoblis uflebis CamorTmeva da bavSvis gadacema mzrunvelobis orga-nosaTvis misi gaSvilebis mizniT. amasTanave, komitetis gadawyvetile-biT, ganmcxadebels aekrZala kontaqti Tavis SvilTan. gamcxadebeli am-tkicebda, rom mSoblis uflebis CamorTmeva Tavisi Svilis mimarT iyome-8 muxlis darRveva. evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom:

`am RonisZiebebma gamoiwvia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Sedegebi,vinaidan mTlianad waarTva ganmcxadebels Tavis SvilTan urTierTobisufleba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba maTi xelaxla gaerTianebis mizans. aseTiRonisZiebebi unda gamoiyenon mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi da maTi

183

480 1987 wlis 8 ivlisi, 65-e punqti.481 1992 wlis 25 Tebervali, Series A no. 226.482 1996 wlis 7 agvisto, 23 EHRR 33, 1996-III.

gamarTleba SeiZleba, Tu motivirebulia bavSvis interesebis dacvisaucileblobiT...~.483

saqme — olsoni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Olsson v. Sweden) — exeboda Sve-deTis xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebas ganmcxadebelTa 3 Svilis (ste-fani, helena da Tomasi) mzrunvelobaSi gadacemis Sesaxeb.484 stefanimoaTavses mzrunvelebis ojaxSi, romelic ganmcxadeblebis sacxovre-beli adgilidan daSorebuli iyo 100 km-iT; helena da Tomasi ki sxvadas-xva ojaxSi — 100 km-iT daSorebiT erTmaneTisagan da 600 km-iT daSore-biT ganmcxadeblebisagan. ganmcxadeblebi evropuli komisiis winaSe am-tkicebdnen, rom maTi Svilebis ganTavseba maTgan am manZilze iyo oja-xuri cxovrebis uflebis darRveva. evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada:

`... sasamarTlo, pirvel rigSi, aRniSnavs, rom konkretul SemTxveva-Si ar dgas Svilebis gaSvilebis sakiTxi. amitom, gadawyvetileba mzrun-velobis Sesaxeb droebiT RonisZiebad unda CaiTvalos, rac SewydebagaremoebaTa gaumjobesebisTanave, xolo gatarebuli nebismieri Ro-nisZieba unda Seesabamebodes olsonebis ojaxis xelaxla gaerTianebismizans.

faqtobrivad, SvedeTis xelisuflebis mier gadadgmuli nabijebi ewi-naaRmdegeba aseT mizans, radgan kavSirebi ojaxis wevrebs Soris da maTiwarmatebuli gaerTianeba Zalauneburad Sesustdeba, Tu Seiqmneba dab-rkolebebi maT Soris ioli da regularuli kontaqtebisaTvis. helenasada Tomasis moTavseba TavianTi mSoblebisa da stefanisagan aseT didmanZilze uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdenda maT Soris urTierTobaze.~485

amdenad, evropulma sasamarTlom naTeli mohfina imas, rom gadawyve-tileba bavSvebis mzrunvelebisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb ise unda miiRon,rom man uzrunvelyos mSoblebis ioli da regularuli kontaqti Svi-lebTan.

4.1.2.3. ucxoelebi: imigracia da gaZeveba

konvenciis me-8 muxli ar aniWebs ucxoelebs romelime konkretulsaxelmwifoSi cxovrebis uflebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifosaqvs ufleba, gaakontrolos ucxoelebis Sesvla Tavis teritoriaze,konvencia saxelmwifos garkveul valdebulebebs akisrebs ojaxuricxovrebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT.

saqme — mustakimi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Moustaquim v. Belgium) — exebo-da ganmcxadeblis depotracias marokoSi. ganmcxadebeli belgiaSi Caiy-vanes 2 wlis asakSi, sadac cxovrobda misi yvela axlo naTesavi. man mii-

184

483 ix. 78-e punqti.484 1988 wlis 24 marti, Series A no. 130.485 81-e punqti.

Ro belgiis moqalaqeoba.486 ganmcxadebeli skolaSi swavlobda fran-gul enaze da mxolod orjer imyofeboda marokoSi ardadegebze. evro-pulma sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom misi deportacia marokoSi ar iyo da-saxuli miznis proporciuli.

evropuli sasamarTlo gansxvavebul Sexedulebas emxroba, Tu gan-mcxadebeli inarCunebs garkveul kavSirebs Tavisi warmoSobis qveyanas-Tan. saqmeze — buganemi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Boughanemi v. France)sasamarTlom aRniSna: savaraudoa, ganmcxadebelma SeinarCuna kavSire-bi tunisTan, vinaidan igi ar amtkicebda, rom ar SeeZlo saubari arabulenaze, an rom gawyvita kavSirebi am qveyanasTan.487 am saqmeze gadawyveti-lebis miRebisas sasamarTlom aseve gaiTvaliswina ganmcxadeblis mierCadenili danaSaulis simZime da gadamwyvetad ar miiCnia is faqti, romdeportaciis brZanebis miRebis Semdeg ganmcxadebeli cxovrobdafrang qalTan, romlisganac hyavda Svili.

evropuli sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs ramdenime faqtors piris de-portaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. es faqtorebia: ganmcxa-deblis asaki sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadenis dros, danaSaulisraodenoba da xasiaTi, warmoSobis qveyanaSi ganmcxadeblis vizitebisraodenoba, ganmcxadeblis mier warmoSobis qveynis enis codna da sxv.

is faqti, rom ojaxs aqvs SesaZlebloba, dabrundes Tavisi warmoSobisqveyanaSi, raTa icxovros SvilTan erTad, aseve SeiZleba gadamwyveti gax-des. saqme — guli Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Gül v. Switzerland) — exebodaTur-qi erovnebis mamakacis ganacxads, romelic cxovrobda SveicariaSi daromelmac uSedegod mimarTa xelisuflebas, raTa Tavisi 12 wlis SviliCasuliyo SveicariaSi masTan sacxovreblad.488 vinaidan b-n guls arafe-ri abrkolebda, ecxovra Tavisi ojaxis wevrTan erTad TurqeTSi, sadacTavisi Svilicxovrobda, sasamarTlomdaaskvna, rom Sveicarias ardaur-Rvevia me-8 muxlis 1-li punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebi da,Sesabamisad, Sveicariis mier uzrunvelyofil iqna me-8 muxlis dacva.

saqmeze — ahmuti niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Ahmut v. Netherlands) —sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom niderlandebis xelisuflebis uari, im qve-yanaSi Sesvlis neba daerTo b-ni ahmutis 15 wlis vaJiSvilisaTvis, sadacb-ni ahmuti garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda, ar arRvevs kon-venciis me-8 muxls.489 sasamarTlom daasabuTa Tavisi pozicia imiT, rombiWma Tavisi cxovrebis didi nawili gaatara marokoSi, romelTanac masaqvs enobrivi da kulturuli kavSirebi da sadac igi aRizarda ojaxissxva wevrebis mier.

evropulma sasamarTlom cxadyo, rom konvenciis me-8 muxli ar ir-

185

486 1991 wlis 18 Tebervali, Series A no. 193.487 1996 wlis 24 aprili.488 1996 wlis 19 Tebervali.489 1996 wlis 28 noemberi.

Rveva, Tu meuRleebs SeuZliaT erTad cxovreba romelime sxva qveyana-Si. me-8 muxli SeiZleba dairRves, Tu orive meuRlis saxelmwifo uarsacxadebs, uzrunvelyos meuRle, romelic ar aris am qveynis moqalaqe,am qveyanaSi kanonierad cxovrebis uflebiT.

4.1.3. sacxovrebeli

zogadad `sacxovrebeli~ is adgilia, sadac piri mudmivad cxovrobs.saqmeze — nimici germaniis winaaRmdeg (Niemietz v. Germany) — evropulmasasamarTlom ganacxada, rom samsaxurebrivi saTavso SeiZleba moculiqnes `sacxovreblis~ cnebiT.490 sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom, vinaidan`profesiasTan an mewarmeobasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianoba SeiZlebaganxorcieldes piris kerZo sacxovrebeli saxlidan, xolo saqmianoba,romelic ar exeba mas, SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ofisSi an komerciulsaTavsoSi~, `yovelTvis SesaZlebeli ar aris maTi zusti gamijvna~.491

`sacxovrebliT~ daculi interesebi moicavs sacxovrebliT mSvido-biani sargeblobis uflebas. ufro konkretulad, igi moicavs sacxov-reblis dacvas ganzrax zianis miyenebisagan da dacvas zemoqmedebisa-gan, maT Soris bunebrivisagan.

4.1.3.1. ganzrax zianis miyenebisagan dacva

konvenciis me-8 muxli moicavs piris uflebas — misi sacxovrebelidaculi iyos Tavdasxmebisagan saxelmwifosa da misi warmomadgenlebismxridan. saqmeze — akdivari da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Akdivar andOthers v. Turkey) — evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom uSiSroebis Za-lebi pasuxismgebelni iyvnen ganmcxadebelTa sacxovreblebis dawvazeda daaskvna, rom dairRva konvenciis me-8 muxli.492

4.1.3.2. zemoqmedebisagan dacva

sacxovreblis koncefcia moicavs sacxovrebliT mSvidobiani sargeb-lobis uflebas. saqmeSi — faueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos wi-naaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom) — ganmcxadebeli amtki-cebda, rom TviTmfrinavis xmis intensivobam da xangrZlivobam, romel-sac iwvevda sahaero mimosvla hisrous aeroportSi, Selaxa misi piradida ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba. vinaidan unda dadgindesbalansi individisa da sazogadoebis interesebs Soris, evropulma

186

490 1992 wlis 16 dekemberi, Series A no. 251-B, 30-e punqti.491 1992 wlis 16 dekemberi, Series A no. 251-B, 30-e punqti.492 1996 wlis 16 seqtemberi, 1996-IV-1193, 1 BHRC 137; aseve ix. selCuki da askeri Turqe-

Tis winaaRmdeg (Selcuk and Asker v. Turkey), 1998 wlis 24 aprili, 26 EHRR 477, 1998-II.

sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom ar darRveula konvenciis me-8 muxli.493

4.1.3.3. bunebrivi zemoqmedebisagan dacva

sacxovreblis koncefcia aseve moicavs bunebrivi zemoqmedebisagandacvas. saqme — lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain) —exeboda saCivars sunis, xmaurisa da kvamliT haeris dabinZurebis gamo,rac momdinareobda ganmcxadeblis sacxovrebelTan axlomdebare narCe-nebis gadamamuSavebeli saamqrodan.494 ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, isini ar-Rvevdnen misi sacxovreblis, piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemisuflebas. sasamarTlom saWirod ar CaTvala janmrTelobisaTvis faqtob-rivi zianis miyeneba da aRniSna, rom: `garemos mniSvnelovanma dabinZure-bam SeiZleba gavlena marTlac moaxdinos individTa keTildReobaze daxeli SeuSalos maT, isargeblon TavianTi sacxovrebliT, rac uaryofiTgavlenas moaxdens maT pirad da ojaxur cxovrebaze, miuxedavad imisa,mniSvnelovani safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda Tu ara maTi janmrTeloba.~495

4.1.3.4. sacxovreblis Cxreka

sacxovreblis pativiscemis ufleba moicavs saxelmwifo xelisuf-lebis mier Cxrekis, amoRebisa da Semowmebisagan dacvas. saxelmwifomaseTi moqmedeba unda gaamarTlos konvenciis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqtiTgaTvaliswinebuli miznebiT.

evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom saxelmwifom SeiZleba saWirodCaTvalos iseTi RonisZiebis Catareba, rogoricaa sacxovreblis Cxreka,raTa moipovos sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadenis nivTmtkiceba. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom aseTi RonisZiebebi zRudaven piradi cxovrebis ansacxovreblis pativiscemis uflebas, saxelmwifos mier me-8 muxlis me-2punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis gatarebis gamarTleba undaiyos mniSvnelovani, sakmarisi da dasaxuli miznis proporciuli. saxel-mwifom aseve unda uzrunvelyos, rom Sesabamisma kanonmdeblobam dapraqtikam mianiWos pirebs saxelmwifos mier Tavisi uflebamosilebisborotad gamoyenebisagan adekvaturi da efeqtiani dacvis saSualeba.

saqmeSi — kamenzindi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Camenzind v. Switzerland),romelic exeboda Sveicariis kanonmdeblobas sacxovreblis Cxrekis Se-saxeb da am uflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan dacvas, — evropulma sasa-marTlom miuTiTa Semdeg elementebze:496

1. Cxreka SeiZleba ganxorcieldes SezRuduli raodenobis maRali

187

493 1990 wlis 21 Tebervali, Series A no. 172, 45-e punqti.494 1994 wlis 9 dekemberi, Series A no. 303-C.495 1994 wlis 9 dekemberi, Series A no. 303-C, 51-e punqti.496 1997 wlis 16 dekemberi.

Tanamdebobis saxelmwifo moxeleTa werilobiTi brZanebiT da igiSeiZleba Caataron amisaTvis specialurad momzadebulma moxele-ebma;

2. es moxeleebi valdebulni arian, aicilon es saqme, Tu arsebobs ga-remoebebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinon maT miukerZo-eblobaze;

3. Cxreka SeiZleba Catardes sacxovrebel saxlebsa da sxva saTavso-ebSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu savaraudoa, rom eWvmitanili iqimaleba, an, Tu sagani an faseuloba, romelic eqvemdebareba amo-Rebas, an danaSaulis Cadenis mtkicebuleba SeiZleba iqnes aRmoCe-nili;

4. Cxreka ar SeiZleba ganxorcieldes kviras an sadResaswaulodRes, an RamiT, `garda mniSvnelovani an gardauvali safrTxisSemTxvevisa~;

5. Cxrekis dasawyisSi gamomZiebelma unda waradginos piradobis da-madasturebeli mowmoba da saTavsos mflobels acnobos Cxrekismizani. am ukanasknels, mis naTesavs an ojaxis sxva wevrebs undaeTxovoT, daeswron Cxrekas;

6. Cxrekas aseve unda daeswros sajaro moxele, raTa uzrunvelyos,rom ar Seicvalos Cxrekis mizani;

7. Cxrekis oqmi dauyovnebliv unda Sedges im pirebis TandaswrebiT,romlebic eswrebodnen Cxrekas da Tu isini amas moiTxoven, maTunda mieceT Cxrekis orderisa da Cxrekis oqmis asli.

8. dokumentebis Cxreka eqvemdebareba specialur SezRudvebs.9. garemoebis miuxedavad eWvmitanilebs aqvT warmomadgenlobis

ufleba.10. nebismier pirs, romelsac Seefarda sagamoZiebo moqmedeba da ro-

melsac aqvs interesi, rom am RonisZiebis kanoniereba Semowmdes,unda SeeZlos saCivris Setana federalur sasamarTloSi.

11.Tu ar dadasturda varaudi, `eWvmitanils~ SeuZlia moiTxovosanazRaureba miyenebuli zaralisaTvis.497

Sveicariis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili garantiebis gaTvaliswine-biT, evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom ar darRveula me-8 muxli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom, Cveulebriv, CxrekisaTvis saWiroa sasamar-Tlo orderis winaswar gacema, raTa es moqmedeba miCneul iqnes me-8muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli miznis proporciulad, saqmem — nimici ger-maniis winaaRmdeg (Niemietz v. Germany) — naTelyo, rom sasamarTlo or-deris arsebobis faqti yovelTvis sakmarisi ar aris me-8 muxlis me-2punqtis moTxovnaTa dasacavad. Tu Cxrekis orderi ar aris gacemuli,aseTi RinisZieba mxolod maSin Seesabameba me-8 muxls, rodesac Cxrekis

188

497 iqve, 46-e punqti.

maregulirebeli sxva samarTlebrivi wesebi sakmarisad icaven ganmcxa-deblis uflebas am debulebis mixedviT.

4.1.4. mimowera

piris mier mimoweris pativiscemis ufleba sxvebTan uwyveti da cen-zuris gareSe komunikaciis uflebaa. termini `mimoweris~ mniSvnelobamoicavs satelefono komunikaciasa498 da komunikacias teleteqstismeSveobiT.499 axali teqnologiis ganviTarebam SeiZleba kidev ufro ga-afarToos mimoweris pativiscemis uflebis Sinaarsi.

mimoweris Semowmeba zogadad miiCneva rogorc piradi cxovrebis, isemimoweris pativiscemis uflebis SezRudvad. ori iseTi sakiTxi, rogo-ricaa mimoweris Semowmeba da satelefono mosmena, gansakuTrebiT mniS-vnelovania am TvalsazrisiT.

4.1.4.1. mimoweris Semowmeba

mimoweris pativiscemis ufleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania dapa-timrebul pirebTan mimarTebiT. saqmeze — golderi gaerTianebuli sa-mefos winaaRmdeg (Golder v. the United Kingdom) — evropulma sasamar-Tlom daadgina, rom patimrisaTvis Tavis advokatTan mimoweraSi xelisSeSlam daarRvia konvenciis me-8 muxli.500

saqmeSi — kempbeli gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Campbell v. theUnited Kingdom) — ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom Tavis advokatsa da ko-misiasTan miwerili werilebi gaixsna da wakiTxul iqna cixis adminis-traciis mier. evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom patimris mimoweraadvokatTan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania me-8 muxlis mixedviT da, Se-sabamisad, am uflebis SezRudva moiTxovs mniSvnelovan gamarTlebas.sasamarTlom ganacxada:501

`es niSnavs, cixis administracias SeuZlia gaxsnas advokatisagan pa-timris saxelze Semosuli werili, rodesac mas aqvs dasabuTebuli eWvivaraudisaTvis, rom werili Seicavs ukanono masalas, romelic ver iqnaaRmoCenili Semowmebis Cveulebrivi saSualebiT. Tumca werili SeiZle-ba mxolod gaixsnas, magram ar unda iqnes wakiTxuli. jerovani garanti-ebi unda iqnes daculi werilis wakiTxvis winaaRmdeg — mag., werilis gax-sna patimris TandaswrebiT. advokatisadmi mimarTuli patimris werile-

189

498 klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany), 1978 wlis 6 seqtemberi, Series A no. 28,41-e punqti.

