Zionism and Israel Seth Ward University of Wyoming.
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Transcript of Zionism and Israel Seth Ward University of Wyoming.
Zionism and IsraelZionism and IsraelSeth WardSeth Ward
University of WyomingUniversity of Wyoming
Europe in 1800Europe in 1800
The European The European Background Background
The French The French Revolution Revolution
Sanhedrin–Assembly of Jewish Notables Sanhedrin–Assembly of Jewish Notables answers Napoleon’s famous questions. Napoleon’s famous questions.
Napoleon’s career in the Napoleon’s career in the
Eastern MediterraneanEastern Mediterranean
"Everything must be refused to the Jews as a Nation... and everything granted to the Jews as individuals." In French: Rappelons la formule fameuse d'un révolutionnaire : «Ne rien accorder aux juifs en tant que nation; tout leur accorder en tant qu'individu» (Clermont-Tonnerre, 23 décembre 1789).
EuropeEurope The ways of the Old Regime were reinstated after The ways of the Old Regime were reinstated after
1815, but by 1870s Jews had achieved citizenship 1815, but by 1870s Jews had achieved citizenship rights in most places in central and Western rights in most places in central and Western Europe. Europe.
In the first 2/3rds of the 19th century, Jews had to In the first 2/3rds of the 19th century, Jews had to accept baptism to succeed in many places accept baptism to succeed in many places
Western Europe: Edgar Mortara Case (1858-Western Europe: Edgar Mortara Case (1858-1859). Demonstrated the extent to which the 1859). Demonstrated the extent to which the Catholic Catholic Church supported the efficacy of Baptism, even Church supported the efficacy of Baptism, even done in secret and without family consent; but the done in secret and without family consent; but the political environment allowed (and even favored) political environment allowed (and even favored) a negative European reaction. a negative European reaction.
Dreyfus Case 1893. Herzl reported it. Dreyfus Case 1893. Herzl reported it.
Early 19Early 19thth Century Century Palestine Palestine
Mehmet Ali’s conquest of Mehmet Ali’s conquest of Palestine (1831) accorded Palestine (1831) accorded well with themes in well with themes in Restoration Theology Restoration Theology regarding Jews returning to regarding Jews returning to the Holy Land. the Holy Land.
The conquests of Muhammad The conquests of Muhammad Ali (d. 1849) reached to Ali (d. 1849) reached to Damascus and beyond.Damascus and beyond.
“ “Damascus Affair” Blood Damascus Affair” Blood Libel in 1840.Libel in 1840.
David Roberts--Mosque of Omar, 1839
Restoration TheologyRestoration Theology
77thth Earl of Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley-Cooper Earl of Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley-Cooper
1801-1885) “The State and the rebirth of the 1801-1885) “The State and the rebirth of the Jews” (1839) –among the first to call for Jewish Jews” (1839) –among the first to call for Jewish settlement in Palestine and often credited with settlement in Palestine and often credited with the idea “A country without a people for a the idea “A country without a people for a people without a country” although this people without a country” although this probably is based on writing by Alexander Keith probably is based on writing by Alexander Keith in 1843. in 1843.
Image: Shaftesbury Memorial, Piccadily Circus London: “Angel of Christian Charity” (for his philanthropic works, Image: Shaftesbury Memorial, Piccadily Circus London: “Angel of Christian Charity” (for his philanthropic works, not his politics). not his politics).
Joseph Smith: sent an emissary to the Joseph Smith: sent an emissary to the Holy LandHoly Land
During the 1836 dedication of the Kirtland Temple, Joseph Smith prayed fervently for the gathering of Israel. Several days later Moses appeared in the Kirtland Temple and restored the keys necessary for this gathering to begin (see D&C 110:11). Image: Orson Hyde Dedicates the Holy Land
Developments in JudaismDevelopments in Judaism
Reform movement Hamburg temple, Reform movement Hamburg temple, 18181818
Shimshon Rafael Hirsch 1808-1888Shimshon Rafael Hirsch 1808-1888 Zacharias Frankel (“Historic” Judaism) Zacharias Frankel (“Historic” Judaism)
1801-18751801-1875 Wissenschaft des JudentumsWissenschaft des Judentums. . Abraham Geiger 1810-1874 Abraham Geiger 1810-1874 Heine, Zunz, Graetz, others. Heine, Zunz, Graetz, others. ““Enlighteners” and traditionalistsEnlighteners” and traditionalists
Ottoman ReformsOttoman Reforms
Ottomans: Lost Morea (Greece), Ottomans: Lost Morea (Greece), Hungary, Egypt etc. Hungary, Egypt etc.
