Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP face sheet 29Oct2012 Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets PERSUAP under...

i Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets

Initial Environmental Examination Amendment

2012 Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan

(PERSUAP)

for the USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio

PROGRAM/ACTIVITYDATA:

Program/Activity Name: Zimbabwe Agricultural Income and Employment Development (Zim‐AIED) Activity Number: EDH‐I‐08‐05‐0007‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2010 Funding End: 2/27/2015 LOP Amount: $36,164,594 Program/Activity Name: Rural Livelihoods Program: Piloting Approach to Revitalize Zimbabwe's

Poultry Sector and Linking over 3,000 Farmers to Viable, Formal Markets. Activity Number: 674‐A‐00‐10‐00086‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2010 Funding End: 12/31/2012 LOP Amount: $1,995,544 Program/Activity Name: Local Plants for Global Markets Activity Number: AID‐613‐9‐11‐00001 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2011 Funding End: 9/30/2014 LOP Amount: 1,000,000 Program/Activity Name: Rural Livelihoods Program:

Rebuilding livelihoods and resilience in Zimbabwe. Activity Number: 674‐A‐00‐10‐00002‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 1/18/2010 Funding End: 3/31/2013 LOP Amount: $5,797,000 Prepared By: Stewart Wilson, consultant to Fintrac Inc. [email protected] ;Technical review: Alan Schroeder, Mark Stoughton, GEMS/The Cadmus Group. Current Date: 25 October 2012 Expiration Date: As per the parent IEEs. Submitted By (Project Point‐of‐Contact): Tina Dooley‐Jones, EG Team Leader

ii Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets

IEE Amendment (Y/N): Y amends the following IEEs:

USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio IEE, as amended 25 July 2011. http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38376.pdf

ENVIRONMENTALACTIONRECOMMENDED:(PlaceXwhereapplicable)Categorical Exclusion: Negative Determination: X Positive Determination: Deferral:

ADDITIONALELEMENTS:(PlaceXwhereapplicable)CONDITIONS X SUAP (EMMP) : ___X____ PVO/NGO:

SUMMARYOFFINDINGS Purpose and Scope. This PERSUAP covers the USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio. To achieve their objectives a number of the projects and activities in this portfolio require effective pest management in a number of field crops and other applications, which in turn will require use of chemical controls in a number of instances. Pest management needs are detailed in Table 1 of this document In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this 2012 Zimbabwe Economic Growth (EG) Portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP):

• Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth activities. Note that “support” and “use” include procurement, direct use, recommending for use, and in any way directly the supporting the use of pesticides (e.g. by provision of application equipment.)

• Sets out requirements attendant to support for these pesticides to assure that pesticide use/support embodies (1) the principles of safer use and, (2) per USAID policy, Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP. The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safer use are established through the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which centers on the assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). Approved pesticides. Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the pesticides and only the pesticides listed in section 3.5 of this document are permitted for use/support on activities within the USAID/Zimbabwe economic growth portfolio. (Note that the approved pesticides list is reproduced in Annex 3A. Toxicological summaries and EPA registration status are presented in Annex 1A.) Note that numerous pesticides in use by farmers and, in many cases, approved by the Government of Zimbabwe are NOT approved for support with USAID funds. These include, inter alia, atrazine, carbofuran, cypermethrin, diazinon, endosulfan, fenthion, methamidophos, monocrotophos, oxamyl, and paraquat. Recommended Environmental Determinations Negative Determination Threshold Decisions: Pursuant to 22 CFR216.3(b)(1), a negative determination with conditions is recommended. The conditions are that the Zimbabwe EG programs will implement risk reduction and mitigation measures specified in this

iii Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets

PERSUAP under section 4.0 –Safer Use Action Plan, (SUAP) under the matrix which satisfied the expectations of an Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (EMMP). Mitigation Measures and restrictions attendant to the use of these pesticides can be summarized as follows. (The PER and the annexes provide substantial resources to support compliance with these requirements.) An overview of conditions of the PERSUAP is detailed below: 1. List of pesticides: Only pesticides approved in this PERSUAP will be procured and used. Alterations to

the list of approved pesticides will require an amendment of the PERSUAP. 2. Pest management plans. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop‐ and

pest‐specific IPM‐based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)

3. Training: Zimbabwe EG program supervisors, implementing partners, field officers and pesticide users will be trained on management of pesticides‐safety precautions during (handling, application, and storage etc...) and on their roles and responsibilities before, during and after use of pesticides. Also training to farmers will incorporate IPM.

4. Personal protection: in handling and applying pesticides users will ensure that they use protective gear such as gloves, masks, and goggles to minimize hazards/risk to themselves. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices.

5. Protection of the ecosystem: Measures will be taken to minimize risks to non‐target species and ecosystems (water table and fresh water fish, aquatic invertebrates, birds, mammals and beneficial insects).

6. Monitoring: The Zimbabwe EG program will implement the EMMP in this PERSUAP and prepare an Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation report (EMMR) periodically, following the actions and monitoring laid out in the SUAP. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide‐related record‐keeping and monitoring.

The Safer Use Action Plan (Section 4.0) provides a succinct, stand‐alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12‐factor analysis. It also provides a template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and submit to its AOR/COR. These conditions are detailed in the included mandatory SUAP template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR by 30 December 2012 and provide an annual update. With respect to pesticide use, the Safer Use Action Plan satisfies the requirement for an environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP). The project EMMP should simply incorporate the SUAP by reference. As required by ADS 204.5.4, the SO 12 team will actively monitor ongoing activities for compliance with the recommendations in this PERSUAP, and modify or end activities that are not in compliance.

iv Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets

APPROVAL OF THE RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION (2012 Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP): MISSION CLEARANCES: Mission Director: ___/cleared/______________ Date: 10/29/2012

Melissa Williams CONCURRENCE: AFR Bureau Environmental Officer: __W. Knausenberger, Acting / signed for/__ Date: :10/29/2012

Brian Hirsch File name: Zimbabwe_EG_PERSUAP_10-29-2012 OTHER CLEARANCES: Program Officer: ___/cleared/______________ Date: 10/29/2012 Julie Chen EG Team Leader: ___/cleared/______________ Date:10/29/2102

Tina Dooley-Jones Mission Environmental Officer: ___/cleared/______________ Date: 0/29/2012 Hamfrey Sanhokwe Regional Contracting Officer: ___/cleared/______________ Date:10/29/2012 USAID/Southern Africa Tracy Swift Regional Environmental Advisor: /cleared/_____________ Date: 10/26/2012 USAID/Southern Africa (Acting) Walter Knausenberger

2012

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT

and SAFER USE ACTION PLAN

(PERSUAP)

For the USAID/Zimbabwe

Economic Growth Portfolio

25 October 2012

Prepared By Stewart Wilson, consultant to Fintrac Inc. ([email protected])

Technical review: Alan Schroeder, Mark Stoughton, GEMS/The Cadmus Group

This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for

International Development (USAID). It was prepared by Fintrac Inc. under

contract EDH-I-08-05-00007-00 with USAID/Zimbabwe.

mailto:[email protected]

Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012

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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ····················································································································· 3

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ··············································································································· 5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ··················································································································· 6

1.0 INTRODUCTION ················································································································ 9 1.1 PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW. .................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 BACKGROUND: PRE-IMPLEMENTATION REGULATORY

REQUIREMENTS ATTENDANT TO PESTICIDE USE AND

PROCUREMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 PESTICIDE USE AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) –

PART OF THE CONTEXT ............................................................................................................... 10 1.4 A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE PERSUAP CONCEPT ..................................................... 10 1.5 COMPLIANCE CONTEXT FOR THIS PERSUAP. ..................................................................... 10 1.6 ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THIS PERSUAP ........................................................................ 11 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THIS PERSUAP .............................................................................................. 11

2.0 PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES COVERED BY THIS PERSUAP ········································ 12

3.0 PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT ························································································ 13 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN

PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO

ZIMBABWE. ............................................................................................................................................ 13 3.2 MAJOR PESTS AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES IN CURRENT USE ............................. 13 3.3 ZIMBABWE AGROCHEMICAL SYSTEM RISK PROFILE ..................................................... 13 3.4 12-FACTOR ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 15

Factor A: USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides ...................................................................... 15 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides ......................................................................................................................... 18 Factor C: The extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an

IPM program ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Factor D: Proposed methods and availability of application and safety equipment ................................... 20 Factor E: Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or

environmental, associated with the proposed use and measures available to minimize such hazards ............................................................................................................................................... 21

Factor F: Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use......................................................... 23 Factor G: Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target

ecosystems ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Factor H: Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate,

geography, hydrology and soils ............................................................................................................................ 26 Factor I: Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods ...................................................... 27 Factor J: Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use and

disposal of the requested pesticide..................................................................................................................... 28 Factor K: Provision for training of users and applicators ............................................................................................ 29 Factor L: Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide ............................. 29

3.5 LIST OF PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR USE .......................................................................................... 31 FUNGICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 GROWTH REGULATORS .................................................................................................................................................................. 34 INSECTICIDES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS......................................................................................................................................................... 36 ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 MITICIDES/ACARICIDES ................................................................................................................................................................. 37 MOLLUSCIDES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 NEMATICIDES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 RODENTICIDES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 HERBICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 38

3.6 CURRENT VS RECOMMENDED PEST MANAGEMENT MEASURES ............................................ 41 Table 1: LIST OF PROPOSED USAID PROJECTS CROPS, PESTS, IPM TOOLS/TACTICS AND

PESTICIDES FOR PERSUAP ........................................................................................................................................ 42

4.0 SAFER USE ACTION PLAN ······································································································ 87


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Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker .................................................................. 89

ANNEX 1A. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO ZIMBABWE ················································ 97

ANNEX 1B. LIST OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS AND TRADE NAMES OF PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO ZIMBABWE ·············································· 114 HERBICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................... 131

ANNEX 1C. LIST OF TRADE NAMES AND ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF ZIMBABWE REGISTERED PESTICIDES WITH TYPE AND USEPA REGISTRATION STATUS ············· 137 INSECTICIDES, MITICIDES, NEMATICIDES AND FUNGICIDES ........................................................ 137 HERBICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................... 159

ANNEX 2. PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS NOT TO BE USED ON USAID/ZIMBABWE-SUPPORTED PROJECTS ································································· 166 PESTICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED ........................................................................................................... 166 RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDES ...................................................................................................................... 172 HIGH TOXICITY PESTICIDES .......................................................................................................................... 176

ANNEX 3A. PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR USE ON USAID/ZIMBABWE-SUPPORTED PROJECTS ························································································································ 178 FUNGICIDES APPROVED ................................................................................................................................. 178 GROWTH REGULATORS APPROVED .......................................................................................................... 180 INSECTICIDES APPROVED .............................................................................................................................. 180 PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS APPROVED ................................................................................................. 182 ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS APPROVED ............................................................................................... 184 MITICIDES/ACARICIDES APPROVED ......................................................................................................... 184 MOLLUSCICIDES APPROVED ......................................................................................................................... 184 NEMATICIDES APPROVED ............................................................................................................................. 185 RODENTICIDES APPROVED ........................................................................................................................... 185 HERBICIDES APPROVED ................................................................................................................................. 185

ANNEX 3B. HISTORY OF IPM IN ZIMBABWE. ············································································ 188

ANNEX 3C. PESTICIDES APPROVAL AND REGISTRATION IN ZIMBABWE ······························· 190

ANNEX 3D. PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN THE REGION, BUT NOT AVAILABLE IN ZIMBABWE ····················································································································· 191

ANNEX 4. NATURAL PESTICIDES THAT HAVE BEEN COMMERCIALIZED ································ 192

ANNEX 5. BOTANICAL PESTICIDES, REPELLENTS AND BAITS REGULATED BY USEPA ····························································································································· 193

ANNEX 6. ZIMBABWE GAPS AND IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS ···················································· 196

ANNEX 7. EPA RECOMMENDED WORKER PROTECTION STANDARDS ···································· 201

ANNEX 8. GENERAL MITIGATION OF POTENTIAL PESTICIDES DANGERS AND GENERAL MEASURES TO ENSURE SAFE USE ································································· 202

ANNEX 9. INTERNATIONAL PIC & POPS LISTS ·········································································· 204

ANNEX 10. ROUTES OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AND MITIGATION OF RISKS ·························· 206

ANNEX 11. BASIC FIRST AID FOR PESTICIDE OVEREXPOSURE ·············································· 207

ANNEX 12. PESTICIDE DISPOSAL OPTIONS ·············································································· 209

ANNEX 13. GUIDELINES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS (PMP) FOR USAID FUNDED CROPS AND BENEFICIARIES ··········································································· 212


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List of abbreviations AI : Active Ingredient AGRITEX Agriculture Technical and Extension Service AIED : Agricultural Income and Employment Development program AOR : Agreement Officer’s Representative BLW : Broad Leaf Weed COR Contracting Officer’s Representative DBM : Diamond Back Moth EA : Environmental Assessment EIS : Environmental Impact statement EMA : Environmental Management Agency EG : Economic Growth EMMP : Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan EPA : Environmental Protection Agency GAP : Good Agricultural Practices GUP : General Use Pesticide IEE : Initial Environmental Examination IP : Implementing Partner IPM : Integrated Pest Management IRS : Indoor Residual Spray IVM : Integrated Vector Management IWM : Integrated Weed Management MAMID : Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development MRL : Maximum Residue Limit MSDS : Material Safety Data Sheets OP Organophosphate PER : Pesticide Evaluation Report PERSUAP : Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan PHI : Pre-Harvest Interval PIC : Prior Informed Consent PMP : Pest Management Plan POP : Persistent Organic Pollutant PPE : Personal Protective Equipment RCE Request for Categorical Exclusion RLP : Restoring Livelihoods Program RUP : Restricted Use Pesticides S&C : Standards and Certification SP : Synthetic Pyrethroids SUAP : Safe Use Action Plan SUR : Safe Use Recommendations TA : Technical Assistance UN : United Nations USAID : United States Agency for International Development USEPA : United States Environmental Protection Agency WHO : World Health Organization


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Executive summary

Purpose and Overview. In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this

2012 Zimbabwe Economic Growth (EG) Portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action

Plan (PERSUAP):

Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USAID/Zimbabwe

Economic Growth activities.

Sets out requirements attendant to support for these pesticides to assure that pesticide

use/support embodies (1) the principles of safer use and, (2) per USAID policy, Integrated

Pest Management (IPM). In summary these requirements are as follows:

A. Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)

B. Appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid;

C. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices;

D. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.

The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safer use are established through the third

section of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which addresses the 12 pesticide

risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b).

NOTE that USAID defines “pesticide procurement or use” broadly to include TA (e.g. field extension)

recommending or supporting the use pesticides, and other actions that facilitate the use of a

pesticide.

Approved pesticides are set out at the end of the PER and in Annex 3. Note that a number of

pesticides available in Zimbabwe (legally and otherwise) and commonly in use by smallholders on

crops targeted by USAID interventions are NOT authorized for support/use. These include:

All pesticide AIs not registered by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (See

Annex 2)

Two chemicals (one recently banned, but still present, in Zimbabwe) on the Prior Informed

Consent (PIC) convention list,

Pesticide products that are the same as or sufficiently similar to Restricted Use Pesticides

(RUPs) as designated by USEPA, and

Most acute toxicity Class I chemicals.

Known uses of these “available but prohibited” pesticides are marked in red in Table 1, which

provides crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest information regarding pest management methods (1)

currently in use, and (2) recommended. These AIs are also summarized in Annex 2.

The Safer Use Action Plan is the definitive statement of IP pesticide compliance requirements and is

synthesized from the PER. It provides greater detail that the summary above. It is also a mandatory

template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for

tracking compliance.


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Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR by

December 30, 2012 and an annual update thereafter.

Key Resources provided for Compliance with Safer Use/IPM conditions are itemized in the table

below.

IPM/Safer Use Requirement Key Resources Provided

Pesticide recommendations

and use must be governed

by a set of crop- and pest-

specific IPM-based pest

management plans.

(IPs are responsible for

developing these plans.)

TABLE 1: crop-pest-GAP/IPM/pesticide matrix sets out crop-by-

crop, pest-by-pest management methods (1) currently in use by

beneficiary farmers, and (2) recommended by this PERSUAP,

highlighting where chemical controls in current use are not compliant

with the PERSUAP list of allowed pesticides.

Annex 1A, a master matrix characterizing relative risks of each AI in

all Zimbabwe-registered pesticides. This includes human acute

toxicities and chronic health issues, water pollution potential, as well

as potential ecotoxicities to important non-target organisms like fish,

honeybee pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms.

The matrix lists each AI in American English, and presents important

information for each chemical class, such as USEPA registration

status for select products that contain that AI.

Annex 1B is a list of all trade names associated with the AIs listed in

Annex 1A

Annex 6: Zimbabwe Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and IPM

Tools and Tactics

Annex 13: Guidelines for developing Pest Management Plans

Appropriate project staff &

beneficiaries must be

trained in safer pesticide

use & pesticide first aid;

ANNEX 7. EPA recommended worker protection standards

ANNEX 8. General mitigation of potential pesticide dangers and

general measures to ensure safe use

Annex 10. Routes of Pesticide Exposure and Mitigation of Risks

Annex 11: Basic First Aid for Pesticide overexposure

Annex 12. Pesticide Disposal Options

To the greatest degree

practicable, projects must

require use & maintenance

of appropriate PPE—as well

as safe pesticide purchase,

handling, and disposal

practices

Requested Follow-up: Detailed investigation of alternative nematicides. USAID/Zimbabwe-

funded programs, by way of this PERSUAP analysis, requests that a detailed investigation of

alternative nematicides be initiated through the regional environmental office of USAID for banana

production in small-scale farming, due to the total ban on the use of products like Temik that contain

the AI aldicarb. Nematode infestations threaten the viability of the crop in communal farming

environments and safer use nematicides are not affordable and not readily available, thus posing a

short to medium-term problem for USAID projects to overcome using green manures combined with

natural plant resistant rotation crops as the long-term alternative.


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Compliance context/background. This PERSUAP is an update to and supersedes the 2010

PERSUAP for the Zimbabwe Restoring Livelihoods Program (RLP). It is applicable to all activities in

the Zimbabwe Economic Growth portfolio.

Formally, this PERSUAP amends the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the

USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio (25 July 2011). By satisfying the requirements of 22

CFR 216.3(b) (“Pesticide Procedures”) for proposed pesticide use in EG activities, it resolves the

deferral assigned by that IEE to the procurement or use of pesticides (“pesticide support”).


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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW.

In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this 2012 Zimbabwe Economic

Growth (EG) Portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP):

Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USAID/Zimbabwe

Economic Growth activities.

Establishes requirements attendant to support for these pesticides to assure that

pesticide use/support (1) embodies the principles of safer pesticide use and, (2) per USAID

policy, is within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.

The set of authorized pesticides and requirements

for safer use are established through the first

section of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation

Report (PER), which addresses the 12 pesticide

risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22

CFR 216.3(b).

The SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (Section 4)

provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of

compliance requirements, synthesized from the

PER. It also provides a template for assigning

responsibilities and timelines for implementation of

these requirements. Each project subject to this

PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and

submit to its AOR/COR.

1.2 BACKGROUND: PRE-IMPLEMENTATION

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ATTENDANT

TO PESTICIDE USE AND PROCUREMENT

In 1976, USAID developed procedures covering

the health and safety of people and environments

with which it worked; the result was Regulation

216 (22 CFR216). This regulation establishes a

mandatory pre-implementation environmental

impact assessment process for USAID activities.

Under these procedures, all USAID activities—with

limited exceptions for international disaster relief

and other emergencies-- are subject to analysis

and evaluation via – at minimum – a Request for

Categorical Exclusion (RCE) and – at maximum –

an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

It is worth noting that these procedures were the

result of several pesticide-related poisoning cases

in Pakistan, which possibly could have been avoided or greatly reduced with the greater risk

awareness, risk reduction training and/or the proper use of safety equipment or PPE.

Pesticides present intrinsic risks to human health and the environment. A significant part of

Regulation 216, notably part 216.3, is devoted to pesticide use and safety. Part 216.3(b) requires that

12 pesticide factors be analyzed as the basis for approving the use of any pesticides, and as the

THE 12 PESTICIDE ANALYSIS FACTORS

Factor A. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticides

Factor B. Basis for selection of pesticides

Factor C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program

Factor D. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment

Factor E. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards

Factor F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use

Factor G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems

Factor H. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils

Factor I. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods

Factor J. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide

Factor K. Provision for training of users and applicator

Factor L. Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide


10

basis for establishing the requirements attendant to that use to minimize risks to human health and

the environment. (See box)1

These factors include the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) registration status of the

pesticide. When USEPA registers pesticide products for use, it specifies the manner in which the

product can be “safely” used, that is, with an acceptably small risk, including safety equipment needed

when applying the pesticide; how to apply it; the allowed uses; and best practices for storage,

transport and disposal. However, USAID cannot assume that the societal capabilities and resources

in the US that factor into the US EPA’s decision (widespread literacy, availability of PPE,

understanding of pesticide risks, high product quality, etc.) will characterize project implementation

contexts. So Reg 216 requires analysis of factors beyond US EPA registration status.

This analysis typically results in safer use requirements such as training, monitoring and reporting for

continuous improvement on risk reduction and adoption of international best practices for crop

production, protection, and pesticide use safety.

1.3 PESTICIDE USE AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) – PART OF THE CONTEXT

In the early 1990s, USAID adopted the philosophy and practice of IPM as official policy. IPM is

strongly promoted as part of Regulation 216.3 Factor C and the expectation is that a broad spectrum

approach to plant crop vitality and productivity will benefit from the application of IPM practices and

decrease the need for direct use of pesticides. Subsequently, IPM has generally become an

important part of the best management practices in the agriculture sector and is one of the factors

considered as criteria for international green marketing and export crops.

1.4 A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE PERSUAP CONCEPT

In the late 1990s, USAID’s East Africa Regional Environmental Advisor (REA) and a natural resources

consultant developed a systems-based approach to address the requirements of 22 CFR 216.3(b)

with particular emphasis on promoting pesticide use in an IPM framework.

A key element of this approach was a risk profile of the pesticide system in the given country or

territory, covering the pesticide “lifecycle” from import through use to disposal, and including issues

such as farmer training and literacy, product quality, etc.

Systematically characterizing this risk profile leads directly to identification of practical actions to

reduce the risks of using pesticides, taking into consideration the context in which the products will be

used, the particular elements of the program, and the different capacities of the partners and

stakeholders involved. These actions can also help prepare project participants to be able to more

rapidly adopt GlobalGAP, Organic and other Standards and Certification (S&C) systems principles.

This approach and resulting document was subsequently called a “Pesticide Evaluation Report and

Safer Use Action Plan.” Formally, the PERSUAP is submitted as an amendment to the project IEE or

to an EA.

1.5 COMPLIANCE CONTEXT FOR THIS PERSUAP.

This PERSUAP is an update to and supersedes the 2010 PERSUAP for the Zimbabwe Restoring

Livelihoods Program (RLP). It is applicable to all activities in the Zimbabwe Economic Growth

portfolio.

Formally, this PERSUAP amends the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the

USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio (25 July 2011). By satisfying the requirements of 22

1 Specifically, Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both,

of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the IEE for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the following” (see box)


11

CFR 216.3(b) (“Pesticide Procedures”) for proposed pesticide use in EG activities, it resolves the

deferral assigned by that IEE to the procurement or use of pesticides (“pesticide support”).

1.6 ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THIS PERSUAP

This PERSUAP focuses on the particular circumstances of the USAID Zimbabwe programs, including

the pesticide system within which its projects operate, the risks inherent in that system, and the risk

management choices available and how a risk management plan could be implemented by

USAID/Zimbabwe and its implementing partners in the field.

It analyzes the Zimbabwe pesticide system and captures changes since 2010 in: pesticides registered

by the Zimbabwe Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development (MAMID) for

import and use, changes to pesticide registrations and restrictions by the United States Environmental

Protection Agency (USEPA), new pesticide toxicology and ecotoxicology information, and new

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) information.

This PERSUAP also focuses strongly on Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) tools, including commercialized natural pesticides containing Active Ingredients

(AIs) extracted from plants, microbes, marine organisms, spices and minerals (see Annexes 4 and 5)

as well as cultural practices and synthetic pesticides available in Zimbabwe and used in the United

States.

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THIS PERSUAP

This report is organized into several parts and sections:

Part 1: Introduction is an introduction to the Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan

process and the rationale, both regulatory and professional, behind it.

Part 2: Projects and Activities. Introduces the USAID/Zimbabwe Agricultural Development Activities

in the Economic Growth Portfolio, the implementing partners, and the context for pesticide use about

which this PERSUAP is being prepared.

Part 3: Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER). The PER:

For target crops, characterizes the present pest management methods used by farmers on a

crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest basis

Where indicated, identifies better-practice, IPM-based control methods, both chemical and

non-chemical.

Characterizes the EPA registration status and toxicological profile of every pesticide

registered for use in Zimbabwe

Presents a general risk profile of Zimbabwe’s pesticide system

Addresses the 12 required pesticide analysis factors established by 22 CFR 216.3(b).

On the basis of this data and analysis, the PER identifies the set of pesticides whose use may be

supported under USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth activities, and the conditions attendant to this

use.

A key condition is that pesticide use in these activities must be governed by crop and pest-specific

pest management plans; the PER provides the essential data for IPs to develop these plans.

Part 4: Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) The SUAP is a succinct, stand-alone statement of

compliance requirements, synthesized from the PER. It also provides a template for assigning

responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements—hence an action plan.

Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and submit to its

AOR/COR.


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Annexes synthesize international best practices on pesticide use, exposure mitigation, PPE, first aid,

disposal and record-keeping, to attain a better understanding of pesticide safety and to be used for

training program participants. Below are the key best management practices and recommendations

synthesized from the PER and the SUAP.

2.0 PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES COVERED BY THIS PERSUAP

1 Zimbabwe Agricultural Income and Employment Development (Zim-AIED) program. Zim-

AIED is providing technical assistance to improve food security and increase household

incomes of 180,000 small-scale farmers throughout Zimbabwe.

The program is building demand for a range of Zimbabwean crops and products by training

growers on productivity, quality, continuity, and cost-competitiveness. It is also providing

specialized technical support for the production of food crops and livestock to increase food

availability on a sustainable basis in areas and communities most vulnerable to food

insecurity. The project is being implemented country-wide by Fintrac, a US-based consultancy

company and runs until 2015.

2 Piloting Approach to Revitalize Zimbabwe's Poultry Sector and Linking over 3,000

Farmers to Viable, Formal Markets. The project under Rural Livelihood Program (RLP) is

implemented by TechnoServe and will end December 2012. The overall goal of this project is

to develop and demonstrate an impactful and replicable model of engaging small farmers in

the formal poultry sector and revitalizing the industry. Its three key objectives are:

- Pilot outgrower models linking 70 small broiler outgrowers to poultry processors. - Boost productivity and incomes of over 3,000 feed grain producers (maize and soybeans);

enabling them to profitably supply the Zimbabwe feed industry - Capture and disseminate information throughout the poultry industry and determine actions to

improve the competitiveness of the Zimbabwean poultry industry

The project is in the Shamva district in Mashonaland Central province for the production of

maize and soya beans. However, for the broiler outgrowers it extended to Goromonzi and

areas surrounding Bulawayo.

3 Inclusive PPA-Business Model for Developing Underutilized Plants to Improve Food Security

in Zimbabwe-Local Plants for Global Markets. The project is implemented for the next four

years by HWA-Zimbabwe (Hilfswerk Austria) to develop, test and disseminate the potential of

high value crops and underutilized plants appropriate for international fair trade and other

certification, using sustainable agricultural practices which will improve food security in

Natural Regions 4 and 5. The project under Rural Livelihoods Program is focused in Binga,

Chimanimani, Chipinge and Hwange districts to promote 10 plants-sweet thorn, baobab,

pigweed, devil's claw, fever tea, cassava, resurrection bush, marula, Zambezi tail flower, and

Masau.

4. The project "Rebuilding livelihoods and resilience in Zimbabwe" under the Rural

Livelihoods Program is implemented by Land O'Lakes. The project that will end in May 2013

is aimed at promoting dairy production, collection and processing, increased capacity in

preventative animal health and rangeland fodder flow management, and donkey traction and

transport. The project is operating in Buhera, Chipinge, Makoni, Mutare, Guruve, Goromonzi,

Seke, Umzingwane and Gokwe South districts.


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3.0 PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN PESTICIDES REGISTERED

FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO ZIMBABWE.

As a PERSUAP covering a wide range of agricultural sector activities and targeted crops, pesticides

that may potentially be supported on Economic Growth activities are all pesticides available for use in

Zimbabwe. Assessing the eligibility of these pesticides requires characterization of their US and

Zimbabwe registration status; the 12-factor analysis required by 22 CFR 216.3(b) presented later in

this section and using these pesticides in IPM-based framework requires selection with careful

attention to pesticide risks (toxicological profile).

Accordingly, a first key element of and input to the PER analysis was to assemble a registration status

and toxicological profile of every pesticide available for use in Zimbabwe.

This is presented in Annex 1, in the form of an extended matrix.

More specifically, Annex 1:

Compiles all of the AIs in pesticides (natural and synthetic) registered and imported into Zimbabwe.

Characterizes their US EPA and Zimbabwe registration status, including US EPA RUP status (see below)

Characterizes their chemical class (this is important as rotating chemicals from different classes is an important strategy for managing resistance.)

Characterizes acute human toxicity – a key criterion for judging whether the pesticide is admissible for use. As described below, most Class I chemicals are not considered safe for smallholder farmers to use;

Characterizes chronic human toxicity

Characterizes Environmental toxicity – including water pollution potential, and potential toxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds, and several aquatic organisms

3.2 MAJOR PESTS AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES IN CURRENT USE

A 2nd

key input to the “12-factor analysis” is an understanding of the major pests that affect the target

crops and current control methods. These are documented in Table 1, later in this section.

Note that Table 1 also includes findings of this PER (noting where chemical controls in common use

are not permitted by the findings of this PERSUAP) and recommended IPM-based alternate control

methods to be used to inform the development of crop-and pest-specific management plans. The use

of such plans to govern pesticide use is a key compliance requirement for this PERSUAP.

3.3 ZIMBABWE AGROCHEMICAL SYSTEM RISK PROFILE

A final key input to the “12-factor analysis” is a characterization of the factors that increase or

decrease the risk profile of the agrochemical inputs system in Zimbabwe. This analysis is presented

immediately below. Risks have been categorized into groups and enumerated below as “Factors that

increase risks from agrochemicals” and “Factors that reduce risks from agrochemicals.” Most of the

farmers producing crops and livestock being supported by the USAID program partner organizations

have the potential to use several highly toxic pesticides in traditional cropping systems.

Factors that increase risks from pesticides:


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1. The continued presence of red-banded labeled (highly toxic – too toxic for smallholder

farmers to use) World Health Organization (WHO) acute toxicity Class Ia and Ib and EPA

acute toxicity Class I pesticide active ingredients (for example, aldicarb, aluminum phosphide,

azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos, demeton-s-methyl, dichlorvos,

disulfoton, ethoprop, fenamiphos, flucythrinate, formetanate hydrochloride, furathiocarb,

isofenphos-methyl, methamidophos, methidathion, methiocarb, methomyl, methyl-

isothiocyanate, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl,

parathion, terbufos, thiofanox, thiometon, triazophos, vamidothion) in products registered by

and permitted for import and use in Zimbabwe by the Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization

and Irrigation Development (MAMID).

2. Methamidophos (Class I) is preferred in southern Africa by small-scale vegetable farmers,

especially for control of the diamond-back moth and is thus, the one chemical that is decanted

most from one-liter commercial bottles into smaller empty water and drink bottles and then

sold without pesticide label (safety) information.

3. Endosulfan, a highly toxic and politicized chemical, currently recommended for addition to

Persistent organic pollutants and PIC lists, is still registered for use in Zimbabwe.

4. Aluminum phosphide (Class I fumigant) tablets are being sold individually to farmers by some

small farm input stores in the region, a behavior which is highly hazardous to both the

shopkeeper and buyers.

5. Rodenticides (mostly Class I, based on aldicarb) can be found in small, unlabeled sachets in

informal markets in the region.

6. Some sachets of Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) (POPs – chemical) from the health

indoor residual spraying (IRS) sector in surrounding countries are making their way into

informal markets for sale to farmers.

7. Some POPs and PIC chemicals from the chlorinated hydrocarbon group are still registered by

Zimbabwe (for example chlordane, chlorobenzilate, lindane and pentachlorophenol) for import

and use.

8. It is common in southern Africa to encounter some pesticide labels in English only

(unavailable in local languages) or with insufficient safety information.

9. Many farmers are illiterate and will not be able to read pesticide label information or other

warning media. (However, they can be trained to recognize safety pictograms.)

10. Lack of knowledge by many farmers and farm laborers of the acute and especially chronic,

human health risks of individual pesticides or classes of pesticides.

11. Most small-scale farmers and farm workers have not had adequate training in best practices

for safe pesticide use (transport, storage, application and disposal.)

12. Most Zimbabwean farmers will not have access to, will not be able to afford and will not use

recommended personal protection equipment for pesticide application.

13. Most farmers cannot positively identify specific crop pests, or the damage they cause and

cannot positively identify beneficial predators and parasites of pests.

14. Overuse, improper applications and routine use of the same pesticides (or chemical)

increases risk of the development of pesticide resistance among pests.

15. Lack of knowledge of when to use a specific pesticide during the life cycle of the pest leads to

ineffective pest control, waste of funds, and potential human hazards.


15

16. There are insufficient funds for enforcement of pesticide regulations

17. Due to the small-scale of farm operations (1 ha or less), farmers do not have the same

economies of scale and resources available in highly-developed countries to manage risk.

18. It is very common in southern Africa to encounter unregistered and sometimes registered,

substandard quality products (adulterated pesticides or containing highly-toxic manufacturing

byproduct chemicals) from select Chinese and Indian companies that make their way to

informal and formal market stores.

19. There are reports of significant numbers of pesticide poisonings in Zimbabwe each year.

20. Throughout the Southern African region, one can encounter pesticides beyond their expiration

date (obsolete) on sale to farmers.

Factors that reduce risks from pesticides:

1. The MAMID has a list of regularly-updated pesticide products registered for import to and use

in Zimbabwe, reflecting a level of responsibility. Only such registered products qualify for

Import licences, so formal importation is controlled by MAMID.

2. There is a sufficiently large cadre of trained agriculturalists remaining in Zimbabwe who

understand pesticide issues and how to mitigate them.

3. Some pesticide companies operating in the region are subsidizing and making simple PPE

like gloves available to small-scale producers.

4. Many pesticide importers and sellers in the region now follow international best management

practices for proper transport, storage and disposal of pesticides and have PPE for sale.

5. Many pesticide sellers in the region understand most crop production pests,

pesticides/dosages to use against the pests, risks that come with pesticide use and the need

for PPE.

6. There is no field evidence of pesticide misuse leading to poisonings of domestic animal or

environmental poisoning (like fish kills) collected from USAID and implementing partners

(IPs.)

7. Due to the small scale of farm operations (1 ha or less, in the communal sector) the likelihood

of environmental damage due to pesticide use is very small.

Although there are encouraging findings in the pesticide wholesale and retail systems in Southern

Africa, there still remain numerous issues above that can increase the risk for errors occurring. This

situation increases the risk of exposing small-scale farmers, laborers and farm family members to

dangerous poisons and polluting their environment. Thus, the pesticide risk profile for Zimbabwe is

higher than might be encountered in more developed countries.

3.4 12-FACTOR ANALYSIS

For each of the 12 Pesticide Evaluation Factors which follow, the sections include: a general

discussion of the significance and meaning of these factors in the Zimbabwean context as far as

possible; analysis of specific issues noted in each case and action recommendations required to

address (mitigate) each of these issues. These recommendations will be summarized later on in the

document as the core of the PER component of the EMMP.

Factor A: USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides

USAID programs are limited to recommending pesticides containing active ingredients products

registered in Zimbabwe and in the United States, the EPA for the same or similar uses. Emphasis is

placed on “similar use” because a few of the crops and their pest species found overseas are not


16

present in the US. Therefore, although pesticides may not be registered for the exact use, often they

are registered for similar pests and pest situations. Annex 1A provides a current listing of the active

ingredients in pesticides currently registered in Zimbabwe and offers an analysis of environmental

implications. Annex 1b provides a current listing of all those active ingredients with trade names under

which they are known. Annex 1c provides a list of trade names with active ingredients for cross

reference purposes along with type and EPA registration status.

The EPA categorizes pesticides as either “registered” or “not registered.” Moreover, some AIs and

products containing them are labeled as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs). In the US, the pesticides

and active ingredients that are labeled RUPs can only be sold to and used by certified applicators or

persons under their direct supervision, and only for those purposes covered by the applicator's

certification (such as for row crops, or tree crops, or structural pests, etc.) 22 CFR 216 requires a full

environmental assessment before use of an RUP can be supported with USAID funds, except for

RUPs so designated solely for reason of user hazard.