499 kristi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Christie v. the United Kingdom), 1994 wlis 27ivnisi, No. 21482/93, 78-A DR 119.

500 1975 wlis 21 Tebervali, Series A no. 18.501 1992 wlis 25 marti, Series A no. 233.

bis wakiTxva, meore mxriv, SeiZleba daiSvas mxolod gamonaklis SemTxve-vebSi, rodesac administracias aqvsdasabuTebuli eWvi, rom advokatTanmimoweris uflebiT borotad sargebloben da werilis Sinaarsi saf-rTxes uqmnis cixis uSiSroebas an sxvaTa usafrTxoebas, an sxvagvaraddanaSaulebrivi xasiaTisaa. ra miiCneva `dasabuTebul eWvad~, damokide-bulia mraval garemoebaze, igi gulisxmobs iseTi faqtis an informaciisarsebobas, romelic daakmayofilebs obieqtur damkvirvebels, rom ad-vokatTan urTierTobis gza borotad gamoiyeneba.~502

saqmeSi — niedbala poloneTis winaaRmdeg (Niedbala v. Poland) — pati-mari amtkicebda, rom ombudsmenisaTvis gagzavnili misi werili Semow-mda da dagvianebiT gaigzavna.503 patimris mimoweris maregulirebel ka-nonTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom ganacxada Semdegi:

a) ar arsebobda samarTlebrivi debulebebi, romlebic TavdebiT ga-Tavisuflebuli pirebis mimoweris cenzuris efeqtiani gasaCiv-rebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli iqneboda;

b) kanoni nebas rTavs sisxlis samarTlis saqmiT dakavebul organo-ebs, ganaxorcielon patimarTa mimoweris avtomaturi Semowmeba;

g) kanonma ar gansazRvra im pirTa kategoriebi, romlebTanac pati-mars SeeZlo mimowera da, Sesabamisad, ombudsmenTan mimowera ase-ve eqvemdebareboda Semowmebas;

d) Sesabamisi debulebebi ar adgens Semowmebis ganxorcilebis prin-cipebs, gansakuTrebiT, isini ar azusteben xerxsa da drois far-glebs, romelSic is unda ganxorcieldes;

e) vinaidan Semowmeba avtomaturi iyo, administracia ar iyo valde-buli, patimrisaTvis gaecno dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba, Se-mowmebis ganxorcielebis mizezebis Sesaxeb.504

racSeexeba araiuridiulixasiaTismimoweras, evropulmakomisiamdasa-samarTlom dauSva patimrebis mier sxvadasxva saxis werilebis miRebisa dagagzavnis uflebis SezRudvis dawesebis SesaZlebloba saxelmwifos mier.saqmeze — silveri da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRdeg (Silver andOthers v. the United Kingdom) — sasamarTlom ar miiCnia, romcixis administra-ciis mier werilis Semowmebam daarRvia me-8 muxli. sasamarTlom daadgina,rom aseTi Semowmeba eqceva saxelmwifos Tavisufali Sefasebis farglebSi`sazogadoebriviusafrTxoebisinteresebisa~da `uwesrigobisadadanaSau-lis Tavidan acilebisaTvis~.505 amdenad, saxelmwifos eniWeba farToufle-bamosileba, gaakontrolos mimowera kerZo pirebTan, gansxvavebiT iuridi-uli profesiebis warmomadgenlebTan da Sesabamis organoebTan mimowerisa.

190

502 ix. 48-e punqti.503 2000 wlis 4 ivlisi.504 81-e punqti.505 1983 wlis 25 marti, Series A no. 61, 83-e-105-e punqtebi.

4.1.4.2. satelefono mosmena

saqmeze — kruslini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Kruslin v. France), rome-lic exeba satelefono mosmenas, — evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada:

`satelefono saubrebis mosmena, iseve rogorc satelefono saubrebissxvagvari miyuradeba, piradicxovrebisada mimowerisuflebis gansakuT-rebiT mniSvnelovani SezRudvaa da amitomunda emyarebodes `kanons~, ro-melic gansakuTrebiT zustia. mniSvnelovania zusti, detaluri wesebisarseboba am sakiTxze, gansakuTrebiT imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom teqno-logia, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuliqnes, ganuwyvetliv viTardeba.~506

moTxovna, pirad da ojaxur cxovrebaSi Careva unda iyos kanonze da-fuZnebuli, niSnavs, rom Carevas unda hqondes samarTlebrivi safuZve-li da Sesabamisi kanoni unda iyos sakmarisad zusti, Seicavdes sajaroxelisuflebis ukanonobisagan dacvis garantiebs. saqmis — melouni ga-erTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Malone v. the United Kingdom) — mixed-viT saxelmwifom ver daarwmuna sasamarTlo, rom satelefono saubre-bis mosmenis mis uflebamosilebas hqonda samarTlebrivi safuZveli.507

gaerTianebul samefoSi satelefono saubrebis mosmena wesrigdebodaadministraciuli praqtikiT, romlis detalebic ar gamoqveynebula.evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom ar iyo sakmarisi sicxade imfarglebsa da xerxebze, romlebiTac xorcieldeboda satelefono sa-ubrebis saidumlo mosmenis uflebamosileba. sasamarTlom aRniSna,rom, vinaidan es iyo administraciuli praqtika, igi SeiZleboda nebis-mier dros Secvliliyo.508

saqmeSi — kruslini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Kruslin v. France) — mopa-suxe mTavroba daeyrdno safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis saprocesikodeqsis 81-e muxls, romelic adgenda, rom:

`gamomZiebel mosamarTles SeuZlia, kanonis Tanaxmad, gaataros ne-bismieri sagamoZiebo RonisZieba, romelsac igi sasargeblod miiCnevsWeSmaritebis dasadgenad.~509

marTalia, safrangeTis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebda zemoxsene-bul debulebas, evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom mas hqondaxarvezebi, vinaidan kanoni ar adgenda miniWebuli uflebamosilebis bo-rotad gamoyenebisagan dacvis garantiebs, kerZod, satelefono mosme-nis wesebsa da proceduras da misi borotad gamoyenebisagan dacvis ga-rantiebs. sasamarTlom am mimarTebiT aRniSna, rom:

`uwinares yovlisa, sistema ar iZleva uflebamosilebis borotad ga-moyenebis sxvadasxva SesaZlo gamovlenisagan adekvaturi dacvis saSua-

191

506 33-e punqti.507 1984 wlis 2 agvisto, Series A no. 31.508 79-e punqti.509 1990 wlis 24 aprili, Series A no. 176-A, me-17 punqti.

lebas. magaliTad, arsad aris gansazRvruli pirTa kategoriebi, rom-lebic SeiZleba daeqvemdebaron satelefono mosmenas sasamarTlobrZanebiT da im danaSaulebis xasiaTiT, romlebsac SeiZleba mohyvesaseTi brZaneba. araferi avaldebulebs mosamarTles, daadginos vadasatelefono mosmenisaTvis. aseve ar aris dazustebuli im moxsenebisSedgenis procedura, romelic Seicavs mosmenil saubrebs. ... garemoe-bebi, romlebSic Canawerebi SeiZleba an unda waiSalos, an firebi ganad-gurdes, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac braldebuls moexsna braldeba ga-momZiebeli mosamarTlis mier an ganTavisuflda sasamarTlos mier.~510

miuxedavad imisa, rom im kanonis gamoyeneba, romelic iTvaliswinebssatelefono mosmenas, zogadad ganWvretadi unda iyos, es ar unda iqnesgagebuli ise, TiTqos saxelmwifos ekisreba valdebulebuleba, winas-war gaafrTxilos piri, romlis satelefono saubrebi SeiZleba moismi-non.511

192

510 35-e punqti; aseve ix. klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany), 1978 wlis 6 seq-temberi, Series A no. 28, 50-e punqti.

511 lianderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Leander v. Sweden), 1987 wlis 26 marti, Series A no. 116,51-e punqti.

5. evropuli konvenciis me-9 muxli —azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba

evropuli konvenciis me-9 muxlis mixedviT:

`1. yvelas aqvs azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebis ufleba;es ufleba moicavs religiis an mrwamsis Secvlis Tavisuflebas da Ta-visuflebas rogorc martom, ise sxvebTan erTad da sajarod an kerZod,gamoavlinos Tavisi religia an mrwamsi aRmsareblobiT, swavlebiT, ri-tualebis SesrulebiTa da dacviT.

2. religiis an mrwamsis gamovlinebis Tavisufleba eqvemdebarebamxolod iseT SezRudvebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT da au-cilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoe-bis interesebisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobis, zneo-bis an sxvaTa uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvisaTvis.~

azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebis ufleba ganekuTvneba Zi-riTad uflebebs, romelTa gareSe samarTlis uzenaesobaze dafuZnebu-li demokratiuli saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba arsebobdes. evropuli kon-venciis me-9 muxli Sedgeba ori punqtisagan: 1-li punqti uzrunvel-yofs azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebis uflebas; me-2 punqtiiTvaliswinebs garkveul SezRudvebs am uflebis mimarT. es SezRudvebiunda iyos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli, aucilebeli demokratiul sazo-gadoebaSi da isini SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod erT-erTi kanonierimiznis misaRwevad (sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebi, sajarowesrigis, janmrTelobis, zneobis dacva an sxvaTa uflebaTa da Tavi-suflebaTa dacva).512 es punqti adgens balanss azris, sindisisa da re-ligiis Tavisuflebaze piris uflebasa da sazogadoebis interesebs So-ris, rodesac isini ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs.

konvencia uzrunvelyofs azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufle-bis uflebas kvalifikaciis gareSe. am uflebis erTaderTi SesaZlo Sez-Rudva exeba mis gamovlinebas.513 me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti uSvebs SezRud-vas religiisa da mrwamsis gamovlinebasTan dakavSirebiT. saqmeze — ko-kinakisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Kokkinakis v. Greece) — evropulma sasa-marTlom daadgina:

`me-9 muxlis 1-li punqtiT garantirebuli uflebebis fundamenturixasiaTi aseve aisaxeba im punqtis formulirebaSi, romelic iTvaliswi-

193

512 vingrouvi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Wingrove v. the United Kingdom), 1995wlis 25 noemberi, 24 EHRR 1, 1996-V, 53-e punqti.

513 P. van Dijk & G.J.H. van Hoof, Theory and Practice of the European Convention on HumanRights, 1998, 541.

nebs SezRudvebs maT mimarT. me-8, me-10 da me-11 muxlebis meore punqte-bisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic moicaven am muxlebis pirveli punqte-biT dacul yvela uflebas, me-9 muxlis meore punqti miuTiTebs mxo-lod `religiis an mrwamsis gamovlinebis Tavisuflebaze~. amdenad, isaRiarebs, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, sadac ramdenime religiaTanaarsebobs erTsa da imave mosaxleobaSi, SeiZleba aucilebeli iyosam Tavisuflebaze SezRudvis daweseba, raTa sxvadasxva jgufis intere-sebi SeeTavsos erTmaneTs da uzrunvelyofil iqnes yvela piris mrwam-sis pativiscema.~514

amdenad, saxelmwifos uflebamosileba — me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis sa-fuZvelze SezRudos me-9 muxlis 1-li punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uf-leba, exeba religiis an mrwamsis gamovlinebas. Sesabamisad, azris, sin-disisa da religiis Tavisuflebis ufleba, religiis an mrwamsis Sec-vlis an maTze uaris Tqmis CaTvliT, ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saxelmwi-fos mier.

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom erTnairad struqturirebuli me-8,me-10 da me-11 muxlebisagan gansxvavebiT, me-9 muxli erTaderTia im uf-lebaTagan, romelnic ar rTaven nebas saxelmwifos, moiSvelios `erov-nuli uSiSroeba~, raTa gaamarTlos daculi uflebis SezRudva.

azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebis ufleba niSnavs, rom pi-ri ar SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros mopyrobas, romlis mizania azrovnebiswesis Secvla. igi niSnavs, rom pirs aqvs ufleba, ara mxolod gamoavli-nos Tavisi religia da mrwamsi, aramed aseve Tavi Seikavos misi gamovle-nisagan. azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebis ufleba moicavs,inter alia, Tavisuflebas, pirs hqondes an ar hqondes religiuri mrwamsida iyos an ar iyos religiis mimdevari.515

me-9 muxlTan dakavSirebiT erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani saqmearis kokinakisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Kokkinakis v. Greece).516 am saqme-Si b-ni kokinakisi da misi meuRle, romlebic iehovas mowmeebi iyvnen,saxlSi mividnen q-n kiriakakisTan, romelic marTlmadidebeli qristia-ni iyo, da gamarTes diskusia masTan. q-n kiriakakis meuRlem gamoiZaxapolicia, romelmac daakava b-ni da q-ni kokinakisebi. orives brali dae-do prozelitizmisaTvis saberZneTis 1363/1938 kanonis mixedviT. igiadgens, rom `nebismier pirs, romelic ganaxorcielebs prozelitizms,Seefardeba patimroba da fuladi jarima. ... prozelitizmi niSnavs, ker-Zod, piris religiur mrwamsSi Carevis nebismier pirdapir Tu arapirda-pir mcdelobas, romelic miznad isaxavs am mrwamsis dakninebas nebismi-eri saxis cdunebis an moraluri Tu materialuri daxmarebis dapirebe-

194

514 1993 wlis 25 maisi, Series A no. 260-A, 33-e punqti.515 burkarini san-marinos winaaRmdeg (Buscarini v. San Marino), 1999 wlis 18 Tebervali, 30

EHRR 208, 34-e punqti.516 1993 wlis 25 maisi, Series A no. 260-A.

bis meSveobiT, motyuebiT, an piris gamoucdelobiT, ndobiT, saWiroe-biT, dabali inteleqtiT an gulubryvilobiT sargeblobiT.~

b-ni da q-ni kokinakisebi daajarimes da miusajes patimroba. apelaci-is Sedegad q-n kokinakisis msjavrdeba gauqmda, magram sasamarTlom Za-laSi datova misi meuRlis mimarT gamotanili ganaCeni. am saqmesTan da-kavSirebiT evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada:

`pirvelrigSi, gansxvaveba unda gakeTdes qriatianuli mrwamsis pro-pagandasa da arasaTanado prozelitizms Soris. pirveli SeesabamebaWeSmarit evangelizms, romelsac msoflio eklesiaTa sabWos egidiT Se-muSavebuli 1956 wlis moxseneba gansazRvravs, rogorc yoveli qristi-anisa da yoveli eklesiis ZiriTad misiasa da pasuxismgeblobas. xoloukanaskneli gvevlineba mis arasaTanado da miuRebel formad. imavemoxsenebis mixedviT, man SeiZleba miiRos iseTi saqmianobis forma, ro-melic calkeul pirs sTavazobs garkveul materialur Tu socialurupiratesobas, raTa romelime eklesiam SeiZinos axali morwmuneebi, anaxdens miuRebel zewolas sasowarkveTilebaSi myof an gaWirvebul pi-rebze. mas aseve SeiZleba mohyves Zaladobis gamoyeneba. ufro zogadad,prozelitizmi SeuTavsebelia sxva pirTa azris, sindisisa da religiisTavisuflebis pativiscemasTan.~517

vinaidan erovnulma sasamarTlom ar daazusta, ra ukanono saSuale-bebi iqna gamoyenebuli religiuri mrwamsis Sesaxeb diskusiis dros, manver daadgina mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba, rac moiTxovda b-ni ko-kinakisis msjavrdebas. evropuli sasamarTlos azriT, msjavrdeba ariyo kanonieri miznis proporciuli.518

evropuli sasamarTlo miemxro msgavs pozicias saqmeSi — larisisida sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Larissis and Others v. Greece), romel-Sic gamijna kanonieri da ukanono prozelitizmi.519 man aRniSna, rom `me-9 muxli ar icavs yvela moqmedebas, romelic motivirebulia an STago-nebulia religiiT an mrwamsiT. is ar icavs, magaliTad, ukanono proze-litizms, rogoricaa nivTebis an socialuri upiratesobebis SeTavaze-ba, an ukanono zewolis gamoyeneba eklesiis axal wevrTa mozidvis miz-niT.~520

saqmeSi — manusakisi da sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Manoussakisand Others v. Greece) — evropulma sasamarTlom ganixila sakiTxi, rome-lic exeboda iehovas mowmeTa msjavrdebas RvTismsaxurebis adgilisdaarsebisa da moqmedebisaTvis, ganaTlebisa da religiur saqmeTa mi-nistris nebarTvis gareSe.521 sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom religiis Ta-

195

517 48-e punqti.518 49-e punqti.519 1998 wlis 24 Tebervali, 1998-1, 362.520 45-e punqti.521 1996 wlis 26 seqtemberi.

visuflebis ufleba gamoricxavs saxelmwifos mxridan raime ufleba-mosilebas, gansazRvros, kanonieria Tu ara religiuri mrwamsi an is sa-Sualebebi, romlebic gamoiyenebian maT gamosaxatavad. sasamarTlosdaskvniT, marTalia, saxelmwifoebs aqvT ufleba, Seamowmon, axorcie-lebs Tu ara moZraoba an gaerTianeba saqmianobas, romelic sazianoa mo-saxleobisaTvis,522 man naTeli mohfina imas, rom religiis Tavisufle-bis ufleba `gamoricxavs saxelmwifos mxridan raime uflebamosilebas,gansazRvros, kanonieria Tu ara religiuri mrwamsi an is saSualebebi,romlebic gamoiyenebian maT gamosaxatavad.~523

konvenciis me-9 muxli icavs ara mxolod religiur, aramed arareli-giur mrwamss. pacifizmi aRiarebulia mrwamsad, romelic daculia me-9muxliT. saqmesTan — erousmisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Arrowsmith v. the United Kingdom) — dakavSirebiT adamianis uflebaTa ev-ropulma komisiam aRniSna, rom `pacifizmi, rogorc filosofia, xvdebaazrisa da mrwamsis Tavisuflebis uflebis moqmedebis sferoSi. amitompacifizmis mimarT damokidebuleba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorcmrwamsi, rac daculia me-9 muxlis 1-li punqtiT.~524

religiis an mrwamsis gamovlenis Tavisufleba ar aris mxolod indi-vidualuri ufleba — is SeiZleba ganxorcieldes koleqtiurad, ro-gorc es aRiarebulia me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli sityvebiT: `sxveb-Tan erTad~.

