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Mark Hau Lian Khup ( M.A, History )( Zosiemsaang )

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Zo Speaking Areas / ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;.aexkdif&ma'orsm;

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9

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csif;awmif usdefeGJ7Gmukd wnfaxmif_yD;aemuf ykdymefymDvf /ykd rD;vGef;eSifh ykd qef;wJ wkdhu cGgvf7Gmukd wnfcJhju onf//xkdhaemufrS bGrfZef7Gmukdqufvuf_yD;wnfaxmifcJh_yefonf// wzefymkdif'G,f7Gmukdvnf; wnfaxmifcJh _yefonf//Tae7mrsm;onf csif;awmifokdh a7muf7Sdvm _yD;aemuf ZkdvlrsKd;rsm; pwifwnfaxmifcJhonfh 7Gmrsm; _zpf cJhjuonf//4if;ae7mrsm;uae t_cm;aom ae7mrsm;okdh qufvuful;a_ymif; vmcJhju7m wD;wdef_rkdkhe,f wpfavSsmuf ESifhwGef;ZH_rkdhe,f wpfavSsmuf ESifh tdEdN,ekdifiH r%dyl_ynfe,frsm;okdh qufvufa_ymif;a7GSh oGm;ju onf// wzefqufvuf_yD; uav;e,frsm;Y qufvufusef7pfaom ZkdvlrsKd;rSm uabmfcsKdifh0Srf;a'o wpfavSsmuf uav;=wrl;vrf;wpfavSsmufvkH;Y qufvufa_ymif;a7GShaexkdifcJhjuonf//

ZkdvlrsKd;rsm; aexkdif7ma'o ESifh 7Gmrsm;

yxrOD;pGm uav;=wrl; tjum;7Sd 7Gmrsm;rSm Tamu,Zanglienphai, Lalim, Kanan, Khampat No.(1)and (3), Nangkateih, Nangkhaukhau orBuangKung, Kyuantaw Yeshin or Tuikhal,Phetya Yeshin or Kuonglien, KannOo, Taazi,Kalemyo etc..; Arm=tif'kd vrf;wpfavSsmuf7Sd 7Gmrsm;rSm Sugnu, Singtom, Gelngai, Salem, Paldai,Sahich Tampak, Kathoung, Khollian, Moulnuom,Zangzom, Zangdung, Khoungtal, Denlha, Senam,Thuambuol, Khianglam, Lungtah, Gelmuol,

14

Khuamun, Anlun, Naazang, Tonzangmyo etcwD;wdef vrf;rjuD;wpfavSsmufY 7Sdaom 7Gmrsm;rSm S.Muolnuom, Lamka (Churachandpur), Zoumun,Khianglam, Geltui, Gelzang, Busau, HiangtamKhounou, Hiangtam, Singngat, Behiang,Khuaivum, Tonzang, Phungtong, Salzang,Tahzang, Lomzang, Gamngai, Tualmu, Gelzang,Gienchiel, Tedim. Tuining ESifh Singheu ae7ma'owpfavSsmuf7Sd 7Gmrsm;rSm Tuining, Vazang,Sangaikot, Kuvan, Tuaitenphai, Tuibul, Saiboh,Gangpimual, ZO Bethel, Khaukual, Moulom,Khuainuoi, Siongheu, Phaisan, Phaisat tdEdN,ekdifiHChurachandpur c7kdif txd eSifh wD;Zef_rkdh ESifh crf;ywf_rkdhtjum;7Sd 7Gmrsm;rSm , Phaitu, Khamzang, Sehsi,Thauthe, Maulawn, Liikhaan, Tuigial, Tuimang,Singtum, Sialthawzang, Boungkung,etc…txufua_ymcJhonfh 7Gmrsm;rSma_rmufykdif;rSawmifbufykdif;okdh OD;wnfonfh Zkd7Gmrsm;_zpfjuonf//

“Zkd” pum; tokH;telef;eJhywfoufonfhrSm;,Gif;aom t,ltq

Zkd eJhywfoufI t"dy`g,f ESpfrsKd;7Sdonf// ykdZkd . emrnf“Zkd” ESifh tvGefat;_rI _rifhrm;aom awmifay:a'oukd“Zkd” ymlIvnf;ac:onf// tcsKdhaomolrsm;u ,ck ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;onf 4if;wkdhaexkdif7m t&yfudk tpGJ_ykI Zkdymkac:onfymk rSm;,Gif;pGm xifrSwfa_ymqkdjuonf//tajumif;rSm _rifhrm;Iat;_raom awmifay:okdh ZkdvlrsKd;rsm; omru t_cm;aom wD;wdef vlrsKd;rsm;vnf;&Sdju&m olwkhd ukdjuawmh ae&m eJhtvkduf

15

ac:onfrSefvSsif olwkdhvnf; Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;vkdh ac:&rnf_zpfonf// okdhaomf olwkdhrSm ,ck tcsdeftxdwD;wdef/aw&H/pD,H t_zpf ac:ae&qJ_zpfonf//Ttqkd_ykcsufvkdrsKd;t& ae7m a'o tvkduf̀ ac:onfymkqkdonfh t,ltqcsufomrSefuefonfymkqkd&if xefukdifa'oY aexkdifaecJhaom xm'kd vlrsKd;rsm;rSmjuawmhxefukdif vlrsKd;vkdh rac:yJ xm'kdvlrsKd;t_zpf,aehtcsdeftxd ac:aeqJ_zpf&m Tt,ltq/tawG;tac:rSm rSefuef rl r&Sdonfht_yif,kwfwdvnf;r&Sday// a_r_yefhokdh aexkdifvmcJhonfh ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;rSm vJ ,aeh tcsdef txd csif;awmifwef; rsm;Yaexkdifrlr&Sdaomf_im;vnf; bkd;bGm; trnf _zpfonfh ZkdemrnfeJhyJ ac:aeqJ_zpfonfukdwif_ytyfygonf//