Pesticide active ingredients in specific products must also be registered for legal import and use by

the target countries – in this case, Zimbabwe. One caveat is that pesticides that have lost active

registration status in developing countries are often permitted to clear the retail system and thus can

be found on farm store shelves for 2-3 years during the clearing process period. Most pesticides have

an expiration date of two years after the manufacture date and most are still viable and usable for an

additional year.

The EPA classifies pesticides according to actual toxicity of the formulated products, taking

formulation types and concentrations into account, thus generally making the formulated product less

toxic than the active ingredients alone. This method of classifying acute toxicity is more accurate and

representative of actual risks encountered in the field. By contrast, the WHO acute toxicity

classification system is based on the active ingredient only. Although WHO deals primarily with

pesticides used in health applications (e.g., indoor residual spraying for elimination of malaria

vectors), the classification has been adopted more generally by the UN to include agricultural

pesticides.

WHO has classified pesticides by human toxicity and developed a color-coding scheme, easily

recognizable to illiterate farmers, such as some of those in developing countries. This color coding

scheme, used and found on pesticide packaging and labels in developing countries, is as follows:

WHO Acute human toxicity Pesticide Label

Color Code

Signal Words

Class Ia - Extremely hazardous Red Very Toxic

Class Ib - Highly hazardous Red Toxic

Class II - Moderately hazardous Yellow Harmful

Class III - Slightly hazardous Blue Caution

Class U - Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use Green Caution

Zimbabwe has developed its own triangle color coding scheme (loosely based on the WHO scheme)

which includes purple for Class 1a and combines the blue and green classes into one green

classification. This system is widely recognized by farmers and is also the subject of training sessions

by AGRITEX.

Issue: Products containing active ingredients not EPA-registered

Annex 2 lists Zimbabwe-registered pesticide AIs that are not registered by EPA in any products.

Products and AIs that are not registered by EPA are not permitted for use on USAID-supported

projects. They are either cancelled for use in the US, or have insufficient market demand and have

not been through EPA’s battery of environmental and human health tests.


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Mitigation Measure:

USAID funds cannot be used to procure, use or support the use of products containing these

active ingredients that are not EPA registered.

Thus lack of an EPA registration is used as the primary criteria for exclusion of a pesticide.

Issue: Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs)

The EPA has developed a system for dealing with pesticides with inordinate risks to human health

and/or environment for various uses. In the United States, farmers who wish to purchase and use

RUPs must receive (and pay for) specialized training and certification to increase awareness of the

risks and ways that can be used to mitigate these risks. These Certified Applicators, or those under

their direct supervision, must follow the pesticide label instructions and only use the product for

purposes covered under their certification.

The EPA classifies a particular pesticide as restricted if it determines that the pesticide may be

hazardous to human health or to the environment even when used according to the label.

Products are classified as restricted for several reasons including, but not limited to the following:

1. Fetotoxicity – causes adverse effects on the fetus.

2. Mutagenicity – causes genetic changes in the organism which may be passed on to its next

generation.

3. Oncogenicity – causes tumors (not necessarily malignant.)

4. Carcinogenicity – causes cancer.

5. Teratogenicity – causes birth defects.

Accident history

1. Ground and surface water concerns.

2. Causes adverse effects on wildlife, avian or aquatic organisms, including fish and shellfish.

3. Presents a human inhalation hazard, dermal toxicity, corrosiveness to eyes, or acute oral

toxicity hazard.

4. Presents concerns about worker exposure.

5. Presents hazard to non-target organisms.

6. Presents hazards to honeybees.

22 CFR 216 requires that a full Environmental Assessment (EA) be undertaken if USAID will support

procurement or use of pesticides whose use is restricted by US EPA on any basis other than user

hazard (for example, on the basis of hazard to the environment). Several of the active ingredients in

pesticides being imported to Zimbabwe are listed as RUPs by the US EPA, as also listed in Annex 2.

Mitigation Measures for RUP risks in Zimbabwe:

Environmental Assessment: If any pesticide active ingredients are specified to be RUPs and

USAID program beneficiaries wish to use them, a specific EA is required to assess and

sufficiently mitigate such hazards. Pending such an EA, USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth

activities will not support procurement or use of pesticides whose use is restricted by US

EPA.

Thus RUP status is used as the secondary criteria for exclusion of a pesticide.

Additional Recommendations for Mitigation:

1. Do training on good agricultural practices/IPM and the production and use of pest

management plans and safe pesticide use and management. Training will introduce

beneficiary farmers to: pesticides not permitted for use, those the project recommends, and


18

those that might be used with significant training and certification; IPM philosophy, tools and

tactics; and Safe Pesticide Use practices including use of basic personal protection

equipment.

2. Provide all project offices and beneficiary farmers copies of the Material Safety Data Sheets

(MSDS) and approved pesticide labels to keep on-hand as a source of exact information on

risks and risk mitigations for each product and what measures to take in case of an accidental

spill, fire or poisoning. MSDS information can also be used during training.

3. As this PERSUAP is amended, USAID program project managers will need to report to

USAID changes to less toxic products on the list of pesticides recommended to USAID.

Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides

This procedure generally refers to the practical, economic and/or environmental rationales for

choosing a particular pesticide. Those rationales are changing rapidly with the increase in Standards

& Certification and GAPs systems required for access to export markets, which is a good thing in

terms of risk reduction. In general, best practices and USAID – which promotes IPM as policy –

dictate that the least toxic pesticide that is effective should be selected. Up until recently, the bases

for selection of pesticides have most often been availability, efficacy, and price – not environmental or

human safety. Farmers have wanted a pesticide that has rapid knock-down action to satisfy the need

to defeat the pest quickly and visibly. Farmers using S&C-GAP systems for export crops focus more

on factors such as human safety and low environmental impact, by necessity as much as by choice.

Such lower toxicity pesticides may take longer to kill the pest – usually after the farmer has left the

field – but they are effective, nevertheless. Another factor of importance is the abeyance of pesticide-

specific Pre-Harvest Intervals (PHIs) and Maximum/Minimum Residue Levels/Limits (MRLs) which

can be influenced by choosing products with rapid post-application degradation.

The three most important bases for traditional farmer pesticide selection for crops in Zimbabwe are

currently price, availability, and efficacy. For livestock production, pour-on formulations and leg- and

belly-spray formulations are used to reduce the amount of pesticide used and thus reduce

environmental contamination potential.

Issue: Most farmers do not consider factors such as:

Reducing risks to human health by using products that contain active ingredients with low acute

human toxicity and few to no chronic health risks; Reducing risks to scarce and valuable water

resources on the surface and underground; Reducing risks to biodiversity and environmental

resources and the services they provide.

Mitigation Measures:

USAID program staff will select the most suitable pesticides on the basis of reduced risk to

applicators, reduced risk to environment resources, efficacy and price.

A large measure of mitigation will be achieved through USAID program organized training

courses for both staff and beneficiary farmers, using material in this PERSUAP, material

found in MSDSs and pesticide labels, and material found on pest management websites (like

the UC Davis IPM site found at: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html) and

can emphasize the importance of these additional pesticide selection factors.

USAID program project staff performs basic economic analyses comparing pesticides to

determine the most effective choice – with low health and environmental impact potential –

that is affordable for the crop grown.

USAID program staff will aim to use more biological and naturally-derived pesticides, as

practical, such as those listed in Annexes 4 and 5 and discussed below:

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html


19

Commercial pyrethrum is a mix of natural chemicals called pyrethrins extracted from

chrysanthemum flowers and provides good general pest control. Extracts from neem trees

are effective insecticides that are commercially available. Spore extracts from the bacterium

Bacillus thuringiensis are effective against worm or caterpillar larvae of moth and butterfly

pests. Insecticidal soaps and oils are effective against relatively sedentary pests like scales,

mealybugs, aphids, and mites. Sulfur and copper compounds are effective plant disease

controls.

Factor C: The extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM

program

USAID promotes the training, development and use of integrated approaches to pest management

tools and tactics whenever possible. This section emphasizes how the proposed pesticides used can

be incorporated into an overall IPM strategy.

The susceptibility of crop plants and trees to pests and diseases is greatly influenced by the general

health and vigor of the plant or tree. Therefore, good crop management practices can strongly affect

IPM, and good agronomic or cultural practices are the most basic and often the most important

prerequisites for an effective IPM program. A healthy crop optimizes both capacity to prevent or

tolerate pest damage while maintaining or increasing yield potential.

Issue: Most Zimbabwean farmers are not aware of all of the IPM tactics available.

Annex 6 shows GAP and IPM practices used in Zimbabwe, in general, as presented by USAID

program partners. The analysis shows that there are plenty of areas for improvement.

Most small scale horticultural production is not started with improved or resistant seed. Basic soil and

water analysis are rarely done but are essential for understanding and managing these resources for

optimum plant health. Very little soil conservation practices – like terracing, mulching, drip irrigation,

minimum tillage, no-till, planting wind breaks – are used. Fallowing and use of green manure are also

not practiced on a wide scale. Soil fertility is being improved by fertilizers, natural and mineral, which

are widely used. Many serious pests can be managed through the use of trap crops; however their

use is not well understood.

Removal of heavily infested or infected plants often reduces pest loads in crop fields; however, most

smallholder farmers do not use this practice. Pheromone and parasitoid technologies are not known

or available to smallholder farmers. Several pesticides derived from natural sources are available for

use in Zimbabwe and are used but farmers do not understand the difference between those derived

from natural or synthetic sources.

Weekly field pest scouting is done by most farmers in Zimbabwe, as are mechanical weed controls,

crop residue destruction, and mulching. Farmers do not interplant fields with pest-repellent or

parasite-attracting plants and do not know the techniques for doing so. In addition, farmers have

limited understanding of pesticides and pesticide container disposal although those few who have

access to some pieces of PPE generally use it.

Table 1 (below) shows a Crop-Pest-IPM-Pesticide matrix for each crop produced by USAID program

implementing partners, most major pests of each crop, IPM tactics currently in use in Zimbabwe, and

a list of tools and tactics used for the same pests in developed countries and recommended to be

tried and adopted.

The website http://www.who.int/trypanosomiasis_african/vector_control/en/index.html provides WHO

IVM guidance for tsetse fly control. Information about livestock tick IVM is found at

http://www.fao.org/docrep/U9550T/u9550T04.htm.

http://www.who.int/trypanosomiasis_african/vector_control/en/index.html

http://www.fao.org/docrep/U9550T/u9550T04.htm


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In conclusion, many of the USAID program beneficiary farmers, whether or not they understand the

IPM philosophy fully, do know about and use some GAP and IPM tools and tactics. However, there is

room for improvement as many tools/tactics remain unused, if not unknown.


1. USAID program implementation partners develop crop and pest-specific PMPs, using Table 1

containing Crop-Pest-IPM-Pesticide suggestions for all major pests on all USAID program

crops, organized by crop phenology or seasonality and developed into field technical flyers or

posters, and to the greatest degree feasible assure that pesticide use supported with USAID

funds is governed by these plans.

2. During training and field visits by USAID program implementing partners, enhance

understanding of and emphasis on IPM philosophy, tools, and techniques for each crop-pest

combination, with synthetic pesticide use as a last resort and choice of least toxic alternatives.

3. As practical, USAID program projects investigate the use of additional GAP and IPM

techniques from Table 1. They should continue to follow international developments in GAP

and IPM systems to find new tools and techniques appropriate to the needs of Zimbabwe.

Factor D: Proposed methods and availability of application and safety equipment

This section examines how the pesticides are to be applied, how to understand specific risks with

different application equipment available and application methodologies and the measures to be

taken to ensure safe use for each application type. Pesticides can and do enter the body through the

nose and mouth as vapors, through the skin and eyes by leaky sprayers, mixing spillage/splashing

and spray drift, and mouth by accidental splashing or ingestion on food or cigarettes.

Most project pesticides will be applied by hand-pumped backpack sprayers, with some soil drench

treatments. Cattle tick and tsetse fly control is done by use of cattle dips, sprayers and pour-on

applications, mostly of synthetic pyrethroids. Although most Zimbabwean farmers do not use PPE,

USAID program supported projects will be promoting their use as a best practice.

Issue: Leaky backpack sprayers

Hand-pump backpack sprayers, used by the poorest farmers, among others, can and do eventually

develop leaks at almost every junction (filler cap, pump handle entry, exit hose attachment, lance

attachment to the hose and at the lance handle) and these leaks soak into exposed skin. Clothing

serves to wick and hold these pesticides in contact with skin and to concentrate them use after use,

until washed.

Issue: Zimbabwean farm workers do not use PPE

Most pesticide containers, on each pesticide label, either list or put pictograms showing PPE that is

recommended for use of that certain product. Reasons that many Zimbabwean farm workers do not

use PPE to reduce pesticide exposure risks include:

1. Farm workers either discredit or do not completely understand the potential health risks

associated with pesticides. Since they have not associated health problems with pesticide

exposure they continue to take risks.

2. Climatic conditions (particularly heat) make it uncomfortable to use the equipment despite the

fact that it is recommended that many pesticides should be applied very early in the morning

when it is cool and there is a lack of wind.

3. Appropriate PPE (especially carbon cartridge respirators necessary for filtering organic

chemical vapors) equipment is generally not available at all and if it is available, it is too

expensive.

4. Farmers may not understand either the warning labels or pictograms provided on the

pesticide labels.


21


1. Training under USAID programs will include descriptions of health risks to spray operators,

their families, and their village.

2. Training will include advice on minimizing discomfort from wearing PPE, like spraying in early

morning before it becomes hot.

3. USAID will not supply or facilitate the use of pesticides in their programs unless appropriate

PPE is included in the budget and supplied at the point of use.

4. Ensure that (i.e. budget for) protective clothing (carbon-filter respirator mask, gloves, long-

sleeved shirt and pants or Tyvec outfit, boots, and goggles if indicated on the label) are

available to farm workers involved with pesticide use. General examples of PPE to be used

for different types of pesticide are found in Annex 7.

5. Provide training in the need for exclusion times and zones for areas that are being or have

been sprayed. Include information about sensitive populations (pregnant women, children,

elderly and sick.)

6. Put into place sprayer equipment maintenance procedures, proper spray techniques that

reduce sprayed area walk-through, as well as frequent washing of application clothing.

7. Considering illiteracy issues, training should use and explain pictogram representations.

Some general mitigation measures to ensure safe pesticide use are contained in Annex 8.

8. Set out a schedule for, and budget for, continuous training in safe handling and use of

pesticides – including aspects such as types and classes of pesticides, human and

environmental risk associated with pesticides, use and maintenance of PPE, understanding

information on labels and proper disposal of packaging.

Factor E: Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental,

associated with the proposed use and measures available to minimize such hazards

This section of the PERSUAP examines the acute and chronic toxicological risks associated with the

proposed pesticides. USAID-supported projects must be limited to EPA-registered pesticides, and

decisions should be biased toward those pesticides with lower human and environmental risks.

Nevertheless, pesticides are poisons and nearly all of them present acute and/or long-term

toxicological hazards, especially if they are used incorrectly. By way of example, WHO estimates that

about 220,000 acute pesticide poisoning occur per year globally.2 More specifically, for example, in

the Benin cotton sector, farmers are routinely poisoned to death by endosulfan and its residues on

vegetables thought to drift from cotton crops into vegetable fields.3

Issue: Pesticide Active Ingredients on POPs and PIC lists

The Persistent Organic Pollutants and Prior Informed Consent Treaties which list banned and highly

regulated chemicals, respectively, were not known when Regulation 216 was written, so there is no

language directly governing their use on USAID projects. Nevertheless, they present high risks to

users and the environment. It is, thus, prudent that they be discussed. Annex 9 contains current lists

of all POPs and PIC chemicals.

The POPs chemical chlordane is still registered by Zimbabwe for import and use; however, under no

circumstances should it be found being used on USAID program project beneficiary farms.

Zimbabwe’s 2009 registered pesticide list contains several PIC chemicals, all of which are highly toxic

and dangerous (for small-scale producers) including Aldicarb, captafol, chlordane, lindane,

methamidophos, monocrotophos, parathion and pentachlorophenol.

2 http://magazine.panna.org/spring2006/inDepthGlobalPoisoning.html 3 http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20080403

http://magazine.panna.org/spring2006/inDepthGlobalPoisoning.html

http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20080403


22


None of these POPs or PIC chemicals will be used on USAID program beneficiary farms.

Issue: Very high acute toxicity

Several of the pesticides found on Zimbabwe’s list of pesticides registered for import contain active

ingredients that are too toxic for small-scale (USAID’s target), unaware, and uninformed farmers to

use. These very highly acutely toxic pesticide AIs are found in Annex 2. Less toxic alternatives exist

for all of these Class I chemicals and should thus be used.


With the exception of rodenticides, USAID program beneficiaries will not use products

containing active ingredients that are WHO Class 1a or 1b, or EPA Class I acute toxicity.

Thus WHO class 1a &1b and EPA toxicity class I is used as the tertiary criteria for exclusion

of a pesticide.

Issue: Moderate acute toxicity

All pesticide products that have at least acute WHO and EPA toxicity ratings of II are considered to be

too toxic for use without farmer training and proper use of PPE.


1. Products containing active ingredients with Class II acute toxicity ratings (see Annex 1A

A and 1c ) will not be supported with USAID funds unless there are no safer effective

alternatives (Class III or IV).

2. Moreover, recommendations will not be made to use such products unless it can be

ascertained that appropriate training and PPE are available and will be used.

3. Affordable PPE will be made available to farmers either through the local retail sector, or

if not available, sourced in quantity by USAID program implementing partners and sold or

subsidized for their beneficiary farm associations.

Issue: USAID projects use of lower toxicity Pesticides registered by EPA

Even EPA Class III and IV and WHO Class III and U pesticides, as well as General Use Pesticides

(GUP) sold to the public at large, may present acute and chronic human health and environmental

risks (see decision matrix in Annex 1A). In sufficiently high doses, they may kill or harm humans or

the environment. Thus, pesticide safe use and handling training and practice are required for their

use as well as for more toxic products.

Mitigation of Human Toxicological Exposure:

Most pesticide poisonings result from careless handling practices or from a lack of knowledge

regarding the safer handling of pesticides. Pesticides can enter the body in four major ways:

through the skin, the mouth, the nose, and the eyes. Annex 10 contains measures to reduce

risks of exposure. The time spent learning about safer procedures and how to use them is an

investment in the health and safety of oneself, one’s family and others.

1. USAID program implementing partners should encourage beneficiaries to source

pesticides from and/or work themselves with well-managed stores that do not sell POPs

or PIC products, or products containing very highly toxic active ingredients and receive

safe use and handling training and monitoring of use.

2. Train producers and provide posters/flyers on pesticide safe-use best management

practices. For each group of farmers/farm managers to be trained, identify the pesticides


23

most likely to be used on their specific crops, and then identify the human health risks

associated with each by using information on pesticide labels, in Annex 1A, and on

MSDSs.

3. Provide training on and follow basic first aid for pesticide overexposure. Train farmers on

basic pesticide overexposure first aid, while following recommendations found in Annex

11, as well as any special first aid information included on labels and MSDSs for

commonly-used pesticides.

Mitigation of Exposure of Environmental Resources to Pesticides

Avoid damage to the environment through training on recognizing and avoiding non-target

impacts. For pesticides likely to be used for each crop, identify specific environmental issues

associated with each product and AI and train farmers how to identify and mitigate such risks

by learning to “read” the safety pictograms contained on the label and MSDS. Information on

environmental risks for each AI registered by Zimbabwe is compiled in Annex 1A.

Ecotoxicological exposures can be mitigated by adhering to the following do’s and don’ts:

Do’s Don’ts

Use IPM practices in crop production

Choose the pesticide least toxic to fish

and wildlife (see Annex 1A)

Protect field borders, bodies of water, and

other non-crop habitats from pesticide

Completely cover pesticide granules with

soil, especially spilled granules at the

ends of rows

Minimize chemical spray drift by using

low-pressure sprays and nozzles that

produce large droplets, properly

calibrating and maintaining spray

equipment, and use of a drift-control

agent

Read and follow pesticide label

instructions

Properly dispose of chemical containers

(provide training on what this means

locally)

Maintain a 2.5 to 5 km buffer no-spray

zone around national parks, water bodies

or other protected areas

Warn beekeepers of upcoming spray

events so that they may move or protect

their hives

Do not spray over ponds and drainage

ditches

Never wash equipment or containers in

streams or where rinse water could enter

ponds or streams

Do not use pesticides with potential or

known groundwater risks near ground

drinking water sources, or where the

water table is less than 2 meters, and on

sandy soils with high water tables

Do not apply pesticides in protected

parks

Do not use aerial applications near

sensitive habitats

Do not spray when wind speeds are

more than 8 to 10 mph

Do not apply granular pesticides in fields

known to be frequented by migratory

waterfowl

Do not apply insecticides from 10 am to

4 pm when honeybees are foraging;

insecticides are best applied early in the

morning when it is cool with no wind, and

when honeybees do not forage

Factor F: Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use

This section of the PERSUAP requires information similar to that provided previously, but more

specific to the actual conditions of application and product quality. This section considers the

potential for use of low-quality products (such as many of those imported from China and India) as


24

well as the development of pest resistance to proposed pesticides, both of which will decrease

effectiveness (efficacy).

Issue: Lack of knowledge and information on pesticide effectiveness

Local knowledge is essential to choosing the correct pesticides. This works both ways; local farmers

know what has or has not worked for them in the past and USAID supported programs can increase

local knowledge as to what is available, possibly effective and presents the lowest risk.

Resistance of pests to pesticides in Zimbabwe is likely to some degree due to the quantities of

agricultural pesticides historically used. Many traditional farmers over- and under-dose and use non-

selective pesticides, all of which increases chances for resistance development. At some point,

USAID program farmers may begin to note that some products no longer work well to control pests in

their field, and will likely begin to blame pesticide manufacturers for a weaker product. This could be

the development of insecticide resistance, and it could be the result of improper dosing. Farmers

should be trained to monitor for the development of insecticide resistance and USAID program project

implementers should be on the lookout for it during their field visits.


1. Through training, USAID programs increase local knowledge on pesticides available, possibly

effective, and present the lowest risk.

2. Rotate pesticides to reduce the build-up of resistance.

3. Monitor resistance by noting reduction in efficacy of each pesticide product.

Factor G: Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems

This section examines the potential effect of the pesticides on organisms other than the target pest

(herein called critical resources). Non-target species of concern include fish, honeybees, birds,

earthworms, aquatic organisms and beneficial insects. The potential for negative impact on non-target

species should be assessed and appropriate steps identified to mitigate adverse impacts; and this

should be included in each USAID program’s EMMP.

Annex 1A shows the relative known risks to each of the above organisms and aquatic environment

dwellers for each pesticide active ingredient found in pesticide products registered by Zimbabwe, so

that informed product choices can be made if the pesticide is to be used in or near sensitive areas or

resources.

Issue: Environmental services provided by many critical resources can be negatively impacted

by pesticides.

Critical Resource Beneficial Function (services provided)

Diverse forest cover Fruits/nuts/medicines, increase biodiversity, reduce erosion,

increase soil fertility, recreation/tourism, purify air, mitigate

floods/droughts & maintain watersheds

Quality clean water Crop irrigation/nutrition, processing agricultural produce,

bathing/drinking water services

Rich soil microbial/chemical

health

Pest management and plant nutrition services

Fish Human food, ecosystem web functioning and services

Honeybees Crop pollination services, proper ecosystem web functioning

services

Birds Field pest management services, proper ecosystem web

functioning services


25

Reptiles Field pest management services, proper ecosystem web

functioning services

Amphibians Proper aquatic ecosystem web functioning and services

Earthworms Proper soil fertility and friability services

Mollusks Human food and aquatic ecosystem services

Crustaceans Human food and aquatic ecosystem services

Aquatic insects Proper aquatic ecosystem web functioning and services

Plankton Proper aquatic ecosystem web functioning and services

Issue: Biodiversity, conservation and protected or endangered species

An Environmental Threats and Opportunities Analysis (ETOA, also called an FAA 118-119 Analysis)

has been performed in January of 2007 for Zimbabwe. Refer to that document, found at

http://www.encapafrica.org/bioformatrix.htm for details on critical resources negatively impacted by

agricultural activities and pesticides use and misuse.

According to that analysis, “Zimbabwe's agricultural development during the last 80 years has

resulted in major losses of habitats for wild flora, fauna, insects and micro-organisms, including the

wild relatives of domesticated plants and animals. The increasing emphasis on a few crop varieties,

mono-cropping, continuous cropping, and use of external inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides are

reducing the resilience of agricultural systems to changing environmental conditions and new pest

and disease challenges.”

Issue: Pesticide Persistence

The effect of each pesticide on non-target ecosystems will depend on how long it stays in the

environment, or rather its rate of breakdown, or half-life. Half-life is defined as the time (in days,

weeks or years) required for half of the pesticide present after an application to break down into

degradation products. The rate of pesticide breakdown depends on a variety of factors including

temperature, soil pH, soil microbe content, and whether or not the pesticide is exposed to light, water,

and oxygen.

Many pesticide breakdown products are themselves toxic, and each may also have a significant half-

life. Since pesticides break down with exposure to soil microbes and natural chemicals, sunlight, and

water; there are half-lives for exposure to each of these factors. In the soil, types and numbers of

microbes present, water, oxygen, temperature, pH, and soil type (sand, clay, loam) all affect the rate

of breakdown. Most pesticides also break down, or photo-degrade, with exposure to light, especially

ultraviolet rays. Lastly, pesticides can be broken down or hydrolyzed, with exposure to water.


1. Consider the toxicity, half-life and breakdown products of pesticides during the selection

process.

2. Avoid using pesticides in or within a 2 km buffer zone from protected areas or national parks

and where endangered species are known to exist.

3. If agricultural production is done within 10 km upwind or upstream from a protected area,

investigate the use of botanical and biological controls, as practical or produce organic crops

near these valuable natural resources.

4. Apply pesticides early in the morning before honeybees forage. Do not apply during heavy

rains or winds. Follow instructions on pesticide packaging.

5. Apply pesticides at least 35 meters from open water.

http://www.encapafrica.org/bioformatrix.htm


26

Factor H: Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography,

hydrology and soils

In general, in addition to Factor G above, this requirement attempts to protect natural resources from

the dangers of pesticide misuse and contamination, especially of groundwater resources. The

combinations of climate (weather), topography, hydrology, and soils will all affect the potential for

adverse impacts from pesticide use. Each of these is briefly discussed below so that project

proponents can take them into account when considering pesticide use:

Climate: Although well within the tropics, Zimbabwe has a tropical climate moderated by altitude.

Average annual rainfall is 652 millimeters but ranges from 1,000 millimeters in the Eastern highlands

to around 350 to 450 millimeters a year in the lowveld in the south. About 90 percent of the

precipitation occurs during the period of mid-November to early April. The winter season is from April

to August and the hottest and driest period is from September to mid-November.

Geography: Steep or sloping areas where there is a propensity for rainfall run-off and/or erosion

present greater risks of unintended off-site consequences from pesticide use. Decisions about soil

and water conservation methods and investments may be further justified because they can play a

role in mitigating the undesirable potential for pesticide run-off from farm fields.

Hydrology: The annual renewable groundwater resource is 5,000 million cubic meters. Groundwater

is the main source of rural water supply. The agriculture sector uses 79 percent of the annual

withdrawal while domestic and industrial use consumes 14 percent and 7 percent, respectively.4

Localized and seasonal water shortages commonly occur in dry years especially in the middle/lowveld

regions of the country. Droughts have emphasized both the importance of groundwater as a natural

resource for rural development and the need for proper planning and management of groundwater

resources to avoid pollution and over-exploitation.

There are about 8,000 dams that have a total storage capacity of 5,000 million cubic meters. Of these

8,000 dams, only 94 dams are over 15 meters high.5 Large capacity dams are concentrated in the

commercial farming areas, while small dams are found in the communal lands.

Most water for irrigation is pumped from regulated-flow rivers or stored in farm reservoirs. Some

major environmental issues related to irrigation are soil erosion (with severe impact on communal

lands), siltation (of dams, intake structures, pumps, canals) and water pollution (due to

agrochemicals).

Soils: The website http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Esdb_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/lists/czw.htm

provides some soil maps for the country. Zimbabwe’s soils are also discussed in detail at:

http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/CASES/ZIM/soils.html. Many of the soils are sandy and hardpan, meaning

that pesticide leaching could be an issue for especially mobile pesticides (see Annex 1A for pesticide

groundwater pollution potential) like herbicides.

Issue: Pesticide Soil Adsorption, leaching and water contamination potentials

Each pesticide has physical characteristics, such as solubility in water, ability to bind to soil particles

and be held (adsorbed) by soil so they do not enter the soil water layers and the ground water table,

and their natural breakdown rate in nature. This data can be found for the pesticides proposed for

use on the USAID projects by checking each pesticide on the PAN (Pesticide Action Network) and

Footprint websites: http://www.pesticideinfo.org and

http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/index.htm, respectively. The water solubility, soil adsorption

and natural breakdown rates, if available, are included at the bottom of the PAN Homepage and

throughout the Footprint website, for each parent chemical.

4 AQUASTAT-FAO’s Information System on Water and Agriculture for Zimbabwe.

5 Ibid.

http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Esdb_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/lists/czw.htm

http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/CASES/ZIM/soils.html

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/

http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/index.htm


27

In general, pesticides with water solubility greater than 3 mg/liter have the potential to contaminate

groundwater; and pesticides with a soil adsorption coefficient of less than 1,900 have the potential to

contaminate groundwater. In addition, pesticides with an aerobic soil half-life greater than 690 days or

an anaerobic soil half-life greater than nine days have the potential to contaminate groundwater.

Moreover, pesticides with a hydrolysis half-life greater than 14 days have potential to contaminate

groundwater.

The potential for pesticides to enter groundwater resources depends, as indicated above, on the

electrical charge contained on a pesticide molecule and its ability and propensity to adhere to soil

particles, but this also depends on the nature and charge of the soil particles dominant in the

agriculture production area. Sand, clay and organic matter and different combinations of all of these,

have different charges and adhesion potential for organic and inorganic molecules. Sandy soil often

has less charge capacity than clay or organic matter and will thus not interact significantly with and

hold charged pesticide molecules. So, in areas with sandy soil, the leaching potential for pesticides is

increased.

A pesticide’s ability to enter groundwater resources also depends on how quickly and by what means

it is broken down and the distance (and thus time) it has to travel to the groundwater. If the

groundwater table is high, the risk that the pesticide will enter it before being broken down is

increased. Thus, a sandy soil with a high water table is the most risky situation for groundwater

contamination by pesticides. Groundwater contamination potential for each pesticide active ingredient

available in Zimbabwe is provided in Annex 1.


1. Since transport of pesticides absorbed to soil particles is a likely transportation route to

waterways, techniques will be employed to reduce farm soil erosion (such as terracing,

employing ground covers between rows, contour farming, using drip irrigation, etc.).

2. Do not use pesticides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential (see Annex 1)

on highly sandy soils or soils with water tables close (2-3 meters) to the surface. Pay

particular care when spraying near waterways or surface water bodies, so that pesticides do

not enter surface water.

3. Do not spray synthetic pyrethroids or other pesticides with high toxicities to aquatic organisms

before an impending rainstorm, as they can be washed into waterways before breaking down.

Factor I: Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods

This section identifies less toxic, as well as non-synthetic or “natural” (extracts of naturally-occurring

plants, spices, oils, fatty acids, induced resistance elicitors, minerals, microbes or microbial extracts)

pesticide options for control of pests and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Many of these

“natural” pesticides can be toxic to humans, and several are even classified as RUP due to

environmental risks; thus safe pesticide use practices extend to these natural as well as synthetic

(produced in laboratories or factories) pesticides.

Issue: Natural pest controls availability

Natural chemicals: Some non-synthetic chemical IPM tools and technologies are listed under Factor

C, above. The list of natural pesticides likely entering Zimbabwe is not as extensive as in other

developing countries. There are still numerous options for alternatives to the most toxic or

environmentally damaging chemicals. Most synthetic nematicides and soil pesticides/fumigants are

very highly toxic. Some companies producing next-generation natural chemicals in the USA include:

Bio Huma Netics, http://www.bhn.name for natural nematicides and Agra Quest,

http://www.agraquest.com for bioactive essential oils.

Biological control agents: Biological control can take two forms: (1) the encouragement of natural

enemies already occurring in the habitat and (2) the mass release of artificially reared natural

http://www.bhn.name/

http://www.agraquest.com/


28

enemies. The first of these is a highly desirable component of any IPM program. The second,

however, raises serious problems, if not tested thoroughly. A mistaken release can cause the

irreversible introduction of a harmful invasive species or a pathogen that damages related native

species. Where there is a successful biological control program in the region (e.g. in South Africa),

such as the control of maize stem borers, the release of a natural enemy can be considered.

If considered appropriate for Zimbabwe, due to their successful use in surrounding countries,

biological controls are available commercially from two large international companies, Koppert of

Holland and Biobest of Belgium (http://www.biobest.be). Koppert provides many biological controls

against spider mites, beetles, leaf miners, mealy bugs, thrips, aphids, whiteflies, and moth and

butterfly larvae. Koppert also provides the Koppert Side Effects List, a list of the side effects of

pesticides on biological organisms, at http://www.koppert.com. Biobest of Belgium provides many of

the same or similar biological controls as Koppert, and includes a control against leaf hoppers. Afeuro

Floricultural Consultants is a distributor in Zimbabwe for Koppert parasitoids, primarily for greenhouse

use. These are especially useful for greenhouse and seedling production systems.

Requested Follow-up: Detailed investigation of alternative nematicides. USAID/Zimbabwe-

funded programs, by way of this PERSUAP analysis, requests that a detailed investigation of

alternative nematicides be initiated through the regional environmental office of USAID for banana

production in small-scale farming, due to the total ban on the use of products like Temik that contain

the AI aldicarb. Nematode infestations threaten the viability of the crop in communal farming

environments and safer use nematicides are not affordable and not readily available, thus posing a

short to medium-term problem for USAID projects to overcome using green manures combined with

natural plant resistant rotation crops as the long-term alternative.


1. As appropriate, try biological and low-risk natural chemical pest controls.

2. Provide a system for monitoring and identifying new control agents with lower risk.

3. As with every synthetic pesticide, natural pesticides should be treated with care and PPE

should be used for their application.

Factor J: Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use and

disposal of the requested pesticide

This section examines the host country’s existing institutional framework and human resources for

managing the use of the proposed pesticides. If the host country’s ability to regulate pesticides is

inadequate, the proposed action – use of pesticides – could result in greater risk to human health and

the environment.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development (MAMID) implements its

mandate in agriculture through the Agriculture, Technical and Extension Service (AGRITEX).

AGRITEX has extension workers all over the country and through its extension work, land use

planning and soil and water conservation are emphasized. MAMID has, therefore, considerable

influence on environmental matters. MAMID/AGRITEX has established its own Soil and Water

Conservation Unit and also registers pesticides. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

through the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) is responsible for enforcing adherence to

correct pesticide disposal procedures.

Issue: Limited resources to control pesticides

The Government of Zimbabwe does have a system for the registration and regulation of the import,

sale and use of pesticides. However, its ability to cover the country and eliminate banned or highly

toxic chemicals is limited due to limited resources. The list of registered pesticides contains some

very highly toxic chemicals that should not be handled by illiterate, untrained, unprotected and often

unaware smallholder farmers like those found throughout Zimbabwe. Most farmers do not have

http://www.biobest.be/

http://www.koppert.com/


29

access to and cannot afford PPE in order to follow GAPs. Fortunately, farmers working under USAID

program partners will be encouraged to use appropriate chemicals and PPE as part and parcel of

farm certification.

Issue: Illegal Products from Neighboring Countries

“Porous” Zimbabwean border crossings with Mozambique, South Africa, Botswana and Zambia could

be a likely source of pesticides that are not registered in Zimbabwe. Some DDT (dichloro diphenyl

trichloroethane) has been found in informal markets in the region, as have numerous PIC chemicals.

Issue: Disposal of Pesticide Containers

According to surveys of USAID projects IPs, farmers retain old empty and partially-full plastic

pesticide containers. Before disposal, the standard practice has been to triple-rinse the containers,

puncture them to discourage re-use and bury or burn them. Burning plastic bottles and single-use

pesticide sachets can lead to the formation of toxic furans and dioxins, and is not recommended.

GlobalGAP and other S&C systems require that empty pesticide containers are triple-rinsed over a

pesticide soak pit with layered soil, lime and carbon, or a bio-active pit and then properly stored in

plastic drums in the field or storage shed, to await disposal.

Annex 12 at the end of this document provides a brief synopsis of pesticide disposal options.


1. USAID program IP staff will stay abreast of developments in the regulation and registration of

pesticides.