evropuli konvenciis me-9 muxli saxelmwifos akisrebs ara mxolodnegatiur, aramed pozitiur valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos azris, sindi-sisa da religiis Tavisuflebis uflebis dacva. saxelmwifos aqvs val-debuleba, uzrunvelyos religiuri mrwamsis mqone pirebisaTvis kon-venciis me-9 muxliT garantirebuli uflebis mSvidobiani sargebloba.saqmeze — oto-premingeris instituti avstriis winaaRmdeg (Otto-Premin-ger-Institut v. Austria) — adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ga-nacxada, rom: `pirebs, romlebic avlenen TavianT religias, miuxedavadimisa, isini ganekuTvnebian religiur umravlesobas Tu umciresobas,ara aqvT gonivruli safuZveli varaudisa, rom isini ar iqnebian gakri-tikebulni. maT unda moiTminon da Seeguon imas, rom sxva religiurmajgufma SeiZleba uaryos maTi religiuri mrwamsi da gaavrcelon kidecswavleba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba maT mrwamss. Tumca kritikis xerxeb-ma an religiuri swavlebisa da mrwamsis uaryofam SeiZleba gamoiwviossaxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba, Tu igi ver uzrunvelyofs me-9 muxliTgarantirebuli uflebis mSvidobian sargeblobas yvelasaTvis, vinc em-

196

522 me-40 punqti.523 47-e punqti.524 komisiis moxseneba, 1978 wlis 10 oqtomberi, 69-e punqti. evropuli konvenciis saze-

damxedvelo sistemis reformamde (1998 weli) ganacxadTa dasaSvebobas ixilavdaadamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia, romelic iRebda individualur ganacxadebs.

xroba am swavlebasa da mrwamss. eqstremalur SemTxvevebSi kritikis anreligiuri mrwamsis uaryofis Sedegi SeiZleba iseTi iyos, rom xeli Se-uSalos am pirTa mier TavianTi mrwamsis mimdevrobas an gamoxatvas.~ 525

mrwamsis gamo samxedro samsaxurze uaris Tqmis ufleba adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli azris, sindisisa dareligiis Tavisuflebis uflebis fundamenturi aspeqtia.526 mrwamsisgamo samxedro samsaxurze uaris Tqmis uflebis ganxorcieleba samiaTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi evropis sabWos mudmivi zrunvis sagania.527

evropis sabWos wevri saxelmwifoebis umravlesobam gaiTvaliswinamrwamsis gamo samxedro samsaxurze uaris Tqmis ufleba TavianT kon-stituciebSi an kanonmdeblobaSi.528

evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetma Tavis 1987 wels miRebul reko-mendaciaSi aRniSna, rom `nebismier samxedrovaldebul pirs, romelicmrwamsis gamo uars acxadebs iaraRis gamoyenebaze, aqvs ufleba, ganTa-visufldes aseTi samsaxuris gavlis valdebulebisagan, dadgenili pi-robebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aseT pirebs SeiZleba daekisroT alternati-uli samsaxuris Sesruleba.~529

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia miemxro mosazrebas, rom kon-vencia ar akisrebs saxelmwifoebs valdebulebas, gaaTavisuflos es pi-rebi savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurisagan. am sakiTxze evropulma ko-misiam moiSvelia konvenciis me-4 muxlis me-3(b) punqtis formulireba:`qveynebSi, sadac is pirebi, romlebic uars acxadeben samxedro samsaxu-ris gavlaze, aRiarebulni arian~. evropulma sasamarTlom ar miiCniaevropuli konvenciis darRvevad Sveicariis mier Sefardebuli sis-xlissamarTlebrivi sasjeli pirisadmi, romelmac am mizeziT uari ga-nacxada samxedro samsaxuris gavlaze.530

Tumca mrwamsis gamo samxedro samsaxurze uari ar aniWebs pirs uf-lebas, ganTavisufldes samoqalaqo samsaxurisagan. pirs SeiZleba dae-kisros misi gavla, rogorc samxedro samsaxuris Semcvlelisa. amdenad,saxelmwifos SeuZlia daawesos samoqalaqo samsaxuris gavla da daakis-ros pasuxismgebloba maT, vinc uars acxadebs, gaiaros es samsaxuri.

xandaxan davis sagani xdeba gansxvaveba droSi samxedro samsaxursa

197

525 1994 wlis 20 seqtemberi, Series A no. 295-A, 47-e punqti.526 Para. 2, Recommendation 1518 (2001) on “Exercise of the Rights of Consciences Objections to

Military Service in Council Europe Member States”.527 Para. 1, Recommendation 1518 (2001) on “Exercise of the Rights of Consciences Objections to

Military Service in Council Europe Member States”.528 Para. 3, Recommendation 1518 (2001) on “Exercise of the Rights of Consciences Objections to

Military Service in Council Europe Member States”.529 Recommendation No. R(87)8. See also Resolution No. 337 (1967) of the Parliamentary

Assembly of the Council of Europe and Recommendation 1518 (2001) on “Exercise of theRights of Consciences Objections to Military Service in Council Europe Member States”.

530 1977 wlis 5 ivnisi, N7705/76.

da alternatiul samsaxurs Soris.531 gamoTqmulia Sexeduleba, rom ga-umarTlebelia samxedro samsaxurTan SedarebiT alternatiuli samsa-xurisaTvis ufro xangrZlivi drois daweseba. Tumca adamianis ufleba-Ta evropulma komisiam mxari ar dauWira am mosazrebas — samxedro sam-saxurze orjer ufro xangrZlivi samsaxuric ki ar iqna miCneuli kon-venciis darRvevad.532

198

531 Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee on the Second Report of Georgia un-der the ICCPR, 19 May 2002, para. 18.

532 autio fineTis winaaRmdeg (Autio v. Finland), 1991 wlis 6 dekemberi, N17086/90.

6. evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxli —gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad:

`1. yvelas aqvs ufleba sityvis Tavisuflebaze. es ufleba moicavsaseve piris Tavisuflebas hqondes Sexedulebebi, miiRos da gaavrce-los informacia da mosazrebebi sajaro xelisuflebis Carevis gareSeda miuxedavad saxelmwifo sazRvrebisa. es muxli ar uSlis xels saxel-mwifoebs, moiTxovon radiosamauwyeblo, satelevizio an kinematogra-fiul sawarmoTa licenzireba.

2. am TavisuflebaTa ganxorcieleba, ramdenadac mas Tan axlavs val-debulebani da pasuxismgebloba, SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros iseT forma-lobebs, pirobebs, SezRudvebs an sanqciebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebu-lia kanoniT da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi erovnuliuSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoe-bis interesebisaTvis, uwesrigobis an danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisaT-vis, janmrTelobisaTvis an zneobis dacvisaTvis, sxvaTa reputaciis anuflebaTa dacvisaTvis, saidumlo informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidanacilebis an sasamarTlo xelisuflebis avtoritetisa da miukerZoeb-lobis SenarCunebisaTvis.~

1. Sesavali

evropuli komisiisa da sasamarTlos mravalwliani praqtika gviCve-nebs, rom es organo sityvis Tavisuflebis, informaciis gavrcelebisada mopovebis uflebis Tanmimdevruli damcvelia. am uflebis mniSvne-lobis Taobaze me-10 muxlis konteqstSi ganxilul TiTqmis yvela saq-mesTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom gamoxata rogorc samarTlebrivi,aseve socialuri JReradobis zogadi amosavali pozicia

`sityvisa da azris Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-er-Ti arsebiTi safuZveli da demokratiuli sazogadoebis progresisa dacalkeuli adamianis ganviTarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi pirobaa.~533 me-10muxlis me-2 punqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, es ufleba Seexeba ara mxolod iseT`informacias~ an `ideas~, romelsac saxelmwifo keTilganwyobiT iRebs,

199

533 hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Handyside v. United Kingdom), 1976wlis 7 dekemberi.

aramed iseTsac, romelic miuRebelia xelisuflebis an mosaxleobis nawi-lisaTvis. amas moiTxovs pluralizmis, liberalizmisa da tolerantobisprincipebi, romelTa gareSe ar arsebobs demokratiuli sazogadoeba.

azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs demok-ratiis aRmSeneblobaSi, vinaidan am uflebis gareSe SeuZlebelia kon-venciiT garantirebuli sxva uflebebis ganxorcieleba. me-10 muxli 2nawilisagan Sedgeba: a) garantirebuli Tavisuflebani; b) pirobebi, ro-desac saxelmwifos SeuZlia konkretul safuZvelze SezRudos am uf-lebebis moqmedeba.

2. me-10 muxlis pirveli punqtiT dadgeniligarantiebi

2.1.termini `gamoxatva~ arSemoifarglebaSexedulebebis, azrisgamoT-qmis werilobiTida zepiri formiT. igi moicavs nebismier saSualebas, ro-melic ideebis gamoTqmasTan an informaciis gadacemasTan aris dakavSire-buli: informaciis warmoebis, gadacemis, gavrcelebis saSualebebi — beW-dviTi masalebi, radiomauwyebloba, xelovnebis nimuSebi, filmebi, eleq-tronuli sainformacio sistemebidaculia me-10 muxliT. sasamarTloiT-valiswinebs aseve teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTarebis faqtorebsac.

2.2. me-10 muxlis pirveli punqti moicavs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis 3elements:

a) sakuTari azris midevnebis (qonis) Tavisuflebas;b) informaciis gavrcelebis Tavisuflebas;g) informaciis miRebis Tavisuflebas.

a) me-10 muxliT garantirebul uflebaTa ganxorcielebis upirvele-si pirobaa sakuTari azris midevnebis (qonis) Tavisufleba. am uflebisdacvas absoluturi xasiaTi aqvs, vinaidan is SezRudvebi, romlebic Ca-moTvlilia me-2 punqtSi, mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar gamoiyeneba. am ufle-basTan mimarTebiT nebismieri SezRudva SeuTavsebelia demokratiulisazogadoebis bunebasTan. moqalaqeebi ar unda ganicdidnen ideologi-ur damuSavebas saxelmwifos mxridan. miT ufro, dauSvebelia saxelmwi-fos mxridan calmxrivi informaciis gavrcelebis xelSewyoba, rac, Ta-vis mxriv, sakuTari azris qonis Tavisuflebis seriozul da miuRebelwinaaRmdegobas niSnavs.

aRniSnuli Tavisufleba moicavs aseve garantias imisas, rom pirze,misgan gansxvavebuli azris gamoTqmis miRebis mizniT, ar ganxorciel-deba zewola;

200

b) informaciis gavrcelebis Tavisufleba gavlenas axdens demokra-tiuli saxelmwifos mowyobasa da mis politikur cxovrebaze. (SeuZle-belia am uflebis arsebobis gareSe mTavrobis Tavisufali kritika, Ta-visufali arCevnebis Catareba da sxva).

mTavrobis gakritikebis ufleba calsaxad mxardaWerilia sasamar-Tlos mier.534 aseve me-10 muxliT garantirebulia ekonomikuri xasiaTisinformaciis gavrceleba (e.w. komerciuli informacia). sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom komerciuli xasiaTis sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT erovnulxelisuflebas ufro farTo Sexeduleba aqvs.

mxatvruli nimuSis Seqmna, agreTve misi gavrceleba, informaciisgavrcelebis elementia. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom samsaxioboTavisuf-lebis, mxatvruli namuSevrebis gavrcelebis SezRudva mxolod arade-mokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. `Semoqmedi Ta-vis nawarmoebebSi gamoxatavs ara marto pirad msoflmxedvelobas, ara-med azrs im samyaros Sesaxeb, romelSic igi cxovrobs. am gagebiT, xe-lovneba xels uwyobs sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebas da sazoga-doebis winaSe ayenebs aqtualur sakiTxebs.~535 me-10 muxlis dacvis qveSxvdeba uxeSi, utrirebuli formiTac gamoTqmuli azri. dacvis xarisxidamokidebulia, erTi mxriv, im konteqstze, romelSic gamoyenebulia esinformacia da, meore mxriv, im miznebze, romelTac mocemuli kritikaemsaxureba.

SefasebiTi msjeloba, romelic politikuri xasiaTis movlenaTasferos Seexeba, gansakuTrebuli dacviT sargeblobs, vinaidan sworedaseTi azri xdeba sazogadoebaSi pluralizmis arsebobis winapiroba.politikuri brZolis an sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze ga-moTqmuli kritikuli SeniSvnebis mimarT sasamarTlo bevrad ufro mettolerantobas amJRavnebs. saqmeze — torgierseni islandiis winaaR-mdeg536 (Thorgiersen v. Iceland) — sasamarTlom ganacxada: marTalia, Jur-nalistis publikaciebi moicavda uxeSi formiT gamoTqmul Sefasebebs,magram maTi mizani policiis reformebis mowodebaa, amitom es publika-ciebi me-10 muxliT garantirebuli uflebebidan gamomdinareobs;

g) informaciis miRebis Tavisufleba ori aspeqtiT vlindeba:I. masmediis warmomadgenelTa mier informaciisa da ideis miRebis Ta-

visuflebiT, raTa maT hqondeT saSualeba, acnobon aRniSnuli infor-macia sazogadoebas;

II. sazogadoebis uflebiT — miiRos informacia, kerZod im sakiTxebisSesaxeb, romlebic sazogadoebas ainteresebs.

201

534 lingensi avstriis winaaRmdeg (Lingens v. Austria), 1986 wlis 8 ivlisi.535 oto-premingeris instituti avstriis winaaRmdeg (Otto-Preminger Institute v. Austria)

1994 wlis 20 seqtemberi.536 1992 wlis 25 ivnisi.

2.2.1. beWdvis Tavisufleba

sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTliT me-10 muxlis WrilSi Semu-Savebuli principebis mixedviT, presas gansakuTrebuli statusi eniWe-ba. sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom beWdvis Tavisufleba sazogadoebriviazris gamovlenisa da formirebis saukeTeso saSualebaa, Sesabamisadki, politikuri debatebi demokratiuli sazogadoebis safuZvelia.presam ar unda gadaaWarbos im sazRvrebs, romlebic dadgenilia, interalia, sxva pirTa reputaciis dasacavad. presas akisria politikuri dasxva sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gavrcelebis misia. Tupresas informaciis gavrcelebis amocana akisria, sazogadoebas, Tavismxriv, aqvs ufleba, miiRos igi.537 beWdvis Tavisufleba mniSvnelovanstatuss iZens, Tu misi meSveobiT gansakuTrebiT saintereso sakiTxebiSuqdeba. magaliTad, saqmis — torgierseni islandiis winaaRmdeg (Thorgi-ersen v. Iceland) — Taobaze ganmcxadebeli presis meSveobiT gamovida po-liciaSi arsebuli sisastikis winaaRmdeg. erovnul doneze torgierse-ni braleulad iqna cnobili difamaciaSi. evropulma sasamarTlom CaT-vala, rom ganmcxadebeli Seexo policiaSi arsebul sisastikis proble-mas da am motiviT misi braldebulad cnoba daabrkolebs Ria diskusiisCatarebas.

presis Tavisuflebis konteqstSi didi yuradReba eTmoba iseT pub-likaciebs, romlebic varauds an Wors eyrdnobian. Jurnalisturi in-formaciis wyaro aseve eqceva me-10 muxlis dacvis qveS. sasamarTlomganacxada, rom beWdvis Tavisuflebis erT-erT fuZemdeblur pirobadJurnalisturi informaciis wyaro gvevlineba.

saqmeSi — gudvini didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg538 (Goodwin v. the UnitedKingdom) — sasamarTlom ganacxada: `dacvis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, in-formaciis wyaroebi ar Seuwyoben xels im sakiTxebis informirebas,romlebic sazogadoebas ainteresebs. aseTi viTareba ki uaryofiTadimoqmedebs informaciis mowodebis SesaZleblobebze.~

informaciis miRebisa da gavrcelebis Tavisufleba `saxelmwifosxels ar uSlis, SemoiRos radiomauwyeblobis, televiziisa da kinowar-moebis licenzireba.~ saxelmwifom unda daasabuTos salicenzio moT-xovnebi da praqtika. erovnul xelisuflebas licenzirebis meqanizmisSemoReba mxolod teqnikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT SeuZlia da eszomebi xels ar unda uSlides gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas (garda me-10muxlis me-2 punqtSi arsebuli moTxovnebisa). saqmeze — gropera radioda sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Groppera Radio AG and Others v. Switzer-land) — sasamarTlom ganacxada: `saxelmwifom SeiZleba gaakontrolos

202

537 lingensi avstriis winaaRmdeg (Lingens v. Austria), 1986 wlis 8 ivlisi.538 1996 wlis 27 marti.

mauwyeblobis organizaciuli da teqnikuri aspeqtebi, magram licenzi-rebis pirobebi unda gamomdinareobdes yvela im debulebidan, romle-bic me-10 muxlis meore punqtSia mocemuli.~539

sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom audiovizualur saSualebebze saxelmwifomonopoliis daweseba ewinaaRmdegeba me-10 muxls. amgvari monopoliza-cia ar aris aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi da ar SeiZlebagamarTlebuli iyos gadaudebeli socialuri moTxovnebiT.

sazogadoebriv moTxovnaTa mravalferovneba ar SeiZleba dakmayo-fildes mxolod erTi samauwyeblo kompaniis meSveobiT. demokratiulsazogadoebaSi unda arsebobdes wyaroebis mravalferovneba, raTa plu-ralizmis principebi iqnes daculi.540 me-10 muxlis Sinaarsi moicavs ase-ve masobrivi informaciis audiovizualuri sainformacio saSualebebismeSveobiT gaSvebul komerciul reklamasac. Tumca am sferoSi saxel-mwifos SezRudvebis dawesebis bevrad ufro meti ufleba aqvs.

sasamarTlo saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas gaTvaliswinebuli undaiyos is moraluri faseulobebi, romlebic demokratiuli saxelmwifosmowyobis sawindaria — reklama, romelic bavSvebisaTvis aris gankuT-vnili, ar unda moicavdes informacias, romelic maT zians miayenebs.aseTma reklamam unda gaiTvaliswinos bavSvebis fizikuri, fsiqikuriTu sulieri ganviTarebis done.