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf bkd;bGm;emrnfukd olwkdhukd olwkdh tpGJ_ykac:qkdonfomru olwkdh aexkdifae7m rsm;/wd&pm>efrsm;.emrnfrsm; ESifh tokH;taqmifrsm;tay:rSmvnf;yJ Zkdukdta&ShqkH;Ywyfac:juonfukd atmufygtwkdif; awGh&ayonf// Oyrm tm;_zifh a_ym7if= Zkd *rf ( Zkdwkdif;_ynf ) / Zkd *Gif ( Zkd _rpf )/Zkd '%fwDG;/ Zkd aymqm;/ Zkd7kd;&m0wfpkH/ Zkd yGif;'lrf/Zkd wl/ Zkd ykqdrf/ Zkd tdrf/ Zkd tkd;/ Zkd0uf/Zkd juuf/Zkd Am;ckd/ Zkd EGm;aemuf/ Zkd usifh0wfxkH;wrf;tpOftvm/ Zkd 0wfpkH/ Zkd xrdef/Zkd aoewf/ Zkdav;*G/Zkdwef/ Zkd cGuf/ Zkd xGmhvkd po_zifh ykd Zkd emrnfukdtokH;taqmif ypPnf;rsm; Yvnf; tokH;-uonfukdwif_ytyfygonf// ,ckvkd rSnfhae7_cif; rSm Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf olwkdh. bkd;bGm;emrnfukd cspf_rwfekd;juonfhtwGufajumifh_zpfonf//

Zkd emrnfukd wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom olu wGmvfrl;7Gmae ykdckdifckdurfh ( rD;vGrfh trsKd;eG,fwpfa,muf ) ukd Zkd emrnfukd

( 10 )

16

ay;ygvkdh awmif;qkdvmaom tcg ykd ckdifckdurfhuvnf; Zkdemrnf ukd bmeJhrS vSJvnfvkdh r7 a_umif;/ EGm;aemuf/Armbk&ifjuD;. qif _zl awmf juD;eSifh ay;0,frnf qkd7ifawmif ra&mif;ekdif/ rvSJ ekdifygvkdh atmufyg Zkd oDcsif;juD;wpfyk'feJh _yefa_zvkdufonfukd awG7onf// “ (a) PiennaPuZo min aw e, eikun aw sawmsiel in ka phalloh. (b) Zo min sawmsiel in kaphal loh,Kawlmaangpa saikaang tawh zongh ka phal loh”ymlI ykd Zkd emrnfukd umuG,f xdef;odrf;cJhjuonf//tajumif;rSm ykd Zkd . trsKd;tEG,f ppfppfrsm;_zpfonfhtwGuf ajumifh _zpf onf//

Zkd rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; tm;vkH;u ykd Zkd .trsKd;tEG,f0ifrsm;_zpfajumif; 0efcHcsuf

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;rSm xyfrHI rsKd;EG,fpk 0if (60)ausmf 7Sdum4if;wkdhtm;vkH;u ykd Zkd rSqif;oufvmaomolrsm;_zpfonfymkwpfxyfwnf;a_ymqkdju onfukd awGh7onf//rsKd;EG,fpk0ifwkdif; YoDcsif;juDrsm; 7Sdju7m/4if;oDcsif;rsm;onf vnf; ykd Zkd eJh rsKd;pOfrsm;_zpfjuonfhtajumif; ukd az:_yavh7Sdonf// ykd Zkd.trsKd;eG,f0ifrsm;_zpfonfh tajumif; t"du tcsufESpfcsuftm;_zifh xif7Sm;pGm od7Sdekdifonf// 4if;wkdhrSm (1)pDrifhavmh ( Simin Lawh ) ESifh (2) uDxGwfem( Kithoih na ) ymlIESpfrsKd;tm;_zihf Zkd rsKd;EG,f0if ymkwfrymkwf cGJ_cm;ekdifonf// pDrifhavm qkdonfrSm a7S;acwfu ZkdrsKd;EG,f0if a,musFm; wpfa,muf aoqkH; aomtcgo_*KFvf cgeD;wGif ykdZkd uae aoonfh ol.trsKd;txdemrnfrsm; 7Gwfqkdavh7Sdonfh tavhtxukd pDrifhavmymkac:onf// (2) uDxGwfem qkdonfrSm a7S;Zkd xkH;pH

17

twkdif; t7 rsKd;EG,fpk bkef;awmf_uD; u *gxmrsm;7Gwfqkd7onf// 4if;rwkdifrSD ykdZkd uae ,ck vuf7Sd rsKd;EG,frsm;txd qufEG,frltajumif;ukd t_rJ az:_yavh7Sdju7maumif;juD; rsm;ukd rsKd;EG,f0if bkef;juD;u qkrGefaumif;awmif;avh7Sdonf//

Zkd ESifh ywfoufonfh tokH;tekef;ay:7Sif;vif;csuf

tcsKdhaomolrsm;onf Zkd eJhywfoufI trsKd;rsKd; okH;elef;juonfukd awGh7Sd7onf// Oyrmtm;_zifh a_ym77if Zo ukdZou, Jo, Yo, Jou t_zpfodkhvnf;aumif;okH;elef;a_ymqkdju onfukd awGh7onf// csif;awmifeJhcsif;vlrsKd;rsm; tajumif;ukd aumif;rGefpGm a7;xm;onfhpmtkyf_zpfonfh Chin Hills pmtkyfY pma7; q7m onfZkd tajumif;eJh ywfoufI txufua_ymcJhonfhtwkdif;Zo ukd Zou, Jo, Yo, Jou t_zpfokdh trsKd;rsKd;okH;elef;wmukd awGh_rifekdifonf// trSef pifppf Zkd ukdt_zpfekdifqkH;enf;vrf;_zifh az:_ycsifonfhtwGufajumifhwm _zpf ajumif; xyfrHwif_ytyfygonf//“ a7;awmhtrSef zwfawmhtoH “ om _zpfajumif;wif_ytyfygonf//