2. Absolutely no POPs or PIC chemicals will be used on USAID program supported fruit and

vegetable production. This includes endosulfan, a POPs treaty candidate, which is highly

popular among vegetable producers the world over, but has killed numerous farmers as well.

3. USAID program IPs encourage and support the use of GlobalGAP best practices with

pesticide storage, use and disposal, whether or not certification is required for market access.

Factor K: Provision for training of users and applicators

USAID program partners recognize that safety training is an essential component in programs

involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly acute in developing

countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed

countries.

Issue: Farmers need intensive and repeated training

Training in Safe Pesticide Use and GAP/IPM are of paramount importance for Zimbabwean farmers

and farm laborers using pesticides. USAID program supported agriculture activities should focus

strongly on providing GlobalGAP, IPM and safe pesticide use training. Additional and refresher

training are superb means for affecting beneficiary farmer behavior, now, as they continue to expand

their agricultural opportunities and before risky behaviors become further set.

Recommendations for Mitigation Measures:

1. Continue to provide funding for and implement IPM and Pesticide Safe Use training for

farmers as part of GAP training.

2. Promote the use of Pest Management Plans for farmers to anticipate and better manage

primary pests.

Factor L: Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide

Evaluating the risks and benefits of pesticide use should be an ongoing, dynamic process. Pest

resistance is one of the risks for which this element is intended, as well as health and safety and

environmental effects.


30

Proper pesticide management has economic, safety, and environmental advantages, which are fully

recognized and incorporated into GlobalGAP and other S&C systems. Notwithstanding S&C systems

that could be used for Zimbabwean crops, keeping records on quantities and types of pesticides

used, making notes on effectiveness of individual pesticides and pest numbers will help develop a

more sustainable pesticide use plan for each USAID program beneficiary producer.

Records of farmers, as well as USAID program staff agronomists, will need to make note of any

reductions in pesticide efficacy experienced, which is the first indication that resistance may be

developing, and then a strategy needs to be in place to determine a shift to a different pesticide class,

and rotation among classes, to overcome resistance development.

Issue: Repeated use of Organophosphate Pesticides

Both carbamate and organophospate pesticides cause cholinesterase inhibition upon exposure. In the

case of carbamates, the effect is reversible within hours, and is not cumulative. However, with

organophosphates, the effects are not quickly reversible, are cumulative, and are potentially deadly.

Therefore, the use of organophosphate pesticides on any USAID-funded program requires monitoring

spray operators and others in contact with pesticides for cholinesterase inhibition, usually weekly.

Mitigation Measures.

If organophosphates are used, a system must be established for this testing, including

identifying and appropriate test method, identifying medical personnel qualified to perform the

test and establishment of a record-keeping system to record the performance of the tests, as

well as the results.

Issue: Farm record-keeping

On most traditional farms in Zimbabwe, pesticide use documentation is either non-existent or not

retained from year to year. Developing a more systemized approach to record-keeping will allow

seasonal and annual comparison of pesticide effectiveness, pest numbers, crop production,

maintenance of safety equipment, etc. The following aspects are generally included in the record-

keeping system:

1. Zimbabwe, EPA, and EU regulatory compliance: A list of Zimbabwean, EPA and EU laws

related to the use of agrochemicals for plant protection, short notes on the relevance of the

law, dates the laws come into or exit force and MRLs for each crop-pesticide combination.

2. A pesticide checklist: This list allows agronomists to ensure that the pesticides they are

using are allowed by international treaties (POPs, PIC), local national Zimbabwean

regulations, EPA, the EU and other countries to which they export. It should also provide

notes on special safety requirements.

3. GAPs/IPM measures tried/used: USAID program agronomists should try to incorporate a

minimum of at least three new IPM measures per year and document its success or failure.

Agronomists should use contacts in the industry, agricultural research organizations or from

university to stay in touch with current IPM techniques.

4. PPE: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, number of pieces, prices,

and contact details of suppliers, dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained or

replaced. PPE should be numbered or personally assigned to applicators to ensure that it is

not taken home where (as a contaminated material) it could pose a risk to family members.

5. Monitoring/recording pests: Agronomists should incorporate into their records regular field

pest monitoring and identification. This could be done by the agronomists themselves, or if

properly trained, by farmers.

6. Environmental conditions: Field conditions should be incorporated into the record-keeping

system (for example, precipitation, soil analyses and moisture, soil pH, temperatures and so

on).


31

7. Information should be transmitted at least annually to USAID program partners and who

should report on this progress in pesticide safety and GAP/IPM use in annual reports.

Issue: Monitoring by Zimbabwe, USAID projects and farmers should detect:

1. Resistance: Pesticide resistance development among pests has likely occurred and could

eventually occur more, and will be noted by farmers complaining that the spray no longer

works as it once did.

2. Human poisonings and any incidences of chronic health issues

3. Farm animal and livestock deaths

4. Any incidences of water pollution

5. Fish, bird, wildlife or honeybee kills

Any of the above items should be reported immediately to USAID program partners. Other information

should be transmitted at least annually to the partners, and they in turn should report on this progress

in pesticide environmental and human health safety in annual reports.

Issue: USAID Program Planning and Reporting

Several issues could receive more attention in USAID program Implementing Partner annual work

plans and annual reports. These include a section on Environmental Impact Mitigation and Best

Practices, with subsections (and issues) on:

1. Zimbabwean and EPA regulation compliance (documents and enforcement status, risk,

pollution, mitigation)

2. Biodiversity and conservation (soil, water, energy, protected habitats, biodiversity and

protected species) measures used on what percent of farms

3. Inputs and PPE use and issues (types, amounts and issues with products, sprayers, MRLs,

REIs, MSDSs)

4. Training/capacity building in IPM and Safe Use (hands-on, demos, sessions, meetings,

extension, flyers, brochures, pamphlets, posters, crop technical GAP information sheets, and

radio and TV outreach/safety message enforcement)


1. USAID program partners will follow all of the above best practices in monitoring, record-

keeping, evaluation/analyses and reporting.

2. Site managers/agronomists will be responsible for developing a record keeping system, which

is also a requirement for GlobalGAP and other international market-driven produce

certification systems. It is highly recommended that records are kept in an electronic format

for easy editing, updating and modification. An example of such a system is included in

Annex 13 and can be made available in digital format for agronomists to modify as needed.

3. USAID program project staff put plans for monitoring the environmental and human health

impact of production activities, following recommendations found in this PERSUAP into the

Annual Action Plans.

4. USAID program project staff keeps records on the implementation of the recommendations

found in this PERSUAP, and report on them in Quarterly and Annual Reports, under a

heading titled “Environmental Impact Mitigation and Best Practices.”

3.5 LIST OF PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR USE The mitigation measures EXCLUDE a number of pesticides/AIs from support with USAID funds on

USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Activities, (For example, PICs and POPs Chemicals, RUPs,

Pesticides not registered with US EPA, etc.)

Applying these exclusions to the list of AIs registered/available in Zimbabwe as compiled in Annex 1

results in the following list of authorized pesticides. THESE ARE THE ONLY PESTICIDES THAT


32

MAY BE SUPPORTED WITH USAID FUNDS ON USAID/ZIMBABWE ECONOMIC GROWTH

ACTIVITIES.

FUNGICIDES

Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name

Acibenzolar-S-methyl Bion 50 WG Azoxystrobin Ortiva 250 SC

Boscalid+pyraclostrobin Bellis Captafol+ Chinosol+ Steriseal

Captan Captan 50 FW Captan Captan 50 SC

Captan Captan 50 WP Captan Captan 50% Flo

Captan Captan 500 SC Captan Kaptan 50 WP

Captan Merpan 50 SC Captan Royalcap 800 WDG

Carboxin + Thiram Seedvax 20 SC Carboxin + Thiram Vitavax Plus

Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil Pilarich 50 SC

Chlorothalonil Encore 500 FW Chlorothalonil Conan 75 WP

Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 500 SC Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 50 SC

Chlorothalonil Chloroflo 500 SC Chlorothalonil Bravo 500

Chlorothalonil Bravo 500 SC Chlorothalonil Balear 500 SC

Copper Ammonium Acetate Liquicop

Copper Ammonium Acetate Copflo 32 SL

Copper Ammonium Acetate Copper count N Copper Oxychloride

Copper Oxychloride 85 WP

Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Oxychloride Oxicob 85 WP

Copper Oxychloride Copper Fungicide Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 60 FW

Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 85 WP Copper Oxychloride

Copper Oxychloride 85% WP

Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Oxychloride Q-Copper WP

Cyproconazole Alto 100 SL Cyproconazole Alto G 34

Cyproconazole+ Disulfoton Altomix 7.75 G Cyproconazole+ Sulphur Atemi-S

Dicloran Allisan 50 WP Difenoconazole Score 250 EC

Difenoconazole Difenoconazole 25 EC

Difenoconazole+ thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M Apron Star 42 WS

Dimethomorph+ mancozeb Acrobat MZ fenamidone Noblight

Fenamidone + Fosetyl-Al Verita Fenarimol Rubigan EC

Fenhexamid Teldor Fludioxonil+ metalaxyl M Maxim XL 035 FS

Fluopicolide +propamocarb HCL Infinito Flutriafol Impact

Flutriafol Armour G Flutriafol+ carbendazim Early Impact

Fosetyl-Al Aliette WG Fosetyl-Al+ fenamidone Verita

Fosetyl-Al +Mancozeb Mikal-M Iprodione Rovral 250 SC

Iprodione Iprodione 25 SC Iprodione Rovral Wettable Powder

Kresoxim-methyl Stroby WG Mancozeb Mancozan 80 WP

Mancozeb Vondozeb Flowable Mancozeb Spoton-M

Mancozeb Mancozeb Mancozeb Mancozeb Flowable

Mancozeb Mancozeb 800 WP Mancozeb Mancozeb 80 WP

Mancozeb Mancozan 800 WP Mancozeb Mancozeb 75 WP


33


Mancozeb Dithane M.45 Mancozeb Dithane M.45 WP

Mancozeb Dithane DG Mancozeb Agrizeb 80 WP

Mancozeb Mancozan 75 WP Mancozeb +Metalaxyl Duet

Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP

Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Duet Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Crater MX 700 WP

Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Unilax Maneb+Zinc oxide Trimangol SC

Metalaxyl Metalaxyl 5 GR Metalaxyl Ridomil 5 G

Metalaxyl+Copper Oxy Ridomil Plus

Metalaxyl+ difenoconazole+ thiamethoxam Apron Star 42 WS

Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP

Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Duet Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Crater MX 700 WP

Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Unilax Metalaxyl-M+ fludioxonil Maxim XL 035 FS

Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG Metiram Polyram Combi

Metiram Polyram DF Oxycarboxin Plantvax 20 EC

Oxycarboxin Plantvax 75 Potassium phosphite Phosphite 400 SL

Potassium phosphite (phosphorus acid) Phosguard 40 SL Propamocarb-HCL Previcur N 72 SL

Propamocarb-HCL Propa-N 72 SL Propiconazole Bumper 25 EC

Propiconazole New ZFC Bumper 25 EC Propiconazole Propiconapac

Propiconazole Propiconazole 25 EC Propiconazole Propiconazole 250 EC

Propiconazole Tilt 250 EC Pyraclostrobin+ boscalid Bellis

Pyrimethanil Scala 40 SC Quintozene Quintozene 75 WP

Sodium Molybdate+ captan + fenitrothion Kaptasan F (15 MO) Spiroxamine Prosper 500 EC

Sulphur Cosan Wettable Sulphur Sulphur Dusting Sulphur

Sulphur Kumulus DF Sulphur Sulphur 80 WP

Sulphur Thiovit Wettable Sulphur Sulphur Thiovit

Sulphur Vine Dusting Sulphur Sulphur Wettable Sulphur

Sulphur+ Copper Oxychloride +Malathion Vegidust

Sulphur+ Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion Pedza Nhamo

Sulphur+ Copper Oxychloride +Malathion Agridust Sulphur+ Mancozeb Flower Power

Tebuconazole Folicur 250 EC Tebuconazole Orius 250 EW

Tebuconazole Supreme 25 EC Tebuconazole Tebuconazole 25 EC

Tebuconazole Folicur 25 WP Tebuconazole+ trifloxystrobin Nativo

Thiabendazole Tecto Thiabendazole Tecto 500 SC

Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 50 FW Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 65 WP

Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin Flo 48 SC Thiram Thiram 80 WP

Thiram ZFC Kumeresa Thiram Thiram 80

Thiram Thiulin Triadimefon Bayleton 25 WP

Triadimefon Bayleton 5 WP Triadimefon Bayleton 250 EC

Triadimenol Baytan 15 WP Triadimenol Shavit 25 EC

Triadimenol Bayfidan 1 G Triadimenol Triadimenol 25 EC

Trifloxystrobin Flint 50 WG Trifloxystrobin Twist 50 WG


34


Trifloxystrobin+ Tebuconazole Nativo Triforine Funginex

Triticonazole Premis 200 FS

GROWTH REGULATORS


4 (3-indolyl) Butyric Seradix B No. 1 6-benzyl adenine Promil

6-benzyl adenine Promalin Chlormequat Chloride Chlormequat 40

Chlormequat Chloride Cycocel 40 Daminozide Alar

Gibberellic Acid Gibberellic Acid Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 1

Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 2 Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 3

Thidiazuron Dropp Mepiquat Chloride Pix

Thidiazuron+ Dropp Ultra

INSECTICIDES


Acephate Orthene 75 SP Acephate Acephate 75 SP

Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel Acephate Acephate 75% SP

Acephate Acephate 75 WP Acephate Lancer

Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel Acetamiprid Mospilan 20 SP

Acetamiprid Pilarmos 20 SP Acetamiprid Acetamark 20 SP

Azadirachtin Neem Extract Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Teknar

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel 2 X

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit HP WP

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel WP

Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 0.05% GR Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 050 EC

Beta-cyfluthrin+ imidacloprid Thunder Buprofezin Applaud 50 WP

Carbaryl Carbaryl 85 WP Carbaryl Sevin 85 S

Carbaryl Ravyon 85 S Carbaryl Kombat Stalkborer 2.5%

Carbaryl Carbaryl 50 Carbaryl Carbaryl 85

Chlorantraniliprole Ampiglo 150 ZS Chlorfenapyr Hunter 36 SC

Chlorfenapyr Secure Cyfluthrin Baythroid 5% SL

Cyromazine Cromazine 75 WP Cyromazine Neporex 50 SP

Cyromazine Trigard Deltamethrin Patriot 2.5 SC

Deltamethrin Keshet 2.5 EC Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 EC

Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 FW Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 SC

Deltamethrin Decistab Deltamethrin+ pirimifos -methyl Chikwapuro

Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl Deltafos EC

Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin Actellic Super

Diethyltoluamide DEET Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 EC

Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 Dimethoate Dimethoate 40% EC


35


Dimethoate Rogor CE Dimethoate Rogor 40 EC

Dimethoate Rogor Dimethoate Dimethoate 40

Fatty Acids Naturell Fipronil Regent 200 SC

Fipronil Regent 250 FS Fipronil Regent 3 G

Fipronil Regent 500 FS Fipronil Regent 800 WG

Flubendiamide Belt Hydramethylnon Maxforce

Hydramethylnon Siege Gel Imidacloprid Gaucho 70 WS

Imidacloprid Pilarking 35 SC Imidacloprid Pilarking 20 SL

Imidacloprid Pilarking 70 WS Imidacloprid Gaucho T45 WS

Imidacloprid Gaucho 600 FS Imidacloprid Confidor 5 GR

Imidacloprid Confidor 350 SC Imidacloprid Confidor 200 SL

Imidacloprid Confidor 75 WG Imidacloprid Imidacloprid 200 SL

Imidacloprid Imidaking 200 SL Imidacloprid+ Betacyfluthrin Thunder

Indoxacarb Avaunt 150 SC Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC

Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin Volaton Cutworm Bait

Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Knockout 5 EC

Lambda-cyhalothrin Icon 2,5CS Lambda-cyhalothrin + Acetamiprid Blast 60 EC

Lufenuron Match 50 EC Lufenuron Lufenuron 5 EC

Malathion Malathion 25 WP Malathion Malathion 5 Dust

Malathion Malathion 50 EC Malathion Nhovo

Malathion Malathion 1 Dust Malathion Aphid Kill

Malathion Malathion 50% EC Malathion Malathion ULV

Malathion Malathion 50 WP Malathion Malathion 25 EC

Malathion Kudzivirira Mbesa Malathion Ingwe

Methoprene Kabat Mineral Oil Orchex Mineral Oil

Mineral Oil Winspray Mineral Oil Mineral Oil

Mineral Oil Orchard Oil Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Bac Oil

Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Mineral Oil Novaluron Oscar 100 EC

Novaluron Rimon 10 EC Petroleum oil Ximex "XL"

Pirimiphos-methyl Shumba 2 Dust Pirimiphos-methyl Actellic 50 EC

Pirimiphos-methyl Cooperfos Graingard Pirimiphos-methyl Superguard 50 EC

Pirimiphos-methyl Superguard Dust Pirimiphos-methyl+ deltamethrin Chikwapuro

Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin Chirindamatura Dust

Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin Actellic Super

Pymetrozine Chess 50 WP Pymetrozine Chess 25 WP

Pyrimethanil Pyrimethanil 40 SC Pyriproxyfen Admiral 10 EC

Temephos Abate 500 EC Temephos Mostop

Tetrachlorvinphos Gardona 50 WP Tetrachlorvinphos+ Graingard 3 Dust

Thiacloprid Calypso 480 SC Thiamethoxam Actara 25 WG

Thiamethoxam Cruiser 350 FS Thiamethoxam Cruiser 70 WG

Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil+ Metalaxyl-M

Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS




36


Thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M+ Difenoconazole Apron Star 42 WS Trichlorfon Flytac SC

Trichlorfon Trichlorfon 950 SP Trichlorfon Dipterex 95 SP

Trichlorfon Dipterex 2.5 Gran Trichlorfon Danex 95 SP

Trichlorfon Sprayquip Stalkborer 2.5 Granules

PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS


Carbaryl Flea and Tick Kill Carbaryl Carbaryl 5 Dust

Carbaryl+ Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion Guard N Care Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Dusting Powder

Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Garden and Vegetable

Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins

Pyspray Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Cyfluthrin Responsar WP 10

Cyfluthrin Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin Responsar EW 050

Cyfluthrin+ Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin+ Baygon Residual spray

Cyfluthrin+ Propoxur Zap Roach Killer Deltamethrin Glossinex 200 SC

Deltamethrin K-Otab Deltamethrin K-Othrin 250 WP

Deltamethrin K-Othrin Dust Deltamethrin Deltaguard 50 WP

Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 25 Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 50

Deltamethrin Deltaguard 25 EC Deltamethrin Crackdown SC

Deltamethrin Crackdown 1% SC Deltamethrin Cislin SC

Deltamethrin Crackdown SC Deltamethrin+ Target 5

Deltamethrin+ Fenitrothion Shumba Super Deltamethrin+ Kadethrin Killem Knockout

D-Phenothrin+ Target Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ Archer Insect Killer

D-Phenothrin+ d-tetramethrin

Mortein Flying Insect Killer

D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Super Killem

D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin +piperonyl butoxide Killem Regular D-Transallethrin Target Mosquito Coils

Fipronil Much Cockroach Bait Lambda-cyhalothrin Mortein Iconet

Malathion+ Carbaryl+ pyrethrins+ borax ABC Powder Malathion+ Pyrethrins Pythion 21

Malathion+ Pyrethrins Special Pythion 2 l Malathion+ Pyrethrins Super Pythion

Methomyl+ Tricosene Dyfly Permethrin Cooper Mosquito Larvicide

Permethrin Peripel 55 Permethrin Coopex

Permethrin Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Permethrin+ F-aerosol

Permethrin+ Allethrin New P 44 Permethrin+ Pirimiphos methyl Chirindamatura Dust

Phenothrin+ Allethrin Mobil Insecticide Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Surface

Piperonyl Butoxide+ Zap Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer


37


Piperonyl Butoxide+ Archer Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Regular

Piperonyl Butoxide+ Super Killem Piperonyl Butoxide+ Target Insect Killer

Propetamphos+ Dichlorvos Safrotin Aerosol Propoxur Baygon 1 Dust

Propoxur Baygon 20 EC Propoxur Baygon Fly Bait

Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Residual Spray

Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Esbiothrin Killem Surface

Pyrethrins Coopermatic Aerosol Pyrethrins Spar Knockdown

Pyrethrins Mositox Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide

Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Ready for Use Pyrethrins Tobacco Tox

Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Concentrate Pyrethrins Flower Mosquito Coils

Pyrethrins Bymo Insect Killer Pyrethrins Baygon Insect Killer

Pyrethrins 30-T Pyrethrins G-17

Pyrethrins ABC Powder Pyrethrins New Formula Roachitox

Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Pyrethrum-Carbaryl Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Dusting Powder

Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Guard N Care

Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Aquapy

Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Biomatic Fly Killer

Pyrethrins+ Pyrethrinmarc Doom Mosquito Coils Tetramethrin+ Mobil Insecticide

Tetramethrin+ Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ Sanmex Supakill

Tetramethrin+ Super Killem Tetramethrin+ Target 5

Tetramethrin+ Target Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ Killem Regular

ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS


Amitraz Amitic stock dip Amitraz Tactic Cattle dip

Amitraz Tactic Cattle spray Amitraz Tactic 250

Amitraz Milbitraz Spray Amitraz Triatix

Amitraz Tickbuster Cyfluthrin Cylence

Cyromazine Larvadex Deltamethrin Coopers Tick Grease

Deltamethrin Decatix Deltamethrin Deltatick pour on

Deltamethrin Spoton Deltamethrin Delta pour

Deltamethrin Clout pour on Deltamethrin+ tar acids Exit wound Remedy

Diethyltoluamide Wound Aerosol Fipronil Frontline

Lambda-cyhalothrin Grenade Lufenuron Program

MITICIDES/ACARICIDES


Abamectin Dynamec Abamectin Biomectin


38

Abamectin Agromectin Abamectin Abamectin 1.8 EC

Abamectin Abamec 1.8 EC Amitraz Ridac 20

Amitraz Red Spider Kill Amitraz Mitac 20

Amitraz Amitraz 20 EC Amitraz Bye Bye 20 EC

Amitraz Mitac 20 EC Bifenazate Floramite 240 EC

Dicofol Kelthane EC Dicofol Mitigan 18.5 EC

Dicofol Kelthane 18.5 EC Dicofol Dicofol 20 EC

Dicofol Dicofol 18.5 EC Dicofol Dicopac 18.5 EC

Etoxazole Smite 100 SC fenazaquin Pride

Propargite Omite 30 WP Propargite Omite EC

Propargite Propargite 30 WP Spinosad Tracer 480 SC

Spirodiclofen Envidor 240 SC Spiromesifen Oberon

MOLLUSCIDES


Captan+ Carbaryl+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug Killer Captan+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug

Clofentezine Apollo 50 SC Metaldehyde Metason

Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl Snail and Slug Pellets Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl Snail and Slug Killer

Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Bait Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Pellets

NEMATICIDES


Dazomet Basamid Granular

RODENTICIDES


Brodifacoum Klerat Brodifacoum Finale Meal Based Bait

Brodifacoum Mortein Rat Kill Brodifacoum Super Finale Rat and Mouse Pellets

Brodifacoum Klerat 5G Wax Blocks Brodifacoum Finale Rat and Mouse Killer

Brodifacoum Guard Rat Killer Bromadiolone Lanirat

Difethilalone Rattex Warfarin Dedrat

Warfarin Ratkill

HERBICIDES


Ametryn Ametryne 500 F Ametryn Ametryn 50 SC

Ametryn Gesapax 80 WG Ametryn Gesapax 500 FW

Ametryn Ametryne 80 Ametryn Ametryne 80 WP

Ametryn Ametrex 50 SC Ametryn Ametryn 500 F

Ametryn Ametrex 80 Ametryn Ametrex 80 WP


39


Ametryn Ametryn 500 SC Ametryn Ametryn 80 WP

Bentazon Lawn Weed Clear Bentazon Basagran

Bentazon Bentazon 48 EC Bromacil Track Chemical X

Bromacil Track X Granular Bromacil Bromacil 80 WP

Bromoxynil Bromotril 500 SC Bromoxynil Bromoxynil

Bromoxynil Buctril DS Bromoxynil Buctril 21

Bromoxynil Bromotril Bromoxynil Brominal Super

Bromoxynil Bromoxynil 22.5 EC Bromoxynil + Terbuthylazine

Terbo SE

Chlorimuron-ethyl Classic 25 DF Chlorimuron-ethyl Extreme 50 WP

Chlorimuron-ethyl Chlorimuron-E 25 WG Chlorthal - dimethyl Razor

Clethodim Select 240 EC Clomazone Command 4 EC

Clomazone Pilarmand 48 EC Clomazone Command 480 EC

Clomazone Clomazone 480 EC Clomazone CMF Clomazone 48 EC

Clomazone Kalif 48 EC Clomazone Polazone 480 EC

Clomazone Clomazone Dicamba Dicamba 480 SL

Dicamba Banvel Dimethenamid Frontier 900 EC

Dimethenamid - P Frontier Optima Diuron Diuron 80 WP

Diuron TSA Diuron Diuron Diuron 900 DF

Diuron Diuron 800 SC Diuron Diurex 80 WP

Diuron Bayer Diuron 80 WP Diuron Bayer Diuron 80

Diuron Diuron 80 W P EPTC Cypam

Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Puma Super 120 EC Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Omerous Super 120 EC

Fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade Forte Fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade Super

Fluazifop-P-butyl Web Super 12.5 EC Flufenacet Tiara 60 WG

Flumetralin Prime Plus Flumetsulam + S-metolachlor

Bateleur Gold 650 EC

Flumioxazin Vulcan 50 WP Fluometuron Cotoran 80 WP

Fluometuron Lentipur 80 WP Fluometuron Cottonex 50 SC

Fluometuron Cotoran 500 FW Fluometuron Cottonex 80 WP

Fomesafen Flex W Glufosinate-ammonium Basta 20 SL

Glyphosate Glyphosate 180 Glyphosate Driveweeder

Glyphosate Glifonex Glyphosate Glyfonex

Glyphosate Glyfotec Glyphosate Glyphogan 480 SL

Glyphosate Glyphon 360 SL Glyphosate Glyphosate 360 SL

Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SC Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SL

Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphotox

Glyphosate Mebrom Wipeout Glyphosate Pathclear

Glyphosate Roundup Biodry Glyphosate Roundup

Glyphosate Sanglypho L Glyphosate Scat 360 SL

Glyphosate Sting Glyphosate Weedclear 360

Glyphosate Glyphonex Halosulfuron - methyl Servian 75 WG

Halosulfuron - methyl Halosulfuron - M 75 WG Hexazinone Velpar L

Hexazinone Hexazinone 240 SL Imazamox Lynx


40


Imazapyr Arsenal Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG

Imazethapyr Pursuit Imazethapyr Amplify

Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG Isoxaben Flexidor

Isoxaflutole Merlin 750 WG Linuron Afalon 450 SC

Linuron Afalon 50 WP Linuron Linurex 50 WP

MCPA MCPA 50 SL MCPA-K Salt Weedkiller M

MCPA-K Salt Lawn Weeder MCPA-K Salt MCPA 40 SL

MCPA-K Salt MCPA 400 SL MCPA-K Salt MCPA Herbicide

Mesotrione + S-metolachlor + Terbuthylazine

Lumax 537.5 SE Metolachlor Metolachlor 720 EC

Metolachlor Metolachlor 96 EC Metolachlor Metolachlor 960 EC

Metribuzin Metriphar 480 SC Metribuzin Volcano Metribuzin 480 SC

Metribuzin Sencor 480 SC Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 EC

Metribuzin Metriphar 48 SC Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 SC

Metribuzin Metribuzin 480 SC Metsulfuron-methyl Ally

MSMA MSMA MSMA Volcano MSMA

N - Decanol N - Decanol N - Decanol Thekanol

N - Decanol Deka N - Decanol Antak

Nicosulfuron Accent Nicosulfuron Accent 75 DF

Nicosulfuron Nicosulfuron 75 WG Nicosulfuron Sanson 4 SC

Nicosulfuron Arrow 75 WDG Norflurazon Solicam DF

Norflurazon Zorial 80 WP Oxadiazon Oxadiazon 25 EC

Oxadiazon Ronstar EC Oxadiazon Ronstar Flo

Oxadiazon Ronstar Oxyfluorfen Galigan 240 EC

Oxyfluorfen Goal 24 EC Pendimethalin Prowl

Pendimethalin Paragon 500 EC Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 50 EC

Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 500 EC Pendimethalin Polatab 330 EC Suckercide

Pendimethalin Prime Suckercide 33% EC

Pendimethalin Accotab

Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 33% EC Pendimethalin Toptab 33 EC

Pendimethalin Agritop EC Prometryn Prometrex 50 SC

Prometryn Prometryn 50 FW Prometryn Prometryn 50 SC

Prometryn Prometryn 500 SC Prometryn Prometryn 80 WP

Prometryn Gesagard 500 FW Prometryn + Fluometuron

Cottonex Super SC

Prometryn + Fluometuron

Cotogard 500 FW Prometryn + S-metolachlor

Codal® gold 412 DC

Propanil Surcopur 360 EC Propyzamide Kerb 50 WP

Prosulfuron Peak 75 WG Quizalofop-P-ethyl Pilot Super

Quizalofop-P-ethyl Co-Pilot Sethoxydim Nabu

Simazine Simazine 80 WP S-metolachlor Dual Magnum

S-metolachlor + Flumetsulam

Bateleur Gold 650 EC Sulfentrazone Authority 75 WG


41


Sulfentrazone Authority 480 SC Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone 75 WG

Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone 48 EC Terbuthiuron Graslan 20 P

Terbuthylazine Terbuthylazine 50 SC Terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor

Sorgomil Gold

Topramezone + Dicamba

Stellar Tribenuron methyl Granstar 75 DF

Tribenuron methyl Tribenuron-M 75 WG Trifloxysulfuron sodium + Ametryn

Krismat 75 WG

Trifluralin Trifsan Trifluralin Mebrom Trifluralin

Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC Trifluralin Trif 480 EC

Trifluralin Trif Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC

Trifluralin Trifluralin Trifluralin Triflurex

3.6 CURRENT VS RECOMMENDED PEST MANAGEMENT MEASURES Table 1, below, provides a crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest summary of pest control methods in current use

by smallholder farmers, including beneficiary farmer groups, in Zimbabwe. It was compiled from

information received from program partners. As described above, this information is a key input to the

PER analysis carried out in this section.

Table 1 is also, however, is an OUTPUT of the PER analysis presented above. It indicates

instances in which chemical controls in common use may NOT be supported with USAID

funds because the pesticides are not registered by US EPA, are RUP, or otherwise deemed too

hazardous.

And finally, Table 1 SUPPORTS implementation of required mitigation measures set out in the PER

analysis above. It provides recommended non-chemical and chemical controls on a crop-by-crop,

pest-by-pest basis. This in an advanced starting point for the development of the crop-specific, IPM-

based pest management plans required by this PERSUAP.

This table is not static; crop choices, pest occurrences and cultural or agronomic practices may

change. There may also be near- or medium-term reasons to adjust the list of approved pesticides;

this will require an amendment to this PERSUAP.


42

Table 1: LIST OF PROPOSED USAID PROJECTS CROPS, PESTS, IPM TOOLS/TACTICS AND PESTICIDES FOR PERSUAP

(A number of pesticides currently in use by farmers may NOT be supported with USAID funds. These pesticides are noted in RED.)

Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control

In use by Farmers

PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers

PERSUAP requirements & recommendations

Bananas Banana Root

Borer

Cosmopolites sordidus, Germar

Threat is

high.

Awareness

and training

is needed

and

alternative

chemicals

should be

introduced.

Use clean plant material.

Practice good field hygiene. Remove any trash or dead leaves

that may be attached to the young plants. Weed control is important to deny adult beetles a refuge, and expose them to predators

Take the suckers and bull-heads to the edge of the field and

pare / trim around the corm to remove all borer tunnels.

Scout and monitor fields for pest problems

Pseudo stem baits to entice females to lay eggs away from crop.

Carbofuran is

used.

Aldicarb is used

extensively by

more advanced

growers.

Carbaryl is used

by some.

Carbofuran (High Toxicity WHO

Class 1a &1b) Cadusafos (Rugby ®)

aldicarb (Temik ®) and Oxamyl (

Vydate ®10 GR), must not be

supported with USAID resources

Plant Material should be treated prior

to planting with Imidacloprid or

thiamethoxam, if affordable.

Nematodes

The 2 common types are : Radopholus similes Pratylenchus coffea

Limited, not

much IPM

awareness

and minimal

alternatives

available,

though more

emphasis is

required for

alternative

IPM solutions.

Use treated planting material or tissue culture seedlings.

Crop rotation with non-host crops e.g. Rhodes grass.

Marigold intercrop and green manuring.

Maintain good drainage

Avoid planting in sandy soils

Practice good field hygiene.

Quarantine and restrict movement to infected lands.

Mulching with sugarcane residue and wood ash will reduce

nematodes

Temik ®

(aldicarb) is used

where available,

and is affordable

in small packets.

Carbofuran is

also used and

available.

Carbofuran (High Toxicity WHO

Class 1a &1b) Cadusafos (Rugby ®)

aldicarb (Temik ®) and Oxamyl (,

Vydate ®), must not be supported

with USAID resources

Yellow Sigatoka or Leaf Spot

Limited in

terms of

Cut diseased leaves regularly.

Avoid high plant populations to reduce disease transmission

Mancozeb and Copper

Preventative sprays:

Mancozeb, Copper Oxychloride,


43


In use by Farmers



Bananas control.

Basic broad

spectrum

fungicides

are used by

some.

rate.

Make sure plantations are well drained

Use under canopy irrigation systems to reduce wetting

leaves.

Sigatoka status in Zimbabwe not clear (possible outbreak Kariba, 1990s) but Leaf Spots occur and vigilance (through scouting) is necessary

Oxychloride are

used by some. Chlorothalonil

Curative:

Triazole fungicides e.g. Triadimenol,

Tebuconazole, Difenoconazole.

Panama Wilt

Fusarium Wilt of

Bananas

Fusarium oxysporum

Not a threat

in Zimbabwe

yet.

Use tolerant cultivars.

Quarantine affected lands and restrict movement and

operations.

Practice good field and operational hygiene.

Obtain planting material from reputable sources - opt for tissue culture seedlings.

Burn infected crop residue.

Do not replant land with bananas for about 5 years.

None

Thrips, White Fly

and Aphids

Tabaci

Limited IPM

measures

used.

Awareness

is needed to

improve

alternative

IPM.

Field sanitation - keep plantation free of weeds, which can

serve as a hosts for thrips population

Monitor and trap flower thrips using blue sticky cards

Use Neem extract and Potash soap.

Apply adequate irrigation because water stressed plants are

likely to be damaged.

Synthetic pyrethroids should not be used to conserve natural

enemies especially parasitoid wasps.

Plastic sleeves (purpose made, 1.2 m long) can be used to

cover fruit (after removal of flower bract) up to harvest, to physically protect bunches from thrips attack. Helps to control other pests as well (moths, flat mite). Sulphur can be applied into the bags to aid control.

Synthetic

Pyrethroids and

some carbamates

are used.

The use of endosulfan, monocrotophos, or methamidophos must not be supported with USAID resources Caution is advised for IP staff to monitor insecticide applications and usage for pest control. Acetamiprid is recommended as a

preventative systemic insecticide for

sucking pests.

Malathion and Dusting Sulphur

Weed control Hand weeding.

Weed control is necessary to prevent disease and deny a habitat to borer Some use of Glyphosate as a pre-plant

application, or as a directed spray


44


In use by Farmers



Bananas

beetles. Growers should remove excess weeds and keep plant stations

clean.

Hand pulling is better than hoeing. The use of hoes damages banana

roots therefore light hoeing should be done only when it is necessary.

Herbicide Sprays: for established crops, these must be used as a

directed spray, and preferably use spray shields, especially when spraying young plantations. The banana plant must not be sprayed.

herbicides.

Glyphosate and paraquat are used

as standard applications prior to establishment of plantations.

Ametryne can be used to give All herbicide formulations containing paraquat are Class I and RUP; do not promote or use herbicides containing paraquat with USAID resources

residual control of grasses and broad leaf weeds soon after

emergence. It should be applied early spring or late summer to actively growing weeds. Established grasses: Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade®), Sethoxydim (Nabu®), Clethodim (Select®), Quizalofop-P-ethyl (Pilot Super®).


In use by Farmers



Green Beans

Root Knot Nematodes

(Meloidigyna spp)

Beans are susceptible to nematodes.

Soil samples should be assessed for nematode levels before

site selection.

Attention must be paid crop rotations.

Fumigation using Dazomet may be

necessary.

Cutworms Agrotis ipsilon

May damage emerging seedlings by cutting the stems close to ground Insecticide baits or synthetic pyrethroid band sprays over the row will help keep


45


In use by Farmers



level.

these under control. deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), Betacyfluthrin

Bean Stem Maggot

Beans planted in January and February may be subject to attack by Bean Stem Maggot (or Bean Fly).