2.2.2. sityvis Tavisufleba komerciis sferoSi

me-10 muxliT dadgenili garantiebi Seexeba komerciul sferosac.saqmeSi — `markt intern ferlag GmbH~ da klaus beermani germaniis wi-naaRmdeg541 (Markt Intern Verlag GmbH and Klaus Beermann v. Germany) —warmodgenili masalebiT, erT-erT publikaciaSi gakritikebuli iyomsxvili kompaniis saqmianoba konkretul incidentTan dakavSirebiT.publikacia mouwodebda mkiTxvels, miewodebinaT informacia gamom-cemlobisaTvis msgavsi incidentebis Sesaxeb. erovnulma sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom ganmcxadebeli usamarTlod iqceoda da akrZala Sem-dgomSi aseTi publikaciebis gamoqveyneba.

evropulma sasamarTlom marTlzomierad cno erovnuli sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetileba, vinaidan, misi azriT, gadaumowmebel informaci-as SeeZlo ziani mieyenebina kompaniisaTvis.

saqmis — iakubovski germaniis winaaRmdeg (Jacubowski v. Germany) —ganmcxadebeli gadayenebul iqna sainformacio saagentos mTavari re-daqtoris Tanamdebobidan. amis Semdeg man kolegebs Soris gaavrcelawerili, romelSic yofil damqiravebels akritikebda. imavdroulad

203

539 1990 wlis 28 marti.540 Informationsverein Lentia v. Austria, 1993 wlis 24 noemberi.541 1989 wlis 20 noemberi.

man wamoiwyo saqmianoba imave sferoSi, romelSic misi yofili damqira-vebeli moRvaweobda. am ukanasknelma Sesabamisi kanonis safuZvelze,romelic keTilsindisier konkurencias Seexeboda, erovnul sasamar-TloSi saqme aRZra ganmcxadeblis winaaRmdeg.

germaniis sasamarTlom Seiswavla gamoTqmis Tavisuflebisa da Tavi-sufali konkurenciis interesebs Soris arsebuli balansi da ganmcxa-debels SemdgomSi aseTi formiT masalebis gavrceleba aukrZala.

evropulma sasamarTlom ar cno me-10 muxlis darRveva, vinaidan, `sa-samarTlo gadawyvetilebiT, ganmcxadebels ekrZaleba mxolod konkre-tuli formiT Tavisi azris gamoxatva, e.i. mas ar ekrZaleba gamoxatosTavisi mosazrebebi sxva saSualebebiT.~542

3. me-10 muxliT daSvebuli SezRudvebi

3.1.Sesavali

sasamarTlos mier me-10 muxlis meore punqtis WrilSi ganxilul saq-meTa umravlesoba exeba Semdeg sakiTxs: SeiZleba Tu ara, SezRudva iT-valiswinebdes movaleobebsa da pasuxismgeblobas. magaliTad, Seiara-Rebuli Zalebis warmomadgenlebs gansakuTrebuli movaleobebi da gan-sakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba akisriaT, rac maT statusTan aris da-kavSirebuli. es niSnavs, rom garkveul garemoebebSi samxedro mosamsa-xureebs SeiZleba SeezRudoT azris gamoxatva, magaliTad, SeiaraRebu-li Zalebis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli iseTi kritika, romelsac potenci-urad SeuZlia Searyios samxedro nawilebSi arsebuli disciplina.

ufro metad mniSvnelovania iseTi garemoebani, rodesac saxelmwifomoxeleebi (policiisa da uSiSroebis TanamSromlebi, samxedro pirebi)saidumlo informacias floben. Tu maTi azris gamoTqmis ufleba ar Se-izRudeba, maT SeeZlebaT informaciis Tavisuflad gavrceleba. amgva-ri viTareba SeiZleba sazogadoebis interesebis sawinaaRmdego gaxdes.aseT SemTxvevaSi ufro mniSvnelovania saidumlo informaciis gauv-rceleblobis principis dacva, vidre informaciis gavrcelebis piradiTavisuflebis ganxorcieleba. es principi gamoiyeneba saxelmwifosyvela moxelis mimarT, romelTac saidumlo an konfidenciuri infor-maciis xelmisawvdomobis saSualeba aqvT.

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi `azris gamoTqmis Tavisuflebis~ gan-xorcielebis nebismieri SezRudva kanoniT unda iyos dadgenili.

204

542 iakubovski germaniis winaaRmdeg (Jacubowski v. Germany), 1994 wlis 23 ivnisi.

kanoniT dadgenili niSnavs, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTaliunda moicavdes detalur debulebebs, romlebiTac dakonkretebuliaamgvari SezRudvebi. debulebebi mkafiod unda iqnes Camoyalibebuli,maTi Sinaarsi gasagebi da araorazrovani unda iyos, raTa SeiZlebodesmaTi adekvaturad Sefaseba da aRqma. es aZlevs saSualebas moqalaqeebs,icodnen, ra qmedebebze vrceldeba SezRudvebi.543 marTalia, zogierTicnebis aRwera mkafiod da erTgvarovnad SeuZlebelia, magaliTad, ise-Ti cnebebisa, rogoricaa: `ukadrisi~ an `RvTismgmobeli~.

`demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aucilebeli~ niSnavs: 1) dasaxuli miz-nis proporciulobas; 2) calkeuli pirisa da farTo sazogadoebis uf-lebaTa Soris proporciuli balansis dadgenas.

3.2. kanonis mizani

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanoni niSnavs sakanonmdeblo organos miersaTanado wesiT miRebul da gamoqveynebul kanons.

saqmeze — melouni didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg544 (Malone v. the UnitedKingdom) — sasamarTlom ganacxada: `kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli~ niS-navs, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi unda arsebobdes samar-Tlebrivad cxadi norma, romelic saxelisuflebo organos mier TviT-neburi Carevisagan iuridiuli dacvis saSualebas iZleva.

amgvarad, erovnuli sasamarTloebi zedmiwevniT unda aanalizebdnenkanonebisa Tu sxva normatiuli aqtebis xarisxs, romlebic SezRudvasdaedo safuZvlad. gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis nebismieri SezRudva kano-nier mizans unda emsaxurebodes. kanonieria miznebi, Tu isini emsaxure-bian erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebs, teritoriul mTlianobas, sa-zogadoebrivi uwesrigobisa da danaSaulis aRkveTas, janmrTelobis,moralis, sxva pirTa reputaciis dacvas, konfidenciurad miRebuli in-formaciis gamJRavnebas, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Zalauflebisa damiukerZoeblobis mxardaWeras.

gamoTqmis Tavisuflebis SezRudvaTa SesaZlebeli safuZvelebis Camo-naTvali amomwuravi xasiaTisaa. erovnulma sasamarTlom unda gansaz-Rvros, upasuxebs Tu ara gamoTqmis Tavisuflebis SezRudva im faseulo-bebs, da miznebs, romlebic meore punqtSi aris mocemuli. magaliTad, Jur-nalistiswinaaRmdegsisxlissamarTlisan samoqalaqosaqmis aRZvris, sxvapirTa reputaciis Selaxvis safuZvelze gamarTlebuli mizania `sxva pir-Ta reputaciis an uflebaTa dacva~. gazeTis mier gasaidumloebuli in-formaciis gamoqveynebis safuZvelze misi saqmianobis akrZalva SeiZleba

205

543 sandi Taimsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom),1976 wlis 26 aprili.

544 1984 wlis 2 agvisto.

gamarTlebuli iyos `erovnuli usafrTxoebis~ mizniT. nebismier SemTxve-vaSi sasamarTlo unda darwmundes, rom arsebobda realuri interesebisada miznebis dacva da ara gaurkveveli, dausabuTebeli varaudi.

3.3. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aucilebeli

am cnebis dadgenisas mniSvneloba eniWeba gamonaTqvamis (msjelobis)Sinaarss. magaliTad, politikuri xasiaTis gamonaTqvamebze SezRudvebisdawesebisdasabuTeba ufro konkretuliunda iyos, vidre sxva saxis gamo-naTqvamebze (mag., mxatvrulze). yuradReba eqceva aseve informaciis gada-cemis saSualebebs. informacia, romelicteleviziiTa da radioTi gadai-cema, ufro did auditoriaze vrceldeba, vidre presiT gamoqveynebuli.Sesabamisad, es informacia zedmiwevniT Semowmebas moiTxovs. SezRudve-bis dasabuTebisas mniSvnelobas iZens gamoyenebuli akrZalvis xasiaTi.sasamarTlo yuradRebas aqcevs, arsebobda Tu ara konkretul SemTxveva-Si ufro msubuqi formis akrZalvis SemoRebis alternativa, vidre saxel-mwifom daawesa. SezRudva socialuri aucileblobis adekvaturi undaiyos.

3.4. sasamarTlo avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis SenarCuneba

sasamarTlosdamoukideblobademokratiulisazogadoebis erT-erTiprincipia. sasamarTlo xelisufleba daculi unda iyos destruqciuli,gaumarTlebeli Tavdasxmisagan, raTa man samarTlianad ganaxorcielosmarTlmsajuleba. miT ufro, rom mosamarTles, politikosebisagan gan-sxvavebiT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ar eniWebaufleba, pasuxi gasces misi misamar-TiT gamoTqmul kritikas. es rodi niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo xelisufle-bis funqcionireba vakuumSi xdeba da sazogadoebas ara aqvs ufleba, sam-sjavroze gamoitanos is sakiTxebi, romlebic marTlmsajulebas exeba.

saqmeebSi, romlebic sasamarTlo xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTamimarT gamoTqmul kritikas Seexeba, erovnulma sasamarTlom yuradRe-ba unda gaamaxvilos yvela mxaris interesebsa da miznebze. mniSvnelova-nia moiZebnos balansi Sesabamisi mosamarTlis Rirsebis dacvis ufleba-sa da presis Tavisuflebas Soris da ganisazRvros, ra ufro priorite-tulia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. udavoa, Tu kritikis mizani sasa-marTlo xelisuflebis Seuracxyofa an difamaciaa, gamoTqmis Tavi-suflebis xarisxi aseT SemTxvevaSi SezRuduli unda iyos.

3.5. azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da sxva pirTa reputaciisa dauflebebis dacva

sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom ar arsebobs moralisa da zneobis gansaz-

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Rvris erTiani evropuli standartebi. yoveli saxelmwifo gansaz-Rvravs am cnebebs mocemuli qveynis kulturuli da istoriuli faseu-lobebis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva saxelmwifo gansxvavebulkriteriumebs flobs, romelTa safuZvelzec SezRudvis gansxvavebulixarisxi dgindeba. Tumca evropuli sasamarTlo mzad aris, Caerios, Tuamgvari SezRudva zedmetad farToa.

3.5.1. Zalze xSirad xelisufleba `sxva pirTa reputaciisa da ufle-bebis~ Selaxvis motiviT devnas ganaxorcielebs politikosebisa Tu sa-xelmwifo moxeleTa dasacavad maTi misamarTiT gamoTqmuli kritikisa-gan. sasamarTlos am problemis irgvliv SemuSavebuli aqvs vrceli pre-cedentuli samarTali.

sasamarTlo ar uaryofs politikosTa Tu saxelmwifo moxeleTadacvis uflebas, magram aRniSnavs: `amgvari dacvis sapirwoned gvevli-neba sazogadoebis interesi politikur sakiTxebze diskusiisadmi~.`beWdvis Tavisufleba aniWebs sazogadoebas saSualebas, Seityos da Se-iqmnas warmodgena politikuri liderebis ideebisa da poziciebis Sesa-xeb. politikuri diskusiis SesaZlebloba demokratiuli sazogadoebiskoncefciis qvakuTxedia. Sesabamisad, politikosebisadmi gamoTqmulikritikis areali bevrad ufro farToa, vidre kerZo pirebis mimarT. po-litikosebs meti moTmineba marTebT maTdami sazogadoebisa da Jurna-listebis mxridan gamoTqmuli interesisadmi. yvela am principma, rome-lic sasamarTlom cnobil saqmeSi — lingensi avstriis winaaRmdeg (Lin-gens v. Austria) — Camoayaliba, ganviTareba pova mraval sxva saqmeSi. asemagaliTad, saqmeze — dalbani rumineTis winaaRmdeg545 (Dalban v. Roma-nia) — sasamarTlom aRniSna: `miuRebelia viTareba, rodesac Jurna-lists kritikuli azris gamoTqmis saSualebas arTmeven mxolod imo-tom, rom mas ar SeuZlia daamtkicos am gamoTqmaTa siswore~.546

zogadi daskvna, romelic sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlissafuZvelze SeiZleba gakeTdes, aseTia: nebismieri Sidasaxelmwifoeb-rivi kanoni, romelic politikur Tu saxelmwifo maRali TanamdebobispirTa reputaciis dasacavad gansakuTrebul, mkacr sanqciebs awesebs(gansakuTrebiT presis mxridan), SeuTavsebelia me-10 muxlis Sinaar-sTan. iq, sadac amgvari sanqciebi moqmedebs, erovnulma sasamarTlomTavi unda Seikavos maTi gamoyenebisagan.

3.5.2. `sxva pirTa uflebebis~ dacvis konteqstSi sasamarTlo ganixi-lavs religiuri mrwamsis gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebulproblemebs. moqalaqeTa religiuri mrwamsis Seuracxyofis Tavidan

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545 1999 wlis 28 seqtemberi.546 oberSliki avstriis winaaRmdeg (Oberschlik v. Austria), 1991 wlis 23 maisi.

acilebis mizniT `aucilebeli Carevis~ Sefaseba mniSvnelovanwilad sa-xelmwifozea damokidebuli. pirvel rigSi, erovnulma xelisuflebam(romelic ufro momgebian poziciaSi imyofeba), da ara saerTaSorisosasamarTlom, Sefaseba unda misces arsebul viTarebas.547

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom religiuri jgufebis (miuxedavad imisa,arian isini religiuri umravlesoba Tu umciresoba) mimarT SeiZlebagamoiTqvas kritika. `religiuri jgufebi moTminebiT unda ekidebodnenmaTi misamarTiT aseT pirTa mier gamoTqmul kritikul mosazrebebs.aseve unda Seeguon im garemoebas, rom sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli iq-neba iseTi moZRvreba, romelic maT rwmenas ewinaaRmdegeba.

religiuri moZRvrebis uaryofa an kritikis garkveuli xerxebisdaSvebis nebarTva gamoiwvevs saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs,Tu es ukanaskneli ar uzrunvelyofs me-9 muxliT garantirebuli uf-lebebis mSvidobian ganxorcielebas~.

saqmeebSi — oto-premingeris instituti avstriis winaaRmdeg (Otto-Preminger-Institute v. Austria), (1994 weli); uingrouvi gaerTianebuli same-fos winaaRmdeg (Wingrove v. the United Kingdom),548 (1996 weli) — sasamar-Tlom ar daadgina me-10 muxlis darRveva, rodesac saxelmwifom akrZa-la iseTi filmebis Cveneba, romlebic arasaTanadod warmoaCendnenqristianul aRmsareblobas da filmis calkeul personaJebs. amgvarad,sasamarTlo eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom, Tu saxelmwifos mxridan Ca-revis aucilebloba `sxva pirTa dacvas~ emsaxureba, aseTi qmedeba mar-Tlzomieria.

gamoTqmis Tavisufleba demokratiul sazogadoebas `avaldebu-lebs, Tavi aaridon iseT gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic usafuZvlod Seu-racxmyofelia da sxva pirTa uflebebs laxavs. TviT sajaro ganxilva kiar Seicavs arafers iseTs, rac sazogadoebis progress Seuwyobdaxels.~

4. me-10 muxli da konvenciis sxva muxlebi

me-10 muxliT garantirebuli uflebebis SezRudva, garda meore pun-qtSi mocemuli CamonaTvalisa, saxelmwifos SeuZlia daasabuTos kon-venciis sxva debulebebze dayrdnobiT. magaliTad, konvenciis me-6 mux-lis Tanaxmad, garkveul SemTxvevebSi dadgenilia sasamarTlodarbazSipresis warmomadgenelTa daswrebis akrZalva. pirveli SexedviT, es de-

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547 oto-premingeris instituti avstriis winaaRmdeg (Otto-Preminger-Institute v. Austria).548 1996 wlis 25 noemberi.

buleba ewinaaRmdegeba me-10 muxliT dadgenil garantiebs. sasamar-Tlos azriT, saxelmwifos SeeZleba SezRudos sasamarTlo proceszedaswreba, Tu akrZalva gamomdinareobs, erTi mxriv, me-6 muxlisa da, me-ore mxriv, me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis masazrebebidan (marTlmsajulebisavtoriteti da miukerZoebloba.)