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;. ukd;uG,fonfhbmom

c7pf,mef bmomw7m; csif;awmifY ra7mufvmciftcsdefY t_cm; aom nDtukd csif;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh rwlyJa7S;OD; Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf a_rmuf _rm;pGm aomewfbk7m;trsKd;rsKd; ESifh ykdpm; vkdhac:onfh AncestralWorship bkd;bGm;rsm;.0dnmOfrsm;ukd ukd;uG,fumylaZmfrl trsKd;rsKd;rsm; _ykvkyf um olwkdh.0dnmOfrsm;

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tay:aumif; juD;rsm; 7 ekdifzkdh7ef 7nf7G,f_yD;ylaZmfrltrsKd;rsKd; _ykvkyfwwfjuonf// okdhaomf ,ck tcsdefYc7pf,mef bmom w7m;ukd t"du bmomw7m; vufcHjuukefonf//

tzGJhtpnf;wpfck t_zpf wnf7Sdonfh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf tif'kdAm;rm;e,fedrdwfwpfavSsmufYaexkdif juaom vlodenf;aome,fcHwkdif;7if;vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonf// _refrmekdifiHcsif;_ynfe,fa_rmufykdif;Y Zkd vlrsKd; rsm;onf t_cm;aomvlenf;pk rsKd;rsm;enf;wl t"du todtrSwf_ykcH7aomvlrskKd;wpfrsKd;_zpfonf// _refrm_ynfY ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;.vlOD;a7 ta7twGufrSm 50000 ESifh 60000tjum;Y 7Sdonfymkqkdjuonf// xkdenf;wlpGm tdEdN,ekdifiHY r%dyl _ynfe,fYvnf; ekdifiHawmf todtrSwfcHaom29 a_rmufaom w7m;0if todtrSwf_ykcHonfhvlrsKd;rsm;wGif Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;vnf; tygt0if _zpfonf//1956 ckESpftdEdN,ekdifiH oef;acgifpm7if;rsm;t7 Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;vlOD;a7rSm 30567 OD;7Sdum r%dyl_ynfe,fY 10judrfa_rmuf trsm;qkH;aom vlrsKd;rsm;t_zpf todtrSwf_ykcH onfhvlrsKd;_zpfonf// okdhaomf ,ckcsdefwGif tdEdN,ekdifiHYZkd vlrsKd;rsm;. vlOD;a7rSm 35000 rS 40000 tjum;7Sdrnf ,lq7onf//

tdEdN,ekdifiH ta7Sha_rmufykdif;7Sd txufwef;ausmif;rsm; ESifhaumvdyf ausmif;rsm;Y Zkd bmompum;rSm roifrae7bmom pum;wpfck _zpfae_yD;_zpfonf// bmompum;tokH;telef;rSm t*Fvdyf tuQ7mrsm;usifhokH;avh7Sd7mokdhaomf ,ck tcsdefwGif ukd,fykdif wDxGif aompmaytokH;tekef; Zo Script / Zo Lai tuQ7mrsm;

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7Sdae_yD_zpfonf// okdhaomf t*Fvdyf tuQ7m toHk;telef;rSm,ck tcsdeftxd qufvuf usifhokH;aeqJ_zpfonf//

ZO SCRIPT Zkd pmvkH;tuQ7m

tdEdN,ekdifiHY 2001ckESpfwGifaumufcHonfhpm&if;Z,m;rsm;t7 r%dyl_ynfe,fwGif Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;tjum; pmaywwfa_rmufrl elef;xm; rSm 61³67mckdifelef;&Sdonf// Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf ykd Zkd emrnf_zpfonfh

“Zkd” vkdhukd,fhukd ac:vmjuaom vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonf//'ght_yif 4if;emrnfrSm rjumao;cifu xGif_yD;okH;elef;ac:a0:aom emrnfrymkwfay// acwf tqufqufbkd;bGm; Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;u ykdZkd .emrnfudk tokH;_ykumolwkdhukd,folwkdh Zkd vlrsKd;/ Zkd rsKd;EG,f0ifrsm;juonfymkrsKd;pOfquf vlrsKd;rsm;ukd oGefoifvmumemrnfom_zpfonf// tajumif;rSm Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;eSifh7if;EDS;cifrifcJh7onfh e,fcsJh_AdwdosS t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;onfcsif;awmifY aecJhpOfwkef;rSm yif Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;t_zpfac:a0:cJhjuonfh twGuf ajumifh ,cktcsdeftxd

20

olwkdh.rSwfwrf;rsm;Y Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; t_zpf owfrSwfusefaeqJ_zpfonf//