These small black flies lay their eggs in the leaves, leaving clusters of yellow spots which are the first sign of attack. The tiny maggots mine their way to the petiole and then into the stem. They pupate just above soil level, where they cause swollen and cracked stems.

Scouts should look for the yellow spots. The window of opportunity for control is very short, so seed dressing may be a better option. However there is no evidence that they have been formally trialed in local conditions.

Diazinon Diazinon is RUP and must not be supported with USAID resources

Insecticides can be applied from soon after germination, at intervals of about one week until the plants have passed the susceptible early stages.

Seed Dressings: Thiamethoxam or Imidacloprid

Foliar spray: Acetamiprid may also be

useful, but efficacy has to be proven.

Aphids

Important on as vectors of virus diseases export bean crops, see below.

Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, Dimethoate

Leaf miners

Liriomyza spp Green Beans

1. The American Leaf miner can infest lower leaves where their

winding (curved) mines cause some damage to the foliage. a) This pest can come under good parasitic control, provided broad spectrum insecticides are not used on the crop.

b) The adult is a tiny fly, which pierces the leaf to lays eggs, which causes stippling marks.

2. The Pea Leaf miner (Liriomyza huidobrensis), which makes straight-line mines, has become a devastating pest, destroying crops in a matter of weeks.

Scouting must distinguish between the two types.

Once noticed, fields should be scouted three times a week.

When records show numbers are rising, spray with a specific insecticide, which have minimal impact on natural enemies.

Cyromazine (Trigard®), Abamectin


46


In use by Farmers



Potato Leaf Miner

A third leaf miner can occasionally infest bean crops.

It tends to mine along the mid vein of the leaf.

This is a caterpillar that turns into a tiny moth (as opposed to a

fly above).

It is vital to have the larva in the mine properly identified, as

control measures are different.

Indoxacarb, Spinosad

Thrips Control can be difficult because of their habit of hiding deep within the flowers causing difficulty in achieving cover.

Sugar is often added to insecticidal sprays to encourage

feeding by thrips.

Sulphur sprays can give some control provided spray

penetration is good.

Other measures are:

a) A thick mulch cover at the plant bases,

OR

b) Application of insecticides to the mulch, to keep numbers

down (as the pupal stage of their life cycle is in the soil).

Wettable sulphur, malathion + sugar

Mulch sprays: acephate

Whiteflies The larval stages are immobile, scale-like creatures found on

the undersides of leaves, and their sap-sucking can debilitate plants.

They do come under attack by naturally-occurring parasites and can be controlled to some extent by the application of insecticidal soaps applied to the lower leaf surfaces.

Fatty Acids, Insecticidal soaps

Green Beans

Red Spider Mite May build up in hot dry spells and cause chlorotic stippling on

the leaves and early leaf drop.

Specific acaricides may be used where these are a problem.

Silicone wetters (2 sprays), Wettable sulphur, Dicofol


47


In use by Farmers



Anthracnose This disease causes sunken brown lesions on the pods and angular brown lesions on the leaves and stems.

It is seed-borne and promoted by frequent rains.

Use of disease-free seed is essential and a preventative program of fungicides may be necessary in wet weather.

Mancozeb or Metiram

Rust Causes raised reddish-brown spots on leaves and pods.

It can be held in check by a preventative program of fungicides.

Alternatively systemic fungicides may be applied at first sign of the disease.

New crops should be planted upwind of earlier crops as spores are wind borne.

Preventative: mancozeb, chlorothalonil. Curative: difenoconazole, tebuconazole, oxycarboxin, Trifloxystrobin,

Viral Diseases Runner Beans are attacked by several Mosaic Viruses. (Relevant to Export Crops)

Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) is the most significant

cause of yield loss. It is transmitted by aphids, and control of the vector in January and February is imperative.

Bean Mosaic Virus (BV 1) causes blackening firstly in the roots,

then stems and pods. Leaflets at the tops of the plant may wilt slightly during the blooming period, an indication that the plant is suffering moisture stress.

Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) initially causes chlorotic

spots surrounded by a halo, later whole leaves turn yellowish.

The use of disease-free seed is essential and control of the Aphid vector should limit the spread of this disease.

Diseased plants should be removed and destroyed to limit the spread of virus within a field.

Weeds

Linuron (Afalon® 50 WP) can be used

pre-emergence at 1.5 to 2.5 kg/ha to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Afalon® should not be used where

the clay content is less than 20% and a planting depth of at least 25 mm should be


48


In use by Farmers


PERSUAP requirements & recommendations used. Fluazifop-P-butyl, Sethoxydim (Nabu®) can be sprayed post emergence to control grasses.

Dry Beans

Pests: See Green Beans above. Many of the insect pests do not cause economic damage, except for Bean Stem Maggot, and Potato Tuber Moth Leaf miner, if Potatoes

are grown nearby.

Diseases: See Green Beans above. Many of the diseases do not cause economic damage, except for Rust.

Weeds

Pre-emergence:

Grasses and some Broad Leaf Weeds

Clomazone is the product of

choice.

Linuron (soils > 20% clay)

s-metolachlor (mainly grasses)

s-metolachlor + flumetsulam (Bateleur Gold®)

Dimethenamid – P (Frontier Optima®).

Post-emergence:

Imazamox (Lynx ®) sprayed early

post emergence controls broad leaf weeds and many grasses, including Shamva grass.

Bentazon controls broad leaf

weeds only.

Fluazifop-P-butyl, sethoxydim (Nabu®) to control grasses.

Soybeans

Soybean Looper Occurs from late January, and causes defoliation, Synthetic Pyrethroids – use only after first


49


In use by Farmers



sometimes considerable.

The pest often comes under natural biological control by an NPV virus.

The crop should be scouted from mid Jan for presence /

absence of the looper, plus the presence of dark, moribund larvae.

The dead or dying larvae should be collected, mashed up, made into a slurry with water to form a stock solution. The

stock can be sprayed over other parts of the crop, or neighboring fields, to spread the virus.

The virus-killed larvae can be collected and stored in a freezer (label the container) and kept for the following season, when the NPV virus can be made up into a viable stock

solution.

If the virus does not occur, chemical control may be necessary.

flowering or 1 February to respect the SP usage period. Deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin Alternative: carbaryl, trichlorfon.

Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)

Resistant varieties are available, but seed supply is not yet

sufficient for national requirements.

This is a devastating disease which must be sprayed at first sign. Diseased leaves should be scouted and examined by a

specialist lab.

Trap crops, planted 2 – 4 weeks ahead of the main crop give

warning that the disease is active, serving as a signal to spray the main crop.

Triazole fungicides are effective, sprayed at 50, 70 & 90 days

after planting.

If the disease is not seen in the trap crop, two sprays at 60

and 80 days (or 50 and 70 days) can be used.

Triadimenol, Propiconazole, tebuconazole, difenoconazole

Weeds

As for Dry Beans above, but in addition Imazethapyr (Pursuit®, Amplify®) can be

used post-emergence of the crop and weeds to control broad leaf weeds (BLWs) and some grasses including Shamva grass.


50


In use by Farmers


PERSUAP requirements & recommendations Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade®, clethodim (Select®), quizalofop-P-butyl-(Pilot®), sethoxydim (Nabu®) , can be sprayed

post emergence to control grasses Chlorimuron-ethyl (Classic®) can be

used to control BLWs


51


In use by Farmers



Brassicas / Cole crops (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower) American Bollworm

Larvae feed right inside the bud, and are black to brownish as opposed to the light green of diamond back moth (see below)

Must be controlled as soon as it is noticed by scouting

As for DBM below

Aphids,

several species Rotation is encouraged.

When populations are heavy, aphids can stunt seedlings;

however, economic damage rarely occurs on older plants because aphids tend to feed on older leaves and rarely enter heads of broccoli, cauliflower, or cabbage.

Many predators and parasites attack aphids, avoid using

synthetic pyrethroids to conserve them

Remove weeds around fields that may harbor aphids before planting. Organic methods: Vegetable (canola) oil, castor oil

sprays, pawpaw sprays, chili and garlic sprays. Insecticidal soap sprays, however, may be phytotoxic under some conditions and rates, especially in cabbage.

Chemical Sprays: should be mixed with wetters to assist sticking

to waxy cabbage leaves

Endosulfan.

Endosulfan must not be supported with USAID resources

Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, pymetrozine (Chess ®) or malathion, dimethoate.

Semi Looper (Thysanoplusia spp), Greater Cabbage Moth (Crocidolomia spp)

Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis products

and of spinosad are organically acceptable management tools.

Malathion, Carbaryl, Acephate. The

spray used to control DBM (below) will control these pests.

Cutworms, Agrotis spp

Cutworms have numerous natural enemies, but none can be relied on to bring a damaging population down below economic levels.

Check for cutworms in weeds around the edges of the field before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plow fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites.

Insecticide baits can be used for control.

Lambda cyhalothrin and other synthetic pyrethroids.

synthetic pyrethroids (SPs): Deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin

Non SPs: , carbaryl, indoxacarb

Bait: Trichlorfon + maize meal + water.


52


In use by Farmers



Brassicas / Cole crops (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower)

Diamond Back Moth (DBM), Plutela xylostella

Rotation is encouraged

This pest has a short life cycle and can have several

generations during a single growing season. It can multiply with great rapidity and crops should be scouted at least twice a week.

A break of 6 weeks between brassica crops is enough to deny

the pest a food source and break the cycle.

Use of trap crops (inter-planted or edge-planted) such as

mustards (but monitor and destroy plants before adults are produced).

Hot, dry weather favors DBM, so cabbage planted Sept – mid

November is most at risk. DBM is deterred by rain or irrigation.

Seedlings must be free of DBM before transplanting to the field. Seed-beds should be distant from old plantings and new

plots to be planted.

Seedlings should be scouted from the earliest stage to check

for the presence of the pest and control measures should begin early.

Natural enemies do not respond sufficiently quickly to rapidly

increasing DBM populations and chemical control is usually necessary.

Sprinkler irrigation applied at dusk disrupts the flight of adults.

Multiple planting dates in the same area should be avoided

as the more mature crops serve as a source of egg-laying moths for the new plantings. If several planting dates are used, later crops should be planted upwind to make it harder for the moths to fly into new plantings.

Cut and remove (or plow in) all plant residues that are left

after harvest: DBM can survive in plant residues and migrate to the next plot.

DBM is resistant to many OP and carbamate insecticides

Synthetic pyrethroids, endosulfan and methamidophos

are used.

Endosulfan, methamidophos, must not be supported with USAID resources

Organic: Sprays of natural pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis (Biobit ®, Dipel ®) and spinosad are acceptable for

use on organically certified crops.

To reduce development of resistance, regularly rotate chemicals to different chemical groups.

Newer products that work well:

Flubendiamide (Belt®),

Chlorfenapyr (Hunter®),

Indoxacarb (Steward®),

Lufenuron (Match®)

Rotate with older, less effective but still useful products in OP / carbamate group:

Trichlorfon

Acephate

Malathion


53


In use by Farmers



Cowpeas Aphids,

various species Little is known about aphid damage on cowpeas. Trials being conducted by two seed companies with acetamiprid.

The crop must not be subjected to moisture stress.

Natural enemies include Braconid parasitoids, ground beetles,

spiders, rove beetles, ladybird beetles, lacewings, damsel bugs, aphid midges and hoverfly larvae.

Conserve parasitoid wasps by not spraying synthetic

pyrethroids

To monitor aphid populations, examine the undersides of the

leaves and the bud areas for groups or colonies of aphids. Prompt control is necessary as aphids can multiply rapidly.

Plant trap crops such as lupine, nasturtiums, and timothy grass

near the crop to be protected. Anise, chives, garlic, onions, and radish are good companion crops.

Control and kill ants. These tend (or “look after” and collect

honeydew) aphids and keep away natural enemies.

Avoid using heavy doses of highly soluble nitrogen fertilizers. Instead apply fertilizer into 3 phases: during seeding,

vegetative, and reproductive stages of plant growth.

Soap spray can also be used, but too much may injure foliage.

Water traps: Half-fill yellow pan or basin with soapy water. Use

yellow sticky board traps placed in field (spread used motor oil on yellow painted plastic, thick cardboard or wood).

Malathion, dimethoate,

Rotate with: Acetamiprid, imidacloprid

Bollworm

(Heliothis) Helicoverpa armigera

Field hygiene and surroundings should be kept free of host plants.

Orius spp and other predators to control bollworm should also be

encouraged, but not using SPs

Monitor fields regularly.

Biological Products: Bacillus thuringiensis Dipel ®, Biobit ®

Tracer (spinosad)

Bean Stem Maggot

Ophiomyia phaeseoli

Beans planted in January and February may be subject to attack by Bean Stem Maggot (or Bean Fly).

These small black flies lay their eggs in the leaves, leaving clusters of yellow spots which are the first sign of attack. The tiny maggots mine their way to the petiole and then into the stem. They pupate just above soil level, where they cause swollen and cracked stems.

Scouts should look for the yellow spots. The window of

Diazinon

Diazinon is RUP and must not be supported with USAID resources

Insecticides can be applied from soon after germination, at intervals of about one week until the plants have passed the susceptible early stages.

Seed Dressings: Thiamethoxam or


54


In use by Farmers



Cowpeas opportunity for control is very short, so seed dressing may be a better option. However there is no evidence that these have been formally trialed in local conditions.

Imidacloprid

Foliar spray: Acetamiprid may also be

useful, but efficacy has to be proven.

CMR Blister Beetle, Mylabris oculata

If populations are low, physical removal can be done. Botanical and homemade water extracts of neem. Use of BT spray.

Malathion, Carbaryl

Post-Harvest Bruchid beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus

Proper storage with good ventilation is recommended. Actellic Super® (pirimiphos methyl) Dusts are recommended for harvested grain.


55


In use by Farmers



Cucurbits Cucurbits should not be grown in the same field more than once in 4 years. They should not follow solanaceous crops (Tomatoes, Peppers, and Potatoes). Old plantings should be turned into the soil and destroyed as soon as harvesting is completed to reduce the risk of diseases spreading to later plantings. Anthracnose

The disease is seed borne so only certified seed or seed from

healthy plants should be used.

This disease is destructive to watermelons, cucumbers and musk melons.

The disease must usually be controlled by spraying.

Chemical control: Chlorothalonil or mancozeb.

Downy Mildew

A problem in wet weather.

More common on cucumbers and musk melons.

Once noticed in the field chemical control measures must be taken.

mancozeb Preventative sprays: Chlorothalonil, mancozeb.

Curative sprays:

Metalaxyl + Mancozeb (Crater ® MX , Ridomil Gold ®) fenamidone + mancozeb (No-Blight®), Dimethomorph, Azoxystrobin

Powdery Mildew

A problem in hot dry weather.

More common on pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers but can also occur on water melons.

Once noticed in a field chemical control measures must be taken.

Do not use Sulphur on cucumbers or musk melons as it may

burn the leaves.

Preventative: Wettable Sulphur Curative: Triadimenol, Difenoconazole, Kresoxim-methyl, Azoxystrobin, Trifloxystrobin.

Mosaic Virus

Can be a problem on all cucurbits. Can be transmitted by handling

but main spread is by aphids.

Damage is most severe in areas where cucurbits are continuously cropped.

Infected plants should be removed and destroyed.

New plantings should not be located near old infected plantings.

Aphids must be chemically controlled before populations build up.

Pumpkin Fly Very young fruits can be attacked so scouting must start as the first flowers Malathion Malathion or trichlorfon mixed with


56


In use by Farmers



Cucurbits appear and chemical control must be used if the pest is found.

Spraying should continue until the fruits are mature. Mixing insecticide with sugar helps attract the fly to the spray deposit.

sugar act as bait sprays. Apply as coarse droplets to the foliage. For small plots apply twice a week. For larger plots apply weekly and after rain.

Invasive Fruit Fly - See as for peppers.

Cut Worm

Keep the land clean of weeds for at least 4 weeks before planting. This will

prevent moths laying eggs and any Cut Worm already present will die from starvation.

Synthetic Pyrethroids

Trichlorfon + Maize Meal bait, or Synthetic Pyrethroids. Deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin

Aphids

Aphids spread Cucumber Mosaic Virus so control is important.

Once Aphids are noticed in the crop, chemical control may be necessary.

Dimethoate, acetamiprid & imidacloprid. Thiacloprid

Weed Control

Grasses Post-Emergence:

sethoxydim (Nabu ®), fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade ®), Clethodim (Select®), Quizalofop-P-ethyl (Pilot®)


57


In use by Farmers



Groundnuts Aphids Aphis craccivora

Vector of rosette virus which results in stunted growth and leaf chlorosis and can reduce yields. Poor stands encourage aphid population increases and incidence of rosette is positively correlated with poor stands. Important to establish good stands and plant early so plants are well-formed by December when winged aphids are spreading the virus. Rosette is most severe in dry seasons. Ladybird beetle predators can be plentiful in crops but rosette is still spread.

Apron Star ® seed dressing (thiamethoxam/metalaxyl-M /difenoconazole) Sprays: acetamiprid, imidacloprid, dimethoate.

Cutworms

Agrotis ipsilon

Destroy weeds 10-14 days before planting to prevent cutworms moving from recently killed weeds onto the germinating crop.

synthetic pyrethroids

The synthetic pyrethroids (see below)

applied to a moist soil surface after planting or at germination give the best control. Thiamethoxam in Apron Star ® seed

dressing controls cutworm.

Groundnut plant hopper, Hilda patruelis

Survive from one season to the next on alternate weed hosts (Ageratum, Bidens, Conyza, Hibiscus, Physalis, Tagetes). Destroy these well before planting. Infestation occurs within a few days of germination but damage symptoms (wilting/yellowing) appears 6-8 weeks later.

85% of all infested plants occur within 10 m of the edges of lands so effective control requires a two-step approach:

Grow a screen of taller plants (maize or sorghum) around lands or spray a 2-3m strip around lands two weeks before planting using carbaryl.

Spray planted border 10m wide soon after germination using

Carbaryl

Carbaryl

Synthetic pyrethroid sprays: deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin


58


In use by Farmers



Groundnuts carbaryl or a synthetic pyrethroid.

Leaf - feeding beetles and caterpillars

Beetles most likely to be Systates snout beetle which cut semi-circular holes in leaf edges. Emerge about 6 weeks after first soaking rains. Unlikely to cause severe damage.

Caterpillars likely to be semi-loopers (Trichoplusia and Chrysodeixis spp.) feeding on leaves and bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, feeding on buds / flowers.

Carbaryl ineffective against Systates. If damage severe fipronil is effective. Caterpillar control: spinosad and indoxacarb.


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In use by Farmers



Groundnuts Termites

Mound builders – Macrotermes spp. and chimney builders – Odontotermes spp. Control is best achieved by treating the nests.

Mound –drill hole into side and pour in diluted fipronil, then seal with mud. Chimney –pour diluted fipronil down

chimney and seal with mud.

Completely subterranean termites which do not build any above ground structure - Ancistrotermes latinotus and Microtermes spp.—these are the most important termite pests of crops.

Incorporate fipronil into the soil before

planting. Imidacloprid as used for maize may be

effective

White grubs

Larvae of beetles belonging to the Scarabaedae family. Most important is

Eulipida mashona commonly called the Msasa beetle as the beetles emerge after the first substantial rains of the season and feed on leaves of Msasa and Julbernadia trees. Eggs are laid in the soil shortly after emergence. White grubs feed on organic matter and roots and reach maximum size about Feb/Mar. Other genera are Adoretus, Anomala and Schizonycha – their larvae are much

smaller. Beetles are not present in winter so traps under lights will not be a control option.

Incorporate chlorpyriphos

into soil before planting

. No efficacy information on incorporation of fipronil is available, but it may be useful.

No efficacy information for thiamethoxam contained in Apron Star ®seed dressing. It

may work when white grubs are very small early in the season (Dec).

Cercospora leaf spot and Phoma web blotch

Both cause extensive defoliation. They are antagonistic – Cercospora usually appears first (mid Dec.) and suppresses Phoma. If Cercospora is controlled too early, Phoma, which is more difficult to control and more damaging, spreads rapidly.

Only start spraying when first Cercospora lesions seen (+/- 10 weeks after emergence) and apply 4-5 sprays at 10 -14 day intervals. Stop spraying at 30-50% defoliation. Fungicides: Mancozeb, chlorothalonil, tebuconazole and difenoconazole.

Aflatoxin, Aspergillus flavus

Rapid drying to moisture content of about 10% is the only means of preventing infection. The fungus can enter damaged shells - Minimize damage to shells during harvesting and control termites if necessary as they cause damage to shells.


60


In use by Farmers



Groundnuts Weed control

Pre-plant burn-off: Glyphosate sprayed 2 – 4 weeks before

planting to assist with cutworm control . Pre-emergence: Grasses only – metolachlor, S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum ®),

Grasses including Shamva grass – pendimethalin (Prowl ®, Paragon ®).

Broad leaf weeds: Prometryn

Grasses and some broadleaf weeds – dimethenamid (Frontier Optima ®) flumetsulam + S-metolachlor (Bateleur Gold ®).

Post-emergence: Broadleaf weeds a problem – Bentazon (Basagran ®).

Grasses including Shamva a problem – fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade ®).

Broad leaf weeds and some grasses including shamva: Imazamox (Lynx ®),


61


In use by Farmers

PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers PERSUAP requirements & recommendations

Maize Stalk borers Chilo partellus, Sesamia inferens

Limited. Some crop rotations are used.

Destruction of crop residues is the key to controlling stalk

borer, -preventing the continuous breeding of the pest. Collection and removal of the stalks allows insolation of the stalk base remaining in the soil, which kills the over-wintering stage. Slashing the stalks and leaving them in the field achieves a similar result as does plowing or other method of incorporating the stalks into the soil. Confining cattle to intensively graze the harvested stalks helps control the pest, partly due to chopping action of the hooves. Remove infested plants by hoeing and destroy or feed to livestock.

Trap Crops: Maize planted 2 – 4 weeks before the main crop

attracts the moths hatching at the beginning of the season, which will lay their eggs. The trap crop is cut and fed to livestock after 8 weeks.

Crop rotation: Rotating maize with soybean or other non -

grain crop reduces incidence.

Scouting: a line of holes (“shot-holes”) on the unfurled leaf is

indicative. The crop should be scouted from late January as a second generation can occur during February.

Pheromone Traps: these are available in the region for

stalkborer and may be justified for fields of > 5 Ha. Otherwise, scouting may be more cost-effective.

Endosulfan, trichlorfon and some synthetic pyrethroids are applied.

Endosulfan must not be supported with USAID resources

Insecticide granules (G) applied into the funnel of the young plant is more

efficacious than sprays. Trichlorfon 2.5 GR, betacyfluthrin (Bulldock) 0.05 GR, Carbaryl 5 GR (Kombat) recommended.

Sprays: Carbaryl,

Timing: one week after

eggs are found on 2.5% of the plants, or 4 weeks after the first planting rains.

Systemic insecticides

should be used where larvae have already started to tunnel into the stem and 10% or more of plants show shot-hole damage. Indoxacarb may be useful, but expensive.

Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon

Limited natural controls in use.

Natural Enemies – numerous, but none can be relied on to

bring a damaging population down below economic levels.

Weed Control: Cutworm will survive by consuming weeds in

the absence of a crop. Weeds, both in the field and around the edges of the field, should be destroyed (by hoeing or using glyphosate before the end of September. The aim is to deny

cutworm a food source in the 2-4 week period before the crop is planted.

Synthetic pyrethroid sprays (SPs) are essential at planting.

They are more effective when sprayed onto moist soil.

Baits made on-farm, containing an insecticide (e.g., carbaryl) can be also used, but are laborious to apply.

Lambda cyhalothrin

& other synthetic pyrethroids

Synthetic pyrethroid sprays: deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin

Baits : Trichlorfon, Carbaryl + maize meal

Carbaryl & indoxacarb

can also be used, but the cost of the latter needs to be considered.


62


63


In use by Farmers


Maize

Leafhoppers, vectors of Maize Streak Virus (MSV)

Resistant

varieties are

used to great

effect on the

commercial

crop.

MSV is more

of a problem

on green

maize.

Early planting and maintaining a maize-free period over the winter

months are key strategies in avoiding damage from the corn leafhopper

and the incidence of MSV.

Crop rotation: Desist from planting maize following maize. Remove all

volunteer maize plants that grow in new plantings of rotation crops.

Rotate with non-grain crops that are not susceptible to leafhoppers.

Seed treatments: Limited use, more awareness is needed.

Seed Treatment:

Imidacloprid,

thiamethoxam are

recommended.

Babycorn, sweetcorn, popcorn and green maize need particular attention,

Termites

(various spp)

See notes for Ground Nuts above

These can be controlled with a systemic insecticide, sprayed 8 – 10

weeks after planting, as a 30 cm band over the crop.

Imidacloprid, fipronil

Larger Grain

Borer (LGB)

Prostephanus

truncatus

LGB has been recorded in Zimbabwe and is now widespread

The Dust formulations can be mixed directly with the grain. The

EC can be sprayed over bagged grain with a knapsack sprayer

A two – component mixture of different chemical groups is used

locally to guard against insecticide resistance.

Pirimiphos – methyl + permethrin

(Actellic Super EC or Dust,

Chirindamatura Dust)

Weed Control

Hand

weeding.

Physical

removal of

weeds from

the field.

Mechanical

and Draft

cultivation.

Rotational green manure crops such as Sunhemp and

Tagetes are recommended.

Grain legumes with other natural plant crops can be used in

the rotation to reduce weed pressure.

Reduced tillage or minimum tillage is recommended.

Limited. Atrazine is

used in high

producing regions &

metolachlor to a

lesser extent.

Some use of post –

emergence

herbicides. (Paraquat

is used for late weed

infestations).

Pesticides containing atrazine are

known ground water pollutants in

the USA, and must not be

supported with USAID resources

All herbicide formulations

containing paraquat are Class I

and RUP; do not promote or use

herbicides containing paraquat

with USAID resources


64


In use by Farmers


Herbicides are recommended

especially in regions I & II.

Glyphosate (non-selective

herbicide) applied 2 – 4

weeks before planting can

be used to create a clean

seedbed ahead of maize

planting.

Metolachlor (Dual ®), S –

Metolachlor (Dual

Magnum®) - pre-

emergence at planting for

annual grasses and some

broadleaf weeds.

Pendimethalin: pre-

emergence at planting for

annual grasses including

shamva.

S-

metolachlor/flumetsulam

(Bateleur Gold ®),

Linuron (Afalon) Broadleaf

Weeds and Grasses, used

pre-emergence

Metribuzin + MCPA Used

early pre-mergence to

control grasses and

broadleaf weeds

Topramezone/Dicamba

(Stellar Star ®) Broadleaf

Weeds and Grasses, used


65


In use by Farmers


post-emergence or

Nicosulfuron (Accent)®

applied post-emergence are

recommended for

Rottboellia cochinchinensis

(Shamva Grass) control.

Halosulfuron (Servian®)

post-emergence control of

nutgrass


66


In use by Farmers


Sweet corn and Baby corn

(See Maize, for Stalk borer, Cutworm, Army worm, Maize Streak Virus and Weed Control)

Grey leaf spot,

Cercospora zeae-maydis

Nil. Maintain soil and plant health (test these with lab tests).

Plough in infested residue.

Rotate maize with other crops.

Preventative Sprays : Limited

The use of fungicide sprays such as difenoconazole is recommended in

regions I & II where incidence is high.

Leafhoppers, vectors of Maize Streak Virus (MSV)

Limited. Early planting (see Maize).

Crop rotation: (see Maize)

The use of seed dressing is recommended as often the seed

is not dressed with a suitable insecticide, and the crops may be

planted later in the season, when leafhopper populations are

greater.

Organically Acceptable Methods: Planting over reflective mulch for management in sweet corn.

Seed treatment: Limited use, more awareness is needed.

Seed Dressing Treatment:

Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam

Maize smut Ustilago maydis

Avoid

planting in

humid

conditions.

Preventative

measures:

Limited

Resistant or tolerant varieties to be used.

Maintain soil and plant health (test these with lab

tests).

Seed treatment products with a fungicide

recommended

Seed treatment: Thiram,

Triadimenol and

thiamethoxam/metalaxyl-

M/difenoconazole (Apron

Star®).


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In use by Farmers



Peas Heliothis Bollworm

Bollworm hollows out buds and penetrates pods. Scout buds regularly for eggs and spray at first sighting. Chemical control should be applied before the worms are 6 mm long and repeated at intervals of 10 to 14 days.

If exporting, check with the buyer which chemicals can be used. Avoid using synthetic pyrethroids.

The IGRs Novaluron, Lufenuron are

active against small larvae. Acephate, trichlorfon, carbaryl and malathion can be used, but have

longer pre harvest intervals (PHIs). Indoxacarb and spinosad can be

used closer to harvest. Bacillus thuringiensis Biobit ® / Dipel ® can be used during harvest as these

have a short PHI.

Thrips

A pest of Mange Tout and Sugar Snap Peas grown for export.

Thrips are attracted to flowers and cause cosmetic damage to the pea

pods when they lay eggs in the tissue of tiny, immature pods. The damage appears later as roughly circular pale spots (up to 5 mm in diameter) surrounding the egg-laying hole. Regular scouting is essential from the onset of flowering. When scouting,

the flower or shoot tip should be vigorously shaken into the palm of the hand or onto a white card. When the thrips count reaches an average of one thrips in every three shoot tips, spraying should commence.

Check with exporter which crop

chemicals can be used to control thrips. Spinosad, spirotetramat, Thiacloprid, acetamiprid.

Leafminers

A pest of mainly of Mange Tout and Sugar Snap Peas grown for export. There are two leafminers that infest peas: 1. The serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) makes curved mines (“burrows”) in the leaves and is generally susceptible to control by parasitoid wasps, provided synthetic pyrethroids are avoided.

Cyromazine, Abamectin, indoxacarb. Imidacloprid seed dressing will help

control the pest on later plantings as adult flies migrate to younger plants, and should be considered for


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In use by Farmers



Peas 2. Pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) is a much more serious pest and reproduces faster. It makes “straight line” mines along leaf veins and margins and can make mines in the pod. Once picked up by scouting, control is necessary on export crops. Scouting must distinguish between the two types of mines.

Pods with mines are not marketable, and exported pods must be 100%

free of mines (which may contain live larvae).

sequential plantings.

Ascochyta (Blackspot / Pepperspot)

This is the key disease of Mange Tout and Sugar Snap Peas grown for export and capable of causing total crop failure. The disease is favored by moist, cool weather. It is a typified by small light-brown to black spots on leaves, stalks and pods, and caused by a complex of Ascochyta pisi and Mycosphaerella piriodes. The disease is favored by moist, cool weather. The lesions (or spots) are slightly sunken, tan and sharply delineated by a dark border. The spots are usually circular on leaves and pods. When spores are produced, the lesions have a concentric ring pattern, which is easily visible. Pods with Ascochyta spot cannot be exported, so the disease must be controlled at an early stage.

A program of preventative fungicides should be applied weekly, particularly in wet weather. At the first sign of the disease curative fungicides should be applied. Consult your agronomist to find out which fungicides are acceptable. Rovral ® (iprodione) can also be used

as a protectant with some eradicant action up to flowering. Once flowering has started, azoxystrobin (Ortiva ®) can be used.

This is a highly effective (if used early enough) but expensive product, and should not be used more than twice. Preventative: Chlorothalonil preferred, or Mancozeb, Metiram, Copper Oxychloride. Curative: Azoxystrobin, Iprodione


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In use by Farmers



Peas Powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi)

This disease is a problem in the warmer months when the days are hot and dry and the nights cool enough for dew formation. Frequent rain or overhead irrigation is antagonistic to the disease. It forms a whitish-purple mycelium under the leaves and small green pimples on the pods. The green pimples / spots turn black after storage making the peas un-exportable. Scout for powder under leaves and green spots on pods, and record as “present / absent”. Once green spots are found on pods chemical control is necessary.

Preventative: Mancozeb, Metiram and Sulphur (200g/100l) will help to

suppress powdery mildew. Curative: Difenoconazole, Propiconazole, Tebuconazole, rotate with Trifloxystrobin, Kresoxim-methyl.

Weeds On medium to heavy soils (> 20% clay) it may be possible to use the pre-emergence herbicide linuron. This must

be applied well ahead of emergence of the crop (see label for details).

On lighter soils, or when the pea crop has already emerged, bentazon (Basagran) can be sprayed over the top

when the peas are between 5 - 12 cm high to control certain broad-leafed weeds and yellow nutsedge. It performs best in warm, humid conditions and should not be sprayed when the plants are under any form of stress.

Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade) can also

be sprayed over the top at the same crop stage to control grasses.


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In use by Farmers



Peppers, Paprika Aphids: Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae, Black Bean Aphid Aphis fabae

Cause damage by feeding on sap, which can lead to sooty mould

growing in the honeydew exuded in excess onto the crop. Aphids also transmit viruses, such as Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Potato Virus Y. Biological Control: natural enemies include lacewings, ladybird beetles,

syrphid flies and parasitoid wasps. The use of broad spectrum insecticides e.g. Synthetic Pyrethroids (SPs) should be avoided to allow them to survive. Ants may feed on the honeydew and protect the aphids from natural enemies. Scouting should include the presence of honeydew and ants. Once ants are recorded, chemical control may become necessary. Cultural Control: Good sanitation is essential to limit disease spread.

Pepper plants should be destroyed soon after harvest. It is a legal requirement to do this before 30 June. Silver reflective plastic mulches may be useful in repelling aphids from

the crop.

Chemical control may be justified on very heavy infestations of aphids, especially on seedlings or young crops. Malathion 125 ml / 100 litres water,

PHI 3 days; Acetamiprid 20 SP 50 g / ha, PHI 7

days; Also imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and insecticidal soap.

Heliothis Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera

It is worth learning to recognize and scout for the eggs. No economic

threshold (ET) is recognized for local crops, but the presence of eggs on the crops acts as a warning to increase scouting frequency. Natural Enemies: these include egg parasitoid wasps (Trichogramma

spp), but these are generally only effective later in the season. A parasitized egg can be recognized and recorded as such during scouting. Larvae are parasitized by wasps and flies. Spraying is usually necessary once larvae are found on the crop and natural enemies are absent.

Acephate 75 g / 100 litres water,

Lufenuron (IGR) 80 ml / 100 litres

water, indoxacarb 200 ml / ha,

spinosad 80 ml / 100 litres water,

False Codling Moth Cryptopheblia leucotreta

The larvae feed inside the fruit and are difficult to detect. Infested fruit

drop before harvest. Natural Enemies: These are not sufficiently active early in the season to

Lufenuron and Novaluron may be

effective.


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In use by Farmers



Peppers, Paprika control the pest. Monitoring: When the pest has occurred in previous years and caused

significant losses, the use of false codling moth pheromone traps may be justified. These give an indication of when moths are flying and the time to consider chemical control.

Invasive or Asian Fruit Fly Bactrocera invadens

This is a new species to Africa, having being found in

Zimbabwe only since 2010. It is expected to cause considerable economic damage on peppers, as it does in its country of origin.

The fly lays eggs on the fruit and the maggots feed internally. Methyl eugenol (ME) can be used to monitor and trap the flies.

Traps baited with ME (one per km2) are used to monitor the fly in

RSA. These give a warning of the need to apply bait sprays.

Bait spray: a mixture of a protein source (to attract females) and an insecticide is the most efficient way to kill the flies.

If protein hydro lysate is not available, mashed up kapenta fish may be useful.

Protein hydro lysate mixed with Trichlorfon or Malathion acts as bait

which can be used to kill the adult fly. The mixture would be used the same way for fruit flies on other crops: it is sprayed as a large droplet on the lower part of the crop, timed before the fruit reach marketable size. Timing: early morning. Cover sprays

may not prevent the female fly from laying eggs on fruit.

Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci

Thrips cause physical damage by feeding on the surface of leaves or fruit, but also transmit Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) to peppers. If

TSWV is suspected, samples of the infected plant should be taken and sent to a diagnostic lab (e.g. Tobacco Research Board Plant Clinic) for confirmation. If TSWV found, chemical control will be necessary. Monitoring: Thrips can be scouted for by holding a white card under the

foliage and striking sharply. They can be scored as present or absent. One sample point per 20 m of row should be used and a different row each time. This can indicate presence of thrips earlier than blue sticky traps. There is no set Economic Threshold (ET) for thrips in local conditions, so growers should keep records of counts which will guide future spraying decisions. Sticky traps can be useful, but blue colored plastic bowls of water with detergent added have also been shown to be effective in catching thrips, but cannot be relied upon to significantly reduce population levels.

Apply in early morning or late afternoon when flight activity of thrips is greatest.