erT-erT pirvel saqmeSi, romelic komisiam ganixila, ganmcxadebelidavobda, rom misTvis sagamomcemlo saqmianobis samudamod akrZalva,rogorc sasjelis damatebiTi zoma, iyo me-10 muxliT garantirebuligamoTqmis Tavisuflebis darRveva.549 saxelmwifo amtkicebda, rom da-wesebuli sanqcia gamarTlebulia konvenciis me-2, me-4 da me-5 muxle-biT, romelTaganac TiToeuli iTvaliswinebs sanqciebis gamoyenebisSesaZleblobas. komisiam uaryo es argumenti da ganacxada: `sisxlis sa-marTlis sanqciis gamoyenebis gamarTleba SesaZlebelia aRniSnul mux-lebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic exeba sicocxlis, pirovnebis Tavisuf-lebisa da usafrTxoebis da iZulebiTi Sromisagan Tavisuflebis uf-lebebs, da ara me-10 muxls. aseTi sanqciebis daweseba gamoTqmis Tavi-suflebis mimarT, ewinaaRmdegeba konvenciis saerTo mizansa da meTo-dologias. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-marTlo miiCnevs, rom me-10 muxlis debulebebi ar SeiZleba iqnes gamo-yenebuli, vinaidan sadavo sakiTxi sxva ufro konkretuli muxlis moq-medebis qveS eqceva. magaliTad, me-10 muxlis moqmedeba ar vrceldebaarCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis uflebaze, vinaidan es sakiTxi jerov-nad aris daregulirebuli konvenciis 1-li oqmis me-3 muxliT. sasamar-Tlo iyenebs lex specialis-is princips. sasamarTlos araerTxel miuTiTe-bia: gamoTqmis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis aRmSeneblo-bisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens, magram arsebobs viTareba,rodesac es muxli lex generalis-is datvirTvas iZens konkretuli sakiT-xis Seswavlisas. ufro xSirad, am muxlis lex generalis-is buneba me-8, me-9da me-11 muxlebTan mimarTebiT dgindeba.

saqmeze — silveri da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg550

(Silver and Others v. the United Kingdom) — sasamarTlom ganacxada: saxel-mwifos mier dawesebuli cenzura patimarTa mimoweraze Seexeba ara me-10 muxlis, aramed me-8 muxliT garantirebul korespondenciis pativis-cemis uflebas. saqmeSi — ezelini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg551 (Ezelin v.France) — ganmcxadebelma — advokatTa kavSiris Tavmjdomarem — monawi-leoba miiRo demonstraciaSi, romlis moTxovna damoukidebeli moZra-obis lideris ganTavisufleba iyo. demonstraciis msvlelobisas gais-moda Seuracxmyofeli gamonaTqvamebi marTlmsajulebis misamarTiT.mogvianebiT, prokuroris iniciativiT, ganmcxadeblis winaaRmdeg ini-

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549 de bekeri belgiis winaaRmdeg (De Becker v. Belgium), 1962 wlis 27 marti.550 1983 wlis 25 marti.551 1991 wlis 26 aprili.

cirebul iqna disciplinuri ganxilva. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi sasamar-Tlom miiCnia, rom me-10 muxli ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc lex genera-lis, xolo lex specialis-s am SemTxvevaSi me-11 muxli warmoadgens. `Sesaba-misad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs saWiroeba, saqme ganxilul iq-nes me-10 muxlis WrilSi.~

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sxva muxlebTan Sefardebis problemisganxilvisas yuradsaRebia me-16 muxli, romliTac saxelmwifos eniWebaufleba, SezRudos ucxoelTa politikuri saqmianoba (maT Soris poli-tikuri azris gamoTqmis Tavisufleba). saqmeSi — piermoni safrangeTiswinaaRmdeg (Piermont v. France) — xelisufleba Tavisi poziciebis gasa-marTleblad swored me-16 muxls eyrdnoboda. ganmcxadebelma — evro-kavSiris parlamentis deputatma, germaniis moqalaqem — monawileobamiiRo samSvidobo demonstraciaSi, romelic safrangeTis mier poline-ziaSi birTvuli cdebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. sasamarTlom aRniS-na: `am SemTxevaSi, ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes me-16 muxli, radgan eskategoria ar moicavs evropis kavSiris wevri qveynebis moqalaqeebs,romlebsac surT ganaxorcielon gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, rogorckavSiris sxva wevr saxelmwifoebs.~552

5. zogadi daskvna

yvela, vinc sargeblobs gamoTqmis Tavisuflebis uflebiT, garkve-ul valdebulebebsac unda emorCilebodes: ramdenadac SesaZlebelia,Tavi unda aaridon iseTi gamonaTqvamebis an msjelobis gamoyenebas, ro-melic Seuracxmyofelia sxva pirTaTvis. saxelmwifos SeuZlia, garkve-uli SezRudvebi daawesos gamoTqmis Tavisuflebebze, im pirobiT, romes SezRudvebi proporciuli xasiaTisaa.

nacionalisturi gamonaTqvamebi ewinaaRmdegeba tolerantobis,pluralizmisa da urTierTpativiscemis principebs, romelTac konven-cia emsaxureba. aseTi gamonaTqvamebis SezRudvis dasabuTeba bevradufro advilia. isini iwveven Zaladobas, SuRls, siZulvils garkveulijgufebis mimarT.

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552 1995 wlis 27 aprili.

7. evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxli — Sekrebisa dagaerTianebis Tavisufleba

evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxli adgens:

`1.yvelas aqvs ufleba mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisuflebasa da sxveb-Tan gaerTianebis Tavisuflebaze, Tavisi interesebis dasacavad profe-siuli kavSirebis Seqmnisa da masSi gaerTianebis uflebis CaTvliT.

2. dauSvebelia raime SezRudvis daweseba am uflebaTa ganxorciele-baze, garda imisa, rac gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT da aucilebelia de-mokratiul sazogadoebaSi erovnuli uSiSroebis an sazogadoebriviusafrTxoebis interesebisaTvis, uwesrigobis an danaSaulis TavidanacilebisaTvis, janmrTelobis an zneobis an sxvaTa uflebaTa da Tavi-suflebaTa dacvisaTvis. es muxli xels ar uSlis SeiaraRebuli Zale-bis, policiis an saxelmwifo administraciis wevrebis mier am uflebaTaganxorcielebaze kanonieri SezRudvebis dawesebas.~

1. Sesavali

me-11 muxliT garantirebuli uflebebi demokratiuli sazogadoe-bis politikur da socialur faseulobebTan aris dakavSirebuli. esmuxli mWidro kavSirSia konvenciis me-9 da me-10 muxlebTan.

me-9 muxli arapirdapir Seexeba gaerTianebisa da Sekrebis uflebas:`religiis da rwmenis gacxadebis Tavisufleba ... sxvebTan erTad kav-SirSi ... sajarod~.

me-10 muxli Seexeba jgufur saqmianobas, rogoricaa demonstracie-bi.553 (Tumca evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali mxolodme-11 muxls ganixilavs rogorc lex specialis-s). me-11 muxli eyrdnoba sa-erTaSoriso samarTlis universalur normebs — adamianis uflebaTa sa-yovelTao deklaraciis me-20 muxlsa da 23-e muxlis me-4 punqts.

me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad, aravin ar SeiZleba aiZulon gawevriandes aso-ciaciaSi. swored am debulebas daeyrdno evropuli sasamarTlo saqmes-Tan — iangi, jeimsi da vebsteri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Young, James, and Webster v. the United Kingdom)554 — dakavSirebiT. gan-mcxadeblebs daemuqrnen samsaxuridan daTxovniT, Tu isini ar gawevri-andebodnen profkavSirebSi.

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553 Tumca evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali mxolod me-11 muxls gani-xilavs, rogorc lex specialis-s.

554 1987 wlis 13 agvisto.

deklaraciis 23-e muxlis me-4 punqti Sinaarsobrivad emTxveva evro-puli konvenciis me-11 muxlis daskvniT debulebebs.

amave uflebebs icavs 1966 wlis saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo dapolitikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (21-e da 22-e muxlebi). am uflebebis ga-moyenebasTan dakavSirebiT yuradsaRebia Sromis saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciis samarTlebrivi baza, magaliTad, 1948 wlis Sromis saerTaSo-riso organizaciis konvencia gaerTianebis Tavisuflebisa da organi-zaciaTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom arcerTam dokumentSi ar aris mocemuli termin `mSvidobianis~ definicia.555

2. mSvidobiani Sekrebis ufleba

me-11 muxli uzrunvelyofs mSvidobiani Sekrebis uflebas. termini`Sekreba~ aRniSnavs araformalur dajgufebaSi Sexvedras mosazrebe-bis gacvlis mizniT.

sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila mSvidobiani Sekrebis mniSvnelo-baze demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. `mSvidobiani Sekrebis ufleba arisdemokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi safuZveli. igi moicavs ro-gorc kerZo Sexvedrebs, aseve Sexvedrebs sazogadoebriv adgilebSi~. amukanasknel SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos SeuZlia SemoiRos winaswari ne-barTvis procedura, raTa SeZlos Sexvedris mSvidobiani bunebis uz-runvelyofa. aseTi proceduris dadgena ar aris am uflebiT sargeblo-baSi Careva.556

saxelmwifos SeuZlia, droebiT akrZalos sazogadoebrivi demon-straciebi, Tu arsebobs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da wesrigisdarRvevis seriozuli safrTxe. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo moqmedebsTavisi kompetenciis farglebSi. rogorc wesi, aseT akrZalvas droebiTixasiaTi aqvs da moqmedebs SezRudul geografiul arealSi.557 saxelmwi-fo valdebulia uzrunvelyos nebadarTuli Sekrebis monawileTa usaf-rTxoeba sxva pirTa mier eqstremistuli an sxvagvari qmedebisagan.

saqmis — platforma `eqimebi sicocxlisaTvis~ avstriis winaaRmdeg558

(Platform “Ärzte für das Leben” v.Austria) — ganxilvis Sedegad avstriis xeli-suflebam darTo neba am organizacias, Caetarebina demonstracia gan-sazRvrul adgilas. mogvianebiT organizaciam moiTxova demonstraciisCatarebis adgilis Secvla. xelisuflebam Txovna daakmayofila, Tumca

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555 Human Rights and Protection of Refugees. UNHCR publication. 1996. RLD 5, 5-6.556 ganacxadi, 8191/71.557 ganacxadi, 8440/78.558 1988 wlis 21 ivnisi.

ganucxada organizatorebs, rom am adgilze policia ver daicavda de-monstrantebs brbosagan — es problema warmoiSva kidec.

sasamarTlom daadgina: `xelisuflebas akisria pozitiuri valdebu-leba, dacviT uzrunvelyos calkeuli jgufebi. demonstraciam SeiZle-ba Seuracxyos an gaaRizianos sxva pirebi, romlebic ar iziareben de-monstrantebis ideebsa da mosazrebebs. demonstraciis monawileebs un-da SeeZloT demonstraciis Catareba yovelgvari SiSis gareSe, ise, rommaT winaaRmdeg oponentebis mxridan Zaladoba ar iqnes. aseTma saf-rTxem SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos gaerTianebebs an sxva dajgufebebs saku-Tari ideebis sajarod gamoxatvaSi. demokratiul sazogadoebaSikontrdemonstraciebis Catarebis ufleba ar SeiZleba gafarTovdesimdenad, rom daabrkolos Sekrebis uflebiT sargebloba~. amdenad, sa-xelmwifos mxridan Caurevloba Sefasdeba rogorc mSvidobiani Sekre-bis WeSmariti da efeqtiani uflebis darRvevad. amasTan erTad, saxel-mwifos Sefasebis farTo farglebi aqvs.

sasamarTlo ar uaryofs, rom SekrebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobspraqtikuli siZneleebi, romelTa mogvarebis SesaZleblobas saxelmwi-fos utovebs — nebarTvis gacema, policiis mier dacvis uzrunvelyofada sxva. zemoxsenebul saqmeze — platforma `eqimebi sicocxlisaTvis~avstriis winaaRmdeg (Platform “Ärzte für das Leben” v. Austria) — sasamar-Tlom ar daadgina me-11 muxlis darRveva, vinaidan saxelmwifom undagaataros yvela Sesabamisi RonisZieba demonstrantebis dasacavad.

saqmeze — ezelini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Ezelin v. France) sasamar-Tlom me-11 muxlTan mimarTebiT aRniSna, rom Sekrebis (demonstraciis)Semdeg miRebuli zomebi ar xvdeba me-11 muxlis me-2 punqtis moqmedebisqveS ... Sesabamisad, saxeze iyo me-11 muxlis darRveva: saxelmwifos ar undagamoeyenebina disciplinuri zomebi ganmcxadeblis mimarT, miT ufro, TugaviTvaliswinebT, rom ar iyo amis `aucileblobademokratiulsazogado-ebaSi~.

3. gaerTianebis Tavisufleba, profkavSirTa uflebebi

Sekrebisagan gansxvavebiT, gaerTianeba ufro organizebuli da for-maluri xasiaTisaa. gaerTianeba aRniSnavs saerTo miznis misaRwevad Seq-mnil nebayoflobiT gaerTianebas. garda amisa, gaerTianebad ar CaiTvle-ba erTi da imave damqiraveblis mier ayvanil muSa-mosamsaxureebs Sorisarsebuli urTierTobani, vinaidan aseTi urTierToba damokidebuliaxelSekrulebiT gaformebul SeTanxmebaze. radgan me-11 muxli icavs ga-erTianebis uflebas, amave dros, gaerTianebis konkretul saxeobas —

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profkavSirebs (rac, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba garkveul ekonomikur Tusocialur uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebs), evropuli sasamarTlo am ufle-bis ganmartebisaTvis iSveliebs sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebsac. aseTdokumentTa ricxvs miekuTvneba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis 87-ekonvencia (gaerTianebis Tavisufleba da organizaciis uflebaTa dacva),98-e (koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis dadeba), evropuli socialuri qartiisme-6 muxli, romelic koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebisdadebas Seexeba. sasamarTlom profkavSirebis Seqmnisa da maTSi gaerTia-nebis uflebas sityvasityviTi interpretacia misca. sasamarTlo praq-tikis Sesabamisad, es muxli daculia, Tu arsebobs profkavSirebis Seq-mnisa da masSi gaerTianebis SesaZlebloba. sasamarTlo saxelmwifosaganar iTxovs profkavSirebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis uzrunvelyofas. sa-xelmwifos SeuZlia TviTon airCios profkavSirebis dacvis reJimi.

saqmeSi — belgiis policiis erovnuli kavSiri belgiis winaaRmdeg(National Union of Belgium Police v. Belgium) — ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda,rom xelisuflebis mier sajaro mosamsaxureTa profesiul gaerTiane-bebTan gamarTuli konsultaciebi belgiis policiis kavSiris monawi-leobis gareSe, me-11 muxlis darRveva iyo.559

sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom profkavSirebis saqmianobis efeqtiano-ba ar aris damokidebuli konsultaciebis gamarTvaze.

sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom me-11 muxli ar icavs gaficvis uf-lebas, vinaidan utovebs `saxelmwifos gamosayenebeli saSualebebis Ta-visufal arCevans am konteqstSi. gaficvis ufleba, marTalia, am saSua-lebebidan erT-erTia, magram arsebobs sxva xerxebic. gaficvis uflebaar aris daculi pirdapir me-11 muxliT da SeiZleba daeqvemdebaroserovnuli sasamarTlos regulirebas, romliTac igi SeizRudeba calke-ul SemTxvevaSi~.560 me-11 muxli aseve ar icavs koleqtiuri SeTanxmebisdadebis uflebas. evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikaSi arsebuli ramde-nime saqme Seexeboda profkavSirebSi argawevrianebis uflebas. saqmeSi —iangi, jeimsi, vebsteri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Young, Jamesand Webster v. the United Kingdom) — ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rombritaneTis kanoniT nebadarTuli e.w. `daxuruli saamqroebis~ (closedshop) Seqmna, romliTac yvela rkinigzeli valdebulia, profkavSirebiswevri iyos, ewinaaRmdegeba me-11 muxls. jeimsi miiCnevda, rom profkav-Sirebi ar icavdnen mis uflebebs, iangi da vebsteri ki am nabijis winaaR-mdegni politikuri mosazrebebis gamo iyvnen. sasamarTlom daadgina,rom gaerTianebis Tavisufleba moicavs gaerTianebaSi agreTve gawevri-anebisagan Tavis Sekavebis uflebas. `profkavSirebis Seqmnisa da maTSi

214

559 1975 wlis 27 oqtomberi.560 Smidti da dalStriomi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Schmidt and Dahlström v. Sweden), 1976

wlis 6 Tebervali.

gaerTianebis ufleba aris gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis gansakuTrebuliaspeqti ... Tavisuflebis cneba gulisxmobs arCevanis Tavisuflebas misiganxorcielebis mimarTac. profkavSirebis Seqmnis ufleba moicavs, ma-galiTad, maT mier sakuTari wesebis SemuSavebas, uflebas — damoukideb-lad awarmoon molaparakebebi, Seqmnan federaciebi da a.S.~

profkavSirebis saqmianoba am sferoebSi unda izRudebodes saxel-mwifos mxridan. am debulebiT uzrunvelyofili dacva mimarTulia,pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifos Carevis winaaRmdeg.

sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom me-11 muxli am SemTxvevaSi darRveu-li iyo ar mxolod imitom, rom arsebobda `daxuruli~ SeTanxmeba, ara-med imitom, rom kiTxvis qveS dgeboda ganmcxadeblebis dasaqmebis sa-kiTxi. msgavsi viTareba Seiqmna saqmesTan — sigurionsoni islandiis wi-naaRmdeg (Sigurjonsson v. Iceland) — dakavSirebiT.561 sasamarTlom daadgi-na, rom kerZo gaerTianebebSi gawevrianebis moTxovna, rogorc licen-ziis miRebis piroba, misaRwevi miznis araTanazomieri saSualebaa.

am debulebaTa marTlzomierebis Sefasebisas sasamarTlo yuradRe-bas aqcevs gawevrianebis uflebis gamoyenebis `saerTo mizans~. aqve un-da aRvniSnoT, rom precedentulma praqtikam ar daadgina `saerTo miz-nis~ Sefasebis kriteriumebi.

saqmeze — le kompti, van leveni da demeieri belgiis winaaRmdeg562 (LeCompte, Van Leuven and de Meyere v. Belgium) — sasamarTlom ganacxada:belgiis eqimebs SeiZleba daekisroT valdebuleba, gaerTiandnen `eqim-Ta ordenSi, romlis mizania samedicino eTikisa da misi wevrebis pativis,Tavisuflebis, sandoobisa da Rirsebis dacva~. ordeni asrulebda sa-xelmwifo regulirebis funqciebs samedicino sferoSi, Sesabamisad, ga-wevrianebis moTxovna ar ewinaaRmdegeba me-11 muxlis Sinaarss, miT uf-ro, rom maT wevrebs ar ekrZalebodaT sxva gaerTianebaSi gawevrianeba.

gaerTianebaSi gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo ZiriTadyuradRebas aqcevs or elements — `nebayoflobas~ da `saerTo mizans~.

gansxvavebiT sxva muxlebisagan, romelTa debulebebic saxelmwifosmxridan uflebis gamoyenebaze SezRudvebs awesebs, me-11 muxlis me-2punqti moicavs debulebas, romliTac gaerTianebis Tavisufleba SeiZ-leba SeezRudos pirTa garkveul kategoriebs. esenia: SeiaraRebuli Za-lebis, policiisa da saxelmwifo administraciis wevrebi.