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf csif;=uluD; (xm'kd) =vlqdrf ( rDZkd )rsm;ESifh bmompum;tm;_zifh eD;pyf/awmfpyfonfh vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonf// 'ght_yif Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onfcsif;awmifa_rmufykdif;Y t_cm;nDtukd csif; vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfjuaom wD;wdef(csif;)/pD,H/aw,H/ xm'kd/zvrf;=vkdifZkd/ ZmiSuf/iGef/ymm;cg;=vkdif/qifxef;/Zkd wkef/Zkd zkdif rsm;ESifh twl aygif;oif; aexkdifavh7Sdonf// xyfrHIcsif;awmif awmifbufykdif;Y rif;wyf/rwl/r&m vlrsKd;rsm;/a_r_yefhbuf _zpfonfh awmifwGif; juD;e,f/_ynf ESifh&ckdif_ynfe,f teD;&Sd ae7m a'orsm;Y t&SKdcsif;/csLd csif;t_zpf aexkdif onfh vlrsKd;rsm; ESifh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onfpum;/&kd;7m"avhxkH;wrf;tm; eD;pyfjuaom vlrsKd;_zpf 7m4if;wkdhonf vnf; olwkdh . bkd;bGm; orkdif;rsm;avhvmonfh tcgwkdif; aemufqkH;Y bkd;bGm; Zkd pDrSmyJtqkH;wwfjuonf// okdhaomf csif;awmif7Sd vlrsKd;rsm; eSifhcsif;awmiforkdif;ukdtajumif;pkHpkHvifvif a7;om;onfhpmtkyf _zpfonfh The Chin Hills Y ,cktcsdefxd ZkdvlrsKd;t_zpf&yfwnf aeonfh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;ukd t_cm;aom;csif;rsm;eSifh rwlyJ oD;oefhaz:_y a7;om;xm;onfukdatmufygtwkdif; od&Sdekdifonf// Oyrm tm;_zifh a_ym&&ifvuf&Sdonfh csif; vlrsKd;rsm;ukd The Chin Hills Vol. 1,2 Y Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;tajumif;ukd t_cm;aomnDtudkrsm;_zpfonfh wD;wdef; = urfhaymmuf/ uluD; ESifhpD,H vlrsKd;rsm; ESifh Zkd vlrskd;rsm; ymlI oD;oefhaz:_ya7;xm;onfh t_yif txl;o_zifh The Chin HillsVol. 2 Zkd vlrskdkL;rsm;aexkdifaeaom &Gmrsm;rSm vGrfZH/wGmvfrl;/ *rfikdif/zkdifwl/vkHw tp&Sdo_zifh oD;oefhaz:_yxm; &m 4if;&Gmrsm;Yvnf; ,aehtcsdeftxd Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;

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qufvuf aexkdifqJ_zpfonf// xkdha_umifhTtajumif;w7m; awGay:okH;oyfjunfh7if ZkdvlrsKd;rsm; a7S;OD; “Zkd” ykd Zkd rsKd;EG,fpk0if ppfppf_zpfonfymk odekdifonfht_yif 4if; ykd Zkd .emrnfeJh "avhxkH;wrf;tpOftvmrsm;ukd ,aeh tcsdeftxd qufvufxdef;odrf; aom Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonfymk wif_ytyfygonf//

Zkd eJhywfoufI t_cm;aom olrsm;. xif_rifcsufESifh todtrSwf_ykcsuf

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf ykdZkd vlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm; _zpfonfhtajumif;ukd Zkd vlrsKd; rsm;omrut_cm;aomolrsm;uvnf; todtrSwf_yk_uonfukdatmufyg twkdif; od7Sdekdifonf// a7S;acwf w7kwfoHwrefzefcsLd ESifh w7kwfekdifiH pD;yGm;a7;orm;rsm;.rSwfwrf;rsm;t7 ( at'D 618 =906 ) a7S;_rkdhawmfjuD; 3_rkdh7SdcJhonf// 4if;wkdhrSm ysL vlrsKd;rsm;. _rkdhawmf/rGefvlrsKd;rsm;._rkdhawmf ESifh Zkd _rkdhawmf ymlI a7S;aymmif;_rkdhawmfjuD; _refrmekdifiHwGif 7SdcJhonfymkqkdonf//Zkd_rkdhawmfrSm {7m0wD_rpfeSifh csif;wGif;_rpf tjum;wGifwnf7Sdum 4if;_rkdhawmfY opfom;vkH;juD;rsm;ESifh0ef;7Hxm;onfh usLH;wpfck7Sdum 4if;usLH;Y “ Zkd”vkdhac:onfh bk7ifjuD;wpfyg;7SdcJhonf// 4if; usLH;juD;onfa_rmufbufykdif;rS awmifbufykdif;okdh rkdif aygif; 30 ausmfus,f0ef;onf// 4if; Zkd bk7ifrSmtrwefrSwefckd;juD;rm;cJhonf//w7kwfekdifiH7Sd w7kwfpDyGm;a7;orm;rsm; onf Zkd ekdifiHawmf eSifh tquftoG,frsm;_ykvkyfcJhjuonf ymkqkdonf// xkdacwfxkdtcdsefY

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{7m0wD_rpfukd vDqDG ( Lishui ) ymkac:I csif;wGif;_rpf ukdrDekd;( Mino ) ymkac:um csif;wGif;_rpfwpfavSsmufYaexkdifaecJhjuaom vlrsKd;rsm;ukd rDekd;( Mino )vlrsKd;rsm;ymkac:juonf// okdhaomf olwkdh. bk7ifukd “ Zkd “ymk ac:juonf// 4if; Zkd_rkdhawmfonfat'D835ckESpfwGifeefcsKdvlrsKd;rsm;uzsufqD;cJhjuonfymkqkdonf//

wzef Lekman, F.K., .a_ym_ycsuf t7 4if; Zkdbk7if.rsKd;qufrsm;rSm ,cktcsdefwGif tdEdN, ESifh_refrme,fpyf wGif aexkdifju7m olwkdhrSm bkd;bGm;awGukdukd;uG,fonfhtpOftvm ( Ancestral Worship )rsm;ukd qufvufusifhokH; juum a_ym7cufonfhvlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonf ymk qkd onf// csif;awmif vlrsKd;rsm;Ybkd;bGm;rsm; ukd ukd;uG,fonfh tavh txrSm ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;xJwGifom awGh_rifum wpfqufwnf;rSm vnf;olwkdh ukd,fYvnf; Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; ymlI acwf tpOftqufac:vm cJhjuonfh vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonf//( Lehman, F.K.,Illinois Studties in Anthropology No. 3, theUniversity of Illinois Press Urbans 1963, Page179 )4if; “Zkd” bk7ifudkawmh a7S;OD; ykdZkd rsKd;EG,f0ifwpfa,muf ymkwfonfrymkwf okdhrymkwf7if uGsefawmfwkdh ZkdvlrsKd;a_ymaejuonfh ykdZkd rsm; _zpfrnf vm; ponfhtcsuftvufrsm; qufvuf pkHprf;rl rsm;_yk vkyfzkdhvkdtyfrnf_zpfonf//