Abamectin ® 1.8 E 60 ml / 100 litres

water, Acephate 100 g / 100 litres water, Spinosad 15 ml / 100 litres water,

Chlorfenapyr 35 ml / 100 litres water,

Post-harvest Intervals (PHIs) Abamectin - Peppers 3 d Acephate 3 d


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In use by Farmers



Peppers, Paprika Cultural Control: Crops infected with TSWV should be destroyed before new or younger crops or new plantings are planted nearby.

The sowing of sequential plantings side-by-side should be avoided to prevent spread of disease from one crop to the next. Weeds on headlands and along the borders of fields attract thrips especially when flowering, so these should be destroyed well before planting. If planting seedlings, these should be virus-free, and produced at a site

far removed from any field crop. Resistant varieties are available and should be considered.

Thrips pupate in the soil, so the use of tobacco scrap (which contains nicotine) as mulch helps kill thrips adults as they emerge from the soil.

Spraying the mulch with an insecticide may also help. Natural Enemies: predatory mites (Amblyseius spp) and minute pirate

bugs (Orius spp) which should be preserved by avoiding the use of Synthetic Pyrethroids (SPs) and other broad spectrum products.

Spinosad 3 d Chlorfenapyr 3 d

Powdery Mildew

Prevalent in hot, dry weather Kresoxim – methyl, tebuconazole, triadimenol, propiconazole.

Anthracnose

Preventative controls in wet weather. Chemical Control: Mancozeb, and

especially in wet weather, Chlorothalonil.

Seedling Diseases (Rhizoctonia, Pythium)

Trichoderma (a beneficial fungus) treatment is recommended

Bacterial Spot

Prevalent in wet weather. Acibenzolar-s-methyl acts as a plant tonic, boosting natural defences

against bacterial pathogens. It is used on Tobacco for this purpose, and may prove useful

Chemical Control: Copper Oxychloride Acibenzolar-s-methyl

Weed Control

Peppers do not compete well with weeds, and Broad Leaf weeds in particular can be problematic. Peppers are sensitive to herbicides, and S-Metolachlor can sometimes cause phytotoxicity, especially after heavy

Paprika: Grasses and Some Broad Leaf Weeds: Clomazone (Command), or


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In use by Farmers



Peppers, Paprika rain. More is known locally about the efficacy of herbicides against Paprika than other peppers These may work safely on chili pepper varieties, but seek advice from an agronomist and / or do a test spray first.

oxadiazon (Ronstar) sprayed pre-

emergence. Grasses post emergence: Sethoxydim (Nabu) or Fluazifop P butyl (Fusilade). These should be safe for

most peppers, but do a test spray first.


In use by Farmers



Irish Potatoes Nematodes

Damage can leave tubers susceptible to disease attack, so these

should be controlled before planting.

The soil should be tested at a diagnostic lab to assess nematode

type and levels before deciding to plant.

Rotate away from Tomatoes and other Solanaceous or Cucurbit

crops, all of which are susceptible

Soil Fumigation: Dazomet,

Aphids A problem in hot weather, when their sap feeding can affect plant

vigour.

They also transmit viral diseases.

Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, rotated with dimethoate, pymetrozine.

Cutworm

See other crops, e.g., Tomatoes.

They can burrow into the tuber.

Lambda cyhalothrin and other

SPs(but not products named

Karate®), betacyfluthrin

Potato Tuber The key pest of potatoes. Flubendiamide (Belt®), indoxacarb,


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In use by Farmers



Irish Potatoes Moth (Pthorimaea

operculella)

Scouts should look for the mines in the leaf where the very young

larvae feed. From there they feed on the tuber. Presence of

mines (a bubble in the leaf surrounding the larva) signals the

need to spray.

Weeds such as Nicandra physaloides (Apple of Peru), an

alternative host, should be cleared well before planting.

Pheromones are available to attract the male moth for monitoring

purpose, or are mixed with an insecticide to kill attracted moths.

carbaryl

Novaluron, chlorfenapyr, acephate,

spinosad

For use with pheromone: permethrin

(comes ready for use, e.g., Last Call)

Leaf Eating

Ladybird Beetle

Very similar in appearance to the ladybird beetle that feeds on

aphids (shiny black, with 10 red spots).

Scouts should notice whether the ladybird is feeding on the

leaves, and if so, record it as a pest.

The larvae (covered in spines) also feed on leaves and should be

recorded.

The pest occurs from October onwards and can be serious on

young plants.

Carbaryl, acephate,

American

leafminer

(Liriomyza trifolii)

Must be distinguished from the mining stages of the tuber moth,

see above.

The larva makes circular mines and turns into a fly.

Proper identification is necessary as control measures are

different.

It may come under natural bio control by parasitic wasps. Scouts

should record larvae as parasitized or normal.

Rising numbers (shown by scouting records) helps aid decision

to spray.

Cyromazine (Trigard®), abamectin,

azadirachtin, spinosad, acetamiprid

Dusty Surface

Beetle / False

These are a sporadic pests that may damage the crop form December

onwards. Seed dressing: imidacloprid


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In use by Farmers



Irish Potatoes Wireworm

Consider a seed dressing with an insecticide if crop is young and

susceptible in December.

Otherwise apply the insecticide in a 30 cm band above the seed tuber and

cover row immediately after.

Early Blight

A problem in warmer, dry weather.

Scout for signs of disease and spray at first symptoms.

Preventative: Copper Oxychloride,

mancozeb, metiram, chlorothalonil.

Curative: Difenoconazole,

tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin

Late Blight

A problem in cool, wet weather, or May – Aug when dews are heavy or in

“guti” conditions.

Scout for signs of disease and spray at first symptoms.

Early treatment is vital and a late blight warning system should be

implemented in areas with multiple growers in close proximity.

Preventative: Copper Oxychloride,

mancozeb, metiram, chlorothalonil.

Curative: metalaxyl + mancozeb

(Ridomil®, Crater®), fenamidone

(Noblight®), Dimethomorph +

mancozeb (Acrobat MZ®),

Diseases at

Planting

Growers should use certified planting material.

Planting of tubers saved from the previous season can be a source of

disease in the resulting crop.

For Rhizoctonia: Fludioxonil + mancozeb (Maxim XL)

Weeds

It is important to control BLWs such as Nicandra ( Apple of Peru, see

above) and other weeds that harbour pests.

Pre – plant weed clean up:

glyphosate

Pre – emergence control of broad leaf

weeds and grasses: metribuzin,


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In use by Farmers



Irish Potatoes dimethenamid-p, or linuron, S-

metolachlor.

Post – Emergence control of Grasses:

Fluazifop – P – butyl, sethoxydim,

quizalofop-P-ethyl


In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes Aphids

(Transmit viruses such as sweet potato mosaic virus)

Limited

natural and

bio plant

practices.

Sticky yellow traps can be used for monitoring, or scout - examine the top

leaves of the plant.

Have diseased plants tested at a diagnostic lab (TRB Plant Clinic) to

confirm

Control Weeds to avoid alternative hosts for aphids.

Use of oil garlic based repellents.

Dimethoate and

other insecticides are used. Aphid control is limited. Awareness is needed

Apply acetamiprid 20 SP as a directed

spray at a rate of 50 g / ha, or Imidacloprid

Rotate with: dimethoate, pymetrozine, spirotetramat.


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In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes Natural Enemies: Parasitic wasps, ladybird beetles. Avoid the broad spectrum insecticides – SPs. .

Sweet potato weevil, Cylas

formicarius

Growers

are using

some

natural

remedies

(manure,

ash &

rotations).

More of a problem on shallow-rooted varieties, consider switch to deeper-rooted varieties if weevils a problem

Two ridgings per cycle: First after the first weed cleaning and second 75 days later.

Diazinon,

monocrotophos

advised by

Government

extension.

Diazinon & monocrotophos must

not be supported with USAID

resources

Drench at planting with Imidacloprid

Foliar spray: Acetamiprid 20 SP at

50 g/ha or malathion.

.

.

White grubs

Very

limited, as

this pest is

difficult to

control

once

prevalent.

Larvae of beetles belonging to the Scarabaedae family. Most important is Eulipida mashona commonly called the Msasa beetle as the beetles emerge after the first substantial rains of the season and feed on leaves of Msasa and Julbernadia trees. Eggs are laid in the soil shortly after emergence. White grubs feed on organic matter and roots and reach maximum size about Feb/Mar. Other genera are Adoretus, Anomala and Schizonycha – their larvae are much smaller.

Natural enemies: parasitoids, ants, birds (storks) and parasitic

nematodes.

Ensure proper drainage. Grubs thrive in moist soil, especially with

decaying organic matter. Female beetles prefer to lay eggs on moist-

decaying organic matter.

Chlorpyriphos

is used by some.

Awareness of this pest is needed.

No efficacy information on incorporation of fipronil is available,

but it may be useful.

No efficacy information for thiamethoxam contained in Apron Star ®seed dressing. It may work

when white grubs are very small early in the season (Dec).


78


In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes Crop rotation: Soybean is found to be resistant to white grubs.

Good trap crops are African marigold, sunflower, mirabilis, and castor.

Repellent plants are chives, garlic, tansy, and catnip.

Trapping: Use bowls of water mixed with soap / detergent placed under

lights in Nov / Dec to catch adult beetles. Feed to chickens. .

Sweet potato hawk moth larvae, Agrius cingulatus

Farmers catch and eat the larvae.

Crop rotations.

Capable of completely stripping the plant.

Weed control denies the pest alternative hosts.

Use of natural enemies.

Use of biological control Bacillus thuringiensis.

Use carbaryl. Chemical Control: carbaryl, acephate,

trichlorfon, indoxacarb

Dipel / Biobit (BT) may be useful, but

untested.

Whiteflies

(Transmit viruses such as sweet potato mosaic virus). Trialeurodes vaporarium, Bemisia tabaci

Planting disease free planting material and destroying volunteer plants.

Weed control denies the pest alternative hosts.

Whitefly can be monitored using bright yellow sticky traps, or scout

top leaves of crop, checking underside.

Parasitoid wasps normally exert control of whitefly. Scouts should be

trained to recognize and record parasitized whitefly. Synthetic pyrethroids

should not be used to control other pests. Pesticides are rarely

necessary if wasps are conserved. If needed, only specific systemics

should be used.

Plant away from other whitefly host plants like cucurbits.

Dimethoate and Synthetic Pyrethroids are

used by some growers.

Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Thiacloprid; rotate with Pymetrozine (Chess).

Consider Pyriproxyfen.

.


In use by Farmers



Tomatoes Aphids Destruction Removal of host plants such as weeds 2 weeks before planting. Weeds Lebaycid ®

(fenthion) is Fenthion is not EPA registered,


79


In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes of infested

crop

residues /

host plants.

Other control

measures are

limited.

in the crop should be removed in a timely manner. Field surroundings

should also be kept tidy by slashing down all tall weeds.

Avoidance of moisture stress on the crop necessary. Aphids multiply

faster on a crop that is stressed. Heavily-infested plants should be removed from the field and buried in a pit.

Natural enemies: ladybird beetles and hoverfly larvae, which usually keep

pest populations in check. Avoid spraying Synthetic Pyrethroids (SPs) and

other broad spectrum insecticides.

Scouting is essential: The crop can withstand a small population of

aphids without damage. However if numbers are high and black mould

starts to form on the honeydew they excrete, chemical control should be

considered.

Scouting method (guide that may be adapted for local conditions):

1. Examine 2 meters of row (a sample) for every hectare. 2. Plants with 2 leaves: examine six plants per sample for aphids. 3. Plants with 3 leaves up to flowering: examine the leaf at top of

the main stem. 4. After flowering: examine the terminal trifoliate of the seventh leaf

from the tip of any branch. 5. Look at six trifoliates per 2 meters (six feet) of row and calculate

an average per trifoliate. 6. Treat with appropriate insecticides if aphids reach 3 to 4 per

plant. Aphids do not transmit any serious virus diseases in Zimbabwe.

Soil mulches: useful as they harbor predators and other beneficial

insects.

used for chemical Control at a general rate of 500 to 700ml/ha.

must not be supported with USAID

resources

Acetamiprid or imidacloprid should

be applied and rotated with

dimethoate or pymetrozine (Chess

®).

Synthetic pyrethroids should NOT

be used to control aphids.

Vegetable oil (especially canola),

detergents / soaps can be used.


80


In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes Yellow traps: useful as a monitoring tool, as an extra to scouting.

Bollworm (Tomato Fruit worm)

Removal of

host plants.

Awareness is

needed for bio

control

agents.

Removal of host plants such as weeds. Weeding should be done in a timely manner. Field surroundings should also be kept tidy by slashing down all overgrown weeds.

Careful monitoring for eggs and small larvae. Treat before large numbers of larvae enter fruit, where they are protected from sprays.

Bio control agents and Trichogramma parasitic wasps and other natural enemies often destroy significant numbers of eggs, so monitor for these (record presence and quantity).

Dipel ® / Biobit

® (BT) are used

at a rate of 0.5 –

1 kg / ha.

Lambda-

cyhalothrin is

most commonly

used.

Biological Product: Dipel ® or

Biobit ® (BT): use when humidity is

high.

Chemical Control: Lufenuron (Match ®), which is an

Insect Growth Regulant (IGR), can be used on small larvae. An alternative IGR product is novaluron (Rimon ®).

IGRs should be used once scouting shows presence of eggs. Other effective chemicals: carbaryl, indoxacarb, spinosad.

Synthetic pyrethroids should not be used except for cutworm (see below).

Cutworm

Agrotis ipsilon Cutworms have numerous natural enemies, but none can be

relied on to bring a damaging population down below economic levels.

Check for cutworms in weeds around the edges of the field

before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plough fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites

Scouting: Seedling stage: check for a row of four or more wilted

plants with completely or partially severed stems. The larvae can be found at the base of plants just below the soil surface.

If cutworm is found chemical control is usually necessary to

maintain crop stand. Baits can also be used for control.

Lambda

cyhalothrin

5EC-100ml/ha

Follow-up Spray

: High

infestations:

Cypermethrin

direct drench on

to base of the

plant apply late

afternoon.

Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs)

including lambda-cyhalothrin

(except products named Karate®

used), and deltamethrin.

Other sprays: carbaryl, indoxacarb

(which is expensive). Baits: trichlorfon mixed with Maize

meal & water.

Cypermethrin is not EPA registered for

agricultural use; do not use with


81


In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes USAID resources.

Red Spider mite

Tetranychus urticae

Limited, but crop rotation is practiced so as to break the life cycle of the pest.

Field hygiene

is critical as it

helps break

the life cycle

and reduce

pest pressure.

Spider mites have many natural enemies that effectively limit

populations.

Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants

are most likely to be damaged. Broad-spectrum insecticides

(especially synthetic pyrethroids SPs) for other pests (E.g.,

Heliothis / tomato fruit worm) frequently cause mite outbreaks, so

avoid these when possible.

Predatory mites (Phytoseiulus spp) are commercially available

for purchase but costs are considerable. It is better to encourage

naturally-occurring predatory mites by avoiding the use of SPs.

Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular

intervals may help: Spider mites thrive under dry conditions. For

the same reason, provide adequate irrigation.

When spraying, always spray the most infested crop last, as

mites can “hitch a ride” with the person spraying and be

effectively transported to an uninfected (usually younger) crop.

Always scout the crop before deciding to apply a miticide.

Bio sprays: chili and garlic extract mixed applied as a spray are

effective in RSM control.

Crop rotation should be done so as to break the life cycle of the

pest.

Dusting with

sulphur also

helps in

suppressing the

pest

populations.

Wettable

Sulphur

(Thiovit ®)

80WG 2-3kg/ha

is used by some

growers.

Sulphur, dusted or sprayed helps

suppress the pest at low populations. Wettable Sulphur (Thiovit ®) 80WG

is used at 2-3kg/ha. Insecticidal soap or oil can be used

to kill mites by suffocation. Silicone wetters (e.g., Silwett ®) also have the

same effect. Oils and soaps must contact mites to kill them so excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves, is essential. Repeat applications may be required, and at least 2 applications must be made with Silwett ®.

Neemoil may be effective.

Chemical Control: usually necessary

when scouting shows that numbers are rising, and should be done before webbing is seen. It is better to use the specific miticides, including Amitraz, (Mitac ®), Dicofol, Abamectin (Dynamec ®), or Smite ® (etoxazole) in rotation as per label

instructions.

Leaf Miners, Liriomyza spp

Limited, more

awareness

needed for

natural control

practices.

Leafminer larvae have many natural enemies that keep them below

economically damaging levels, provided broad spectrum chemicals, e.g.,

synthetic pyrethroids are not used.

Scout crop for mines and evaluate levels of parasitism before making

treatment decisions. Economic threshold (estimate): apply a selective

Seed treatment

is limited.

Cyromazine is

used by some,

other

insecticides are

Cyromazine (Trigard ®), Acetamiprid, Lufenuron, spinosad , indoxacarb, & possibly Dynamec ® (abamectin)

Can use Neemoil.


82


In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes insecticide if the average is 0.7 larvae per plant (for plants with 0-2 true leaves) or 0.7 larvae per 3 terminal leaflets (for plants with >2 leaves per plant).

Bio sprays: Neem tree seed oil extract.

Yellow traps: yellow basins filled with a water + detergent mixture placed

among the crop work as well as sticky traps.

used but with

little effect.

White flies Beauveria bassiana.

Limited. Scouting awareness is needed. Natural bio control practices limited.

Whitefly can cause economically significant damage by sucking

the sap, excreting honeydew which develops sooty mould and

transmitting the yellow leaf curl virus. If the virus is known to

occur in the area, even small populations of whitefly can cause

economic damage and will need to be controlled. High

temperatures and dry conditions favor whitefly.

Natural enemies such as parasitic wasps (especially Encarsia

spp), ladybird beetles and predatory bugs normally keep whitefly

below economically damaging levels, provided broad spectrum

chemicals, e.g., synthetic pyrethroids are not used.

Scouting is essential to ascertain if populations are rising. Check

30 leaves per field or per 1 ha. Guideline threshold of 2 adults /

compound leaf

If whitefly becomes established, a Quarantine Period over the

winter months should be considered when NO Tomatoes,

Potatoes, or Peppers are planted to deny the pest a host plant.

Avoid moisture stress on the crop: Whitefly multiply faster on

a crop that is stressed.

Bio sprays: Neem tree seed oil extract.

Lebaycid ®

(fenthion) is

used for

chemical control

at a general rate

of 500 to

700ml/ha.

Other

insecticides

such as

Synthetic

Pyrethroids are

used and are not

effective.

Awareness on

appropriate

applications for

this pest is

deficient.

Imidacloprid should only be applied

once to young crops and as a drench.

Acetamiprid can be used as a foliar

spray.

Insecticidal soaps and fatty acid

sprays (e.g., Naturell ®) are often

more effective than chemicals and are

less damaging to natural enemies.

The Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) Pyriproxyfen (Admiral ®) can be

used to rotate with the first 2 chemicals. Products containing fenthion must not be supported with USAID resources

Invasive Fruit Fly Bactrocera

This pest will most likely infest tomatoes. See Peppers section for


83


In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes invadens more details

Anthracnose Limited Use certified or seed from a previous crop known to be disease-

free.

The crop should be grown on stakes or trellising to keep the fruit

off the ground. Spores get to the fruit by water splash, so keeping

the fruit off the soil aids control.

Rotate with non-solanaceous crops at least every other year.

Avoid sprinkler irrigations when fruit begin to ripen.

Fungicides are generally not required.

Copper Oxychloride

most commonly used.

Fungicides are generally not required. Copper Oxychloride is the best

option.

Blossom end rot

(physiological disorder, calcium deficiency)

Foliar spray of calcium is the only solution.

Maintain the soil pH around 6.5. Liming will supply calcium and

will increase the ratio of calcium ions to other competitive ions in

the soil.

Use nitrate nitrogen as the fertilizer nitrogen source.

Ammoniacal nitrogen may increase blossom-end rot as excess

ammonium ions reduce calcium uptake. Avoid over-fertilization

as side dressings during early fruiting, especially with

ammoniacal forms of nitrogen.

Avoid drought stress and wide fluctuations in soil moisture by

using mulches and/or irrigation. Plants generally need about 25

mm of moisture per week from rain or irrigation for proper growth

and development.

Foliar applications of calcium, which are often advocated, are of little value because of poor absorption and movement to fruit where it is needed.

Foliar spray of calcium is a possible solution, depending on absorption and movement to fruit, which is often poor.

Early blight Alternaria solani

Limited A disease of warm, wet weather, when epidemics can occur.

Use certified seed as the disease can be seed – borne

Farmer – saved seed can be hot water treated, or treated with a fungicide

When the crop is fully harvested, remove destroy crop residue, as the disease can be carried over to the next season in infected

Copper Oxychloride

and some triazoles are

used.

Preventative products: Copper

Oxychloride, Copper Ammonium

Acetate, Mancozeb and

Chlorothalonil.


84


In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes plant residues

Avoid planting next to Potatoes, Peppers or other Solanaceous plants, and remove weeds from the same family: Nicandra physaloides (apple of Peru), Physalis angulata (Wild Gooseberry), and Solanum nigrum (Black Nightshade).

Timing and application awareness is needed.

Curative products: Difenoconazole,

tebuconazole (triazoles).

trifloxystrobin

Fusarium root and Crown rot wilt. Fusarium spp

Very limited,

once infested

difficult to

control or

eradicate.

Awareness

needed in

seed quality

and seedling

hygiene.

The first line of defense against Fusarium is to use disease-free

seedlings.

Remove and destroy wilted plants and all debris of tomato and

other susceptible crops at the end of the growing season.

Rotate tomato-growing area with legume crops.

Fungicides for control of leaf blights have no effect on the

Fusarium diseases, which are internal infections.

Use resistant varieties.

Acidic soil favors the disease: check soil pH and lime if

necessary.

Presence of root knot nematodes encourages this disease

Septoria leaf spot, Septoria lycopersici

Use rotations Because seed has been implicated as a source, make sure

seed is acquired from disease-free seed-producing areas.

Practice good sanitation. If infected plants are found, rogue the

seedlings before transplanting them to the field. In the field,

remove or destroy tomato debris by deep plowing immediately

after harvest.

A 1-year rotation out of tomato should be observed.

Copper Oxychloride

and chlorothalonil

are used.

Spraying fungicides like Copper Oxychloride. Spray only when

weather conditions favor disease development. Mancozeb and chlorothalonil.

Late blight, Phytophthora infestans

Usually only a problem in cool moist conditions. Provide good

drainage and prevent flooding. Avoid wide fluctuations in soil

moisture, which predisposes plants to infection.

Keep tops of bed dry to avoid buckeye rot of the fruit. The crop

should be grown on stakes or trellising to keep the fruit off the

ground, and avoid contact with spores through water splash.

Planting cereals or grains as a rotation crop will reduce the

Chlorothalonil

spray as a preventative.

Preventative products: Copper

Oxychloride, mancozeb and

chlorothalonil.

Curative Products: Metalaxyl +

mancozeb (Ridomil ®), fenamidone

+ mancozeb (No Blight),


85


In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes level of infestation in the soil.

Resistant varieties are not yet commercially available.

dimethomorph, azoxystrobin, and

cymoxanil.

Damping-Off, Stem Rots Pythium spp

Maintaining soil pH near neutral.

Avoid planting on poorly drained soils.

Proper field and seedbed preparation and good water

management significantly reduce losses from damping-off.

Using sprinklers for germination keeps better control of water and lessens the chance of infection.

If possible, avoid planting when the soil is cool; seeds

germinate faster and seedlings are more vigorous when the soil is warm, so they are less likely to be damaged.

When seedling loss is extensive, replanting may be necessary.

The use of fungicide seed treatments can help prevent damping-off. Metalaxyl + mancozeb (Ridomil ®) Previcur N

Weed Control

(Annual grasses)

Hand

weeding.

Physical

removal of

weeds from

the field.

The use of rotational green manure crops such as Sunn hemp,

Tagetes and other natural plant crops can reduce weed pressure.

Reduced tillage.

Limited, some

use of post –

emerge

herbicides.

S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum ®)

applied pre-emergent of the weeds at

planting for annual grasses and some

broadleaf weeds.

Metribuzin can be used pre-

emergence of the weeds on seedling

crops.

Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade ®) post-

emergence for established grasses

only.

Glyphosate not recommended on

light soils (<10% clay) as a pre-plant burn down application due to tomato sensitivity. A 10-day waiting period should be observed before planting


86


In use by Farmers



Sweet potatoes seedlings on such soils


87

4.0 SAFER USE ACTION PLAN INTRODUCTION

The Safer Use Action Plan is the definitive statement of IP pesticide compliance requirements and is

synthesized from the PER.

It is also a mandatory template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these

requirements, and for tracking compliance.

Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR by 31

December 2012 and provide an annual update.

With respect to pesticide compliance, the Safer Use Action Plan satisfies the requirement for an

environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP). The project EMMP should simply incorporate the

SUAP by reference.

SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

Mitigations Measures and restrictions specified in the PER can be summarized as follows:

A. Only pesticides approved by this 2012 PERSUAP for the USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth

(EG) Portfolio may be supported with USAID funds on EG activities.

Pesticide “SUPPORT” means procurement, use, recommending for use, or otherwise facilitating

the use of a pesticide.

B. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)

C. Appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid;

D. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices;

E. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring.

The PER and the annexes provide substantial resources to support compliance with these requirements, as detailed in the table below.

IPM/Safer Use Requirement Key Resources Provided

Pesticide recommendations

and use must be governed

by a set of crop- and pest-

specific IPM-based pest

management plans.

(IPs are responsible for

TABLE 1: crop-pest-GAP/IPM/pesticide matrix sets out crop-by-crop,

pest-by-pest management methods (1) currently in use by beneficiary

farmers, and (2) recommended by this PERSUAP, highlighting where

chemical controls in current use are not compliant with the PERSUAP

list of allowed pesticides.

Annex 1, a master matrix characterizing relative risks of each AI in all

Zimbabwe-registered pesticides. This includes human acute toxicities


88

developing these plans.) and chronic health issues, water pollution potential, as well as potential

ecotoxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee

pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms.

The matrix lists each AI in American English, and presents important

information for each chemical class, such as USEPA registration status

for select products that contain that AI.

Annex 6: Zimbabwe Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and IPM Tools

and Tactics

Annex 13: Guidelines for developing Pest Management

Appropriate project staff &

beneficiaries must be

trained in safer pesticide

use & pesticide first aid;

ANNEX 7. EPA recommended worker protection standards

ANNEX 8. General mitigation of potential pesticide dangers and general

measures to ensure safe use


Annex 11: Basic First Aid for Pesticide overexposure

Annex 12. Pesticide Disposal Options

To the greatest degree

practicable, projects must

require use & maintenance

of appropriate PPE—as well

as safe pesticide purchase,

handling, and disposal

practices


89

Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker Must be submitted to AOR/COR by 31 December 2012 and annually updated thereafter.

BASIC INFORMATION SUBMISSION DATES:

Prime Contractor Initial submission

Project Annual Update #1

Pesticide

Compliance Lead

& Contact

Information

:

Annual Update #2

Summary of Pest

Management

Needs on Project

Annual Update #3

Note: Pesticide “support” = use of USAID funds to: purchase pesticides; directly fund the application of pesticides; recommend pesticides for

use; enable the application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit support, etc.


90

Required Compliance (Mitigation) Measure

Initial Compliance Status (if not known, so indicate)

Actions planned to achieve & maintain compliance

(w/ deadlines & responsible party)

Status of compliance actions

SUPPORT ONLY THE PESTICIDES AUTHORIZED BY THE 2012 USAID/ZIMBABWE ECONOMIC GROWTH PERSUAP

Immediately

Ensure NO SUPPORT for insecticides containing the AIs Endosulfan,

Methomyl, Parathion, Monocrotophos, Aldicarb and Carbofuran

(insert extra rows if needed)

Ensure NO SUPPORT for aluminum phosphide or Methyl Bromide to

fumigate stored or export produce.

Fumigation is only to be done by teams of well-trained spray personnel using specialized canister filter breathing

apparatus and phosphine gas meters.

Distribute copies of the list of allowed products and/or of pesticide commercial

product names that cannot be supported with USAID funds, and

distribute to all project field extension staff & advise regarding the 1 Nov 2012

deadline for compliance

As soon as possible but not later than 1 November 2012

Assure that USAID-funded pesticide support is limited to ONLY PESTICIDES

APPROVED BY PERSUAP.

Continue verification throughout life-of-project


91

Quarterly

Contact Zimbabwe pesticide registrar every 3 months to obtain up-to-date information on pesticide registration

changes; advise all field offices/sites of any changes to permitted list that result.

Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop-and-pest specific IPM-based pest management plans.

By 15 December 2012

Starting from the information in PERSUAP Table 1 and drawing on PERSUAP Annex 1, adopt/develop

crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans (PMPs).

Note: sharing/collaboration among projects is encouraged

Translate PMPs into crop-specific field reference guides or posters for farmers

to anticipate and manage pests.

By 15 March 2013

Provide first-time training to appropriate project staff, partners and beneficiaries

in PMPs;

Provide refresher training annually.

From 15 March 2013

Require and enforce PMP implementation in situations where the project has direct control over pesticide


92

use

Require and enforce that field extension under direct project control be PMP-

based.

Where project control over extension or agricultural practice on the ground is

less than complete, promote and support to PMPs to the greatest

practicable extent.

Ongoing over Life of Project (LOP)

Modify PMPs over LOP based on ground-truthing/field experience.

As Zimbabwe registers them, test and promote commercially-available natural chemicals listed in Annex 4. (Note that upon registration, these chemicals are

approved by this PERSUAP.)

As indicated, field test alternative pest management measures, including

alternatives to the highly toxic pesticides whose use is denied by this PERSUAP.

Appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid.

Develop a Training Plan for Pesticide Safe Practices and IPM for project staff

and beneficiaries, including at least


93

annual refresher training.*

Implement training plan, providing first-time training to all relevant staff and beneficiaries within 6 months.

Test and certify experienced pesticide users annually and test and certify new pesticide users on knowledge of human

safety and environmental protection.

Assure that each branch office prominently displays safety charts with the most common safety measures for

each of the toxicity groups in the Zimbabwe classification system. These should be given in English, Shona, and Ndebele, together with the appropriate pictograms associated with this class of

chemicals.

To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE – as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices.

If carbamate or organophosphate-class pesticides are used extensively, as on a

commercial farm or a plaque management program, follow

procedures for baseline testing for cholinesterase inhibition, and establish

a periodic cholinesterase monitoring schedule when necessary.

Ensure that farmers use PPE and apply


94

pesticides early in the morning, or late afternoon.

Ensure that farmer associations have trained pesticide applicators, each have 1 or 2 sets of PPE; assign responsible

PPE caretakers

Require program managers to identify local option(s) for disposal provisions for

used pesticide containers – Follow GlobalGAP recommendations and see

PERSUAP Annex 12.

Ensure that implementing partners make sufficient PPE available at cost to

the applicators designated on each program assigned by USAID partners

and direct responsibility and accountability for the proper storage and

maintenance of this PPE according to this PERSUAP recommendation

Projects must be systematic in their pesticide related record-keeping and monitoring.

For all project-supported farmers, introduce pesticide record-keeping

concepts and tools for following GlobalGAP standards, where

applicable.

Require that project managers keep records and report on the

implementation of the recommendations found in the PERSUAP, including any


95

*Training should address, inter alia, the following important pesticide safety themes:

types and classes of pesticides;

human and environmental risk associated with pesticides (MSDSs, Annex 1)

use and maintenance of PPE (Annex 7);

understanding information on pesticide labels;

evidence of pesticide resistance development and report on the

implementation in Annual Reports, under a heading titled “Environmental

Compliance and Best Practices.”

Headquarters should hold laminated copies of MSDSs and pesticide labels

for each commercial pesticide that beneficiary farmers use; keep copies on

record at project field staff office sites and farm sites. Labels contain key

information for each a.i. e.g. toxicity classification, antidotes in cases of

poisoning, and environmental issues associated with a.i., for example its

hazard to bees. This critical information will be summarized on laminated sheets and held in each branch office for ease

of reference

Flow-down requirements

Prime contractors must write pesticide compliance requirements as set out

above into each grant or sub-contract that will involve support for pesticide

use.


96

proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinsate and packaging (Annex 12)

the importance of keeping vulnerable individuals away from the field during and after spraying;

avoiding the use of pesticides in or near national parks or headwaters leading to rivers where endangered species are known to exist;

mitigation measures for reducing risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity;

ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities;

use of pesticides early in the morning or late in the afternoon and when no heavy winds or rain are present;

basic first aid for pesticide poisoning (Annex 11);

awareness of pesticides (especially some herbicides) with high ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy

to reach (Annex 1)

IPM concepts, tactics and methodologies that can reduce or alternate pesticide use.

The use of the least toxic synthetic pesticides, green-label synthetic pesticides as well as natural pesticides (Annex 5).

Wherever practicable, invite farm store owners/operators to participate in pesticide safety training and stewardship.

Consider a training-of-trainers approach using either internal or 3rd

-party trainers to achieve training goals.


