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Zoonoses

Zoonoses are disease and infections of animals Causative agents are transmitted between animals and humans

Origin Not exactly ! Who knows..!Zoonotic diseases have been known since antiquity Bubonic plague and rabies were known since biblical times More than 150 zoonoses have been recognized In recent years several new zoonotic diseases have emerged E.g. KFD, Monkey Pox etc.,Apart from morbidity and mortality they cause great economic losses Particularly in animals, meat, milk and other foods and products of animal origin

As usual!Developing countries suffer much severe losses than developed countriesLess well developed public health and veterinary services and partly because of their unfavourable climatic and environmental conditionsZoonoses and human health are matters of particular concern in India Because nearly 80% of Indias population is rural and live in close contact with domestic animals and often not far from wild ones

DefinitionZoonoses have been defined Those disease and infections (the agents of) which are naturally transmitted between (other) verterbrate animals and manZoonoses have been classified in terms of their reservoir hosts, whether these are men or lower vertebrate animals

Classified in terms of their reservoir host...Anthropo-zoonoses: Infections transmitted to man from lower vertebrate animal, eg. RabiesZooanthroponoses: Infections transmitted from man to lower vertebrate animals However these terms have also been used interchangeably for all diseases found in both animals and man, eg. TB

Amphixeonoses: Has been used for infections maintained in both man and lower vertebrate animals that may be transmitted in either direction, eg. Staphylococcal infectionsEuzoonoses Diseases in which humans are an obligatory host of the agent, eg. Taenia solium and Taenia saginata

Classification based upon the type of life cycle of the infecting organism Four categories:1.Direct Zoonoses:Transmitted from an infected vertebrate host to a susceptible vertebrate host By direct contact, by fomite or by mechanical vector Agent itself undergoes little (or) no propagative changes and no essential developmental change during transmission Examples: Rabies, Trichinosis and Brucellosis

2. Cyclo zoonoses:Require more than one vertebrate host species No invertebrate host, in order to complete the developmental cycle of the agent Ex: Human taeniases, echinococcosis and pentastomid infections

3.Meta Zoonoses Transmitted biologically by invertebrate vectors Invertebrate- agent multiplies (or) develops or both and there is always an extrinsic incubation (prepatent) period before transmission to another vertebrate host is possibleEx: Arbovirus, Plague, Schistosomiasis

4.Sapro-zoonoses: Have both vertebrate host and a non-animal developmental site or reservoir Organic matter (including food), soil and plants are considered to be non-animal Ex: Various forms of larva migrants and some of the mycoses

Common Zoonotic DiseasesBacteriaRickettsiaVirusParasiteFungusAnthrax Scrub typhusRabies TaeniasisPlagueMurine typhus Yellow fever Echinococcosis Brucellosis Tick typhusJapanese encephalitis LeishmaniasisZoonotic dermatophytesLeptospirosisQ feverKFDToxoplasmosisSalmonellosisChikungunya

Collection of specimens:Specimen are collected according to the site of lesionLaboratory diagnosis tests for bacterial, rickettsial, parasitic and fungal zoonosis Laboratory diagnosis: Lab diagnosis is important for the diagnosis of zoonosesIn humans and animals this is based on Isolation Serology Autopsy

BACTERIAL Zoonotic DiseasesBacteria Sample Microscopy Culture Serology Others Cutaneous anthraxFluid from eschar Gram positive bacilliNA Medusa headAscolis thermoprecipitinLysis by gammaphagePulomonary anthraxSputum stool BAP-String of pearlsELISADirect fluorescence antibody testIntestinal anthraxMcFadyeans reactionGelatin stab- Inverted fir treeAcute brucellosis (Undulent fever)Blood Gram negative coccobacilliCasteneda methodStd agglutination test ELISA, CFTSKIN test

BACTERIAL Zoonotic DiseasesBacteria Sample Microscopy Culture Serology Others Bubonic plagueFluid from buboes sputumGram negative bacilli, bipolar stainingNA, BAPPassive hemagglutination PCRPneumonic plagueBlood Safety pin appearanceChee broth (Stalactitie growth)Salmonellosis Stool Food Gram negative bacilliMacConkey agar, wilson and blair mediumWidal test

BACTERIAL Zoonotic DiseasesBacteria Sample Microscopy Culture Serology Others Leptospirosis Blood Urine Dark ground microscope, spirocheteKarthofs mediumStuarts mediumFletchers mediumMicroscopic agglutination testTuberculosis (M.bovis)Sputum Acid fast bacilli L J medium

Laboratory procedures for Viral Zoonoses:DiseaseSample MicroscopyCulture Serology Rabies Antemortem corneal impression smear, Skin biopsy: Saliva Postmartem-brain Immuno-fluorescenceNegri bodiesTissue culture (WI 38, BHK 21)Yellow feverBlood Yolk sac of chick embryo Hemagglutination inhibition Japanese Encephalitis CSFIntracerebral inoculation CFTKFD Immuno-fluorescenceChickungunyaTissue cultureELISA

Laboratory procedures for Parasitic Zoonoses:DiseaseSample MicroscopySerology TaeniaStool Egg ELISAEchinococcusStool ELISAHemagglutinationIndirect fluorescent antibodyLeishmaniaBlood Peripheral blood,Amastigote (LD bodies)Aldehyde test Antimony test CFT

Laboratory procedures for Fungal Zoonoses:Disease Sample Microscopy Culture Zoophilic dermatophytesKOH preparationSDAMicrosporumcanisSkin scraping Trichophyton verrucosumHair clipping T.equinumNail clipping

RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSESRickettsial diseases1. Typhus group AgentVectors reservoirs a. Epidemic typhus R. prowazekii Louse Humans b. Murine typhus R. typhi Flea Rodents c. Scrub typhus R. tsutsugamushi mite* Rodents 2. Spotted fever group a. Indian tick typhusR. conorii Tick* Rodents, dogsb. Rocky mountain spotted feverR. rickettsii Tick* Rodents, dogsc. Rickettsial pox R. akari Mite* Mice 3. Others a. Q fever C. burnetii Nil Cattle, sheep, goats b. Trench fever Rochalimaea quirttana Louse Humans

Laboratory procedures for Rickettsial zoonoses:DiseaseSample Culture Serology Scrub typhus Blood Yolk sac of chick embryo Weil-Felix testMurine typhusBlood Yolk sac of chick embryoWeil-Felix testIndian Tick typhusBloodYolk sac of chick embryoCFT

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