xyfrHI csif;awmif wGif csif;vlrskKd;rsm; tajumif;eJhcsif;awmif tajumif; pkHpkHvifvif a7;om;xm;onfhpmtkyf wpftkyf_zpfonfh the Chin Hills Vol. 1 wGifa7;om;xm;onfrSm atmufygtwkdif;_zpfonf//csif;_ynfe,f a_rmufykdif;Y 7Sdaom t"du vlrsKd;rsm;rSm

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pD,H Siihzaang /pkoJ Suhte, urfhaymmuf Kamhauxm'kd Thado Zkd Yo ( ZO ) ymlI7SdcJhonf// rSwfcsuf =pkoJ Suhte, vlrsKd;rsm;u csif;awmifa_rmufykdif;rtkyfcsLyfrSD Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf a_rmufykdif; csif;awmifukd ESpfaygif; 300 ausmf tkyfcsKyfcJh_yD;_zpfonfhtajumif; the Chin Hills pmtkyfY a7;om;xm;onfhtcsuf ukd awGh_rif7onf//”pkoJ vlrsKd;rsm;u ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;xuf olwkdhukdolwkdh omvGefonf ymkb,fawmtcgrS ra_ymzl;ay” ymk vnf;a7;om;xm;_yefonf// “ No Suhte claims to be moresuperior to Zo peoples.” ( Carey B. S. and H. N.Tuck; The Chin Hills, Volume- 1, Page – 140 )wzef olwkdhukdolwkdh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;vkdh a_ym-uonfholrsm;xJrS refvGefh onf ykdZkd trsKd;tEG,frSqif;oufvmonf ymk a7;om; xm;onfukd vnf;awGh7_yefonf// The people call themselves by thename of Zo, but the “ Man Lun Family”considers that they have a right to be proud oftheir birth, Zo. ( The Chin Hill, Vol. 1 ) Zkd vlrsKd;rsKd; EG,fpkrsm;Y refhvGefonf vnf;yJ Zkd rsKd;EG,fpkwpfck_zpfonfukd vnf;wif_ytyfygonf// ( The ChinHill, Vol. 2 ) Yvnf; Zkd7Gmrsm;udkvnf;,ck vkda7;om;xm; onfukdvnf;awGh_rifekdifonf// Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; 7Gmrsm;rSmLomzang, Tualmu, Gamngai, Phaitu, Lung TakymlI a7;om;xm;7m/ 4if;7Gmrsm;rSmvnf;yJ ,cktcsdeftxd Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; aexkdifvsSuf7Sdaom 7Gmrsm; _zpfonf//

_refrmh7mZ0if 'kwd, pmapmif pmrsufESm 225Yvnf;,ckvkd a7;om;xm;ukd vnf;awGh_rif7onf// “csif; ESifh ucsif vlrsKd;rsm;onf nDtukdrsm;_zpfjuI

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csif;vlrsKd;rsm;wGif “ ykdZkd “ trsKd;EG,fonf tukdjuD;t7mY7SdonfymlIvnf; a7;om;xm;onf// “ wzef1967 ckeSpf _ynfaxmifpk _refrmhqkd7S,fvpf ekdifiHawmf rScsif; awmifa_rmufykdif; vlrsKd;rsm; tajumif;ukda7;om;xm;onfh w7m;0ifordkif;pmtkyfYvnf;a_rmufykdif; csif;_ynfe,f 7Sd csif; vlrsKd;rsm; tajumif;ukda7;om;7m ,ckvkd a7;om;xm;onfukdvnf;awGh_rifekdifonf// a_rmufykdif; csif;_ynfe,f wD;wdef_rkdhe,fESifh wGef;ZH _rkdhe,frsm;wGif aexkdifaom vlrsKd;rsm;rSmwD;wdef ( csif; )/xm'kd (csif;)/ Zkd ( csif; )/ pD7H (csif;)/awZHa7;om;rSwfom;xm;ukd vnf; awGh_rifekdifonf//

at'D 862 w7kwfordkif;q7m zefcsKd ymm tkd ( Fan Ch’oHao ) uvnf; ol.pmtkyfY Zkd vlrsKd;rSm oD;oefhvlrskKd;EG,fpk wpfck _zpfonfhtajumif;ukda7;om;xm;onfukd vnf;awGh_rifekdifonf// aemuf wzefuufo vpfbkef;awmfjuD; zmomf Aif;qifh Fr. Vincentvnf;yJ 1783 ckESpf olukdwkdifa7;om;cJhonfhpmtkyfYvnf; csif;awmif ta&Shykdif;&Sd ae7ma'orsm;Y Zkdqkdonfh csif;vlrsKd;EG,f pk ykdifonfh ekdifiHwpfck7SdonfymlIvnf; a7;om;cJh&molwkdhrSmarSmftwwf ynmukdykdifqkdifjuonfhtwGufajumifhArmvlrsKd;rsm;uajumufae7onfymk qkdonf// olwkhdymm ArmvlrsKd;rsm;u csif;ymlIvnf;ac:cJhjuonf ymk vnf;qkdonf// / qmvfymife7D 7kdvf; Sir Henry Yule uvnf; ol. 1888tif;0okdh c7D;pOf tajumif;ukda7;om;cJhonfhpmtkyfYvnf; csif;wGif;_rpftaemufykdif; ukd Zkd e,fa_rymlI a7;om;rSwfom;cJhwmukd awGh_rifekdifonf// txufuaz:_ycJhonfhtwkdif; vlawGtajumif;ukd avhvmonfhynm7Sif {zufu,f vDrif uvnf; ol. csif; vlrsKd;rsm;tajumif; ukd a7;om;7mY bmompum; ywfoufI