97

Annex 1a. Environmental analyses of active ingredients in pesticides registered for use and imported

to Zimbabwe Key: WHO Acute Toxicity Classes: O = Obsolete; Ia = Extremely Hazardous; Ib = Highly Hazardous; II = Moderately Hazardous; III = Slightly Hazardous; U =

Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use

EPA Acute Toxicity Classes: I = Extremely Toxic; II = Highly Toxic; III = Moderately Toxic; IV = Slightly Toxic

Chronic Human Toxicity: KC = Known Carcinogen; PC = Possible Carcinogen; ED = Endocrine Disruptor suspect; RD =

Reproductive & Development Toxin; P = Parkinson’s

Active Ingredients Class

EP

A R

eg

iste

red

Res

tricte

d U

se

Pe

stic

ide

WH

O A

cu

te T

ox

icity

Cla

ss

EP

A A

cu

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Insecticides

abamectin microbial extract yes some none II, III RD no data ST HT PNT HT VHT VHT

acephate organophospate yes no III III PC potential MT HT MT ST ST ST

acetamiprid chloro-nicotinyl yes No none III none no data NAT MT HT NAT

acrinathrin pyrethroid no U IV ED no data MT ST MT MT MT

Aldicarb carbamate yes yes Ia I ED known MT HT HT MT MT

allethrin (bio-allethrin) pyrethroid no III III ED no data VHT MT ST HT VHT HT

alphacypermethrin pyrethroid no none II, III PC no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT

Amitraz formamdine yes No III II PC, RD no data MT PNT ST ST NAT ST

azadirachtin botanical yes No II, III none no data MT MT MT VHT HT

azamethaphos organophospate no III III none no data MT HT HT VHT

azinphos methyl organophospate yes Yes Ib I none potential HT HT MT MT HT MT VHT VHT MT

Bacillus thuringiensis-

BT microbial yes No none III none no data PNT NAT NAT ST ST

bendiocarb carbamate no II II, III RD no data MT HT HT MT HT VHT

benfuracarb carbamate no II none none no data HT HT HT HT HT


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Insecticides

beta cyfluthrin pyrethroid yes some II II, III ED no data VHT HT PNT ST VHT VHT

bifenthrin pyrethroid yes Yes II II, III

PC, ED,

RD no data VHT HT MT HT

bitertanol azole no U none no data MT PNT PNT PNT MT MT

buprofezin IGR yes No U II PC no data MT ST MT NAT MT

cadusafos organophospate no Ib none none no data HT HT HT HT HT HT

carbaryl carbamate yes No II III PC, ED potential MT HT PNT MT VHT ST HT HT MT

carbofuran carbamate yes Yes Ib I, II none potential MT HT HT ST MT MT HT HT VHT

carbosulfan carbamate no II II none no data HT HT HT HT HT

cartap hydrochloride nereistoxin no II II None MT MT

chinomethionat

(oxythioquinox) dithiocarbamate no III II, III KC, RD no data HT MT MT MT ST MT VHT

chlorantraniliprole yes No III

chlorfenapyr pyrazole yes No II III PC no data HT HT HT

chlorfenvinphos organophospate No Ib I, II none no data HT HT HT MT MT HT

chlorpyriphos (ethyl) organophospate yes Yes II II, III ED no data HT HT HT MT PNT MT VHT HT MT

chlorpyriphos

(methyl) organophospate yes No U I, III none no data MT HT MT MT VHT VHT MT

chlordane organochlorine no II II, III KC, ED no data HT HT HT MT HT HT MT VHT VHT

chlorobenzilate organochlorine no O II KC no data HT Mt ST MT ST HT MT

chloropicrin unclassified yes yes none II none potential VHT MT HT

clofentezine tetrazine yes No U III PC, ED no data ST PNT ST ST

cyfluthrin (beta) pyrethroid yes Some II II, III ED no data VHT HT PNT ST VHT VHT

cypermethrin pyrethroid no none II, III PC no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT

cyromazine triazine yes No U III none known MT ST MT MT MT NAT


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D-allethrin pyrethroid No III III ED no data VHT MT ST HT VHT HT

Insecticides

deltamethrin pyrethroid yes some II II, III none no data HT MT VHT NAT VHT VHT

demeton-S-methyl organophospate yes Yes Ib I

endocrin

disruptor no data MT HT HT MT VHT MT HT HT

diafenthiuron unclassified No U none none no data HT MT MT MT MT

diazinon organophospate yes some II III RD potential MT HT VHT MT MT MT HT HT HT

dichlorvos (DDVP) organophospate yes no Ib I PC, ED no data MT HT HT HT

dienochlor organochlorine no III O none no data HT ST MT

Diethyltoluamide Yes No III ST MT

diflubenzuron IGR-benzoyl urea yes some U III none no data ST NAT PNT NAT NAT NAT ST MT

dimethoate organophospate yes No II II PC potential ST VHT VHT HT MT VHT HT VHT MT

disulfoton organophospate No Ia I, II none potential MT MT HT MT HT

DNOC (Di Nitro

Creosol) Dinitro phenol No 1b 1 None No data HT MT HT MT MT MT

edifenphos organophospate no Ib none none no data MT MT HT

emamectin benzoate yes Yes

endosulfan organochlorine yes Yes II II ED no data VHT MT MT MT MT MT HT HT MT

esfenvalerate pyrethroid yes Yes II II, III ED no data VHT HT ST VHT ST HT

ethiofencarb carbamate no Ib II none no data MT MT MT

ethoprop(hos) organophosphate yes Yes Ia I KC potential MT MT HT MT MT

etrimfos organophospate no II none none no data ST HT MT

fatty acids

insecticidal soap fatty acids yes No None II, III none no data MT

fenbutatin oxide organotin yes Yes U III ED, RD no data VHT NAT MT MT HT VHT

fenitrothion organophospate yes No II II, III ED no data MT HT MT MT MT MT VHT HT MT


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fenamiphos organophospate no Ib I none potential HT HT HT MT VHT MT

fenthion organophospate no II II none potential MT MT VHT VHT HT HT VHT VHT

fenvalerate pyrethroid no II III ED no data VHT HT ST HT VHT HT HT HT VHT

Insecticides

Fipronil pyrazole yes some II II, III PC, ED potential HT HT HT HT HT

flubendiamide phallic acid diamide yes No III

flucythrinate pyrethroid no Ib I, II, III ED no data VHT HT ST VHT VHT VHT

flufenoxuron benzoyl urea no U III none no data HT MT MT MT

Flumethrin Pyrethroid No

fluvalinate pyrethroid yes Yes U ED, RD no data VHT NAT ST VHT HT

formetanate

hydrochloride methyl carbamate yes No Ib I none potential MT HT HT ST HT MT

formothion organophospate no none II none potential ST MT ST ST

furathiocarb thiocarbamate no Ib II none no data HT HT MT HT

gamma BHC

(lindane) organochlorine No II II PC, ED potential HT HT ST MT MT MT MT VHT MT

hydramethylnon unclassified Yes No III III PC, RD no data HT MT MT MT

imidacloprid chloro-nicotinyl Yes No II II, III none potential NAT MT VHT

indoxacarb oxadiazine Yes No O III none no data MT HT HT NAT MT

iodofenphos organophospate No none none

insecticidal soap fatty acids Yes No O II, III none no data MT

isofenphos (methyl) organophospate No Ib II, III none no data MT HT HT MT HT VHT

lambda cyhalothrin pyrethroid Yes Some II II, III ED no data VHT HT PNT VHT VHT VHT VHT

Lindane organochlorine No II II PC, ED potential HT HT ST MT MT MT MT VHT MT

lufenuron benzoyl urea Yes No none III none no data MT ST MT MT HT ST

malathion organophospate Yes No III II, III PC, ED potential MT HT MT HT ST VHT MT VHT HT

methacriphos organophospate No II none none no data


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methamidophos organophospate Yes yes Ib I none potential ST ST VHT MT

methidathion organophospate Yes yes Ib I, II PC potential MT ST HT ST ST HT VHT ST

methiocarb carbamate Yes some Ib I, III none potential HT HT MT MT MT MT MT HT HT

methomyl carbamate Yes yes Ib I, III ED potential MT HT HT ST HT ST HT VHT HT

Insecticides

methoprene IGR yes No III IV none no data ST ST NAT ST HT VHT MT

methyl isothiocyanate unclassified yes yes II I PC potential HT HT

mevinphos (Phosdrin) organophospate no Ia I ED potential HT HT HT MT HT VHT VHT

mineral oil petroleum yes No none III none no data NAT

monocrotophos organophospate no Ib I none no data ST HT HT MT MT MT HT

naled (dibrom) organophospate yes yes II I RD potential MT HT HT HT

novaluron IGR-benzoyl urea yes No none II, III none no data MT MT MT MT HT

omethoate organophospate no Ib none none no data ST NAT

oxydemeton methyl organophospate yes yes Ib I, II RD potential ST HT HT MT MT HT HT

parathion organophospate no Ia I, II PC, ED potential MT HT HT MT MT ST HT VHT HT

permethrin pyrethroid yes no II III PC, ED no data VHT VHT PNT ST ST ST VHT MT MT

petroleum oil mineral oil yes No none III none no data NAT

phenothrin pyrethroid yes yes U III ED no data VHT ST HT VHT VHT

Phoxim organophospate no II none none no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT

Piperonyl butoxide unclassified Yes No U III

pirimicarb carbamate No II II none no data NAT PNT ST MT

pirimiphos-methyl organophospate yes No III I,II,III none no data MT HT MT

profenofos organophospate yes yes II II, III none potential HT VHT VHT VHT

propetamphos organophospate yes no Ib II none no data MT HT HT

propoxur carbamate yes no II II, III PC no data MT HT VHT ST NAT ST HT ST MT

pymetrozine triazine yes no III III PC potential MT ST MT MT MT


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pyrethrins botanical extract yes yes II III PC no data HT HT ST MT HT

pyriproxyfen IGR (JH mimic) yes no U II, III none no data MT MT MT MT MT VHT

pyrometrozine pyridine azomethine yes no III

sodium fluocilicate inorganic no II none none no data NAT

spinosad microbial yes no U III none no data MT HT PNT ST HT MT

Spirodiclofen Keto-enol Yes No lll No data

Insecticides

sulprophos organophospate no II II RD potential ST HT ST ST HT HT VHT

Tartar emetic antimony No I I

teflubenzuron Benzoyl urea no U IV none no data ST MT ST ST HT HT HT HT HT

temephos organophospate yes no U II, III none no data ST MT MT NAT HT VHT HT

terbufos organophospate yes yes Ia I none no data VHT MT MT HT VHT VHT

tetrachlorvinphos organophospate yes no U III PC, ED no data MT MT MT MT HT

d-tetramethrin pyrethroid yes no U III PC, ED no data VHT HT NAT HT MT

thiacloprid neonicotinoid yes no II

thiamethoxam neonicotinoid yes no none III PC no data PNT HT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT

thiodicarb carbamate yes yes II II PC no data MT MT PNT MT VHT HT

thiofanox carbamate no Ib I MT HT HT MT

thiometon organophospate no Ib II none no data MT HT ST

trichlorfon organophospate yes no II II, III PC no data ST PNT HT ST ST MT MT MT ST

triflumuron IGR no U none no data VHT ST MT MT MT MT

vamidothion organophospate no Ib none no data NAT HT MT

Miticides/Acaricides

abamectin microbial extract yes some none II, III RD no data ST HT PNT HT VHT VHT


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bifenazate

Hydrazine

carboxylate yes No III none no data HT MT MT MT MT

bromopropylate benzilate no III, U IV none no data MT ST MT MT MT MT MT

clofentezine tetrazine yes no U III PC, ED no data ST PNT ST ST

Dicofol organochlorine yes no III III PC, ED no data HT NAT ST MT MT HT MT MT

etoxazole IGR yes no III none no data MT MT MT MT HT

fenazaquin quinozolin yes no II

flubenzimine thiazolidine no O none none no data NAT

Miticides/Acaricides

Flumethrin pyrethroid no

milbemectin microbial extract yes yes III

oxythioquinox

(chinomethionat) dithiocarbamate no III II, III KC, RD no data HT MT MT MT ST MT VHT

propargite unclassified yes no III PC, RD no data HT PNT HT NAT HT

spirodiclofen Keto-enol Yes No lll No data

Spiromesifen Keto-enol Yes No III None No data NAT

tetradifon bridged diphenyl no U III none no data MT MT NAT MT NAT ST ST MT

triazophos organophospate no Ib none none no data HT MT HT MT HT

Fungicides

acibenzolar-s-methyl benzothiadiazole yes No III III none potential MT MT MT MT MT

anilazine triazine no none I ED, RD potential HT HT HT MT HT MT MT MT

azoxystrobin strobin yes No U III none potential MT MT MT MT MT VHT

benodanil anilide no O none none no data MT

benomyl/benlate benzimidazole no U III PC, ED no data HT PNT MT ST HT NAT ST

boscalid anilide yes No III none PC No data NAT

bupirimate pyrimidinol no U III none no data MT MT ST MT MT


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captafol (cis isomer) thiopthalamide No Ia I, II, III KC no data HT MT NAT ST MT ST ST

captan thiopthalamide yes No none II, III KC no data HT NAT PNT MT MT NAT MT MT

carboxin carboxamide yes No U II, III RD no data MT MT ST MT NAT

carbendazim benzimidazole yes No U III PC, ED no data MT NAT ST ST ST HT

chloroneb

substituted

benzene yes No O III none no data MT NAT MT

chlorothalonil unclassified yes No none I, II, lll PC potential VHT HT ST VHT MT MT

copper ammonium

acetate inorganic yes No III none no data

Fungicides

copper Inorganic yes no none II, III none no data MT VHT HT HT MT HT

copper hydroxide inorganic yes no II I, II none no data HT MT MT MT HT NAT HT HT

copper oxychloride inorganic yes no none II, III none no data MT MT MT MT

cymoxanil unclassified yes no III III none no data MT MT ST MT MT MT ST

cyproconazole azole yes no III III PC no data MT MT MT MT MT

dichlofluanid sulphamide no U none none no data HT MT NAT MT MT MT VHT

dicloran chlorophenyl yes no U II, III none potential ST MT MT MT MT MT

difenoconazole azole yes no III III PC no data MT MT ST MT MT HT

dimethomorph morpholine yes no U III none no data MT MT MT MT ST

dinocap dinitrophenol no III III RD no data HT MT ST MT HT VHT

diphenylamine amine yes no none I, III none no data MT NAT

dodemorph morpholine no U none none no data MT MT

epoxiconazole triazole no none none PC no data MT MT MT MT

fenamidone yes no III

fenarimol pyrimidine yes no U III ED potential MT MT MT ST MT MT

Fenhexamid Hydroxyaniline Yes No U III None potential MT NAT MT

fenpropimorph morpholine no III I none no data MT MT MT MT MT


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fentin (triphenyltin)

acetate organotin no II none ED no data MT MT HT HT VHT HT ST VHT VHT

Fentin hydroxide organotin Yes Yes ll l KC,RD No data VHT NAT HT HT NAT VHT

fludioxonil phenylpyrrole yes No U III none potential MT MT MT MT MT

Fluopicolide Unclassified Yes No lll None potential ST

flusilazole azole no III III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

flutriafol unclassified yes No III none no data

fosetyl aluminum unclassified yes No none III none potential NAT ST ST MT NAT MT

imazalil imidazole yes No II I, II PC, RD no data MT NT PNT

imazalil sulfate azole yes No none I none no data

Fungicides

iprodione dicarboximide yes No U III PC potential MT NAT ST HT

iprovalicarb Carbamate No U KC No data NAT

kresoxim-methyl strobin yes no U III PC potential ST ST ST MT MT VHT

Lime sulphur Inorganic Yes No I I

Maneb Dithiocarbamate Yes No U III

KC,RD,D

T MT ST ST ST HT

mancozeb dithiocarbamate yes no U III

PC, ED,

RD no data MT MT ST HT NAT

metalaxyl benzanoid yes no III II, III none potential ST PNT PNT ST

metiram dithiocarbamate yes no U III PC, RD no data ST PNT ST MT MT MT

oxadixyl phenyl amide no III III PC potential ST ST ST MT ST

oxycarboxin carboxamide yes no U III none no data MT NAT MT ST MT

penconazole azole no U none no data MT MT MT MT MT

Pencycuron urea no U IV none no data HT MT MT MT MT

pentachlorophenol

(PCP) organochlorine YES YES Ib I KC, ED no data HT MT MT HT HT HT ST ST HT


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Phosphoric Acid Yes No I

Potassium Phosphite

(phosphorus acid) inorganic Yes No lll III

prochloraz azole No III none PC no data MT NAT MT MT MT

prochloraz-

manganese complex azole No none none none no data

procymidone unclassified No U KC, ED no data MT NAT NAT MT MT ST MT

Propamocarb-HCl carbamate Yes no none III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

propiconazole azole Yes no II II, III PC, RD potential MT MT ST MT MT

propineb dithiocarbamate Zn No U RD no data MT PNT PNT MT MT MT MT

pyraclostrobin strobilurin Yes no III

Fungicides

pyrazophos phosphorothiolate No II none none no data MT HT MT ST MT MT HT VHT

pyrimethanil anilinopyrimidine Yes no U III PC, ED no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT

quintozene (PCNB)

substituted

benzene Yes no III PC, ED no data MT VHT

Spiroxamine unclassified Yes no II III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

sulfur (sulphur) Inorganic Yes no U III none no data NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT

tebuconazole azole Yes no III II, III PC potential MT MT MT MT MT MT HT

Thiabendazole azole Yes no II, III

Thiram (TMTD) carbamate Yes no III III ED, RD no data HT NAT PNT VHT HT NAT HT HT

Thiophanate methyl benzimidazole Yes no U III PC, RD potential MT PNT NAT ST

tolclofos-methyl chlorophenyl No no U III none no data MT MT NAT MT MT

triadimefon triazole Yes no III II, III PC, ED, potential MT MT PNT MT NAT

triadimenol triazole Yes no III II, III PC no data MT ST MT MT

trifloxystrobin strobin Yes no none III none no data ST ST MT MT

triforine piperazine Yes no U II, III RD no data NAT MT NAT MT MT


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triticonazole azole Yes no U III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

Nematicides

aldicarb carbamate Yes yes Ia I ED known MT HT HT MT MT

dazomet unclassified yes no III III none potential ST PNT ST MT HT HT

Ethylene dibromide

Halogenated

Organic No

fenamiphos organophospate No Ib I none potential HT HT HT MT VHT MT

D-D (1,3-

dichloroprop(a/e)ne) organochlorine yes yes none I, II KC known MT ST MT VHT MT MT MT

methyl bromide

halogenated

organic yes yes none I RD no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT MT MT

Nematicides

Metam sodium unclassified yes yes I KC, RD no data HT ST VHT HT

oxamyl carbamate yes yes Ib I none no data ST HT VHT HT ST MT

Fumigants

aluminium phosphide inorganic yes yes none I none no data HT HT HT MT

chloropicrin unclassified yes yes II none potential VHT MT HT

magnesium

phosphide inorganic yes yes I none no data MT HT MT

methyl bromide

halogenated

organic

yes yes none I RD no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT MT MT

Herbicides

2,4 D chlorophenoxy yes no II III PC, ED potential ST HT MT ST NAT NAT NAT ST ST

2,4 D amine chlorophenoxy no none none PC no data

Acetochlor chloroacetanilide yes yes III II, III KC, ED potential MT MT ST MT MT


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Acifluorfen nitro phenyl ether no III none KC no data MT NAT MT

alachlor chloroacetanilide yes yes III II, III

KC, ED,

RD known MT NAT NAT MT MT ST ST

ametryne triazine yes no III III ED potential ST MT NAT MT MT ST

aminotriazole

(amitrol) triazole yes yes U III KC, ED potential NAT MT NAT MT ST ST

atrazine triazine yes yes U III PC, ED known ST NAT PNT ST ST ST ST ST ST

bentazon benzothiazinone yes no III III none no data NAT MT MT MT ST MT

bifenox diphenyl ether no U III none no data MT NAT MT MT VHT

bromacil uracil yes no U

II, III,

IV PC, ED known NAT MT NAT ST ST

bromoxynil hydroxybenzonitrile yes no II II PC, RD no data ST MT MT MT MT VHT

butralin dinitroaniline yes no I I none no data HT MT NAT MT MT VHT

Herbicides

chlorimuron (ethyl) sulfonyl urea yes no U III none no data NAT ST NAT MT NAT MT

clethodim Cyclohexenone yes no none II, III none potential MT MT MT MT MT

clomazone isoxazolidinone yes no II III none no data MT MT NAT MT MT HT

cyanazine triazine no II II, III

PC, ED,

RD known ST MT MT MT ST MT HT

cycloxydim cyclohexanone no U none no data NAT MT MT MT MT

dalapon-sodium

halogenated

aliphatic no U II, III none no data NAT NAT NAT NAT

dicamba a benzoic acid yes no III II, III RD potential ST NAT NAT ST

diclofop-methyl phenoxypropionate yes yes III I, II PC, RD no data HT NAT ST

dimethametryn triazine no III II ED no data MT MT MT

dimethenamid chloroacetamide yes no none II, III none no data MT NAT MT MT MT MT

Dimethenamid-P chloroacetamide yes no none II, III none no data MT NAT MT MT MT MT


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diuron urea yes no U III KC known ST ST ST ST MT ST

EPTC + antidote thiocarbamate yes no III II, III RD potential MT HT MT ST ST

fenoxaprop-p-ethyl propionic acid yes no none II, III none no data MT ST PNT ST MT MT

fluazifop-p-butyl propionic acid yes no III II, III none no data MT ST PNT ST

flufenacet oxyacetamide yes No III III none no data MT NAT MT MT MT MT

flumetsulam triazolepyrimidine yes no U III none no data NAT MT ST ST NAT

Flumioxazin dicarboximide yes no none III none no data MT MT NAT MT MT

fluometuron urea yes no U II, III PC potential ST ST MT

fomesafen diphenyl ether yes no III I, II PC no data NAT MT NAT MT NAT ST

glufosinate

ammonium unclassified yes no none II, III none no data NAT NAT MT MT NAT ST

glyphosate phosphonoglycine yes no U II, III none potential ST ST NAT PNT MT ST

glyphosate isopropyl

amine salt phosphonoglycine yes no none II, III none potential ST ST NAT ST NAT NAT NAT

Herbicides

glyphosate trimesium phosphonoglycine no none none none potential NAT ST

halosulfuron-methyl pyrazole yes no U III none potential ST MT ST ST ST NAT

haloxyfop(-P-)methyl a propionic acid no none KC no data HT MT MT MT

hexazinone triazinone yes no III III none known NAT MT NAT NAT ST ST

imazamox imidazolinone yes no none III none no data NAT

imazapyr imidazolinone yes no U III none no data ST MT ST MT NAT

imazethapyr amidazolinone yes no U II, III none potential NAT HT NAT NAT NAT

isoxaben benzamide yes no U III PC potential MT MT MT MT MT MT

isoxaflutole isoxazole yes yes III KC no data ST MT ST MT MT MT

linuron urea yes no U III

KC, ED,

RD potential MT NAT MT MT ST MT ST MT

MCPA chlorophenoxy acid yes no II II, IIII PC no data ST PNT NAT ST ST NAT NAT ST


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metazachlor chloroacetanilide no U none no data MT MT MT MT

metolachlor chloroacetamide yes no III III PC, ED known MT ST MT MT MT

metribuzin triazinone yes no II II, III ED potential MT NAT MT MT ST ST

metsulfuron-methyl sulfonylurea yes no none II, III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

Mesotrione triketone yes no III none No data ST

MSMA organometal yes no III II, III KC potential ST MT ST MT ST

nicosulfuron sulfonylurea yes no U II, III none potential MT MT MT MT MT

norflurazon pyridazinone yes no U III PC known ST NAT ST MT MT MT

oxadiazon oxidiazole yes no U II, III KC, RD no data MT MT ST MT MT ST HT

oxyfluorfen diphenyl ether yes no U II, III PC no data HT PNT PNT HT HT HT

paraquat bipyridylium yes yes II II P potential ST NAT MT ST ST ST NAT ST

pebulate thiocarbamate no II II, III none potential MT MT NAT MT ST MT ST

pendimethalin dinitroaniline yes no III III PC, ED no data MT NAT ST MT MT

picloram pyridine carboxylic yes yes U III ED known ST MT MT NAT ST NAT ST ST

prometryn triazine yes no U III RD potential MT NAT PNT ST NAT NAT ST ST

Herbicides

propachlor chloroacetanilide yes no III I, II KC, RD no data HT ST HT MT MT MT

propanil anilide yes no III II, III PC potential MT NAT MT ST NAT ST ST ST

propaquizafop a propionic acid no U none no data

propyzamide benzamide yes no U IV PC, RD slight NAT NAT MT MT MT

Prosulfuron sulfonyl urea yes no III none No data NAT ST

quizalofop-p-ethyl a propionic acid yes no none III none no data MT MT MT MT MT

sethoxydim

(setoxidin) cyclohexadione yes no III II, III none potential ST MT ST MT MT ST ST ST

s-metolachlor (alpha) chloroacetanilide yes no none III PC, ED known MT ST MT MT MT

Simazine Triazine yes No III III RD yes ST ST ST NAT NAT NAT ST ST HT

sulfentrazone triazolinone yes no III none no data ST MT MT MT MT


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Sulfodiazol

(ethidimuron) Urea no No III

Not

known

Not

known ST

Terbuthiuron Urea yes No III III RD potential NAT ST

terbuthylazine triazine yes no U III none no data MT MT MT MT MT HT

terbutryne triazine no U II, III PC potential MT NAT NAT MT MT

tribenuron methyl sulfonylurea yes no III PC no data ST MT ST MT

Trifloxysulfuron –

sodium sulfonyl urea yes no III ED potential ST

Trifluralin dinitroaniline yes No III II, III PC, ED

Not

known HT ST ST MT HT ST ST ST MT

topramezone yes no III

Rodenticides

brodifacoum Coumarin yes no Ia II, III none no data MT MT

bromadiolone Coumarin yes no Ia I, III none no data MT MT MT

Coumatetralyl Coumarin no Ib I none no data MT MT MT

difethialone Coumarin yes no Ia II, III none no data VHT HT MT HT

flocoumarfen Coumarin no Ia none none no data HT MT MT

scillirocide (Red

Squill) biological glycoside no O III none no data MT

warfarin coumarin yes no Ib II, III RD no data NAT MT NAT NAT

Avicides

fenthion OP No II II none potential MT MT VHT VHT HT HT VHT VHT

Molluscicides

metaldehyde aldehyde yes no II III PC potential NAT PNT MT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT


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methiocarb carbamate Yes some Ib I, III none potential HT HT MT MT MT MT MT HT HT

niclosamide no U none none no data VHT VHT MT NAT

trifenmorph no none none none no data HT VHT HT

Growth Regulators

6-Benzyl adenine botanical yes no III PC, ED No data

Chlormequat chloride

Quaternary

ammonium

compound yes No III ED No data NAT NAT MT NAT ST

Chlorthal dimethyl Alkyl phthalate yes no III III PC, yes ST ST

NA

T ST

cyclanilide Unclassified yes no I, II none

No

data ST ST MT MT MT

Cyanamide Inorganic yes yes I PC, ED

Not

known ST ST MT MT .. MT

Daminozide Unclassified yes No III III KC, ED No data NAT NAT NAT

Ethephon Organophosphate yes no III I ED No data NAT MT MT MT NAT NAT NAT

Growth Regulators

Flumetralin dinitroaniline yes no I none No data VHT MT VHT

Gibberellic acid Botanical yes no III III PC, ED No data NAT

Indolyl butyric acid

(IBA) Botanical yes no III III ED No data ST

Naphthylacetamide Unclassified No III III PC, ED No data ST

Mepiquat chloride

Quaternary

ammonium

compound yes no III ED No data NAT NAT ST NAT

Naphthalene acetic Botanical yes No III III PC, ED No data ST


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acid

N-Decanol (N-

Decyl alcohol)

Long chain

alcohol yes no III none

No

data MT MT

Octanol

Long chain

alcohol yes no II none

No

data MT MT

thidiazuron Urea yes no III III ED No data ST NAT MT


114

Annex 1b. List of active ingredients and Trade Names of pesticides registered for use and imported

to Zimbabwe + indicates mixture


1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin D-D Soil Fumigant 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Ditrapex

1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Telone II 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Telopic

1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin D-D 92 Soil Fumigant 4 (3-indolyl) Butyric Seradix B No. 1

6-benzyl adenine Promil 6-benzyl adenine Promalin



Abamectin Abamec 1.8 EC Acephate Orthene 75 SP

Acephate Acephate 75 SP Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel

Acephate Acephate 75% SP Acephate Acephate 75 WP

Acephate Lancer Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel

Acetamiprid Mospilan 20 SP Acetamiprid Pilarmos 20 SP

Acetamiprid Acetamark 20 SP Acibenzolar-S-methyl Bion 50 WG

Acrinathrin* Rufast 15 EC Acrinathrin* Rufast 75 EW

Aldicarb Temik 15 G Aldicarb Temik 150 GR

Aldicarb Pilarmik 15 GR Aldicarb ZFC Aldicarb

Aldicarb Temik 5 G Aldicarb Pilarmik 15 GR

Aldicarb Sanacarb 15 G Aldicarb Temik 15 GD

Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin Cooper Super Insect Killer Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin Mortein Odourless Insect Killer

Alphacypermethrin Fastac 10 EC Alphacypermethrin Fendona 5 WP

Alphacypermethrin Bestseller 100 EC Alphacypermethrin Paracide

Alphacypermethrin Fendona 6 SC Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl Cenalpha pour on


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butoxide

Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Powerpour Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide

Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide Phostoxin Tablets

Aluminium Phosphide Phostoxin Pellets Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Tablets

Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Sachets Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Pellets

Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Pellets Aluminium Phosphide Detia-Gas-Ex T

Aluminium Phosphide Celphos Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide Tablets

Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide 560 GE

Aluminium Phosphide Quickphos Aluminium Phosphide Detia-Gas-Ex B

Amitraz Ridac 20 Amitraz Red Spider Kill

Amitraz Mitac 20 Amitraz Amitraz 20 EC

Amitraz Bye Bye 20 EC Amitraz Amitic stock dip

Amitraz Tactic Cattle dip Amitraz Tactic Cattle spray

Amitraz Tactic 250 Amitraz Milbitraz Spray

Amitraz Triatix Amitraz Tickbuster

Amitraz Mitac 20 EC Anilazine Bayer Anilazine

Anilazine Dyrene 480 SC Anilazine Dyrene 75 WP

Azadirachtin Neem Extract Azamethaphos Alfacron 10 WP

Azamethaphos Alfacron 50 WP Azinphos-Methyl Gusathion 35 WP

Azoxystrobin Ortiva 250 SC Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Teknar Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel 2 X

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit HP WP Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel WP

Bendiocarb+ Ficam M WP Bendiocarb+ Tetramethrin+ Archer Surface Spray

Benfuracarb Benfran 30 EC Benfuracarb Oncol 10 G

Benfuracarb Oncol 20 EC Benfuracarb Shasha 20 EC

Benomyl Benlate Benomyl Spoton B

Benomyl Benomyl 50 WP Benomyl Agricura Special Fungicide


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Benomyl Benlate Fungicide Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 0.05% GR

Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 050 EC Beta-cyfluthrin+ imidacloprid Thunder

Bifenazate Floramite 240 EC Bifenthrin Talstar 10 EC

Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Target 5 Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Mortein Mentholated Insect Killer

Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Mentholated Insect Killer Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Mortein 3

Bitertanol Baycor 300 EC Boscalid+ pyraclostrobin Bellis





Bromopropylate Neoron 500 EC Bromopropylate Bromopropylate 50 EC

Bupirimate Nimrod Buprofezin Applaud 50 WP

Butoxide+ Target Insect Killer Butralin Butramex 36 EC

Butralin Tabamex Plus Cadusafos Rugby 10 G

Captafol Captafol 80 WP Captafol+ Chinosol+ Steriseal





Captan+ carbaryl+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug Killer Captan+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug

Captan+ methiocarb Mesurol Snail Bait Captan+ Fenitrothion Kaptasan F Super

Captan+ Fenitrothion+ Sodium Molybdate# Kaptasan F (15 MO)

Captan+ Fenitrothion+ Sodium Molybdate# Kaptasan F (30 MO)



Carbaryl Flea and Tick Kill Carbaryl Carbaryl 50

Carbaryl Carbaryl 5 Dust Carbaryl Carbaryl 85

Carbaryl+ Copper Oxy+ Malathion Guard N Care Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Dusting Powder


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Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Pyspray Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Carbendazim Bavistin 50 FL

Carbendazim Bavistin Carbendazim Carbendazim 50 SC

Carbendazim+ flutriafol Early Impact Carbendazim+ flusilazole Punch Xtra

Carbofuran Pilarfuran 10 GR Carbofuran Carbofuran 10 G

Carbofuran Carbofuran Carbofuran Curaterr 10 G

Carbofuran Furadan 10 G Carbosulfan Marshal 25 EC

Carbosulfan Marshal SuSCon Carboxin Anchor red

Carboxin Vitavax 75 Carboxin + Thiram Seedvax 20 EC

Carboxin + Thiram Seedvax 20 SC Carboxin + Thiram Vitavax Plus

Cartap hydrochloride Cartap Cartap hydrochloride Sunntap

Chinomethionat Morestan 25 WP Chlorantraniliprole Ampiglo 150 ZS

Chlordane Ridant Chlordane Dead Ant

Chlordane Dead Ant 30 Chlordane Ant Kill

Chlordane Chlordasol 30 Chlorfenapyr Hunter 36 SC

Chlorfenapyr Secure Chlorfenvinphos Cooper Maggot Spray

Chlorfenvinphos Maggot Spray Chlorfenvinphos Disnis

Chlorfenvinphos Supadip Chlormequat Chloride Chlormequat 40

Chlormequat Chloride Cycocel 40 Chlorobenzilate Akar 50 EC

Chloroneb Demosan Chloropicrin+ methyl bromide Methyl Bromide

Chloropicrin+ 1-3 dichloropropene Telopic Chloropicrin+ methyl bromide Brom-o-gas

Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 720 SC Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil

Chlorothalonil Pilarich 50 SC Chlorothalonil Encore 500 FW

Chlorothalonil Conan 75 WP Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 500 SC

Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 50 SC Chlorothalonil Chloroflo 500 SC

Chlorothalonil Bravo 500 Chlorothalonil Bravo 500 SC

Chlorothalonil Balear 500 SC Chlorpyriphos Dursban 4 E


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Chlorpyriphos Suscon Green Chlorpyriphos Empire

Chlorpyrifos Gladiator TC Chlorpyrifos Guard

Chlorpyrifos Pyrinex Chlorpyrifos Pyrinex 48 EC

Chlorpyrifos Chlorzan 48 EC Chlorpyrifos Chlorban 48 EC

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 480 EC Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48% EC

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48% E Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48 EC

Chlorpyrifos Barrier Chlorpyrifos+ Chlorpyrifos-methyl Tenure MTC 500 EC

Chlorpyrifos-Methyl Reldan 50 Chlorthal-Dimethyl Razor

Clofentezine Apollo 50 SC Copper Ammonium Acetate Liquicop

Copper Ammonium Acetate Copflo 32 SL Copper Ammonium Acetate Copper count N

Copper Hydroxide Funguran OH Copper Hydroxide Nordox

Copper Hydroxide Kocide 101 Copper Hydroxide Champ Flowable

Copper Hydroxide Champion 77 WP Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 85 WP

Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Oxychloride Oxicob 85 WP

Copper Oxychloride Copper Fungicide Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 60 FW

Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 85 WP Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 85% WP

Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Oxychloride Q-Copper WP

Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion+ carbaryl +dinocap Guard N Care Coumatetralyl Racumin Bait Block

Coumatetralyl Racumin Liquid Coumatetralyl Racumin

Cyanamide Dormex Cyfluthrin Cylence

Cyfluthrin Responsar WP 10 Cyfluthrin Baythroid 5% SL



Cyfluthrin+ Propoxur Zap Roach Killer Cymoxanil +propineb Milraz

Cypermethrin Cypermethrin 25% EC Cypermethrin Ripcord 20 EC

Cypermethrin Nurelle Cypermethrin Cypermethrin

Cypermethrin Cyrux Cypermethrin Cyperkill 10 EC


119


Cypermethrin Cymbush 3 ED Cypermethrin Cymbush 20 EC

Cypermethrin ZFC Cypermethrin Cypermethrin Barricade cattle dip

Cypermethrin Ectopour Cypermethrin Sentinel tick dressing

Cypermethrin Cypermethrin 20% EC Cyproconazole Alto 100 SL

Cyproconazole Alto G 34 Cyproconazole+ Disulfoton Altomix 7.75 G

Cyproconazole+ Sulphur Atemi-S cyromazine Cromazine 75 WP

Cyromazine Neporex 50 SP Cyromazine Larvadex

Cyromazine Trigard D-Allethrin Baygon Mosquito Mats

D-Allethrin Mortein Mosquito Coils D-Allethrin Baygon Mosquito Coils

Daminozide Alar Dazomet Basamid Granular

DDT Nova DDT 750 WP DDT Provoke 750 WP

DDVP see Dichlorvos DDVP 100 EC Deltamethrin+ pirimifos -methyl Chikwapuro

Deltamethrin Patriot 2.5 SC Deltamethrin Glossinex 200 SC

Deltamethrin Keshet 2.5 EC Deltamethrin K-Otab

Deltamethrin K-Othrin 250 WP Deltamethrin K-Othrin Dust

Deltamethrin Deltaguard 50 WP Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 25

Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 50 Deltamethrin Deltaguard 25 EC

Deltamethrin Crackdown SC Deltamethrin Crackdown 1% SC

Deltamethrin Cislin SC Deltamethrin Crackdown SC

Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 EC Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 FW

Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 SC Deltamethrin Coopers Tick Grease


Deltamethrin Spoton Deltamethrin Deltapour

Deltamethrin Clout pour on Deltamethrin Decistab

Deltamethrin+ Target 5 Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids Beta tick grease

Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids Venton Wound oil Deltamethrin+ tar acids Exit wound Remedy



120


Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl Deltafos EC Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin Actellic Super

Demeton-S-Methyl Metasystox (i) 25 EC Diafenthiuron Pegasus 500 SC

Diafenthiuron Polo 500 SC Diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC

Diazinon Diazinon 30 EC Diazinon Diazinon DFF

Diazinon Roach Kill Diazinon Diazinon 40 EC

Diazinon Diazinon 30% EW Diazinon Diazinon 30% EC

Diazinon Diazinon 30 Diazinon Diaz 30

Dichlofluanid Euparen 50 WP Dichlorvos DDVP 100 EC

Dichlorvos Insectigas Dichlorvos Smash 100 EC

Dichlorvos Vapona 50 EC Dichlorvos Nogos 50 EC

Dichlorvos Nogos 100 EC Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 EC

Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 SP Dichlorvos Dedevap 1000

Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 EC Dichlorvos Vortex

Dichlorvos Fly Bait Dichlorvos+ Carbaryl+ New Formula Roachitox

Dichlorvos+ Iodofenphos Di-Fli Bait Dichlorvos+ Propoxur Mortein Cockroach Insect Killer

Dichlorvos+ Tetramethrin Zap Insect Killer Dicloran Allisan 50 WP

Dicofol Kelthane EC Dicofol Mitigan 18.5 EC

Dicofol Kelthane 18.5 EC Dicofol Dicofol 20 EC

Dicofol Dicofol 18.5 EC Dicofol Dicopac 18.5 EC

Dienochlor Pentac 50 WP Dienochlor Pentac 50 Aquaflow

Diethyltoluamide DEET Diethyltoluamide Wound Aerosol

Difenoconazole Score 250 EC Difenoconazole Difenoconazole 25 EC

Difenoconazole+ thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M Apron Star 42 WS Difethilalone Rattex

Diflubenzuron Dimilin 25 WP Diflubenzuron Dimilin

Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 EC Dimethoate Dimethoate 40

Dimethoate Dimethoate 40% EC Dimethoate Rogor CE

Dimethoate Rogor 40 EC Dimethoate Rogor


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Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 Dimethomorph+ mancozeb Acrobat MZ

Dinocap Karathane Dust Dinocap Karathane 2 Dust

Dinocap Karathane 20 WP Dinocap Dinocap

Dinocap+ malathion+ Cu oxy+ carbaryl Guard N Care Diphenylamine D.P.A. WP

Diphenyltoluamide Aeroguard Disulfoton Solvirex Super 10

Disulfoton Disulfogran Disulfoton Solvirex

Disulfoton Solvirex Super 100 Disulfoton Disyston 5 Gran

Disulfoton Disulfoton Disulfoton Disulfogran 5 G

Disulfoton Disyston 0.5 Gran Disulfoton+ Triadimenol Repulse 5.75 GR

thidiazuron Dropp DNOC Capsine DNOC

Dodemorph-acetate Meltatox D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Super Killem