Tanzimat: Gülhane Hatt-ı şerif Tanzimat: Gülhane Hatt-ı şerif (1839) (1839)
Hatt-ı Humayun islahat fermani Hatt-ı Humayun islahat fermani (1856).(1856).
Reforms in Land ownershipReforms in Land ownership Constitutional Reform 1876Constitutional Reform 1876
Abdülmecid I Ruled 1839-1861
Judaism: Land, Nation, Judaism: Land, Nation, ReligionReligion Jewish love for the land: “Blessings of the Jewish love for the land: “Blessings of the
Land” and “Blessings for Jerusalem” (Land” and “Blessings for Jerusalem” ( ברכות ברכות in Grace after meals, Daily ) in Grace after meals, Daily (הארץ וברכות ירושליםהארץ וברכות ירושליםPrayer (Amida), Haftarah, etc. –and Biblical Prayer (Amida), Haftarah, etc. –and Biblical promises of patrimony and progeny to promises of patrimony and progeny to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
““Religio” vs. “Natio”: is Judaism a Religio” vs. “Natio”: is Judaism a religion religion or a or a ““nationalitynationality” (an idea akin to ethnicity or race)?” (an idea akin to ethnicity or race)?
Haskalah (enlightenment) and Haskalah (enlightenment) and Wissenschaft Wissenschaft des Judentumsdes Judentums: awakens interest in Hebrew, : awakens interest in Hebrew, research into Jewish folkways, questions about research into Jewish folkways, questions about nature of Jewish identity, rise of Jewish nature of Jewish identity, rise of Jewish literature, poetry, fiction, education in math, literature, poetry, fiction, education in math, science, newspapers, etc.science, newspapers, etc.
Persecution, Nationalism, Persecution, Nationalism, EmancipationEmancipation
Persecution and Pogroms, especially in Persecution and Pogroms, especially in Russia in 1881 and after Kishinev and the Russia in 1881 and after Kishinev and the failure of the Russian Revolution (1903, failure of the Russian Revolution (1903, 1905) 1905)
Emerging nation-states in Germany (Prussia), Emerging nation-states in Germany (Prussia), Italy (House of Savoy), European areas Italy (House of Savoy), European areas formerly part of the Ottoman Empire; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire; attempts and movements in Russia, Austro-attempts and movements in Russia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, etc.Hungarian Empire, etc.
Emancipation gives rise to Antisemitism in Emancipation gives rise to Antisemitism in Germany, France, and elsewhere. Germany, France, and elsewhere.
Chaim Nachman BialikChaim Nachman Bialik On Bialik:On Bialik:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/bialik.html
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/
modern_judaism/v024/24.3penkower.htmlmodern_judaism/v024/24.3penkower.html
על השחיטהעל השחיטהhttp://benyehuda.org/bialik/bia061.html
http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2003/08/24/on-the-slaughte/
http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2011/02/bialik-on-slaughter-from-hebrew.html
Building the LandBuilding the Land Moses Montefiore: Quarters outside the Moses Montefiore: Quarters outside the
walls of Jerusalem: 1860 walls of Jerusalem: 1860 Alliance Israélite Universelle founds Alliance Israélite Universelle founds
Agricultural School 1870Agricultural School 1870 Baron Edmund de RothschildBaron Edmund de Rothschild 1908—Arab nationalist movement—1908—Arab nationalist movement—
reaction to Young Turks and deposition of reaction to Young Turks and deposition of Abdul Hamid; Sharif Hussein appointed Abdul Hamid; Sharif Hussein appointed Amir of MeccaAmir of Mecca
1909—Tel Aviv founded, First Kibbutz 1909—Tel Aviv founded, First Kibbutz started at Degania.started at Degania.