25

ukduD; csif;tkyfpkrsm;wGif Zkd ymlI oD;oefhac:a0:juaomvlrsKd;rsm; &Sdonf ymlIvnf; a7;om;xm; onfudkawGh_rifekdifonf//

1885=1887 ckESpfrsm;wGif t*Fvdyf=Arm wwd,ppfyJGt_yD; t*Fvdyfucsif;awmiftygt0if_refrm_ynftxufykdif;udk odrf;ykduf cJhjuonf// 1892atmufwkdbmv 28 wGif csif;awmif wm0efcH t*Fvdyft&m&SdjuD;.tem*wf csif;awmif tkyfcsLyfa7;eJhywfoufonfh tao;pdwf zGJhpnf;ykH rljurf;ukd wif_ycJh7mwGif csif;_ynfe,f a_rmufykdif; wGif aexkdifcJhonfh vlrsKd; (5)rsKd;wGif Zkd vlrsKd;rSm vnf;yJ yg0ifonf ymkqkdonf//t_cm;aom (4)rsKd;rSm EDG;wJ Nwite ( Guite ), xm'kd(Thado) urfaymmuf (Kam Hau) pD&ifh ( Siyin )wkdh_zpf_uonf// Zkd vlrsKd; rsm;tkyfpkrSm wD;wdef wkdufe,f.tkyfcsKyfrl atmufwGif xm;&SdcJhonf ymk qkdonf//e,fedrdwf topf owfrSwf onfhtcgwGifvnf;yJ tdEdN,ekdifiH r%dyl_ynfe,f7Sd Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;trsm;pk twGufxnfhoGif;zkdh 7efawmif;qkdcJhju onfymkvnf; qkdonf//t*Fvdyf vlrsKd;rsm;. tcGef twkd;aumufcHrlajumifhcsif;awmif7Sd vlrsKd;rsm;tajumif; tao;pdwfpm7if;Z,m;rsm;ESifh xm;&SdcJhjuonf// 1893 ckESpfw7m;0if pm 7if; Z,m;rsm;t7 Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;. &Gm rsm;rSm 19 &Gm ESifh tdrfa_caygif; 630 7SdcJh7m xkvkdif 7Gma_rmufykdif; ESifh taemufa_rmufykdif;rkdif 60 ESifh 90tjum;wGif7Sdonfh awmifapmif;a'orsm;wGifaexkdifcJhjuonf ymkqkd onf// okdhaomf ,cktcsdefwGifcsif;awmifa_rmufykdif;wGif Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;rSm &Gmaygif; 60ausmfum wD;wdef vlrsKd;rsm;_yD;7if 'kwd, vlOD;a7 trsm;qkH;vlrsKd;_zpfymkqkdonf// Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf bkd;bGm; ykd Zkd

26

.trsKd;EG,f0if ppfrsm; _zpfajumif; nDtukd wD;wdefynmwwf yk*~dKvfrsm;. 0efcHcsuf/

nDtukd wD;wdefvlrsKd;rsm;xJwGif ynmwwfwpfa,muf_zpfonfh AkdvfjuD; OD;ckyfZxef u ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;rSm trSef wu,f csif;vlrskkKd;rsm;. qif;ouf7mt7if;t_rpf vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonfhtajumif;ukd ,ckvkd a_ymjum;cJhonf// “ uGsefawmfwkdh.qif;ouf7m t7if;t_rpfukd 7Smcsif7if Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; . ordkfif;ukd avhvm7iftvG,fqkH; _zpfrnfymk a_ymcJh zl;onf// aemuf t_cm;aomynmwwf wpfOD;_zpfonfh AkdvfjuD; pdefckdckdif uvnf;,ckvkda_ymjum;cJhzl; onf// “ ,ckvkd "avhxkH;wrf; rsm;/ordkif; rsm; eJh_ynfhpkHonfh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;ymmolwkdh.aexkdif&m t&yfa'o ukd tpGJ_yk_yD; olwkdhukd ZkdymlIac:onf ymka_ymjum;csufukd _yk_yifoifhonf”ymka_ymjum;cJhzl;onf// tajumif; rSm olwkdhymma&S;acwftcsdefumv uwnf;u ykd ZkdtrsKd;tEG,frsm;_zpfonfh tavsSmuf olwkdhukdolwkdh ykd Zkdemrnfudk tpGJ_ykum Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;t_zpf ,cktcsdef &yfwnfac:a0:qJ_zpfonf//

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;. &kd;7m,Ofaus;rSlrsm;

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;wGif ,Ofaus;rltrsKd;aygif; (18)rsKd;7Sdonf//oDcsif;juD;(18) rsLd; ESifh 7kd;7mtu (10) rsKd;&Sdonf//

27

Zkd orkdif;ta_umif;ukd Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;uoma_ymqkdekdifonf

Awfwdpfomoem_ykjuD; &,ftdwfxdukwf ( BaptistMissionary J.H. Cope ) onf wD;wdef_rdkfhe,f7Sdcsif;vlrsKd;rsm; ukd ynma7;bufY wdk;wufekdif&ef csif;pmay ykHeSdyf pmtkyf wpftkyf xkwfa0ekdifzkdh jukd;pm;aeonfhtcsdefwGif Zkd ordkif;/ Zkd ,Ofaus;rlrsm; ESifh Zkd ykH_yifrsm;ukdpkapmif;vm aom tcg 4if; tcsdefY wD;wdef_rkdh OuUX-uD;OD; ilvfvrfh u tp wD;wdefynmwwfrsm;