D-Phenothrin+ d-tetramethrin Mortein Flying Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ Target Insect Killer

D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Killem Regular D-Phenothrin+ Archer Insect Killer

D-Transallethrin Target Mosquito Coils Edifenphos Hinosan 500 EC

Emamectin benzoate Proclaim 05 SG Emamectin benzoate Prove

Endosulfan Thiodan Endosulfan Thionex 50 WP

Endosulfan Thionex 35 EC Endosulfan Thionex 1%

Endosulfan Endosulfan 35% EC Endosulfan Thioflo

Endosulfan Thionex Endosulfan Thioflo 50

Endosulfan Thioflo 47.5 SC Endosulfan Thiodan 50 WP

Endosulfan Thiodan 35 MO Endosulfan Thiodan 35 EC

Endosulfan Thiokil 35 EC Endosulfan Thiodan 30 MO

Endosulfan Thiodan 1 Gran Endosulfan Endosulfan 50 WP

Endosulfan Endocid 35% EC Endosulfan Endocid 35 EC

Endosulfan Endosulfan Epoxiconazole +Carbendazim Soprano C

Epoxiconazole +pyraclostrobin Opera Esfenvalerate Agrithrin Super 5 EC


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Ethephon 48 SL Ethrel Ethephon Applied Ethephon

Ethephon Ethephon 48 SL Ethephon Ethephon 480 SL

Ethephon+ Cyclanilide Finish Ethiofencarb Croneton 500 EC

Ethoprophos Mocap 10 G Ethylene Dibromide EDB Tech

Ethylene Dibromide Technical EDB Ethylene Dibromide Miscible EDB

Ethylene Dibromide Minifume EDB Ethylene Dibromide Micro EDB

Ethylene Dibromide Water Miscible EDB Ethylene Dibromide Agrifume EDB 4.5

Ethylene Dibromide Ethylene Dibromide Ethylene Dibromide EDB EC

Ethylene Dibromide EDB 92 EC Ethylene Dibromide EDB 4.5

Ethylene Dibromide Edabrom Etoxazole Smite 100 SC

Etrimphos Satisfar 1 Dust Fatty Acids Naturell

fenamidone Noblight Fenamidone + Fosetyl-Al Verita

Fenamiphos Fenamiphos 40 EC Fenamiphos Nemacur 10 Gran

Fenamiphos Nemacur 400 EC Fenarimol Rubigan EC

fenazaquin Pride Fenbutatin-oxide Torque

Fenbutatin-oxide Fenbutatin-oxide 55 SC fenhexamid Teldor

Fenitrothion Folithion 60 EC Fenitrothion Sumithion 40 WP

Fenitrothion Snipe Fenitrothion Reskol

Fenitrothion Folithion 60% EC Fenitrothion Folithion 1000 UL

Fenitrothion Croak Fenitrothion Cockroach, Ant & Flea Powder

Fenitrothion Cockroach Killer Fenitrothion Ant Poison

Fenitrothion Kontakil Fenitrothion+ Deltamethrin Shumba Super

fenpropimorph Corbel 750 EC Fenthion Lebaycid 50 EC

Fenthion Queletox 40 SC Fenthion Queletox 640 UL

Fentin Acetate Brestan Fentin Hydroxide Du-Ter Extra

Fenvalerate Agrithrin 20 EC Fenvalerate Applied Fenvalerate 200 EC

Fenvalerate Applied Fenvalerate Fenvalerate Fenkill 20 EC

Fenvalerate Fenvalerate 20 EC Fenvalerate Fenvalerate 20% EC


123


Fenvalerate Fenvalerate Fenvalerate Pfumo 20 EC

Fenvalerate Sanvalerate 200 EC Fenvalerate Sumifly

Fipronil Regent 200 SC Fipronil Regent 250 FS

Fipronil Regent 3 G Fipronil Regent 500 FS

Fipronil Regent 800 WG Fipronil Frontline

Fipronil Much Cockroach Bait Flocoumarfen Storm

flubendiamide Belt Flubenzimine Cropotex 500 WP

Flucythrinate Cybolt 100 E Fludioxonil+ metalaxyl M Maxim XL 035 FS

Flufenoxuron Cascade Flufenoxuron Flufenoxuron

Flumethrin Bayticol Flumethrin Drastic Deadline pour on

Flumetralin Prime + Fluopicolide+ propamocarb HCL Infinito

Flusilazole Nustar 250 EC Flusilazole+ carbendazim Punch Xtra

Flutriafol Impact Flutriafol Armour G

Flutriafol+ carbendazim Early Impact Fluvalinate Mavrik 2E

Formetanate Hydrochloride Dicarzol Fosetyl-Al Aliette WG

Fosetyl-Al+ Mancozeb Mikal-M Fosetyl-Al+ fenamidone Verita

Furathiocarb Deltanet 5 G Furathiocarb Promet 400 CS

Gamma BHC (LINDANE) Bedbug Kill Gamma BHC Bexadust "L"

Gamma BHC Gamatox House Spray Gamma BHC Multi Benhex

Gibberellic Acid Gibberellic Acid Hydramethylnon Maxforce

Hydramethylnon Siege Gel Imazalil Sulphate Magnate Sulphate 75 SP

Imazalil Imazalil 800 EC Imazalil Magnate 800 EC

Imazalil Fungazil Imidacloprid Gaucho 70 WS







124


Imidacloprid Imidaking 200 SL Imidacloprid +Pencycuron+ Thiram Monceren GT 390 FS

Imidacloprid+ Betacyfluthrin Thunder Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 1


Indoxacarb Avaunt 150 SC Iprodione Rovral 250 SC

Iprodione Iprodione 25 SC Iprodione Rovral Wettable Powder

Iprovalicarb+ Propineb Melody Duo Isofenphos Oftanol 50 EC

Kresoxim-methyl Stroby WG Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC



Lambda-cyhalothrin Mortein Iconet Lambda-cyhalothrin Karate

Lambda-cyhalothrin Grenade Lambda-cyhalothrin Icon 2,5CS

Lambda-cyhalothrin + Acetamiprid Blast 60 EC Lindane Gamma BHC

Lufenuron Match 50 EC Lufenuron Program

Lufenuron Lufenuron 5 EC Magnesium Phosphide Magtoxin







Malathion +Carbaryl+ pyrethrins+ borax ABC Powder Malathion+ Pyrethrins Pythion 21


Mancozeb Mancozan 80 WP Mancozeb Vondozeb Flowable

Mancozeb Spoton-M Mancozeb Mancozeb

Mancozeb Mancozeb Flowable Mancozeb Mancozeb 800 WP

Mancozeb Mancozeb 80 WP Mancozeb Mancozan 800 WP

Mancozeb Mancozeb 75 WP Mancozeb Dithane M.45


125


Mancozeb Dithane M.45 WP Mancozeb Dithane DG

Mancozeb Agrizeb 80 WP Mancozeb Mancozan 75 WP

Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Duet Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Metalaxyl-M 72 WP

Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Duet

Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Crater MX 700 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Unilax

Maneb+ Zinc oxide Trimangol SC Mepiquat Chloride Pix

Metalaxyl Metalaxyl 5 GR Metalaxyl Ridomil 5 G

Metalaxyl-M +difenoconazole +thiamethoxam Apron Star 42 WS Metalaxyl-M+ Copper Oxy Ridomil Plus

Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP

Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Duet Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Crater MX 700 WP

Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Unilax Metalaxyl-M+ fludioxonil Maxim XL 035 FS

Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG Metaldehyde Metason


Metam Sodium Metam Sodium Methacriphos Damfin 2P

Methamidophos Polaron 60 SL Methamidophos Citrimet 500 AL

Methamidophos Tamaron 600 SL Methamidophos Methamidophos 60 SC

Methamidophos Pilaron 60 SL Methamidophos Chematron

Methamidophos Methamidophos 600 SL Methidathion Ultracide 40 EC

Methiocarb Mesurol 80% WP Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Bait

Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Pellets Methomyl Lannate

Methomyl Methomyl Methomyl Methomyl 90 SP

Methomyl Lannate Methomyl Methomex 90 SP

Methomyl+ Tricosene Dyfly Methoprene Kabat

Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide Brom-o-gas

Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin Metabrom

Methyl Isothiocyanate+ Ditrapex Metiram Polyram Combi

Metiram Polyram DF Mevinphos Mevinphos 24 EC


126


Mevinphos Phosdrin Mevinphos Mevinphos 24 EC

Mevinphos Phosdrin 24 EC Milbemectin Milbeknock

Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Bac Oil Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Mineral Oil

Mineral Oil Orchex Mineral Oil Mineral Oil Winspray

Mineral Oil Mineral Oil Mineral Oil Orchard Oil

Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40% SL Monocrotophos Monocrotophos

Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40 WSL Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40 WSC

Monocrotophos Monostem SL Monocrotophos Monostem 40 SL

Monocrotophos Monofos Monocrotophos Monofos 40

Monocrotophos Monofos 40 WSC Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40

Monocrotophos Azodrin 40 Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40

Monocrotophos Monofos 40 WSL Monocrotophos Applied Monocrotophos

Monocrotophos Monocron 40 EC Monocrotophos Monocron 40 LC

Monocrotophos Monocron Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 36 SL

Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40 LC Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40 WSC

Naled Migafos N-Decanol N-Decanol

N-Decanol ZFC Decanol N-Decanol Thekanol

N-Decanol Sukerkil N-Decanol ZFC Fair Tac

N-Decanol Deka N-Decanol Bac-Tac

N-Decanol Spraytak N-Decanol Royaltac M

Niclosamide Bayluscide 70 WP Novaluron Oscar 100 EC

Novaluron Rimon 10 EC Octanol Decanol ZFC Fair 85

Octanol+ Decanol Royaltac M Omethoate Folimat 80

Oxadixyl +Mancozeb Sandofan MS WP Oxadixyl+ Mancozeb Sandofan M8

Oxamyl Vydate 310 L Oxamyl Platoon SL

Oxamyl Nemat 310 L Oxamyl Oxamyl 31 SL

Oxamyl Oxamyl 31 SL.0 Oxamyl Oxamyl 10 G

Oxycarboxin Plantvax 20 EC Oxycarboxin Plantvax 75


127


Oxydemeton-Methyl Metasystox (R) 25 EC Parathion Folidol 25 EC

Parathion Folidol 25 WP Parathion Folidol 50 EC

Parathion Parathion 25 EC Parathion Parathion 25 WP

Parathion Parathion 500 EC Penconazole Penconazole

Penconazole Topas 100EC Penconazole Penconazole 20 EW

Pencycuron+ Captan Monceren Combi Pencycuron+ Imidacloprid Monceren GT 390 FS

Pendimethalin Accotab Pendimethalin Agritop

Pendimethalin Prime Suckeride 33% EC Pendimethalin Toptab 33 EC

Pentachlorophenol Concentrated Wood preservative Pentachlorophenol Chematect Conc.

Pentachlorophenol Termite Poison Pentachlorophenol Wood Preservative

Pentachlorophenol Atlas AA 8.5 Permethrin+ pirimiphos methyl Chirindamatura Dust

Permethrin+ F-aerosol Permethrin Cooper Mosquito Larvicide


Permethrin Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Permethrin+ Allethrin New P 44

Petroleum oil Ximex "XL" Phenothrin+ Allethrin Mobil Insecticide

Phoxim Baythion 500 EC Phoxim Volaton Cutworm Bait

Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Surface Piperonyl Butoxide+ Zap Insect Killer

Piperonyl Butoxide+ Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ Archer Insect Killer

Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Regular Piperonyl Butoxide+ Super Killem

Piperonyl Butoxide+ Target Insect Killer Pirimicarb Pirimor 50 DG



Pirimiphos-methyl Superguard Dust Pirimiphos-methyl +permethrin Chirindamatura Dust

Pirimiphos-methyl +permethrin Actellic Super Pirimiphos-methyl+ deltamethrin Chikwapuro

lime sulphur Lime Sulphur Potassium phosphite (phosphorus acid) Phosguard 40 SL

Potassium phosphite Phosphite 400 SL Pirimicarb Pirimor 5 ED

Pirimicarb Pirimor 50 DG Prochloraz manganese chloride Sporgon 50 WP


128


Prochloraz Prochloraz 45 EC Procymidone Promislex 25 SC

Procymidone Sumisclex 50 WP Procymidone Procilix 25 SC

Profenofos Curacron 500 EC Profenofos Profenofos 50 EC

Propamocarb-HCL Previcur N 72 SL Propamocarb-HCL Propa-N 72 SL

Propargite Omite 30 WP Propargite Omite EC

Propargite Propargite 30 WP Propetamphos+ Dichlorvos Safrotin Aerosol

Propiconazole Bumper 25 EC Propiconazole New ZFC Bumper 25 EC

Propiconazole Propiconapac Propiconazole Propiconazole 25 EC

Propiconazole Propiconazole 250 EC Propiconazole Tilt 250 EC

Propineb Antracol 70 WP Propineb+ Cymoxanil Milraz 76 WP

Propineb+ Triadimefon Bayleton A Propoxur Baygon 1 Dust




Prosuler Oxymatrine Levo 2.4 SL Pymetrozine Chess 50 WP

Pymetrozine Chess 25 WP Pyraclostrobin+ boscalid Bellis

Pyraclostrobin+ epoxiconazole Opera Pyrazophos Afugan 30 EC



Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Aquapy Pyrethrins Coopermatic Aerosol

Pyrethrins Spar Knockdown Pyrethrins Mositox

Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Ready for Use

Pyrethrins Tobacco Tox Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Concentrate

Pyrethrins Flower Mosquito Coils Pyrethrins Bymo Insect Killer

Pyrethrins Baygon Insect Killer Pyrethrins 30-T

Pyrethrins G-17 Pyrethrins ABC Powder

Pyrethrins New Formula Roachitox Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Biomatic Fly Killer


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Pyrethrins+ Pyrethrinmarc Doom Mosquito Coils Pyrimethanil Pyrimethanil 40 SC

Pyrimethanil Scala 40 SC Pyriproxyfen Admiral 10 EC

Quintozene Quintozene 75 WP Scillirocide Silmurin

Sodium Molybdate+ captan + fenitrothion Kaptasan F (15 MO) Spinosad Tracer 480 SC

Spirodiclofen Envidor 240 SC Spiromesifen Oberon

Spiroxamine Prosper 500 EC Sulphur Cosan Wettable Sulphur

Sulphur Dusting Sulphur Sulphur Kumulus DF

Sulphur Sulphur 80 WP Sulphur Thiovit Wettable Sulphur

Sulphur Thiovit Sulphur Vine Dusting Sulphur

Sulphur Wettable Sulphur Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion Vegidust

Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion Pedza Nhamo

Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion Agridust

Sulphur+ Mancozeb Flower Power Sulprophos Bolstar 720 EC

Tartar Emetic Tartox SP Tartar Emetic Tartox

Tartar Emetic Tartar Emetic Tebuconazole Folicur 250 EC

Tebuconazole Orius 250 EW Tebuconazole Supreme 25 EC

Tebuconazole Tebuconazole 25 EC Tebuconazole Folicur 25 WP

Tebuconazole +trifloxystrobin Nativo Teflubenzuron Nomolt

Tolclofos-methyl Tolclofos-M 85 WP Tolclofos-methyl Tolclofos 50 WP

Tolclofos-Methyl Rizolex 50 WP Temephos Abate 500 EC

Temephos Mostop Terbufos Counter FC 10 GR

Terbufos Counter FC 15 G Tetrachlorvinphos Gardona 50 WP

Tetrachlorvinphos+ Graingard 3 Dust Tetradifon Tetradifon 8 EC

Tetradifon Tetradifon EC Tetramethrin+ Mobil Insecticide





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Thiabendazole Tecto Thiabendazole Tecto 500 SC



Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil+ Metalaxyl-M Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS

Thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M+ difenoconazole Apron Star 42 WS

Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil +Metalaxyl-M Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS Thidiazuron+ Dropp Ultra

Thiodicarb Larvin 375 FW Thiodicarb Larvin 80 WG

Thiodicarb Carvin 375 FW Thiofanox Dacamox 5G

Thiometon Ekatin 25 EC Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 50 FW

Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 65 WP Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin Flo 48 SC

Thiourea Thiourea Thiram Thiram 80 WP

Thiram ZFC Kumeresa Thiram Thiram 80

Thiram Thiulin Thiram+ Lindane Agri Seed Dressing

TMTD+ pencycuron+ imidacloprid Monceren GT 390 FS Triadimefon Bayleton 25 WP

Triadimefon Bayleton 5 WP Triadimefon Bayleton 250 EC

Triadimenol Baytan 15 WP Triadimenol Shavit 25 EC

Triadimenol Bayfidan 1 G Triadimenol Triadimenol 25 EC

Triazophos Hostathion 40 EC Triazophos Triazophos 40 EC

Trichlorfon Flytac SC Trichlorfon Trichlorfon 950 SP

Trichlorfon Dipterex 95 SP Trichlorfon Dipterex 2.5 Gran

Trichlorfon Danex 95 SP Trichlorfon Sprayquip Stalkborer 2.5 Granules

Trifenmorph Frescon Trifloxystrobin Flint 50 WG

Trifloxystrobin Twist 50 WG Trifloxystrobin+ tebuconazole Nativo

Triflumuron Alsystin 480 SC Triforine Funginex

Triticonazole Premis 200 FS Vamidothion Kilval

Warfarin Dedrat Warfarin Ratkill

Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline Super Rat Kill Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline Norax Ready Mixed

Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline Rat Poison


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HERBICIDES Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name

2,4 D Amine Hormotox 2,4 D Amine 2,4 D Amine 2,4 D Amine 7.2

2,4 D Amine + MCPA U46 Combi Fluid 6 2,4 D Amine + Picloram Tordon 101

Acetochlor Relay Acetochlor Volcano Acetochlor 900

Acetochlor Pilarpass 90 EC Acetochlor Harness EC

Acetochlor Guardian S EC Acetochlor Acetochlor 900 EC

Acetochlor Wenner Acetochlor Diamant 700 S

Acifluorfen Blazer 2S Alachlor Alachlor

Alachlor Lasachlor Alachlor ZFC Alachlor

Alachlor Lasso Alachlor Lasso MT

Alachlor Lasso 480 EC Alachlor Lasso 48 EC

Alachlor Citchem Alachlor 48 EC Alachlor Alanex

Alachlor Alaklor 480 EC Alachlor Alachlor Herbicide

Alachlor Alachlor 480 EC Alachlor Alachlor 48 EC

Alachlor Alanex 480 EC Ametryn Ametryne 500 F

Ametryn Ametryn 50 SC Ametryn Gesapax 80 WG

Ametryn Gesapax 500 FW Ametryn Ametryne 80

Ametryn Ametryne 80 WP Ametryn Ametrex 50 SC

Ametryn Ametryn 500 F Ametryn Ametrex 80

Ametryn Ametrex 80 WP Ametryn Ametryn 500 SC

Ametryn Ametryn 80 WP Aminotriazole Bayer Amitrol

Atrazine Atrazine 500 FW Atrazine Mutsvairo 500 FW

Atrazine Gesaprim 500 FW Atrazine Atrazine 500 SC

Atrazine Atrazine 50 SC Atrazine Atrazine 50 Flowable

Atrazine Atrazine 5 GR Atrazine Atrazine 5 G


132

Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name

Atrazine Atranex 50 SC Atrazine Atrazine 80 WP

Atrazine Atrazine 50 FW Atrazine + Metolachlor Prime Gold


Bentazon Bentazon 48 EC Bifenox Modown

Bromacil Track Chemical X Bromacil Track X Granular

Bromacil Bromacil 80 WP Bromoxynil Bromotril 500 SC

Bromoxynil Bromoxynil Bromoxynil Buctril DS

Bromoxynil Buctril 21 Bromoxynil Bromotril

Bromoxynil Brominal Super Bromoxynil Bromoxynil 22.5 EC

Bromoxynil + Terbuthylazine Terbo SE Butralin Tabamex

Butralin Butramex 36 EC Chlorimuron-ethyl Classic 25 DF

Chlorimuron-ethyl Extreme 50 WP Chlorimuron-ethyl Chlorimuron-E 25 WG

Chlorthal - dimethyl Razor Clethodim Select 240 EC

Clomazone Command 4 EC Clomazone Pilarmand 48 EC

Clomazone Command 480 EC Clomazone Clomazone 480 EC

Clomazone CMF Clomazone 48 EC Clomazone Kalif 48 EC

Clomazone Polazone 480 EC Clomazone Clomazone

Cyanazine Bladex 5 SC Cyanazine Prime Cottherb 5 SC

Cyanazine + Atrazine Blazine 5 Cyanazine/Atrazine Blazine 5 SC

Cycloxydim Focus Ultra Cycloxydim Focus

Dalapon Basfapon Dalapon Dalapon 85 S Systemic

Dalapon Dalapon Dalapon Grass Killer

Dalapon + Diuron Dalmex Dicamba Dicamba 480 SL

Dicamba Banvel Diclofop-methyl Hoelon 36 EC

Dimethametryn Dimepax Dimethenamid Frontier 900 EC





133



Diuron Diuron 80 Wettable Powder EPTC Cypam




Flumetralin Prime Plus Flumetsulam + S-metolachlor Bateleur Gold 650 EC





Glyphosate trimesium Touchdown Glyphosate Glyphosate 180

Glyphosate Driveweeder Glyphosate Glifonex

Glyphosate Glyfonex Glyphosate Glyfotec

Glyphosate Glyphogan 480 SL Glyphosate Glyphon 360 SL

Glyphosate Glyphosate 360 SL Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SC

Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SL Glyphosate Glyphosate

Glyphosate Glyphotox Glyphosate Mebrom Wipeout

Glyphosate Pathclear Glyphosate Roundup Biodry

Glyphosate Roundup Glyphosate Sanglypho L

Glyphosate Scat 360 SL Glyphosate Sting

Glyphosate Weedclear 360 Glyphosate Glyphonex

Halosulfuron - methyl Servian 75 WG Halosulfuron - methyl Halosulfuron - M 75 WG

Haloxyfop-ethoxy-ethyl Gallant 125 EE Haloxyfop-R-methyl ester Super Gallant

Hexazinone Velpar L Hexazinone Hexazinone 240 SL

Imazamox Lynx Imazapyr Arsenal

Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG Imazethapyr Pursuit

Imazethapyr Amplify Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG


134


Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate

Actril DS Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate

Voltril


Escardar Isoxaben Flexidor







Lumax 537.5 SE Metazachlor Butisan S


Metolachlor Metolachlor 960 EC Metribuzin Metriphar 480 SC

Metribuzin Volcano Metribuzin 480 SC Metribuzin Sencor 480 SC

Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 EC Metribuzin Metriphar 48 SC

Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 SC Metribuzin Metribuzin 480 SC

Metsulfuron-methyl Ally MSMA MSMA

MSMA Volcano MSMA N – Decanol N - Decanol

N - Decanol Thekanol N – Decanol Deka

N - Decanol Antak Nicosulfuron Accent

Nicosulfuron Accent 75 DF Nicosulfuron Nicosulfuron 75 WG

Nicosulfuron Sanson 4 SC Nicosulfuron Arrow 75 WDG

Norflurazon Solicam DF Norflurazon Zorial 80 WP

Oxadiazon Oxadiazon 25 EC Oxadiazon Ronstar EC

Oxadiazon Ronstar Flo Oxadiazon Ronstar

Oxyfluorfen Galigan 240 EC Oxyfluorfen Goal 24 EC

Paraquat Paraquat SL Paraquat Paraquat

Paraquat Paraquat S Paraquat Paraquat 24 SL


135


Paraquat Paraquat 240 SL Paraquat Agroquat

Paraquat Gramoxone Paraquat Avi-paraquat

Paraquat Agriquat Paraquat Gramoxone

Pebulate Tillatox Pendimethalin Prowl



Pendimethalin Prime Suckercide 33% EC Pendimethalin Accotab


Pendimethalin Agritop EC Picloram Tordon 22K

Prometryn Prometrex 50 SC Prometryn Prometryn 50 FW

Prometryn Prometryn 50 SC Prometryn Prometryn 500 SC

Prometryn Prometryn 80 WP Prometryn Gesagard 500 FW

Prometryn + Fluometuron Cottonex Super SC Prometryn + Fluometuron Cotogard 500 FW

Prometryn + S-metolachlor Codal® gold 412 DC Propachlor Ramrod SC

Propanil Surcopur 360 EC Propaquizafop Agil 100 EC

Propyzamide Kerb 50 WP Prosulfuron Peak 75 WG

Quizalofop-P-ethyl Pilot Super Quizalofop-P-ethyl Co-Pilot

Quizalofop-P-tefuryl Escourt 40 EC Sethoxydim Nabu


S-metolachlor + Flumetsulam Bateleur Gold 650 EC Sulfentrazone Authority 75 WG


Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone 48 EC Sulfodiazol Ustilan 70 WP

Terbuthiuron Graslan 20 P Terbuthylazine Terbuthylazine 50 SC

Terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor Sorgomil Gold Terbutryn Terbutryn 50 SC

Terbutryn Terbutryne 50 SC Terbutryn Terbutrex 50 SC

Tribenuron methyl Granstar 75 DF Tribenuron methyl Tribenuron-M 75 WG

Trifloxysulfuron sodium + Ametryn

Krismat 75 WG Trifluralin Trifsan


136


Trifluralin Mebrom Trifluralin Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC

Trifluralin Trif 480 EC Trifluralin Trif

Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC Trifluralin Trifluralin

Trifluralin Triflurex Topramezone + dicamba Stellar


137

Annex 1c. List of Trade Names and active ingredients of Zimbabwe

registered pesticides with type and USEPA registration status

INSECTICIDES, MITICIDES, NEMATICIDES AND FUNGICIDES

Guide to the tables in this annex

Type of Pesticide Registration Status

AVICIDE A

APPROVED A

ANIMAL HEALTH AH

HIGH TOXICITY (CLASS 1) HT(1)

FUMIGANT FM

NO US CROP REGISTRATION NCR

FUNGICIDE FN

NO USA REGISTRATION NR

GROWTH REGULATOR GR

RESTRICTED USE PRODUCT RUP

INSECTICIDE I MITICIDE/ACARICIDE M MOLLUSCICIDE MO NEMATICIDE N

+ indicates mixture

PUBLIC HEALTH PH RODENTICIDE R

Trade Name Active Ingredient type status

30-T Pyrethrins PH A

Abamec 1.8 EC Abamectin M A

Abamectin 1.8 EC Abamectin M A

Abate 500 EC Temephos I A

ABC Powder Malathion +Carbaryl+ pyrethrins+ borax PH A

ABC Powder Pyrethrins PH A

Accotab Pendimethalin GR A

Acephate 75 SP Acephate I A

Acephate 75 WP Acephate I A

Acephate 75% SP Acephate I A

Acetamark 20 SP Acetamiprid I A

Acrobat MZ Dimethomorph+ mancozeb FN A

Actara 25 WG Thiamethoxam I A

Actellic 50 EC Pirimiphos-methyl I A

Actellic Super Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin I A

Actellic Super Pirimiphos-methyl +permethrin I A

Admiral 10 EC Pyriproxyfen I A

Aeroguard Diphenyltoluamide PH NR

Afugan 30 EC Pyrazophos FN NR

Agri Seed Dressing Thiram+ Lindane FN NR

Agricura Special Fungicide Benomyl FN NR

Agridust Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion FN A


138


Agrifume EDB 4.5 Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

Agrithrin 20 EC Fenvalerate I NR

Agrithrin Super 5 EC Esfenvalerate I RUP

Agritop Pendimethalin GR A

Agrizeb 80 WP Mancozeb FN A

Agromectin Abamectin M A

Akar 50 EC Chlorobenzilate MO NR

Alar Daminozide GR A

Alfacron 10 WP Azamethaphos I NR

Alfacron 50 WP Azamethaphos I NR

Aliette WG Fosetyl-Al FN A

Allisan 50 WP Dicloran FN A

Alsystin 480 SC Triflumuron I NR

Alto 100 SL Cyproconazole FN A

Alto G 34 Cyproconazole FN A

Altomix 7.75 G Cyproconazole+ Disulfoton FN A

Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Aluminium Phosphide 560 GE Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Aluminium Phosphide Tablets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Amitic stock dip Amitraz AH A

Amitraz 20 EC Amitraz M A

Ampiglo 150 ZS Chlorantraniliprole I A

Anchor red Carboxin FN A

Ant Kill Chlordane I NR

Ant Poison Fenitrothion PH NCR

Antiracial 70 WP Propineb FN NR

Aphid Kill Malathion I A

Apollo 50 SC Clofentezine M A

Applaud 50 WP Buprofezin I A

Applied Ethephon Ethephon GR HT(1)

Applied Fenvalerate Fenvalerate I NR

Applied Fenvalerate 200 EC Fenvalerate I NR

Applied Monocrotophos Monocrotophos I NR

Apron Star 42 WS Difenoconazole+ thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M FN A

Apron Star 42 WS Metalaxyl-M +difenoconazole +thiamethoxam FN A

Apron Star 42 WS Thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M+ difenoconazole I A

Aquapy Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide PH A

Archer Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ PH A

Archer Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A


139


Archer Surface Spray Bendiocarb+ Tetramethrin+ PH NR

Armour G Flutriafol FN A

Atemi-S Cyproconazole+ Sulphur FN A

Atlas AA 8.5 Pentachlorophenol PH RUP

Avaunt 150 SC Indoxacarb I A

Azodrin 40 Monocrotophos I NR

Bac Oil Mineral Oil (heavy oil) I A

Bac-Tac N-Decanol GR A

Balear 500 SC Chlorothalonil FN A

Barricade cattle dip Cypermethrin AH NR

Barrier Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Basamid Granular Dazomet N A

Bavistin Carbendazim FN A

Bavistin 50 FL Carbendazim FN A

Baycor 300 EC Bitertanol FN NR

Bayer Anilazine Anilazine FN NR

Bayfidan 1 G Triadimenol FN A

Baygon 1 Dust Propoxur PH A

Baygon 20 EC Propoxur PH A

Baygon Fly Bait Propoxur PH A

Baygon Insect Killer Pyrethrins PH A

Baygon Mosquito Coils D-Allethrin PH NR

Baygon Mosquito Mats D-Allethrin PH NR

Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin PH A

Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin+ PH A

Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Dichlorvos PH A

Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Dichlorvos PH A

Baygon Residual spray Cyfluthrin+ PH A

Baygon Residual Spray Propoxur+ Dichlorvos PH A

Bayleton 25 WP Triadimefon FN A

Bayleton 250 EC Triadimefon FN A

Bayleton 5 WP Triadimefon FN A

Bayleton A Propineb+ Triadimefon FN NR

Bayluscide 70 WP Niclosamide MO NR

Baytan 15 WP Triadimenol FN A

Baythion 500 EC Phoxim I NR

Baythroid 5% SL Cyfluthrin I A

Bayticol Flumethrin AH NR

Bedbug Kill Gamma BHC (LINDANE) PH NR

Bellis Boscalid+ pyraclostrobin FN A

Bellis Pyraclostrobin+ boscalid FN A

Belt Flubendiamide I A


140


Benfran 30 EC Benfuracarb I NR

Benlate Benomyl FN NR

Benlate Fungicide Benomyl FN NR

Benomyl 50 WP Benomyl FN NR

Bestseller 100 EC Alphacypermethrin I NR

Beta tick grease Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids AH NR

Bexadust "L" Gamma BHC PH NR

Biobit Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii I A

Biobit HP WP Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii I A

Biomatic Fly Killer Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide PH A

Biomectin Abamectin M A

Bion 50 WG Acibenzolar-S-methyl FN A

Blast 60 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin + Acetamiprid I A

Bolstar 720 EC Sulprophos I NR

Bravo 500 SC Chlorothalonil FN A

Bravo 500 Chlorothalonil FN A

Brestan Fentin Acetate FN NR

Brom-o-gas Chloropicrin+ methyl bromide FM RUP

Brom-o-gas Methyl Bromide FM RUP

Bromopropylate 50 EC Bromopropylate M NR

Bulldock 0.05% GR Beta-cyfluthrin I A

Bulldock 050 EC Beta-cyfluthrin I A

Bumper 25 EC Propiconazole FN A

Butramex 36 EC Butralin H HT(1)

Bye Bye 20 EC Amitraz M A

Bymo Insect Killer Pyrethrins PH A

Calypso 480 SC Thiacloprid I A

Capsine DNOC DNOC I NR

Captafol 80 WP Captafol FN NR

Captan 50 FW Captan FN A

Captan 50 SC Captan FN A

Captan 50 WP Captan FN A

Captan 50% Flo Captan FN A

Captan 500 SC Captan FN A

Carbaryl 5 Dust Carbaryl PH A

Carbaryl 50 Carbaryl I A

Carbaryl 85 Carbaryl I A

Carbaryl 85 WP Carbaryl I A

Carbendazim 50 SC Carbendazim FN NCR

Carbofuran Carbofuran I RUP

Carbofuran 10 G Carbofuran I RUP

Cartap Cartap hydrochloride I NR


141


Carvin 375 FW Thiodicarb I RUP

Cascade Flufenoxuron I NR

Celphos Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Cenalpha pour on Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl butoxide AH NR

Champ Flowable Copper Hydroxide FN HT(1)

Champion 77 WP Copper Hydroxide FN HT(1)

Chematect Conc. Pentachlorophenol PH RUP

Chematron Methamidophos I RUP

Chess 25 WP Pymetrozine I A

Chess 50 WP Pymetrozine I A

Chikwapuro Deltamethrin+ pirimifos -methyl I A

Chikwapuro Pirimiphos-methyl+ deltamethrin I A

Chirindamatura Dust Permethrin+ pirimiphos methyl PH A

Chirindamatura Dust Pirimiphos-methyl +permethrin I A

Chlorban 48 EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Chlordasol 30 Chlordane I NR

Chlormequat 40 Chlormequat Chloride GR A

Chloroflo 500 SC Chlorothalonil FN A

Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil FN A

Chlorothalonil 50 SC Chlorothalonil FN A



Chlorpyrifos 48 EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Chlorpyrifos 48% E Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Chlorpyrifos 48% EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Chlorpyrifos 480 EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Chlorzan 48 EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Cislin SC Deltamethrin PH A

Citrimet 500 AL Methamidophos I RUP

Clout pour on Deltamethrin AH A

Cockroach Killer Fenitrothion PH NCR

Cockroach, Ant & Flea Powder Fenitrothion PH NCR

Conan 75 WP Chlorothalonil FN A

Concentrated Wood preservative Pentachlorophenol PH RUP

Confidor 200 SL Imidacloprid I A

Confidor 350 SC Imidacloprid I A

Confidor 5 GR Imidacloprid I A

Confidor 75 WG Imidacloprid I A

Cooper Maggot Spray Chlorfenvinphos PH NR

Cooper Mosquito Larvicide Permethrin PH A

Cooper Super Insect Killer Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin PH NR

Cooperfos Graingard Pirimiphos-methyl I A


142


Coopermatic Aerosol Pyrethrins PH A

Coopers Tick Grease Deltamethrin AH A

Coopex Permethrin PH A

Copflo 32 SL Copper Ammonium Acetate FN A

Copper count N Copper Ammonium Acetate FN A

Copper Fungicide Copper Oxychloride FN A

Copper Oxychloride 60 FW Copper Oxychloride FN A

Copper Oxychloride 85 WP Copper Oxychloride FN A

Copper Oxychloride 85 WP Copper Oxychloride FN A

Copper Oxychloride 85% WP Copper Oxychloride FN A

Corbel 750 EC Fenpropimorph FN NR

Cosan Wettable Sulphur Sulphur FN A

Counter FC 10 GR Terbufos I RUP

Counter FC 15 G Terbufos I RUP

Crackdown 1% SC Deltamethrin PH A

Crackdown SC Deltamethrin PH A

Crackdown SC Deltamethrin PH A

Crater MX 700 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A

Crater MX 700 WP Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A

Croak Fenitrothion PH NCR

Cromazine 75 WP Cyromazine I A

Croneton 500 EC Ethiofencarb I NR

Cropotex 500 WP Flubenzimine M NR

Cruiser 350 FS Thiamethoxam I A

Cruiser 70 WG Thiamethoxam I A

Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil+ Metalaxyl-M I A

Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil +Metalaxyl-M I A

Cupravit Copper Oxychloride FN A

Cupravit Copper Oxychloride FN A

Curacron 500 EC Profenofos I RUP

Curaterr 10 G Carbofuran I RUP

Cybolt 100 E Flucythrinate I NR

Cycocel 40 Chlormequat Chloride GR A

Cylence Cyfluthrin AH A

Cymbush 20 EC Cypermethrin I NR

Cymbush 3 ED Cypermethrin I NR

Cyperkill 10 EC Cypermethrin I NR

Cypermethrin Cypermethrin I NR

Cypermethrin 20% EC Cypermethrin I NR

Cypermethrin 25% EC Cypermethrin I NR

Cyrux Cypermethrin I NR

D.P.A. WP Diphenylamine I HT(1)