SezRudvebisdaweseba gamomdinareobs saxelmwifos interesebidan, ro-melic erwymis demokratiuli sazogadoebis principebs da isaxavs kanoni-er mizans. sasamarTlo ZiriTadad yuradRebas aqcevs swored `kanoniere-bis~ kriteriums. SezRudva yovelTvis unda iqnes konkretulad dadgeni-li Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT. amgvari zomebis ganxorcieleba sa-

215

561 1993 wlis 30 ivnisi.562 1981 wlis 23 ivnisi.

xelmwifos mxridan eqvemdebareba evropuli sasamarTlos kontrols.

216

563 xSirad am muxliT garantirebul uflebas sakuTrebis uflebad moixsenieben, magramkonvenciaSi ar aris mocemuli sakuTrebis gansazRvreba, aseve sasamarTlos ar SeuZliaSecvalos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT gansazRvruli sakuTrebis definicia.

564 jeimsi da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (James and Others v. the United Kin-gdom), 1986 weli.

8. evropuli konvenciis 1-li oqmis 1-li muxli —sakuTrebis ufleba

evropuli konvenciis 1-li oqmis 1-li muxlis mixedviT:

`yovel fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs aqvs ufleba mSvidobianad moix-maros Tavisi sakuTreba. aravis SeiZleba CamoerTvas misi sakuTreba,garda sajaro interesebSi da kanoniTa da saerTaSoriso samarTlisprincipebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebiT.

Tumca, zemoxsenebuli debulebebi arasgziT ar zRudavs saxelmwi-fos uflebas, aRasrulos iseTi kanonebi, romelTac igi saWirodTvlis, raTa gaakontrolos sakuTrebis gamoyeneba saerTo interesebisSesabamisad an uzrunvelyos gadasaxadebis an sxva Senatanebis Tu jari-mebis gadaxda.~

1. zogadi mimoxilva

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 1-li oqmis 1-li muxliTgarantirebulia qonebis daubrkoleblad moxmarebis ufleba.563 saxel-mwifos Zalze farTo SesaZleblobebi aqvs socialur-ekonomikuri po-litikis ganxorcielebisaTvis, rac gavlenas axdens sakuTrebis ufle-bis moculobaze.564

1-li oqmis 1-li muxli moicavs sam Ziridad debulebas:.� pirveli — qonebis daubrkoleblad moxmareba — zogad xasiaTs atarebs;� meore Seexeba qonebis CamorTmevasTan dakavSirebul pirobebs.� mesame, saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos aniWebs sa-

kuTrebis gamoyenebaze kontrolis ganxorcielebis uflebas.

2. qonebis daubrkoleblad moxmareba

evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikaSi qonebis an mflobelobis koncef-cia farTod aris interpretirebuli. igi moicavs ekonomikuri sferosvrcel diapazons. 1-li oqmis 1-li muxlis moqmedeba vrceldeba uZrav

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565 marqsi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Marckx v. Belgium), 1976 weli.566 sporongi da lonrosi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Sporrong and Lonroth v. Sweden), 1982 weli.567 jeimsi da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (James and Others v. the United Kin-

gdom), 1986 weli.

da moZrav qonebaze; materialurda aramaterialur interesebze, rogo-ricaa: wilebi, patentebi, socialur uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebu-li SeRavaTebi, maT Soris pensiebi; mesakuTris uflebebze; marTvasTandakavSirebul ekonomikur interesebze; profesiuli saqmianobis gan-xorcielebis uflebebze, biznesis warmarTvasTan dakavSirebul ufle-bebze da sxva.

1-li muxlis debulebebi vrceldeba rogorc fizikur, aseve iuridi-ul pirebze.

am muxlis moqmedeba vrceldeba realurad arsebul qonebaze da aramomavalSi sakuTrebis SeZenis uflebaze (momavalSi SeZenis molodini, ma-galiTad, memkvidreobis meSveobiT, ar eqvemdebareba am muxlis dacvas).565

sasamarTlo miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom konvencia moiTxovs ba-lansis dacvas sazogadoebis interesebsa da piris uflebebs Soris.iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo ar aZlevs pirs SesaZleblobas,flobdes da gankargavdes Tavis qonebas, saxeze iqneba qonebis daubrko-leblad moxmarebis uflebis darRveva.

3. saxelmwifos kompetencia sakuTrebisuflebasTan mimarTebiT

saxelmwifos piris mier sakuTrebis uflebis ganxorcielebaSi Care-vis mravali SesaZlebloba aqvs. evropuli sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvi-sas Carevis marTlzomierebas afasebs. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi moiZeb-neba mravali saqme, romlebiTac dadginda, rom saxelmwifom gadaaWarbaTavisufali Sefasebis farglebs.

saxelmwifos mxridan sakuTrebis uflebis ganxorcielebaSi CarevadasaSvebia Tu: a) Careva emsaxureba kanonier mizans; b) miRebuli zomebiproporciulia Sesabamisi miznebis miRwevasTan. amasTan dakavSirebiTsasamarTlom aRniSna, rom `unda ganisazRvros, daculi iyo Tu ara sa-marTliani balansi sazogadoebis saerTo principebis moTxovnasa da in-dividis uflebebis dacvis saWiroebas Soris.~566

mizanSewonilia, ganxilul iqnes, ramdenad arRvevs sakuTrebis ufle-baSi Careva samarTlian balanss saerTo interesebis moTxovnasa da indi-vidis uflebebis dacvis saWiroebas Soris. balansi ver iqneba daculi, TuaSkaraa, rom qonebis mesakuTres `gadaWarbebuli tvirTi ekisreba~.567

Careva kanonier safuZvelze unda moxdes. es moTxovna gamomdinare-

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568 lisgou da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Lithgow and Others v. the UnitedKingdom), 1987 weli.

569 zubani italiis winaaRmdeg (Zubani v. Italy), 1996 weli.

obs rogorc Tavad 1-li oqmis pirveli muxlis moTxovnebidan — `kano-nis safuZvelze~, aseve mTlianad konvenciis Sinaarsidan. `kanonis~ gan-martebisas evropuli sasamarTlo aqcevs yuradRebas, ramdenad ufle-bamosili organos mier aris gamocemuli aqti, romelic akmayofilebssamarTlebrivi sicxadis moTxovnas.

emsaxurebodes `kanonier mizans~ — niSnavs, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebri-vi samarTliT konkretulad da adekvaturad ganisazRvros is normebi,romlebiTac saxelmwifos eniWeba qonebis uflebis SezRudvis ufleba-mosileba.

konvenciis mizania, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT mkafiod dad-gindes `kanonis~ moTxovnebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes individis ufle-bebis efeqturad dacva saxelmwifos TviTneburi Carevisagan.

4. kompensacia sakuTrebis uflebaSi CarevisaTvis

evropuli konvencia ar krZalavs qonebis CamorTmevas, Tu es gamom-dinareobs sazogadoebrivi interesebidan. amasTan erTad, 1-li muxliar aniWebs pirs kompensaciis miRebis garantias, Tumca sakuTrebis uf-lebis SezRudvebTan dakavSirebul saqmeTa umravlesobis ganxilvisasmsjelobis sagnad kompensaciis sakiTxi xdeba. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs,rom kompensaciis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT misi uflebamosileba Semoi-fargleba imis dadgeniT, Tu ramdenad sworad moqmedebda saxelmwifoTavisufali Sefasebis farglebSi da ramdenad Seesabameba misi qmedebe-bi evropuli konvenciis moTxovnebs.568 sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs iseTfaqtorebs, rogoricaa sakuTrebis SezRudvis da amisaTvis kompensaci-is maregulirebeli kanonebi,569 procedurebis xangrZlivoba, miyenebu-li zarali.

sasamarTlom daadgina 1-li oqmis 1-li muxlis darRveva iseT Sem-TxvevebSic, rodesac saxelmwifo Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonebze day-rdnobiT ar uxdida kompensacias CamorTmeuli qonebis sanacvlod, anSecvala an gaauqma kerZo pirebTan dadebuli xelSekruleba miyenebulizaralisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxdis gareSe.

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IX. hipoTezuri saqmeebi

1. konvenciis me-3 muxli — wamebis akrZalva

giorgi cnobili mokrivea. is araerTxel gaxda erovnuli da saerTa-Soriso Cempionatebis priziori. giorgi 26 wlisaa. igi SarSan gascildaTavis meuRles — JuJunas, romelic amtkicebda, rom xSirad hqonda gi-orgisTan ojaxuri konfliqtebi, rac ramdenjerme misi fizikuri Seu-racxyofiTac ki dasrulda.

wels giorgim Tavisi megobris dabadebis dReze gaicno magda. ramde-nimeTvis Semdeg maTdaiwyes erTadcxovreba, Tumca ardaqorwinebulan.magdas ojaxis wevrebi, gansakuTrebiT misi Zma — fridoni, winaaRmdegiiyo, rom magda sacxovreblad gadasuliyo giorgisTan. fridonis azriT,giorgi gauwonasworebeli adamiania, gamoirCeva agresiiT da nacnobebsSoris cudi reputaciiT sargeblobs. igi aseve Tvlida, rom is magdasdroebiTi gataceba iyo da rom isini myar ojaxs ver Seqmnidnen.

giorgi emzadeboda CempionatisaTvis, romelsac Zalian didi mniS-vneloba hqonda misi profesiuli karierisaTvis. Cempionatis finalSigiorgi damarcxda sxva cnobil mokrivesTan, metsaxelad `CaquCasTan~,SejibrSi. im saRamos giorgi cud gunebaze dabrunda saxlSi. meore di-liT magda unda wasuliyo Tavis megobarTan — ekasTan. im diliT gior-gis saxlTan Casafrebuli iyo Jurnalisti, romelsac wina dRis damar-cxebasTan dakavSirebiT giorgisTan intervius Cawera undoda. rodesacmagda saxlidan gamovida, Jurnalistma mis saxeze sisxlCaqcevebi SeniS-na da mas suraTi gadauRo.

meore dRes gazeTSi — `sportuli skandali~ — gamoqveynda statia gi-orgis damarcxebis Sesaxeb. statiasTan erTad gazeTSi ganTavsda mag-das suraTi. statiaSi Jurnalisti amtkicebda, rom giorgi agresiulipirovnebaa da gamoTqvamda eWvs, SesaZloa, ringze warumateblobis gamoman Tavis meuRles fizikuri Seuracxyofa miayena.

am sagazeTo publikacias roca magdas Zma — fridoni gaecno, CaTva-la, rom giorgis pasuxi unda ego Tavisi saqcielisaTvis. igi mivida po-liciis ganyofilebaSi da ganacxada, rom misi da — magda meuRlem sasti-kad scema. policiis ganyofilebis TanamSromelma fridons ganucxada,rom magdas ar miumarTavs policiisaTvis am faqtis Sesaxeb, ris gamocsisxlis samarTlis saqme ver aRiZvreba. aseTma pasuxma moTminebidan ga-moiyvana isedac gaRizianebuli fridoni da man muSti daartya polici-is ganyofilebis TanamSromels. xmaurze kabinetSi sxva policielebiSemocvivdnen da fridoni daakaves. igi winaswari dakavebis izolator-Si Casves. fridons kanoniT dadgenili wesiT braldeba waeyena. misi qme-

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deba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis damcvelis warmomadgenlis mimarT Zala-dobiT dakvalificirda.

dainiSna sasamarTlos pirveli sxdoma. fridoni miiyvanes procesze.aSkara iyo, rom igi koWlobda da saxeze sisxlCaqcevebi etyoboda. po-liciis muSakma sasamarTloze aRniSnuli imiT axsna, rom fridoni sak-nidan dakiTxvaze miyvanis dros gaqcevas Seecada. 3 dRis Semdeg frido-nis advokatma prokuraturas werilobiTi gancxadebiT mimarTa, ro-melSic amtkicebda, rom mas policiis TanamSromlebi sastikad moep-yrnen da sxeulebrivi ziani miayenes. prokuraturam uari ganacxada, da-ewyo gamoZieba am faqtze, vinaidan CaTvala, rom ar arsebobda sakmarisimtkicebuleba policielebis mxridan Tavdasxmis safuZvliT sisxlissamarTlis saqmis aRZvris Sesaxeb.

gTxovT, samarTlebrivi Sefaseba misceT am saqmes evropuli konven-ciis me-3 muxlTan mimarTebiT.

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2. konvenciis me-5 muxli — Tavisuflebisa dausafrTxoebis ufleba

34 wlis gaiozi dedaqalaqSi qimiis kvleviT institutSi muSaobda.1996 wels mas samsaxuri SesTavazes qimiuri nivTierebebis gadamamuSa-vebel kompaniaSi, romelic erT-erT regionSi, dasaxlebuli punqtismomijnave teritoriaze mdebareobda. gaiozma SeTavazeba miiRo da kom-paniis maxlobel dabaSi axaldaqorwinebul meuRlesTan — mayvalasTanerTad gadavida sacxovreblad. male mayvalas ucnauri simptomebi da-ewyo da misi janmrTeloba ukiduresad gauaresda — mayvalas mokle xan-Si metyvelebis moSla da koordinaciis darRveva ganuviTarda. adgi-lobrivi saavadmyofos eqimma diagnozi —tyviiT mowamvla — daadgina daisic aRniSna, rom es simptomebi maT dabaSi Cveuli movlena iyo. saso-warkveTilma gaiozma, romelsac meuRlis meti aravin hyavda, masobrivimowamvlis mizezebis dadgena ganizraxa. man male gamoarkvia, rom misikompaniis mier warmoebuli qimiuri gadamuSavebis narCenebi kompaniisxelmZRvanelobis saidumlo gankargulebiT dabis wyalmommaragebelmdinareSi iyreboda. aRniSnuli man kompaniis gasaidumloebul sacavSiSeRweviT SeZlo, risTvisac gaiozs darajis Tavis areSi dartymiT ga-TiSva mouxda. gaiozis gamoZieba kompaniis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis uc-nobi ar darCenila. maT mimarTes adgilobriv samarTaldamcav organo-ebs, romlebic kompaniasTan SeTanxmebiT moqmedebdnen.

1997 wlis dasawyisSi gaiozi, rogorc suliT avadmyofi, dabis poli-ciis ganyofilebis ufrosis brZanebiT, adgilobriv saavadmyofoSi iqnamoTavsebuli. oficialur mizezad is dasaxelda, rom igi paranoiiT —devnis maniiT — Sepyrobili `srul Wkuaze ar iyo~. gaiozs kompetenturspecialistTan Sesabamisi samedicino-fsiqiatriuli gamokvleva ar ga-uvlia, vinaidan dabis saavadmyofos personalSi fsiqiatris Stati,usaxsrobis gamo, gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo. gaiozi Senobis erT-erToTaxSi iyo gamomwyvdeuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi daJinebiT moiT-xovda sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenas da policiis ganyofilebis ufro-sis brZanebis kanonierebis Semowmebas, misi moTxovna dakmayofilebuliar iqna.

1998 wels gaiozma saavadmyofodan gaqceva moaxerxa. gamocxadda mi-si Zebna da dakavebis Sesaxeb brZaneba gaica. amasobaSi gaiozi dedaqa-laqSi dabrunda da daukavSirda masmediis warmomadgenlebs, romleb-sac kompaniis kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobisa da mis mimarT ganxorci-elebuli represiebis Sesaxeb acnoba. televiziisaTvis micemuli in-tervius Semdeg samarTaldamcavma organoebma misi adgilmdebareobadaadgines.

gaiozi 1998 wlis 13 aprils daakaves da isev dabis saavadmyofoSi, Ta-vis palataSi daabrunes. magram sazogadoebisaTvis ukve cnobili iyo

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mis Sesaxeb da saqmeSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi Caerivnen. maT gai-ozis sasamarTlos winaSe wardgena moiTxoves.

braldebis mxarem sasamarTlos winaSe gaiozis mimarT winaswari pa-timrobis aRkveTis RonisZiebad Sefardebis Taobaze iSuamdgomla. maTganacxades, rom gaiozs brali edeboda kompaniis darajisaTvis jan-mrTelobis ganzrax naklebadmZime dazianebis miyenebaSi da sazogadoe-baSi SiSis gaRvivebisa da panikis daTesvis mcdelobaSi. maT miuTiTes,rom gaiozi erTxel ukve gaiqca Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilidan daamitom xelaxali mimalvis Tavidan aridebis mizniT misi dapatimrebaaucilebeli iyo.

gaiozma ganacxada, rom aRniSnuli braldebis Sesaxeb misTvis mxo-lod sasamarTlo sxdomaze gaxda cnobili. dacvam ganacxada, rom sasa-marTlo procesi Tavad gansasjelis interesebSi iyo, rom man sworedWeSmaritebis dasadgenad misca interviu masmediis warmomadgenlebs.dacvam gansasjelis giraos safuZvelze gaTavisufleba moiTxova.

sasamarTlom mxareTa mosmenis Semdgom giraos Tanxad 100 000 larigansazRvra. gaiozma aRniSnuli Tanxis gadaxda ver SeZlo. mas winaswaripatimroba Seefarda.

aRkveTis RonisZieba ucvleli darCa samarTalSi micemis Semdegac.sasamarTlo ganxilva or weliwadsa da 10 Tves gagrZelda. saboloodsasamarTlom gansasjelis mimarT gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni gamoitana dasasjelad dauniSna Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iseTi vadiT, romelic araRemateboda winaswar patimrobaSi mis faqtobriv yofnas. gaiozi sasa-marTlo sxdomis darbazidan gaaTavisufles.

gaiozma ukanono patimrobisaTvis zianis anazRaureba moiTxova.