28

ESifhorkdif;wwfymk ,lq7onfh oufjuD; olrsm;ukdar;_ref; aom tcg b,folrSs omoem_ykjuD; &,ftdwfxdukwf. pdwfwkdif;usonfh twkdif; a_ymqkdekdifonfholwD;wdef OuUX rStp olar;_ref;cJhaom oufjuD;ordkif;wwf yk*~dKvfrsm;uvnf; a_ymqkdekdifrlr7SdcJhjuay//xkdtcsdefwGif wD;wdefOuUVjuD;uvnf; Zkdorkdif;tajumif;avhvmcsif7if Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;xHukdoGm;a7muf ar;_ref;oifhonfymk tjuH_ykaomtcg/xkdtcsdeff Y Zkd ordkif;tajumif; eJhywfoufIaumif;aumif;a_ymekdifonfymk emrnfjuD; wGef;ZH_rkdhe,fvkHhZH &Gm ae (ykd)OD;wGef Z *kwf ( Zkd rsKd;eG,frsm;xJrSykdrefhvGrhf rdom;pk0if/trsKd;EG,f0if wpfa,muf/ 1959ckESpfwGif Zkd 0efjuD; t_zpfa&G;cs,fcH&ol OD; (ykd)refusifhckyf. om; )ukd wD;wdef OuUVjuD;uzdwfac:cJhonf// ykd wGefZ*kwf uarSsmfvifhxm;onfhtwkdif;yJ Zkd orkdif;/ Zkd ,Ofaus;rl ESifh Zkd&kd;7mykH_yif rsm;udk omoem_ykjuD; 7,ftdwf xdukwf.pdwfwkdif;usonfhtwkdif; a_ymqkdekdifum/ ESpfywfausmfjuma_ymqkdekdifcJhonfymkqkdonf// xkdtcsdefrSpI 1925 uaecsif;pmykHeSdyf t_zpfusifhokH;vmcJhonfh csif;pm ykHeSdyfxJwGifZkd 7kd;7mykH_yifrsm; ukd xnfhoGif;cJhonf//Oyrmtm;_zifha_ym&&if usdefckyf ESif irfbdGKif ykH_yif/*gvfirfeSifh ymefqkdif ykH_yifrsm;ukd ykd wGef Z *kwfa_ymonfh Zkdpum;/ZkdbmomeJhtwkdif; 4if;ykHeSdyfxJwGifa7;om;xm;onf// okdhaomf 1978 aemufykdif;wGifwD;wdefvlrsKd;rsm;u 4if;ausmif;okH; pmtkyf ykHeSdyfxJrS ZkdykH_yifrsm;ukd Zkd bmomuae wD;wdefbmom_zifh a_ymif;vJa&;om;vmcJhju7m ,cktcsdef txd_zpfonf//e,fekd;ykH_yifxJrS ta_ymif;tvJwpfcsKdhukd a_ym_y&&if = “Neino, nangh baah banghza nakhawng tai? “e,fekd; eif b,favmuf twkdif;wm xd pm;_yD;_yDvJ “ vkdh

29

Zkd pum;eJha7;om;onfh tcsufukd wD;wdef;rsm;uwD;wdefpum;eJh tckvkda7;om;a_ymif;vJxm;onfukdawGh7onf// “ Neino, nangh baah banghzagaihkhin?ymlIa_ymif;vJa7;om;xm;onfawGh_rif7onf//

ed*kef;csLyf

ed*kef;csLyftaeeJha_ym&&if Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf,Ofaus;rl/orkdif;rsm;eSifh t_ynfhtpkH &SdvmcJhaomvlrsKd;rsm; _zpf&m/ aemuf orkdif;rsm;t7 qkd7ifbk&ifhrsLd;EG,f/ vlrsKd;juD;rsKd;EG,frsm;_zpfajumif;/acwftqufquf Zkd rskd;eG,f pkrsm; qufvufwnf7Sdekdifzkdh7ef twGuf orkdif;rsm;/ ,Ofaus; rlrsm;ukdaumif;aumif;rGefrGef xdef;odrf;um “ urBm wnfwa7Gh ZkdvlrsKd;rsm; 7Sd7rnf”fqkdonfh aqmifyk'fukd pGJ_ykumqufvuf avSsmuf vSrf;jupkdh// orkdif;ynm7Sif a'guf wmoef;xGef; ol.wynfh wpfa,mufu bm_zpfvkdhorkdif;odzkd vkdovJvkdh ar;aomtcg a'gufwm oef;xGef;u “rtzkdh7ef ESifh orkdif; eJhywfoufI olrsm;.tvdrf rcHzkdh7eforkdif;ukd oif7onf” ymk_yef vnfa_ymcJhovkd ,ck ZkdfvlrsKd; rsm;rSmvnf;yJ ukd,fhorkdif;/ ukd,fh ,Ofaus;rSkrsm;udkxdef;odrf;ju7efESifh rvkdtyfyJeJh olwpfyg;.tvdrfrcHzkdh7eftwGuf Zkd orkdif;rsm; xdef;odrf; ekdifzkdhqufvuf jukd;pm;juygpkdh vkdh 'DavmufeJhyJ wkdufwGef;ekd;aqmf tyfygonf// ykH= rmvf aymmufvSsifhckyf ( Zkd&Sif;qef )

30

T Zkd orkdif;pmapmifav; wpftkyf_zpfvmzkdh&eftcsuftvufrsm;udkjukdwifpkapmif;aycJholrsm;

= urfhcifref ( rkdAehfvkdif/ Muvanlai ) FormerSecretary of Zo History and LiteratureCommittee