WritingsWritings
Moses Hess Moses Hess Rome and Jerusalem Rome and Jerusalem 18621862
Leon Pinsker Leon Pinsker Autoemancipation Autoemancipation 18821882
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922)—Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922)—moved to Palestine in 1881moved to Palestine in 1881
Theodore Herzl (1860-Theodore Herzl (1860-1904)1904)
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Herzl.html
Jewish State Jewish State JudenstaatJudenstaat 1896 1896 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/
jsource/Zionism/herzlex.htmljsource/Zionism/herzlex.html First Zionist Congress 1897First Zionist Congress 1897 Old New Land Old New Land Altneuland Altneuland 19021902
Cultural, Labor, Religious Cultural, Labor, Religious ZionismZionism
Asher Ginzberg (Asher Ginzberg (Ahad Ha-AmAhad Ha-Am) Cultural ) Cultural Zionism.Zionism.
A.D. GordonA.D. Gordon: power of labor (Labor Zionism): power of labor (Labor Zionism) Socialist movement emerged, with Histadrut Socialist movement emerged, with Histadrut
labor union, Labor Party (“Mapai”). labor union, Labor Party (“Mapai”). Mizrahi movement: Religious Zionism. Mizrahi movement: Religious Zionism. R. Abraham I. KookR. Abraham I. Kook—Chief Rabbi of —Chief Rabbi of
Palestine: Secularists are participating in Palestine: Secularists are participating in God’s Work. God’s Work.
1916-19181916-1918
Arab Revolt under Lawrence of Arab Revolt under Lawrence of Arabia with Sherif Hussein of Arabia with Sherif Hussein of Mecca.Mecca.
Balfour Declaration (Nov. 2 1917). (Nov. 2 1917). Allenby enters Jerusalem (Dec.)Allenby enters Jerusalem (Dec.) ““Hava Nagila” Hava Nagila” Jewish Legion. Jewish Legion.
British MandateBritish Mandate Herbert Samuel—First Commissioner Herbert Samuel—First Commissioner Arab opposition: British redefine area in which Jewish Arab opposition: British redefine area in which Jewish
National Home is to be applied. National Home is to be applied. Mandate appoints Hajj Amin al-Husseini as Mufti of Mandate appoints Hajj Amin al-Husseini as Mufti of
JerusalemJerusalem Growth of “Revisionist” movement of Jabotinsky and Begin.Growth of “Revisionist” movement of Jabotinsky and Begin. 1925—“Aliyah 4”—refugees from anti-Semitism in Poland 1925—“Aliyah 4”—refugees from anti-Semitism in Poland
and elsewhere and elsewhere 1929—Arab attacks in Jerusalem, Safed, Hebron1929—Arab attacks in Jerusalem, Safed, Hebron 1936—Mufti forms Arab Higher Committee, with Axis 1936—Mufti forms Arab Higher Committee, with Axis
support, begins anti-Jewish propaganda campaign. Arab support, begins anti-Jewish propaganda campaign. Arab attacks in 1936 killed a few Jews; British tried to work attacks in 1936 killed a few Jews; British tried to work both sides, with a pro-Arab policy in some ways but also both sides, with a pro-Arab policy in some ways but also providing Orde Wingate to train Haganah. providing Orde Wingate to train Haganah.
1937, Peel Commission responds to 1936 riots: 1937, Peel Commission responds to 1936 riots: recommends partitionrecommends partition
1939 White Paper: does not adopt partition. Closes off 1939 White Paper: does not adopt partition. Closes off Jewish immigration. Jewish immigration.