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3. konvenciis me-6 muxli —samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba

erovnebiT berZeni, saqarTvelos moqalaqe X, yofili maRali Tanam-debobis piria. 1995 wels man datova saqarTvelos teritoria da saxel-mwifo -Si gaemgzavra, sadac TavSesafari iTxova. TavSesafarze mas uarieTqva. saxelmwifos teritoriaze saqarTvelos mxarem Caatara specia-luri daniSnulebis operacia, ris Sedegadac X dakavebul da gadmoyva-nil iqna saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

moqalaqe X amtkicebs, rom dakavebuli iyo 2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi bra-lis wayenebis gareSe, xolo mas Semdeg, rac brali waeyena, gadayvaniliqna policiis ganyofilebis samartoo sakanSi, romelSic Tveze metidayo. moqalaqe amtkicebs, rom misi dakaveba ukanonoa, vinaidan masze,rogorc Tanamdebobis pirze, imuniteti vrceldeba.

sasamarTlos winaSe X wardga saxelmwifo xelisuflebis damxobismcdelobis braldebiT. X amtkicebs, rom mas uari eTqva misTvis gasagebenaze, kerZod rusulad, sabraldebo daskvnis miRebaze, rac kanonmdeb-lobas ewinaaRmdegeba. X aseve amtkicebs, rom mas ar miuRia braldebas-Tan dakavSirebuli yvela dokumentis asli.

mTavroba amtkicebs, rom X flobs qarTul enas, mas winaswari gamoZi-ebisas ar mouTxovia Tarjimani, amave dros, mas qarTveli advokatihyavda.

mTavrobam ganacxada, rom winaswari gamoZiebis damTavrebis Semdeg,X-sa da mis advokats miecaT saSualeba, gascnobodnen yvela Segrovilmasalas da ar dauyenebiaT Suamdgomloba sxva masalebis gacnobis moT-xovnis Taobaze.

sasamarTloze braldebulma ganacxada, rom Cveneba, romelic man wi-naswari gamoZiebisas misca, iZulebis gziT iyo mopovebuli. sasamarTloprocesis msvlelobisas X-ma protestis niSnad demonstraciulad Seaq-cia zurgi darbazs. misi azriT, sasamarTlo ar aris damoukidebeli dapolitikuri Zalebis zewolis qveS imyofeba. Sesabamisad, misi azriT,saqmis samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis perspeqtiva ar arsebobs.

braldebis mxare amtkicebs, rom X-ma araerTxel CaSala sasamarTloprocesi Tavisi qmedebiT: xmamaRla yviroda, ustvenda, ar emorCilebo-da badragis brZanebebs, cdilobda darbazidan kamerisaken gaqcevas. sa-samarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, gansasjelis sasamarTlo proceszedaswrebis gareSe gaegrZelebina sasamarTlo ganxilva.

X amtkicebs, rom arerTxel iTxova mosamarTlisagan Tavis advokat-Tan Sexvedris nebarTva, razec mas mravaljer eTqva uari. X aseve amtki-cebs, rom sasamarTlo sxdoma daxuruli iyo da sazogadoebas ar miecasaSualeba, edevnebina Tvalyuri sasamarTlo procesisasTvis.

mTavrobam ganacxada, rom sasamarTlo procesi sajaro xasiaTs ata-

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rebda. SezRudva dawesda mxolod procesis ramdenime sxdomaze, ro-melzec saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis gasaidumloebuli sakiTxebi ixile-boda. amgvar sxdomebze aikrZala masmediisa da sazogadoebis daswreba.sxva danarCen SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo procesze daswreba ar izRude-boda, Tumca msurvelTa raodenoba aRemateboda darbazSi arsebul ad-gilTa ricxvs.

1998 wels, mas Semdeg, rac saxelmwifos umaRlesma sasamarTloorga-nom saboloo gadawyvetileba gamoitana, X-ma mimarTa adamianis ufle-baTa evropul sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, romelSic amtkicebs samar-Tlian sasamarTloze Tavisi uflebis darRvevas.


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4. konvenciis me-8 muxli — piradi daojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba

vaxtangi da mzeqala 1993 wlis seqtemberSi daqorwindnen. isini deda-qalaqSi cxovrobdnen. 1994 wels maT qaliSvili eyolaT, romelsac qe-Tevani daarqves. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi isini urTierTgagebiTcxovrobdnen da maTi ojaxi samagaliTod iTvleboda. vaxtangi profe-siiT inJineri iyo da muSaobda erT-erTdid korporaciaSi, romelic ma-Rali teqnologiebis optikuri sistemebis SemuSavebaze specializde-boda. 2002 wlis 13 aprils, rodesac igi samsaxurSi gamocxadda, mas am-cnes, rom korporacia gakotrda da rom yvela TanamSromeli daTxovi-lia samsaxuridan.

miuxedavad vaxtangis araerTi mcdelobisa, man Sesaferisi samsaxuriver iSova. mas Semosavlis aranairi wyaro aRar gaaCnda, rac xSirad kon-fliqtebs iwvevda ojaxSi. sabolood vaxtangma da mzeqalam ganqorwine-ba gadawyvites. sasamarTlom meurveobis ufleba mzeqalas mianiWa, Tum-ca vaxtangs Svilis monaxulebis ufleba kviraSi erTi saaTiT mieca.

mzeqala Zalze ganawyenebuli iyo Tavis meuRleze. igi iTxovda, romvaxtangs, Tu ojaxis Senaxva ar SeeZlo, Tavisi Svili mainc uzrunvele-yo materialurad. mcdelobebis miuxedavad, vaxtangma mainc ver iSovasamsaxuri am periodis ganmavlobaSi, ris gamoc Tavis Svils materialu-rad ver exmareboda. amis gamo ramdenime TveSi mzeqalam saerTod auk-rZala vaxtangs qeTevanTan Sexvedra. erT-erT kvira dRes, rodesac vax-tangi mivida mzeqalas saxlTan qeTevanis mosanaxuleblad, mzeqalasTxovniT ramdenime mamakaci Tavs daesxa vaxtangs da sastikad scemesigi. miRebuli mZime dazianebebis Sedegad vaxtangi saavadmyofoSi moa-Tavses. vaxtangTan dakavSirebiT eqimma ganacxada, rom mcire iyo misigadarCenis albaToba.

aRniSnulis gamo mzeqalam fsiqologiuri travma miiRo, vinaidan masmxolod meuRlis daSineba surda da ara misi aseT mdgomareobaSi Cagde-ba. mzeqala aRarc sakvebs iRebda da aRarc Svils aqcevda yuradRebas.praqtikulad igi mTeli dReebis ganmavlobaSi Tavis oTaxSi iyo Caketi-li da tiroda.

mezoblebma gaiges mzeqalas aseTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. isini asevexedavdnen, rom qeTevans saTanado yuradReba aRar eqceoda. amis gamomezoblebma gadawyvites, sasamarTlosaTvis miemarTaT, raTa qeTevanidroebiT mainc gadascemoda arasrulwlovanTa mzrunvelobis dawese-bulebas.

sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba droebiT (18 TviT) qeTevanisarasrulwlovanTa mzrunvelobis dawesebulebisaTvis gadacemis Sesa-xeb, ris Semdegac qeTevani dedasTan unda dabrunebuliyo. sasamarTlosaseTi gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb mzeqalas mogvianebiT Seatyobines.

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sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, qeTevani moaTavses aras-rulwlovanTa mzrunvelobis dawesebulebaSi, romelic dedaqalaqidan550 kilometriT iyo daSorebuli. didi manZilis gamo mzeqalam sasamar-Tlo gadawyvetilebis miRebidan 14 Tvis ganmavlobaSi mxolod erTxelmoaxerxa qeTevanis monaxuleba, isic mxolod ramdenime saaTiT. am Sex-vedris dros qeTevani dedis mimarT uyuradRebobis gamo, aSkara ukma-yofilebas gamoTqvamda. dedis argumentebi, rom qeTevani Zalze didmanZilze imyofeboda dedaqalaqidan, ris gamoc ver naxulobda mas, Svi-lisaTvis ar iyo damajerebeli.


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5. konvenciis me-9 muxli — azris, sindisisa dareligiis Tavisufleba

durmiSxani saxelmwifo guritaniaSi mudmivad cxovrobs, Tumca sa-xelmwifo zambas moqalaqea. igi profesiiT mxatvaria. durmiSxani erT-erTi axali religiis mimdevaria. igi 1989 wlidan wevria organizaciaàxali aRmsareblobisa~, romelic am religiuri mimdinareobis ideebsqadagebs.

vinaidan guritaniaSi mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba tra-diciuli religiis mimdevaria, 1993 wels es religia saxelmwifo reli-giad gamocxadda. amis Sedegad tradiciul eklesiasa da saxelmwifosSoris daido konstituciuri xelSekruleba, romelic adgens saxelmwi-foSi am tradiciuli eklesiis statuss, aniWebs mas zogierT upirate-sobas sxva religiebTan SedarebiT, maT Soris aTavisuflebs gadasaxa-debisagan eklesiasa da mis mrevls.

mas Semdeg, rac gavrcelda informacia tradiciul eklesiasa da sa-xelmwifos Soris konstituciuri xelSekrulebis dadebis Sesaxeb, or-ganizacia àxali aRmsareblobis~ wevrebma (maT Soris durmiSxanma) ka-noniT dadgenili wesiT moawyves Sekreba da ganacxades, rom demokrati-ul saxelmwifoSi ar SeiZleba erT religiur mimdinareobas mieniWosupiratesoba sxva religiur mimdinareobasTan SedarebiT.

roca Seityves aseTi mitingis Sesaxeb, tradiciuli religiis mimdev-rebi mividnen Sekrebis adgilze da Seecadnen mis CaSlas, daiwyes qvebissrola organizacia àxali aRmsareblobis~ wevrebis mimarTulebiT daxmis gamaZliereblebis meSveobiT xels uSlidnen Sekrebis Catarebas.Sekrebas eswrebodnen adgilobrivi policiis warmomadgenlebi daTvalyurs adevnebdnen mis msvlelobas. droTa ganmavlobaSi mdgomare-oba iZabeboda.

imiT gaRizianebulebma, rom ver CaSales Sekreba, tradiciuli reli-giis mimdevrebma Sekrebis CasaSlelad mimarTes sxva, maTi azriT, ufroefeqtian saSualebebs — gamoiyenes xelketebi da daarbies Sekreba. dur-miSxanma maSinve mimarTa policiis qvedanayofis ufross, raTa aRkveTi-li yofiliyo maTze tradiciuli religiis mimdevrebis Tavdasxma, mag-ram policiis qvedanayofis ufrosis pasuxi araorazrovani iyo: ùrTi-erToba mxareebma Tavad unda gaarkvion, policia amaSi ver Caereva.~

konfliqtis Sedegad organizacia àxali aRmsareblobis~ mravaliwevri dazaralda. zogierT maTgans xangrZlivi mkurnaloba dasWirda.

am faqtis Semdeg organizacia àxali aRmsareblobis~ wevrebma saCi-vari Seitanes raionul sasamarTloSi, sadac es saCivari ixileboda 7wlis ganmavlobaSi. amasobaSi organizacia àxali aRmsareblobis~ wev-rebze grZeldeboda Tavdasxmebi tradiciuli religiis mimdevrebismxridan, magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlos jerjerobiT ar

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hqonda miRebuli gadawyvetileba am saqmeze, organizacia `axali aRmsa-reblobis~ wevrebma (maT Soris durmiSxanma) Seitanes ganacxadi adamia-nis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi. isini amtkicebdnen, rom dairRvaevropuli konvenciis me-6, me-8, me-10, me-11, me-13 da me-14 muxlebi, ise-ve rogorc guritaniis konstituciis Sesabamisi muxlebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom guritania 1992 wlidan aris adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis monawile.

gTxovT, samarTlebrivi Sefaseba misceT am saqmes konvenciis me-9muxlTan mimarTebiT.

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6. konvenciis me-10 muxli —gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

petre damoukidebel gazeT `fabrikis~ Jurnalistia. gazeTi siste-maturad aqveynebs statiebs sazogadoebisaTvis aqtualur problemeb-ze. mTavrobas ar moswons gazeTis saqmianoba, magram samarTlebriv sa-fuZlebs misi saqmianobis aRkveTisaTvis ver poulobs.

2000 wels gazeTSi gamoqveynda cikli statiebisa, romelTa avtoripetrea. statiebSi Jurnalisti amxels dazvervis samsaxuris maRali Ta-namdebobis pirebs kontrabandis Semotanis xelSewyobaSi.

erT-erT statiaSi asaxuli masalebi eyrdnoba sadazvervo samsaxu-ris yofili TanamSromlis levanis mier mowodebul informacias. in-formatoris TqmiT, igi daiTxoves samsaxuridan mas Semdeg, rac Seeca-da aRekveTa ukanono kontrabandis Semotana saxelmwifoSi da emxilebi-na is pirebi, romlebic CarTuli arian am procesSi. misTvis cnobilifaqtebis Sesaxeb levani apirebda miemarTa gancxadebiT prokuraturi-saTvis. vinaidan misi da misi ojaxis wevrebis misamarTiT araerTxel ga-isma muqara telefoniT, man gadaifiqra prokuraturaSi gancxadebis Se-tana.

roca am faqtebis Sesaxeb cnobili gaxda petresaTvis, man aRuTqvalevans, rom ar gaamxelda mis vinaobas statiebSi, Tu igi daasaxelebdakonkretul gvarebs.

erT-erT statias Tan axlda karikatura, romelzec statiaSi moxse-niebuli erT-erTi maRalCinosnis advilad amocnoba SeiZleboda. igigamosaxuli iyo Sinauri frinvelis saxiT, romelsac mebaJis qudi exuraTavze, frinvels gaSlili hqonda frTebi — erTiT gzas uRobavda sat-virTo manqanas, xolo meoreTi fulis kupiurebi ekava.

am Tanamdebobis pirma sarCeli Seitana sasamarTloSi, romelSicJurnalistsa da gazeTs ciliswamebasa da Rirsebis SelaxvaSi sdebdabrals. sasamarTlom saqme mis sasargeblod gadawyvita. Jurnalists ga-zeTis meSveobiT bodiSis moxda daevala da damatebiTi sanqciis saxiTaekrZala profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcieleba sami Tvis ganmavlo-baSi. gazeTs daakisres jarimis gadaxda gadaumowmebeli informaciisgamoqveynebisaTvis. jarima aRemateba saxelmwifoSi arsebuli minima-luri xelfasis odenobas 1500-jer.

Jurnalistma mimarTa adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos.

gTxovT, es saqme samarTlebrivad SeafasoT evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlTan mimarTebiT.

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7. konvenciis me-11 muxli —Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba

Tavisufali profesiuli kavSiri èrToba~ Seiqmna 1993 wels. guramimisi aqtiuri wevria daarsebis dRidan. mas araerTxel miuRia monawile-oba èrTobis~ mier mowyobil mSvidobian demonstraciebSi, sadac aqti-urad gamodioda muSa-mosamsaxureTaTvis socialuri pirobebis gaum-jobesebis moTxovniT.

1997 wels profkavSiris xelmZRvanelobam SesTavaza wevrebs, viTom-da nebayoflobiT, sawevroebis gadasaxadis 0.2%-iT gazrda. amis sanac-vlod dahpirda, rom maT pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg pensiaze danamati da-eniSnebodaT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT `rbilad~ miuTiTes, rom gai-ricxebodnen profkavSirebidan.

gurami daTanxmda wamoyenebul pirobebs.1999 wels profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelobis gadarCevis Semdeg èr-

Toba~ aqtiurad iwyebs xelisuflebaSi myofi politikuri partiis `ni-kes~ mxardaWeras. propagandis garda, èrTobis~ sawevroTa nawili xmar-deba partiis miznebs.

gurami ar aris am partiis arc wevri da arc gulSematkivari. mas miaC-nia, rom is sawevroebi, romelsac igi èrTobaSi~ ixdis, ar unda xmarde-bodes `nikes~.

guramma moiTxova sawevros 0.2%-iT momatebuli Tanxis gauqmeba. masamis niadagze uTanxmoeba mouvida xelmZRvanelobasTan. liderebis az-riT, guramma unda datovos èrToba~, Tumca mas ar surs amis gakeTeba,vinaidan miaCnia, rom sakmaod bevri gaakeTa am organizaciis Camoyali-beba-gaZlierebisaTvis.

saxelmwifoSi axlovdeba arCevnebi. guramma sxva megobrebTan erTadmonawileoba miiRo winasaarCevnod mowyobil SexvedraSi. Sexvedra Caa-tara xelisuflebisadmi opoziciurad ganwyobilma partiam. igi spon-tanurad daigegma da Catarda qalaqis gareubnis stadionze. misi Cata-reba ar arRvevda sazogadoebriv wesrigs.

profkavSirebis liderebma roca Seityves, gurami am Sexvedras es-wreboda, garicxes profkavSirebidan im sababiT, rom igi ar ixdida dad-genil sawevroebs.

guramma sarCeli Seitana erovnul sasamarTloSi misi uflebebis Se-laxvis Taobaze. erovnulma sasamarTlom ar gaiziara Sekrebisa da aso-ciaciis uflebis darRvevis faqti guramTan mimarTebiT.


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8. konvenciis 1-li oqmis 1-li muxli —sakuTrebis ufleba

saxelmwifoSi arsebuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze miwa saxelmwi-fo sakuTrebad iTvleba. misi gayidva, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebisa, da-uSvebelia.