= zdvpf xefvsSifhref

= ukd vSkdifykd

= ykd Zkd ykHukd yef;csD ausmfausmfOD;xHrS 7&Sdonf//

= umAm 'Dpkdif;rsm;ukd tvSqkH;_zpfatmif_yifqifay;cJhol ZkdZufeefyD;

= &kd;&m,Ofaus;rSk"gwfykHrsm;ukd ,lZuf0 0ufpkdufrS7&Sdonf//

= Zkd pmay tuQ7mrsm;ukd ykd;ykd Zkd xHrS7&Sdonf//

= a_rykHrsm;ukd csif;_ynfe,f 0ufqkdufrS 7&Sdonf//

BIBLIGRAPHY ( ukd;um;csufrsm;)

1. Luce, G.H: “ Chin Hill-Linguistic Tour ( Dec,1954 ), University

Project, ”JBRS, XLII, I, 1931

31

1. Luce, G.H: “ Note on the Peoples of Burma inthe 12th – 13th

Century A.D,” JBRS, XLII, I, 52 – 572. Luce, G.H : “ Old Kyaukse and the Coming of

Burmans,” JBRS, XLII, i, 75 – 1093. Lowis, C.C.: The Tribes of Burma, Rangoon

Government Printing 1949 Reprint4. FANCHO: Man Shu – Book of the Southern

Barbarians, Translated by Luce, G.H. andEdited by Oey, G.P, Ithaca, New York, CornellUniversity, Southeast Asia Program Data PaperNo. 44. 1961

5. Lehman, F, K. : The Structure of ChinSociety, Urbana, 1963

6. Taylor, L. F.: “ The General Structure ofLanguage Spoken in Burma ” JBRS, XXXIX,1, x 101-20

7. Taylor, L. F,: Linguistic Survey of Burma –Preparatory Stage or Linguistic Census,Rangoon Government Printing 1950 Reprint

8. Sing Khaw Khai : Zo People and theirCulture (1995)

9. Dr. Vumsonl: Zo History ( 1986 )10. Dr. Than Tun: Studies in Myanma History

Number One. ( 2002 )

a. { Lehman, F.K., Illnois Studies in Anthrop

^ Alphabetical List of India's Scheduled Tribes

1. ^ Official List of First Languages approved byBoard of Secondary Education Manipur (BSEM)

32

2. ^ Sangermano, Father (1833) A Description of theBurmese Empire: Compiled chiefly from BurmeseDocuments, (Translated by William Tandy andreprinted by Susil Gupta, London, 1966.

3. ^ Tedim Thu Kizakna Lai (Tedim Journal), July1937, p.4.

4. ^ Fowler, E.O. (1924) Letter to Howchinkhup,General Department, No. 3432/7M-11, office ofthe Commissioner, North West Border Division,25 march 1924, in Acts and Achievements of HauChin Khup, KMS, Chief of the Kamhau clan, ChinHills, Tiddim (Ratnadipan Pitika Press, Mandalay,1927) p. 17.

5. ^ National Archives of India (NAI) New Delhi(hereafter NAI), Foreign Department, Extl. A,October 1893, Nos. 33 – 34, dated Camp Falam,28 September 1892

6. ^ National Archives of India (NAI) New Delhi,Foreign Dept. Sept 1893, Nos. 80 –88

7. ^ Khai, Sing Khaw (1995) Zo People and theirCulture; A historical, cultural study and criticalanalysis of Zo and its ethnic tribes (Published byKhampu Hatzaw, Churachandpur, Manipur.

8. ^ Carey, Bertram S. and Tuck, H.N. (1896) TheChin Hills: A History of the people, our dealingswith them, their customs and manners, and aGazetteer of their country (Reprinted by Delhi,Cultural Publishing House, 1983)

9. ^ Braghin, Cecilia (1998) "The ArchaeologicalInvestigation into Ancient Chinese Beads"

10. ^ Braghin, Cecilia (1998) "An ArchaeologicalInvestigation into Ancient Chinese Beads" pp.273-293, Lidia D. Sciama & Joanne B. Eicher,(eds.) Beads and Bead Makers, Oxford & NewYork: Berg.

11. ^ Hsu Cho-yun & Linduff, K.M. (1988) WesternZhou Civilization, New Haven and London: YaleUniversity Press.

33

12. ^ Yao people of Yunnan (China).; also Yao -Chinese Ethnic Groups (1998)

13. ^ Aung-Thwin, Michael (1996) "The Myth of the'Three Shan brothers' and the Ava period inBurmese history", Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.55, No.4, pp.881-901.

14. ^ Zou, David Vumlallian (2005). "Raiding thedread past: Representations of headhunting andhuman sacrifice in north-east India",Contributions to Indian Sociology (n.s.) Vol. 39,No. 1, pp. 75-105 [This article refers to KukiUprising & Zou folk song, See pp. 88-89].

15. ^ MELC Archives, Zomi Colony(Churachandpur), JCA Minute Book (20 February1954 – 24 January 1958)

16. ^ Go, Khup Za (1996) A Critical Historical Studyof Bible Translations among the Zo people inNortheast India, Churachandpur: Chin BaptistLiterature Board

17. ^ Lalnunmawi, E (1996) Impact of Christianity onthe Zou women (Unpublised Dissertation)Banglalore: South Asia Institute of AdvancedChristian Studies (SAIACS)

18. ^ Downs, Frederick S. (1996) The ChristianImpact on the Status of Women in North EastInda, Shillong: NEHU Publications

^ Ralte, Lalrinawmi (2004) Bible Women-te Nghilhlohnan(In Memory of Bible Women), Bangalore: ShalomPublications

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Publisher;

Mark Hau Lian Khup

6520 Four Seasons Lane, # Apt - D28212 CharlotteNC USA

Phone: (704) 363-1075E-mail: zosiemsaang@gmail.com

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Zkd orkdif;ZO HISTORY