Partition PlansPartition Plans
Left: Peel Left: Peel Commission Commission 1937/8, 1937/8, three three sectorssectors
Right: UN Right: UN 1947, seven 1947, seven sectorssectors
Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of IndependenceMay 14 1948May 14 1948
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/israel.htmavalon/mideast/israel.htm
1948-19561948-1956 1947-1948 Fighting with Arab Irregular forces1947-1948 Fighting with Arab Irregular forces 1948 Israel Independence, Arab states 1948 Israel Independence, Arab states
attackattack 1949 January: General elections. 1st 1949 January: General elections. 1st
Knesset takes office on Tu Bishevat.Knesset takes office on Tu Bishevat. Map:http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/Map:http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/
middle_east_and_asia/israel_pol_1972.jpg middle_east_and_asia/israel_pol_1972.jpg Law of returnLaw of return DP resettlementDP resettlement Feda’iyeenFeda’iyeen Arab Boycott: primary, secondary and tertiary. Arab Boycott: primary, secondary and tertiary. Desecration of Jewish sites in JordanDesecration of Jewish sites in Jordan Al-Kiyana al-SahiyuniyyaAl-Kiyana al-Sahiyuniyya Gamal Abd al-NasserGamal Abd al-Nasser October 29, 1956: Sinai CampaignOctober 29, 1956: Sinai Campaign
1956-19751956-1975 1959 Relations with West Germany1959 Relations with West Germany 1960 Eichman trial (hanged in 1962)1960 Eichman trial (hanged in 1962) PLO: formed in Jordan 1964, charter adopted in 1968. PLO: formed in Jordan 1964, charter adopted in 1968. Al-Fath Al-Fath
“The Conquest” most important group.“The Conquest” most important group. June 1967 Six Day WarJune 1967 Six Day War Sept. 1970: Black September (PLO Ousted from Jordan 1970-71).Sept. 1970: Black September (PLO Ousted from Jordan 1970-71). 1972 War of Attrition1972 War of Attrition 1972 Munich Olympics. 1972 Munich Olympics. 1973 Yom Kippur War1973 Yom Kippur War Entebbe raidEntebbe raid ““Myths and facts” Myths and facts”
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf7.html http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf7.html UN Resolution 242 UN Resolution 242
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unres242.html http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unres242.html Three Noes: Three Noes:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/three_noes.html http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/three_noes.html
1975-19891975-1989 1975 UN Resolution on Zionism1975 UN Resolution on Zionism 1977 Likud wins elections1977 Likud wins elections November 1977 Sadat visits IsraelNovember 1977 Sadat visits Israel 1978 Camp David1978 Camp David 1981 Sadat assassinated by member of 1981 Sadat assassinated by member of
Takfir wa-Jihad movementTakfir wa-Jihad movement 1982-1985 Lebanon Campaign: Lebanese Civil 1982-1985 Lebanon Campaign: Lebanese Civil
War War PLO, Syria, Maronites (Christians), Druzes, PLO, Syria, Maronites (Christians), Druzes,
Shi’is, Sunnis. Shi’is, Sunnis. PLO sent to Tunis. PLO sent to Tunis. 1980s Hezbullah1980s Hezbullah 1987 Intifada starts in Gaza. 1987 Intifada starts in Gaza. 1988 King Hussein relinquishes claims on 1988 King Hussein relinquishes claims on
Jerusalem, Arafat talks about readiness to accept Jerusalem, Arafat talks about readiness to accept the existence of Israel the existence of Israel
1989 Fall of Soviet Union 1989 Fall of Soviet Union
1989-20001989-2000
1991 Gulf War, Madrid conference, 1991 Gulf War, Madrid conference, 1993 “Oslo Accords” –Handshake 1993 “Oslo Accords” –Handshake
on Sept. 13.on Sept. 13. 1994 Purim massacre by Baruch 1994 Purim massacre by Baruch
GoldsteinGoldstein 1995 Nov. 4 Rabin Assassinated 1995 Nov. 4 Rabin Assassinated 1996 Netanyahu Elected1996 Netanyahu Elected 2000 Clinton/Barak/Arafat at Camp 2000 Clinton/Barak/Arafat at Camp
DavidDavid
Separation BarrierSeparation Barrier
Map of fence: Map of fence: http://www.seamzone.mod.gov.il/Paghttp://www.seamzone.mod.gov.il/Pages/ENG/map_eng.htmes/ENG/map_eng.htm