1995 wels petre giorgobianma da giorgi ivaniZem erT-erT sofelSisoflis meurneobisaTvis gankuTvnili miwis nakveTi ijariT aiRes. oriwlis ganmavlobaSi isini amuSavebdnen nakveTs da miRebul mosavals Sps`rions~ abarebdnen.

1997 wels saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo organom miiRo kanoni, rom-lis safuZvelze kerZo pirebis mier soflis meurneobisaTvis gankuT-vnili miwis SeZena gaxda SesaZlebeli.

saxelmwifom pirvel rigSi auqcionze gamoitana miwis yvela is nakve-Ti, romlebic ijariT hqonda gacemuli kerZo pirebze.

Sps `roinma~ ki Seisyida miwis is nakveTi, romelic petre giorgobian-sa da giorgi ivaniZes hqondaT ijariT aRebuli. am ukanasknelTaTvisauqcionis Sesaxeb araferi iyo cnobili. maT sarCeli Seitanes saerTosasamarTloSi.

sasamarTlos mierdavis ganxilva sami wliT gaiwela. am periodis gan-mavlobaSi giorgobiansa da ivaniZes ar hqondaT miwis nakveTiT sargeb-lobis SesaZlebloba, ramac maT mniSvnelovani zarali miayena.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom, vinaidan ivaniZesa da giorgobians ar mi-ecaT auqcionze monawileobis SesaZlebloba, aRniSnuli nakveTi xelax-la unda iqnes gamotanili gasayidad, xolo Sps `rions~ daubrundes isTanxa, romelic maT gadaixades miwis nakveTSi. Tumca sasamarTlom ardaakmayofila mosarCeleTa moTxovna kompensaciis Taobaze.

gTxovT, samarTlebrivi Sefaseba misceT am saqmes evropuli konven-ciis 1-li oqmis 1-l muxlTan mimarTebiT.

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adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadisaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi

a) gaeros farglebSi miRebuli xelSekrulebebi

232

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasaqarTvelosaTvis

ZalaSi Sevida

saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuriuflebebis Sesaxeb (1966 wlis 16 dekemberi)

1994 wlis 3 agvisto

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebissaerTaSoriso paqtis fakultatiuri oqmi

1994 wlis 3 agvisto

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebissaerTaSoriso paqtis sikvdiliT dasjis gauqme-bisadmi mimarTuli meore fakultatiuri oqmi

1999 wlis 22 ivnisi

saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikuri, socialurida kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb (1966 wlis 16dekemberi)

1994 wlis 3 agvisto

konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formisaRmofxvris Sesaxeb (1979 wlis 18 dekemberi)

1994 wlis 25 noem-beri

konvencia bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb(1989 wlis 20 noemberi)

1994 wlis 2 ivlisi

konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki araadamia-nuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa da sas-jelis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb (1984 wlis 10dekemberi)

1994 wlis 25 noem-beri

saerTaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskrimi-naciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb

1999 wlis 2 ivlisi

b) evropis sabWos farglebSi miRebuli xelSekrulebebi

233

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasaqarTvelosaTvis

ZalaSi Sevida

evropuli konvencia adamianis ZiriTaduflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvisSesaxeb (1950 wlis 4 noemberi)

1999 wlis 20 maisi

evropulikonvenciis pirveli oqmi 2002 wlis 7 ivnisi

evropuli konvenciis meoTxe oqmi 2000 wlis 13 aprili

evropuli konvenciis meeqvse oqmi 2000 wlis 1 maisi

evropuli konvenciis meSvide oqmi 2000 wlis 1 ivlisi

evropuli konvenciis meTormete oqmi oqmi ar Sesula ZalaSi

evropuli konvenciis mecamete oqmi 2003 wlis 1 seqtemberi

evropuli konvencia wamebisa da araadamia-nuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an sas-jelis aRkveTis Sesaxeb

2000 wlis 1 oqtomberi

evropuli socialuri qartia saqarTvelos ar mouxde-nia qartiis ratificire-ba

CarCo konvencia erovnul umciresobaTadacvis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos ar mouxde-nia konvenciis ratifi-cireba

ZiriTadi literatura adamianis uflebaTasaerTaSoriso samarTlis, maT Sorisadamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis, Sesaxeb

a) qarTulenovani literatura

boZaSvili l., evropis sabWo da adamianis uflebebis dacva, Tbilisi,1998 weli;boZaSvili l., rogor mivmarToT evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamar-Tlos, Tbilisi, 2002 weli;gomieni d., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mokle megzuri,Tbilisi, 2002 weli;vildhaberi l., adamianis ufleba: rogor unda icavdes mas strasbur-gisa da erovnuli sasamarTloebi, Jurnali àdamiani da konstitucia~,N1, 2002 weli;vulfi (lordi), moxseneba, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos sazeimo sxdoma sasamarTlos wlis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT, Jur-nali àdamiani da konstitucia~, N1, 2003 weli;kaxniaSvili a., saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisoba evrokonven-ciasTan, Tbilisi, 2002 weli;korkelia k., adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis evro-pis konvenciasTan saqarTvelos SeerTebis samarTlebrivi da politi-kuri aspeqtebi, Jurnali `politika~, N7/9, 1997 weli;korkelia k., saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba saerTaSorisoda Sidasaxel-mwifoebriv samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 1998 weli;korkelia k., sasamarTlos roli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis gamoye-nebaSi, Jurnali àdamiani da konstitucia~, N1, 1998 weli;korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa dacva sagangebo mdgomareobis dros:adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropis konven-ciisa da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis SedarebiTi analizi, (qarTuldainglisur enebze), `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, N3/4, 2000 weli;korkelia k., krizisis safrTxe adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamar-TloSi: saerTaSoriso da erovnul doneze gasatarebeli RonisZiebebiarsebuli mdgomareobis dasaZlevad, (qarTul da inglisur enebze),

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`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, N3/4, 2001 weli;korkelia k., saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTali saqarTvelos samar-Tlebriv sistemaSi, `saqarTvelo da saerTaSoriso samarTali~, k. kor-kelia (red.), Tbilisi, 2001 weli;korkelia k., saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa konstituciuroba saqar-TveloSi: zogierTi samarTlebrivi siaxle, Jurnali àdamiani da kon-stitucia~, N2, 2002 weli;korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentu-li samarTlis roli saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi, àdamia-nis uflebaTa dacva erovnul da saerTaSoriso samarTalSi~, k. korke-lia (red.), Tbilisi, 2002 weli;korkelia k., eqstradicia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosprecedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, (qarTul da inglisur enebze),`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 5, N1, 2002 weli;korkelia k., saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebuleba uzrunvelyos ada-mianis uflebaTa dacva, (qarTul da inglisur enebze), `qarTuli samar-Tlis mimoxilva~, 5, N2-3, 2002 weli;korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis ganmartebis prin-cipebi, (qarTul da inglisur enebze), `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~,5, N4, 2002 weli;korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvencia da evropuli sasa-marTlos precedentuli samarTali rogorc konstituciis ganmarte-bis saSualeba, Jurnali àdamiani da konstitucia~, 2003, N2;korkelia k., azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba adamianis uf-lebaTa evropis konvenciisa da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,(qarTul da inglisur enebze), `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 6, N1,2003 weli;korkelia k., ierarqiuli upiratesobis principis gamouyenebloba ada-mianis uflebaTa efeqtiani dacvis principis mimarT, Jurnali `samar-Tali~, N1, 2003 weli;miqaberiZe a., adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlo, Tbilisi, 2000weli;fafiaSvili l., rogor mivmarToT adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasa-marTlos, Tbilisi, 2001 weli;cnobilaZe p., erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlisurTierTqmedeba, `saqarTvelo da saerTaSoriso samarTali~, k. korke-lia (red.), Tbilisi, 2001 weli;ZamukaSvili m., adamianis uflebebi, romelTa darRvevisas unda mivmar-ToT evropis sasamarTlos, arasamTavrobo organizaciis — `konstitu-ciis 42-e muxli~ — gamocema, Tbilisi, 2002 weli;saqarTvelo da saerTaSoriso samarTali, statiaTa krebuli, k. korke-lia (red.), Tbilisi, 2001 weli;

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gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon-venciis me-10 muxlTan dakavSirebuli precedentuli samarTali, Tbi-lisi, 2002 weli.

b) ucxoenovani literatura

¿ÎÂÍÒÂÂ‚‡ À., ∆ÛÈÍÓ‚ ¬., ÀÛÍ‡¯ÛÍ »., ÃÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì˚Â ÌÓÏ˚ Ó Ô‡‚‡ı˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ‡ Ë ÔËÏÂÌÂÌËÂ Ëı ÒÛ‰‡ÏË —ÓÒÒËÈÒÍÓÈ ‘Â‰Â‡ˆËË, ÃÓÒÍ‚‡, 1996„.;Alkema E., Responsibilities Deriving from the Implementation of the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights: Responsibilities for States Parties to the Conven-tion, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquy about the European Con-vention on Human Rights, 13-16 November 1985, 1988;Alkema E., The Third-Party Applicability or “Drittwirkung” of the European Con-vention on Human Rights, in: Protecting Human Rights: The European Dimensi-on, Studies in Honour of G. Wiarda, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1988;Arabadjiev A., Bulgaria, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Con-vention on Human Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J.Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001;¡‡ÛËÌ„ ¡., ƒÓÎ„ËÈ ÔÛÚ˙ ¬ÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË Í Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÏ ÒÚ‡Ì‰‡Ú‡ÏÔ‡‚ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ‡: ‚ ‡‚‡Ì„‡‰Â Ë ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ ÔÓÁ‡‰Ë, ‚: ÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌÌÓÂ œ‡‚Ó:¬ÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓÂ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÂ Œ·ÓÁÂÌËÂ, N1(38), 2002;Bernhardt R., The Convention and Domestic Law, in: The European System forthe Protection of Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.),1993;Bernhardt R., Thoughts on the Interpretation of Human-Rights Treaties, in: Pro-tecting Human Rights: The European Dimension, Studies in Honour of G. Wiarda,F. Metscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1988;Bernhardt R., Human Rights and Judicial Review: The European Court of Hu-man Rights, in: Human Righs and Judicial Review: A Comparative Perspective,D. Beaty (Ed.), 1994;Blackburn R., The Institutions and Processes of the Convention, in: Fundamen-tal Rights in Europe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Mem-ber States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001;Boiko V., European Convention on Human Rights and Freedoms in Judicial Le-gal Reform in Ukraine, in: Protecting Human Rights: The European Perspective,Studies in Memory of R. Ryssdal, P. Mahoney, F.Matscher, H. Petzold & L. Wil-dhaber (Eds.), 2000;Bratza N., The Treatment and Interpretation of the European Convention on Hu-man Rights by the English Court, in: Aspects of Incorporation of the EuropeanConvention of Human Rights into Domestic Law, J.P. Gardner (Ed.), 1993;Buergenthal T., International Tribunals and National Courts: The Internationali-

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Gulmann C., Denmark, in: The Effect of Treaties in Domestic Law, F. Jacobs &S. Roberts (Eds.), 1987;√ÛÒÂÈÌÓ‚ À., ÃÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡ˇ ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ Á‡ Ì‡Û¯ÂÌËˇÔ‡‚ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ‡, ËÂ‚, 2000 „.;Harris D., O’Boyle M. & Warbrick C., Law of the European Convention on Hu-man Rights, 1995;Henkin L., International Human Rights Standards in National Law: The Jurispru-dence of the United States, in: Enforcing International Human Rights in DomesticCourts, B. Conforti & F. Francioni (Eds.), 1997;Iwasawa Y., The Domestic Impact of International Human Rights Standards: TheJapanese Experience, The Future of UN Human Rights Treaty Monitoring, P.Alston & J. Crawford (Eds.), 2000;Jacobs F. & White R., The European Convention on Human Rights, 1996; ËÎÍ˝ÎË ”., ◊ÂÙ‡ÌÓ‚‡ ≈., ≈‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ˇ ÍÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËˇ Ó Á‡˘ËÚÂ Ô‡‚˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ‡: Ô‡‚Ó Ì‡ Û‚‡ÊÂÌËÂ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÈ Ë ÒÂÏÂÈÌÓÈ ÊËÁÌË, ÊËÎË˘‡ ËÍÓÂÒÔÓÌ‰ÂÌˆËË, ÃÓÒÍ‚‡, 2001 „.;Klein E., Should the Binding Effect of the Judgements of the European Court ofHuman Rights be Extended? in: Protecting Human Rights: The European Per-spective, Studies in Memory of R. Ryssdal, P. Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Petzold& L. Wildhaber (Eds.), 2000;Korkelia K., New Challenges to the Regime of Reservations under the Internati-onal Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, European Journal of InternationalLaw, vol. 13, N2, 2002;Korkelia K., International Law in the Georgian Legal Order, The Journal of EastEuropean Law, vol. 6, N4, 1999;Kûris P., The Impact of the European Convention for the Protection of HumanRights and Fundamental Freedoms on the Legislation of the Republic of Lithua-nia, in: Protecting Human Rights: European Perspective: Studies in Memory of R.Ryssdal, P.Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Petzold & L. Wildhaber (Eds.), 2000; ÛÛÒËÏˇÍË —., Œ ÒÚ‡Ú¸ˇı ÔˇÚÓÈ Ë ¯ÂÒÚÓÈ ≈‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÈ ÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËË ÓÁ‡˘ËÚÂ Ô‡‚ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ‡, ÃÓÒÍÓ‚ÒÍËÈ ÊÛÌ‡Î ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‚‡,N4/1997/28;Lester A., Freedom of Expression, in: The European System for the Protection ofHuman Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993;Loizou A., Cyprus, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Conventionon Human Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polaki-ewicz (Eds.), 2001;Loucaides L., Essays on the Developing Law of Human Rights, 1995;ÀÛÍ‡¯ÛÍ »., ÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËˇ —ÓÒÒËË Ë ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌÓÂ Ô‡‚Ó, ÃÓÒÍÓ‚ÒÍËÈÊÛÌ‡Î ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‚‡, N2, 1995 „.;Macdonald R., The Margin of Appreciation, in: The European System for the Pro-tection of Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993;

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adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosprecedentebi qarTul enaze

a) publikaciebi

adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze kud-la poloneTis winaaRmdeg, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, Tbili-

241

si, 2001 weli.adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlos samosamarTlo samarTlis mi-moxilva, Tbilisi, 2001 weli.adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos ganCinebaTa mimoxilva (Se-adgina e. gociriZem), Tbilisi, 2001 weli.àdamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo: rCeuli gadawyvetilebe-bi~, saqarTvelos evropis sabWos miznebis mxardamWeri asociaciis ga-mocema, tomi I, Tbilisi, 2001 weli.`samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba~, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuris-tTa asociaciis gamocema, Tbilisi, 2001 weli.`sityvis Tavisufleba~, axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi, 2002weli.

b) calkeuli gadawyvetilebebi

kokinakisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, Jurnali àdamiani da konstitu-cia~, N2, 2000 weli, gv. 133-149;jeimsi da sxvebi didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg, Jurnali àdamiani dakonstitucia~, N2, 2001 weli, gv. 115-123; amave saqmis gagrZeleba, iqve,N3, 2001 weli, gv. 124-139;telfreni avstriis winaaRmdeg, Jurnali àdamiani da konstitucia~,N4, 2001 weli, gv. 111-117;reqveni ungreTis winaaRmdeg, Jurnali àdamiani da konstitucia~, N1,2002 weli, gv. 142-162;bensaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, Jurnali àdamiani dakonstitucia~, N2, 2002 weli, gv. 190-207;valasinasi litvis winaaRmdeg, Jurnali àdamiani da konstitucia~,N3, 2002 weli, gv. 162-191;lianderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, Jurnali àdamiani da konstitucia~,N4, 2002 weli, gv. 161-184;brumaresku rumineTis winaaRmdeg, Jurnali àdamiani da konstitu-cia~, N2, 2003 weli, gv. 144-171;à~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (1998 weli), Jurnali `samarTa-li~, N4, 1999 weli;Cilaklari TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (1998 weli), Jurnali `samarTali~,N5, 1999 weli;belciuki poloneTis winaaRmdeg (1998 weli); mehemi safrangeTis wi-naaRmdeg (1997 weli), Jurnali `samarTali~, N6-7, 1999 weli;katikaridisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (1997 weli), Jurnali `samarTa-li~, N1, 2000 weli;kaneas kaTolikuri eklesia saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (1997 weli), Jur-nali `samarTali~, N2, 2000 weli;

242

valsamisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (1996), Jurnali `samarTali~, N3,2000 weli;lingensi avstriis winaaRmdeg (1986 weli), Jurnali `samarTali~, N4-5,2000 weli;zana TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (1997 weli), Jurnali `samarTali~, N6-7, 2000weli.

damatebiTi informacia adamianis uflebaTasaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb

1. minesotis universitetis adamianis uflebaTa eleqtronuli bib-lioTeka (inglisur da rusul enebze)

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/

2. gaero-s dokumentebi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi

http://www.un.org/rights/index.html

3. evropis sabWo

http://www.coe.int (inglisur da frangul enebze)

http://www.coe.ge (qarTul da inglisur enebze)

http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human–Rights/Awareness

http://echr.coe.int — adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos inter-net-gverdi. gverdze xelmisawvdomia evropuli komisiisa da sasamar-Tlos yvela gadawyvetileba inglisur da frangul enebze.

http://www.humanrights.coe.int/aware/GB/publi/caselawdtb.asp — (adamianisuflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis saZiebo sistemacentraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis enebze, maT Soris qarTul enaze)

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avtorTa Sesaxeb

konstantine korkelia — iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidati; saer-TaSoriso samarTlis magistri (warCinebiT), (leidenis universiteti,niderlandebi); saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis saxelmwifosa dasamarTlis institutis direqtoris moadgile; Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobebis fakultetis docenti; samosamarTlo swavlebis centris leq-tori.

irine qurdaZe — Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saerTaSori-so samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis fakultetis leqto-ri; samosamarTlo swavlebis centris leqtori.

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