143


Dacamox 5G Thiofanox I NR

Damfin 2P Methacriphos I NR

Danex 95 SP Trichlorfon I A

D-D 92 Soil Fumigant 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin FM RUP

D-D Soil Fumigant 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin FM RUP

DDVP 100 EC DDVP see Dichlorvos I

HT(1)

DDVP 100 EC Dichlorvos I

HT(1)

Dead Ant Chlordane I NR

Dead Ant 30 Chlordane I NR

Decatix Deltamethrin AH A

Decis 2.5 EC Deltamethrin I A

Decis 2.5 FW Deltamethrin I A

Decis 2.5 SC Deltamethrin I A

Decistab Deltamethrin I A

Dedevap 1000 Dichlorvos I HT(1)

Dedrat Warfarin R A

DEET Diethyltoluamide I A

Deka N-Decanol GR A

Deltafos EC Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl I A

Deltaguard 25 EC Deltamethrin PH A

Deltaguard 50 WP Deltamethrin PH A

Deltanet 5 G Furathiocarb I NR

Deltapour Deltamethrin AH A

Deltatick pour on Deltamethrin AH A

Demosan Chloroneb FN A

Detia-Gas-Ex B Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Detia-Gas-Ex T Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Diaz 30 Diazinon I RUP

Diazinon 30 Diazinon I RUP

Diazinon 30 EC Diazinon I RUP

Diazinon 30% EC Diazinon I RUP

Diazinon 30% EW Diazinon I RUP

Diazinon 40 EC Diazinon I RUP

Diazinon DFF Diazinon I RUP

Dicarzol Formetanate Hydrochloride I HT(1)

Dichlorvos 100 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)

Dichlorvos 100 SP Dichlorvos I HT(1)

Dichlorvos 100 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)

Dicofol 18.5 EC Dicofol M A

Dicofol 20 EC Dicofol M A

Dicopac 18.5 EC Dicofol M A


144


Difenoconazole 25 EC Difenoconazole FN A

Di-Fli Bait Dichlorvos+ Iodofenphos PH A

Dimethoate 40 Dimethoate I A

Dimethoate 40 Dimethoate I A

Dimethoate 40 EC Dimethoate I A

Dimethoate 40% EC Dimethoate I A

Dimilin Diflubenzuron I RUP

Dimilin 25 WP Diflubenzuron I RUP

Dinocap Dinocap FN NR

Dipel 2 X Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii I A

Dipel WP Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii I A

Dipterex 2.5 Gran Trichlorfon I A

Dipterex 95 SP Trichlorfon I A

Disnis Chlorfenvinphos AH NR

Disulfogran Disulfoton I RUP

Disulfogran 5 G Disulfoton I RUP

Disulfoton Disulfoton I RUP

Disyston 0.5 Gran Disulfoton I RUP

Disyston 5 Gran Disulfoton I RUP

Dithane DG Mancozeb FN A

Dithane M.45 Mancozeb FN A

Dithane M.45 WP Mancozeb FN A

Ditrapex 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin FM RUP

Ditrapex Methyl Isothiocyanate+ I RUP

Doom Mosquito Coils Pyrethrins+ Pyrethrinmarc PH A

Dormex Cyanamide GR RUP

Drastic Deadline pour on Flumethrin PH NR

Dropp Thidiazuron GR A

Dropp Ultra Thidiazuron+ GR A

Duet Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A

Duet Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A

Duet Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A

Dursban 4 E Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Dusting Powder Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins PH A

Dusting Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl PH A

Dusting Sulphur Sulphur FN A

Du-Ter Extra Fentin Hydroxide FN NR

Dyfly Methomyl+ Tricosene PH A

Dynamec Abamectin M A

Dyrene 480 SC Anilazine FN NR

Dyrene 75 WP Anilazine FN NR

Early Impact Carbendazim+ flutriafol FN A


145


Early Impact Flutriafol+ carbendazim FN A

Ectopour Cypermethrin AH NR

Edabrom Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

EDB 4.5 Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

EDB 92 EC Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

EDB EC Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

EDB Tech Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

Ekatin 25 EC Thiometon I NR

Empire Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Encore 500 FW Chlorothalonil FN A

Endocid 35 EC Endosulfan I RUP

Endocid 35% EC Endosulfan I RUP

Endosulfan Endosulfan I RUP

Endosulfan 35% EC Endosulfan I RUP

Endosulfan 50 WP Endosulfan I RUP

Envidor 240 SC Spirodiclofen M A

Ethephon 48 SL Ethephon GR HT(1)

Ethephon 480 SL Ethephon GR HT(1)

Ethrel Ethephon 48 SL GR HT(1)

Ethylene Dibromide Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

Euparen 50 WP Dichlofluanid FN NR

Exit wound Remedy Deltamethrin+ tar acids AH A

F-aerosol Permethrin+ PH A

Fastac 10 EC Alphacypermethrin I NR

Fenamiphos 40 EC Fenamiphos N NR

Fenbutatin-oxide 55 SC Fenbutatin-oxide I RUP

Fendona 5 WP Alphacypermethrin I NR

Fendona 6 SC Alphacypermethrin I NR

Fenkill 20 EC Fenvalerate I NR

Fenvalerate Fenvalerate I NR

Fenvalerate 20 EC Fenvalerate I NR

Fenvalerate 20% EC Fenvalerate I NR

Ficam M WP Bendiocarb+ PH NR

Finale Meal Based Bait Brodifacoum R A

Finale Rat and Mouse Killer Brodifacoum R A

Finish Ethephon+ Cyclanilide GR HT(1)

Flea and Tick Kill Carbaryl PH A

Flint 50 WG Trifloxystrobin FN A

Floramite 240 EC Bifenazate m A

Flower Mosquito Coils Pyrethrins PH A

Flower Power Sulphur+ Mancozeb FN A

Flufenoxuron Flufenoxuron I NR


146


Fly Bait Dichlorvos PH A

Flytac SC Trichlorfon I A

Folicur 25 WP Tebuconazole FN A

Folicur 250 EC Tebuconazole FN A

Folidol 25 EC Parathion I NR

Folidol 25 WP Parathion I NR

Folidol 50 EC Parathion I NR

Folimat 80 Omethoate I NR

Folithion 1000 UL Fenitrothion I NCR

Folithion 60 EC Fenitrothion I NCR

Folithion 60% EC Fenitrothion I NCR

Frescon Trifenmorph MO NR

Frontline Fipronil AH A

Fumigation Pellets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Fungazil Imazalil FN HT(1)

Funginex Triforine FN A

Funguran OH Copper Hydroxide FN HT(1)

Furadan 10 G Carbofuran I RUP

G-17 Pyrethrins PH A

Gamatox House Spray Gamma BHC PH NR

Gamma BHC Lindane I NR

Garden and Vegetable Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins PH A

Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins PH A

Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl PH A

Garden Insecticide Pyrethrins PH A

Garden Insecticide Concentrate Pyrethrins PH A

Garden Insecticide Ready for Use Pyrethrins PH A

Gardona 50 WP Tetrachlorvinphos I A

Gastoxin Pellets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Gastoxin Sachets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Gastoxin Tablets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Gaucho 600 FS Imidacloprid I A

Gaucho 70 WS Imidacloprid I A

Gaucho T45 WS Imidacloprid I A

Gibberellic Acid Gibberellic Acid GR A

Gladiator TC Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Glossinex 200 SC Deltamethrin PH A

Graingard 3 Dust Tetrachlorvinphos+ I A

Grenade Lambda-cyhalothrin AH A

Guard Chlorpyrifos I RUP


147


Guard N Care Carbaryl+ Copper Oxy+ Malathion PH A

Guard N Care Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion+ carbaryl +dinocap FN NR

Guard N Care Dinocap+ malathion+ Cu oxy+ carbaryl PH NR

Guard N Care Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl PH A

Guard Rat Killer Brodifacoum R A

Gusathion 35 WP Azinphos-Methyl I RUP

Hinosan 500 EC Edifenphos I NR

Hostathion 40 EC Triazophos M NR

Hunter 36 SC Chlorfenapyr I A

Icon 2,5CS Lambda-cyhalothrin I A

Imazalil 800 EC Imazalil FN HT(1)

Imidacloprid 200 SL Imidacloprid I A

Imidaking 200 SL Imidacloprid I A

Impact Flutriafol FN A

Infinito Fluopicolide+ propamocarb HCL FN A

Ingwe Malathion I A

Insectigas Dichlorvos I HT(1)

Iprodione 25 SC Iprodione FN A

Kabat Methoprene I A

Kaptan 50 WP Captan FN A

Kaptasan F (15 MO) Captan+ Fenitrothion+ Sodium Molybdate# FN A

Kaptasan F (15 MO) Sodium Molybdate+ captan + fenitrothion FN A

Kaptasan F (30 MO) Captan+ Fenitrothion+ Sodium Molybdate# FN A

Kaptasan F Super Captan+ Fenitrothion FN A

Karate Lambda-cyhalothrin I RUP

Karathane 2 Dust Dinocap FN NR

Karathane 20 WP Dinocap FN NR

Karathane Dust Dinocap FN NR

Kelthane 18.5 EC Dicofol M A

Kelthane EC Dicofol M A

Keshet 2.5 EC Deltamethrin I A

Killem Knockout Deltamethrin+ Kadethrin PH A

Killem Regular D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide PH A

Killem Regular Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A

Killem Regular Tetramethrin+ PH A

Killem Surface Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A

Killem Surface Propoxur+ Esbiothrin PH A

Kilval Vamidothion I NR

Klerat Brodifacoum R A

Klerat 5G Wax Blocks Brodifacoum R A

Knockout 5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin I A


148


Kocide 101 Copper Hydroxide FN HT(1)

Kombat Stalkborer 2.5% Carbaryl I A

Kontakil Fenitrothion I NCR

K-Otab Deltamethrin PH A

K-Othrin 250 WP Deltamethrin PH A

K-Othrin Dust Deltamethrin PH A

K-Othrin WP 25 Deltamethrin PH A

K-Othrin WP 50 Deltamethrin PH A

Kudzivirira Mbesa Malathion I A

Kumulus DF Sulphur FN A

Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin I A

Lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin I A

Lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin I A

Lancer Acephate I A

Lanirat Bromadiolone R A

Lannate Methomyl I RUP

Lannate Methomyl I RUP

Larvadex Cyromazine AH A

Larvin 375 FW Thiodicarb I RUP

Larvin 80 WG Thiodicarb I RUP

Lebaycid 50 EC Fenthion I NR

Levo 2.4 SL Prosuler Oxymatrine I NR

Lime Sulphur lime sulphur FN HT1

Liquicop Copper Ammonium Acetate FN A

Lufenuron 5 EC Lufenuron I A

Maggot Spray Chlorfenvinphos PH NR

Magnate 800 EC Imazalil FN HT(1)

Magnate Sulphate 75 SP Imazalil Sulphate FN HT(1)

Magtoxin Magnesium Phosphide FM RUP

Malathion 1 Dust Malathion I A

Malathion 25 EC Malathion I A

Malathion 25 WP Malathion I A

Malathion 5 Dust Malathion I A

Malathion 50 EC Malathion I A

Malathion 50 WP Malathion I A

Malathion 50% EC Malathion I A

Malathion ULV Malathion I A

Mancozan 75 WP Mancozeb FN A



Mancozeb Mancozeb FN A

Mancozeb 75 WP Mancozeb FN A


149




Mancozeb Flowable Mancozeb FN A

Marshal 25 EC Carbosulfan I NR

Marshal SuSCon Carbosulfan I NR

Match 50 EC Lufenuron I A

Mavrik 2E Fluvalinate I RUP

Maxforce Hydramethylnon I A

Maxim XL 035 FS Fludioxonil+ metalaxyl M FN A

Maxim XL 035 FS Metalaxyl-M+ fludioxonil FN A

Melody Duo Iprovalicarb+ Propineb FN NR

Meltatox Dodemorph-acetate FN NR

Mentholated Insect Killer Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ PH NR

Merpan 50 SC Captan FN A

Mesurol 80% WP Methiocarb MO RUP

Mesurol Snail Bait Captan+ methiocarb MO RUP

Mesurol Snail Bait Methiocarb MO A

Mesurol Snail Pellets Methiocarb MO A

Metabrom Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin FM RUP

Metalaxyl 5 GR Metalaxyl FN A

Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A

Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A

Metam Sodium Metam Sodium N RUP

Metason Metaldehyde MO A

Metasystox (i) 25 EC Demeton-S-Methyl I RUP

Metasystox (R) 25 EC Oxydemeton-Methyl I RUP

Methamidophos 60 SC Methamidophos I RUP

Methamidophos 600 SL Methamidophos I RUP

Methomex 90 SP Methomyl I RUP

Methomyl Methomyl I RUP

Methomyl 90 SP Methomyl I RUP

Methyl Bromide Chloropicrin+ methyl bromide FM RUP

Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide FM RUP

Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin FM RUP

Mevinphos 24 EC Mevinphos I NR

Mevinphos 24 EC Mevinphos I NR

Micro EDB Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

Migafos Naled FM RUP

Mikal-M Fosetyl-Al+ Mancozeb FN A

Milbeknock Milbemectin M RUP

Milbitraz Spray Amitraz AH A

Milraz Cymoxanil +propineb FN NR


150


Milraz 76 WP Propineb+ Cymoxanil FN NR

Mineral Oil Mineral Oil (heavy oil) I A

Mineral Oil Mineral Oil I A

Minifume EDB Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

Miscible EDB Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

Mitac 20 Amitraz M A

Mitac 20 EC Amitraz M A

Mitigan 18.5 EC Dicofol M A

Mobil Insecticide Phenothrin+ Allethrin PH A

Mobil Insecticide Tetramethrin+ PH A

Mocap 10 G Ethoprophos I RUP

Monceren Combi Pencycuron+ Captan FN NR

Monceren GT 390 FS Imidacloprid +Pencycuron+ Thiram FN NR

Monceren GT 390 FS Pencycuron+ Imidacloprid FN NR

Monceren GT 390 FS TMTD+ pencycuron+ imidacloprid FN NR

Monocron Monocrotophos I NR

Monocron 40 EC Monocrotophos I NR

Monocron 40 LC Monocrotophos I NR

Monocrotophos Monocrotophos I NR

Monocrotophos 36 SL Monocrotophos I NR

Monocrotophos 40 Monocrotophos I NR

Monocrotophos 40 LC Monocrotophos I NR

Monocrotophos 40 WSC Monocrotophos I NR

Monocrotophos 40% SL Monocrotophos I NR

Monofos Monocrotophos I NR

Monofos 40 Monocrotophos I NR

Monofos 40 WSC Monocrotophos I NR

Monofos 40 WSL Monocrotophos I NR

Monostem 40 SL Monocrotophos I NR

Monostem SL Monocrotophos I NR

Morestan 25 WP Chinomethionat FN NR

Mortein 3 Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ PH NR

Mortein Cockroach Insect Killer Dichlorvos+ Propoxur PH A

Mortein Flying Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ d-tetramethrin PH A

Mortein Iconet Lambda-cyhalothrin PH A

Mortein Mentholated Insect Killer Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ PH NR

Mortein Mosquito Coils D-Allethrin PH NR

Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Permethrin PH A

Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A

Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ PH A

Mortein Odourless Insect Killer Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin PH NR

Mortein Rat Kill Brodifacoum R A


151


Mositox Pyrethrins PH A

Mospilan 20 SP Acetamiprid I A

Mostop Temephos I A

Much Cockroach Bait Fipronil PH A

Multi Benhex Gamma BHC PH NR

Nativo Tebuconazole +trifloxystrobin FN A

Nativo Trifloxystrobin+ tebuconazole FN A

Naturell Fatty Acids I A

N-Decanol N-Decanol GR A

Neem Extract Azadirachtin I A

Nemacur 10 Gran Fenamiphos N NR

Nemacur 400 EC Fenamiphos N NR

Nemat 310 L Oxamyl N RUP

Neoron 500 EC Bromopropylate M NR

Neporex 50 SP Cyromazine I A

New Formula Roachitox Dichlorvos+ Carbaryl+ PH A

New Formula Roachitox Pyrethrins PH A

New P 44 Permethrin+ Allethrin PH A

New ZFC Bumper 25 EC Propiconazole FN A

Nhovo Malathion I A

Nimrod Bupirimate FN NR

Noblight Fenamidone FN A

Nogos 100 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)

Nogos 50 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)

Nomolt Teflubenzuron I NR

Norax Ready Mixed Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline R NR

Nordox Copper Hydroxide FN HT(1)

Nova DDT 750 WP DDT PH NR

Nurelle Cypermethrin I NR

Nustar 250 EC Flusilazole FN NR

Nuvacron 40 Monocrotophos I NR

Nuvacron 40 WSC Monocrotophos I NR

Nuvacron 40 WSL Monocrotophos I NR

Oberon Spiromesifen M A

Oftanol 50 EC Isofenphos I NR

Omite 30 WP Propargite M A

Omite EC Propargite M A

Oncol 10 G Benfuracarb I NR

Oncol 20 EC Benfuracarb I NR

Opera Epoxiconazole +pyraclostrobin FN NR

Opera Pyraclostrobin+ epoxiconazole FN NR

Orchard Oil Mineral Oil I A


152


Orchex Mineral Oil Mineral Oil I A

Orius 250 EW Tebuconazole FN A

Orthene Ultra-pel Acephate I A

Orthene 75 SP Acephate I A

Orthene Ultra-pel Acephate I A

Ortiva 250 SC Azoxystrobin FN A

Oscar 100 EC Novaluron I A

Oxamyl 10 G Oxamyl N RUP

Oxamyl 31 SL Oxamyl N RUP

Oxamyl 31 SL.0 Oxamyl N RUP

Oxicob 85 WP Copper Oxychloride FN A

Paracide Alphacypermethrin AH NR

Parathion 25 EC Parathion I NR

Parathion 25 WP Parathion I NR

Parathion 500 EC Parathion I NR

Patriot 2.5 SC Deltamethrin I A

Pedza Nhamo Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion FN A

Pegasus 250 SC Diafenthiuron I NR

Pegasus 500 SC Diafenthiuron I NR

Penconazole Penconazole FN NR

Penconazole 20 EW Penconazole FN NR

Pentac 50 Aquaflow Dienochlor I NR

Pentac 50 WP Dienochlor I NR

Peripel 55 Permethrin PH A

Pfumo 20 EC Fenvalerate I NR

Phosdrin Mevinphos I NR

Phosdrin 24 EC Mevinphos I NR

Phosguard 40 SL Potassium phosphite (phosphorus acid) FN A

Phosphite 400 SL Potassium phosphite FN A

Phostoxin Pellets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Phostoxin Tablets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Pilarfuran 10 GR Carbofuran I RUP

Pilarich 50 SC Chlorothalonil FN A

Pilarking 20 SL Imidacloprid I A

Pilarking 35 SC Imidacloprid I A

Pilarking 70 WS Imidacloprid I A

Pilarmik 15 GR Aldicarb N RUP

Pilarmik 15 GR Aldicarb N RUP

Pilarmos 20 SP Acetamiprid I A

Pilaron 60 SL Methamidophos I RUP

Pirimor 5 ED Pirimicarb I NR

Pirimor 50 DG Pirimicarb I NR


153


Pirimor 50 DG Pirimicarb I NR

Pix Mepiquat Chloride GR A

Plantvax 20 EC Oxycarboxin FN A

Plantvax 75 Oxycarboxin FN NR

Platoon SL Oxamyl N RUP

Polaron 60 SL Methamidophos I RUP

Polo 500 SC Diafenthiuron I NR

Polyram Combi Metiram FN A

Polyram DF Metiram FN A

Powerpour Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl butoxide AH NR

Premis 200 FS Triticonazole FN A

Previcur N 72 SL Propamocarb-HCL FN A

Pride Fenazaquin M A

Prime + Flumetralin GR A

Prime Suckercide 33% EC Pendimethalin GR A

Prochloraz 45 EC Prochloraz FN NR

Procilix 25 SC Procymidone FN NR

Proclaim 05 SG Emamectin benzoate I RUP

Profenofos 50 EC Profenofos I RUP

Program Lufenuron AH A

Promalin 6-benzyl adenine GR A

Promet 400 CS Furathiocarb I NR

Promil 6-benzyl adenine GR A

Promislex 25 SC Procymidone FN NR

Propa-N 72 SL Propamocarb-HCL FN A

Propargite 30 WP Propargite M A

Propiconapac Propiconazole FN A

Propiconazole 25 EC Propiconazole FN A

Propiconazole 250 EC Propiconazole FN A

Prosper 500 EC Spiroxamine FN A

Prove Emamectin benzoate I RUP

Provoke 750 WP DDT PH NR

Punch Xtra Carbendazim+ flusilazole FN NR

Punch Xtra Flusilazole+ carbendazim FN NR

Pyrethrum-Carbaryl Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl PH A

Pyrimethanil 40 SC Pyrimethanil I A

Pyrinex Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Pyrinex 48 EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Pyspray Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins PH A

Pythion 21 Malathion+ Pyrethrins PH A

Q-Copper WP Copper Oxychloride FN A

Queletox 40 SC Fenthion A NR


154


Queletox 640 UL Fenthion A NR

Quickphos Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP

Quintozene 75 WP Quintozene FN A

Racumin Coumatetralyl R NR

Racumin Bait Block Coumatetralyl R NR

Racumin Liquid Coumatetralyl R NR

Rat Poison Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline R NR

Ratkill Warfarin R A

Rattex Difethilalone R A

Ravyon 85 S Carbaryl I A

Razor Chlorthal-Dimethyl H A

Red Spider Kill Amitraz M A

Regent 200 SC Fipronil I A

Regent 250 FS Fipronil I A

Regent 3 G Fipronil I A

Regent 500 FS Fipronil I A

Regent 800 WG Fipronil I A

Reldan 50 Chlorpyrifos-Methyl PH RUP

Repulse 5.75 GR Disulfoton+ Triadimenol I RUP

Reskol Fenitrothion I NCR

Responsar EW 050 Cyfluthrin PH A

Responsar WP 10 Cyfluthrin PH A

Ridac 20 Amitraz M A

Ridant Chlordane I NR

Ridomil 5 G Metalaxyl FN A

Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A

Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A

Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A

Ridomil Plus Metalaxyl-M+ Copper Oxy FN A

Rimon 10 EC Novaluron I A

Ripcord 20 EC Cypermethrin I NR

Rizolex 50 WP Tolclofos-Methyl FN NR

Roach Kill Diazinon PH RUP

Rogor Dimethoate I A

Rogor 40 EC Dimethoate I A

Rogor CE Dimethoate I A

Rovral 250 SC Iprodione FN A

Rovral Wettable Powder Iprodione FN A

Royalcap 800 WDG Captan FN A

Royaltac M N-Decanol GR A

Royaltac M Octanol+ Decanol GR A

Rubigan EC Fenarimol FN A


155


Rufast 15 EC Acrinathrin* I NR

Rufast 75 EW Acrinathrin* I NR

Rugby 10 G Cadusafos N NR

Safrotin Aerosol Propetamphos+ Dichlorvos PH A

Sanacarb 15 G Aldicarb N RUP

Sandofan M8 Oxadixyl+ Mancozeb FN NR

Sandofan MS WP Oxadixyl +Mancozeb FN NR

Sanmex Supakill Tetramethrin+ PH A

Sanvalerate 200 EC Fenvalerate I NR

Satisfar 1 Dust Etrimphos I NR

Scala 40 SC Pyrimethanil FN A

Score 250 EC Difenoconazole FN A

Secure Chlorfenapyr I A

Seedvax 20 EC Carboxin + Thiram FN A

Seedvax 20 SC Carboxin + Thiram FN A

Sentinel tick dressing Cypermethrin AH NR

Seradix 1 Indolyl-Butyric Acid GR A



Seradix B No. 1 4 (3-indolyl) Butyric GR A

Sevin 85 S Carbaryl I A

Shasha 20 EC Benfuracarb I NR

Shavit 25 EC Triadimenol FN A

Shumba 2 Dust Pirimiphos-methyl I A

Shumba Super Deltamethrin+ Fenitrothion PH A

Shumba Super Fenitrothion+ Deltamethrin PH NCR

Siege Gel Hydramethylnon I A

Silmurin Scillirocide R NR

Smash 100 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)

Smite 100 SC Etoxazole M A

Snail and Slug Captan+ metaldehyde MO A

Snail and Slug Killer Captan+ carbaryl+ metaldehyde MO A

Snail and Slug Killer Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl MO A

Snail and Slug Pellets Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl MO A

Snipe Fenitrothion I NCR

Solvirex Disulfoton I RUP

Solvirex Super 10 Disulfoton I RUP

Solvirex Super 100 Disulfoton I RUP

Soprano C Epoxiconazole +Carbendazim FN NR

Spar Knockdown Pyrethrins PH A

Special Pythion 2 l Malathion+ Pyrethrins PH A

Sporgon 50 WP Prochloraz manganese chloride FN NR


156


Spoton Deltamethrin AH A

Spoton B Benomyl FN NR

Spoton-M Mancozeb FN A

Sprayquip Stalkborer 2.5 Granules Trichlorfon I A

Spraytak N-Decanol GR A

Steriseal Captafol+ Chinosol+ FN A

Storm Flocoumarfen R NR

Stroby WG Kresoxim-methyl FN A

Sukerkil N-Decanol GR A

Sulphur 80 WP Sulphur FN A

Sumifly Fenvalerate I NR

Sumisclex 50 WP Procymidone FN NR

Sumithion 40 WP Fenitrothion I NCR

Sunntap Cartap hydrochloride I NR

Supadip Chlorfenvinphos AH NR

Super Finale Rat and Mouse Pellets Brodifacoum R A

Super Killem D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide PH A

Super Killem Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A

Super Killem Tetramethrin+ PH A

Super Pythion Malathion+ Pyrethrins PH A

Super Rat Kill Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline R NR

Superguard 50 EC Pirimiphos-methyl I A

Superguard Dust Pirimiphos-methyl I A

Supreme 25 EC Tebuconazole FN A

Suscon Green Chlorpyrifos I RUP

Tabamex Plus Butralin H HT(1)

Tactic 250 Amitraz AH A

Tactic Cattle dip Amitraz AH A

Tactic Cattle spray Amitraz AH A

Talstar 10 EC Bifenthrin I RUP

Tamaron 600 SL Methamidophos I RUP

Target 5 Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ PH NR

Target 5 Deltamethrin+ PH A

Target 5 Tetramethrin+ PH A

Target Insect Killer Butoxide+ PH NR

Target Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ PH A

Target Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A

Target Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ PH A

Target Mosquito Coils D-Transallethrin PH A

Tartar Emetic Tartar Emetic I NR

Tartox Tartar Emetic I NR

Tartox SP Tartar Emetic I NR


157


Tebuconazole 25 EC Tebuconazole FN A

Technical EDB Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

Tecto Thiabendazole FN A

Tecto 500 SC Thiabendazole FN A

Teknar Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii I A

Teldor Fenhexamid FN A

Telone II 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin FM RUP

Telopic 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin FM RUP

Telopic Chloropicrin+ 1-3 dichloropropene FM RUP

Temik 15 G Aldicarb N RUP

Temik 15 GD Aldicarb N RUP

Temik 150 GR Aldicarb N RUP

Temik 5 G Aldicarb N RUP

Tenure MTC 500 EC Chlorpyrifos+ Chlorpyrifos-methyl PH RUP

Termite Poison Pentachlorophenol PH RUP

Tetradifon 8 EC Tetradifon M NR

Tetradifon EC Tetradifon M NR

Thekanol N-Decanol GR A

Thiodan Endosulfan I RUP

Thiodan 1 Gran Endosulfan I RUP

Thiodan 30 MO Endosulfan I RUP

Thiodan 35 EC Endosulfan I RUP

Thiodan 35 MO Endosulfan I RUP

Thiodan 50 WP Endosulfan I RUP

Thioflo Endosulfan I RUP

Thioflo 47.5 SC Endosulfan I RUP

Thioflo 50 Endosulfan I RUP

Thiokil 35 EC Endosulfan I RUP

Thionex Endosulfan I RUP

Thionex 1% Endosulfan I RUP

Thionex 35 EC Endosulfan I RUP

Thionex 50 WP Endosulfan I RUP

Thiourea Thiourea GR NR

Thiovit Sulphur FN A

Thiovit Wettable Sulphur Sulphur FN A

Thiram 80 Thiram FN A

Thiram 80 WP Thiram FN A

Thiulin Thiram FN A

Thunder Beta-cyfluthrin+ imidacloprid I A

Thunder Imidacloprid+ Betacyfluthrin I A

Tickbuster Amitraz AH A

Tilt 250 EC Propiconazole FN A


158


Tobacco Tox Pyrethrins PH A

Tolclofos 50 WP Tolclofos-methyl FN NR

Tolclofos-M 85 WP Tolclofos-methyl FN NR

Topas 100EC Penconazole FN NR

Topsin Flo 48 SC Thiophanate-Methyl FN A

Topsin-M 50 FW Thiophanate-Methyl FN A

Topsin-M 65 WP Thiophanate-Methyl FN A

Toptab 33 EC Pendimethalin GR A

Torque Fenbutatin-oxide I RUP

Tracer 480 SC Spinosad M A

Triadimenol 25 EC Triadimenol FN A

Triatix Amitraz AH A

Triazophos 40 EC Triazophos M NR

Trichlorfon 950 SP Trichlorfon I A

Trigard Cyromazine I A

Trimangol SC Maneb+ Zinc oxide FN A

Twist 50 WG Trifloxystrobin FN A

Ultracide 40 EC Methidathion I RUP

Unilax Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A

Unilax Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A

Vapona 50 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)

Vegidust Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion FN A

Venton Wound oil Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids AH NR

Verita Fenamidone + Fosetyl-Al FN A

Verita Fosetyl-Al+ fenamidone FN A

Vine Dusting Sulphur Sulphur FN A

Vitavax 75 Carboxin FN A

Vitavax Plus Carboxin + Thiram FN A

Volaton Cutworm Bait Lambda-cyhalothrin I A

Volaton Cutworm Bait Phoxim I NR

Vondozeb Flowable Mancozeb FN A

Vortex Dichlorvos I HT(1)

Vydate 310 L Oxamyl N RUP

Water Miscible EDB Ethylene Dibromide FM NR

Wettable Sulphur Sulphur FN A

Winspray Mineral Oil I A

Wood Preservative Pentachlorophenol PH RUP

Wound Aerosol Diethyltoluamide AH A

Ximex "XL" Petroleum oil I A

Zap Insect Killer Dichlorvos+ Tetramethrin PH RUP

Zap Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A

Zap Roach Killer Cyfluthrin+ Propoxur PH A


159


ZFC Aldicarb Aldicarb N RUP

ZFC Cypermethrin Cypermethrin I NR

ZFC Decanol N-Decanol GR A

ZFC Fair 85 Octanol Decanol GR A

ZFC Fair Tac N-Decanol GR A

ZFC Kumeresa Thiram FN A

HERBICIDES Trade Name Active Ingredient Code 2,4 D Amine 7.2 2,4 D Amine NR

Accent Nicosulfuron A

Accent 75 DF Nicosulfuron A

Accotab Pendimethalin A

Acetochlor 900 EC Acetochlor RUP

Actril DS Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate NR

Afalon 450 SC Linuron A

Afalon 50 WP Linuron A

Agil 100 EC Propaquizafop NR

Agriquat Paraquat RUP

Agritop EC Pendimethalin A

Agroquat Paraquat RUP

Alachlor Alachlor RUP

Alachlor 48 EC Alachlor RUP

Alachlor 480 EC Alachlor RUP

Alachlor Herbicide Alachlor RUP

Alaklor 480 EC Alachlor RUP

Alanex Alachlor RUP

Alanex 480 EC Alachlor RUP

Ally Metsulfuron-methyl A

Ametrex 50 SC Ametryn A

Ametrex 80 Ametryn A

Ametrex 80 WP Ametryn A

Ametryn 50 SC Ametryn A

Ametryn 500 F Ametryn A

Ametryn 500 SC Ametryn A

Ametryn 80 WP Ametryn A

Ametryne 500 F Ametryn A

Ametryne 80 Ametryn A

Ametryne 80 WP Ametryn A

Amplify Imazethapyr A

Antak N – Decanol A

Arrow 75 WDG Nicosulfuron A


160

Trade Name Active Ingredient Code Arsenal Imazapyr A

Atranex 50 SC Atrazine RUP

Atrazine 5 G Atrazine RUP

Atrazine 5 GR Atrazine RUP

Atrazine 50 Flowable Atrazine RUP

Atrazine 50 FW Atrazine RUP

Atrazine 50 SC Atrazine RUP

Atrazine 500 FW Atrazine RUP

Atrazine 500 SC Atrazine RUP

Atrazine 80 WP Atrazine RUP

Authority 480 SC Sulfentrazone A

Authority 75 WG Sulfentrazone A

Avi-paraquat Paraquat RUP

Banvel Dicamba A

Basagran Bentazon A

Basfapon Dalapon NR

Basta 20 SL Glufosinate-ammonium A

Bateleur Gold 650 EC Flumetsulam + S-metolachlor A

Bateleur Gold 650 EC S-metolachlor + Flumetsulam A

Bayer Amitrol Aminotriazole RUP

Bayer Diuron 80 Diuron A

Bayer Diuron 80 WP Diuron A

Bentazon 48 EC Bentazon A

Bladex 5 SC Cyanazine NR

Blazer 2S Acifluorfen NR

Blazine 5 Cyanazine + Atrazine NR

Blazine 5 SC Cyanazine/Atrazine NR

Bromacil 80 WP Bromacil A

Brominal Super Bromoxynil A

Bromotril Bromoxynil A

Bromotril 500 SC Bromoxynil A

Bromoxynil Bromoxynil A

Bromoxynil 22.5 EC Bromoxynil A

Buctril 21 Bromoxynil A

Buctril DS Bromoxynil A

Butisan S Metazachlor NR

Butramex 36 EC Butralin HT(1)

Chlorimuron-E 25 WG Chlorimuron-ethyl A

Citchem Alachlor 48 EC Alachlor RUP

Classic 25 DF Chlorimuron-ethyl A

Clomazone Clomazone A

Clomazone 480 EC Clomazone A


161

Trade Name Active Ingredient Code CMF Clomazone 48 EC Clomazone A

Codal® gold 412 DC Prometryn + S-metolachlor A

Command 4 EC Clomazone A

Command 480 EC Clomazone A

Co-Pilot Quizalofop-P-ethyl A

Cotogard 500 FW Prometryn + Fluometuron A

Cotoran 500 FW Fluometuron A

Cotoran 80 WP Fluometuron A

Cottonex 50 SC Fluometuron A

Cottonex 80 WP Fluometuron A

Cottonex Super SC Prometryn + Fluometuron A

Cypam EPTC A

Dalapon Dalapon NR

Dalapon 85 S Systemic Dalapon NR

Dalmex Dalapon + Diuron NR

Deka N – Decanol A

Diamant 700 S Acetochlor RUP

Dicamba 480 SL Dicamba A

Dimepax Dimethametryn NR

Diurex 80 WP Diuron A

Diuron 80 Wettable Powder Diuron A

Diuron 80 WP Diuron A

Diuron 800 SC Diuron A

Diuron 900 DF Diuron A

Driveweeder Glyphosate A

Dual Magnum S-metolachlor A

Escardar Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate NR

Escourt 40 EC Quizalofop-P-tefuryl NR

Extreme 50 WP Chlorimuron-ethyl A

Flex W Fomesafen A

Flexidor Isoxaben A

Focus Cycloxydim NR

Focus Ultra Cycloxydim NR

Frontier 900 EC Dimethenamid A

Frontier Optima Dimethenamid - P A

Fusilade Forte Fluazifop-P-butyl A

Fusilade Super Fluazifop-P-butyl A

Galigan 240 EC Oxyfluorfen A

Gallant 125 EE Haloxyfop-ethoxy-ethyl NR

Gesagard 500 FW Prometryn A

Gesapax 500 FW Ametryn A

Gesapax 80 WG Ametryn A


162

Trade Name Active Ingredient Code Gesaprim 500 FW Atrazine RUP

Glifonex Glyphosate A

Glyfonex Glyphosate A

Glyfotec Glyphosate A

Glyphogan 480 SL Glyphosate A

Glyphon 360 SL Glyphosate A

Glyphonex Glyphosate A

Glyphosate Glyphosate A

Glyphosate 180 Glyphosate A

Glyphosate 360 SL Glyphosate A

Glyphosate 41 SC Glyphosate A

Glyphosate 41 SL Glyphosate A

Glyphotox Glyphosate A

Goal 24 EC Oxyfluorfen A

Gramoxone Paraquat RUP

Gramoxone Paraquat RUP

Granstar 75 DF Tribenuron methyl A

Graslan 20 P Terbuthiuron A

Grass Killer Dalapon NR

Guardian S EC Acetochlor RUP

Halosulfuron - M 75 WG Halosulfuron - methyl A

Harness EC Acetochlor RUP

Hexazinone 240 SL Hexazinone A

Hoelon 36 EC Diclofop-methyl RUP

Hormotox 2,4 D Amine 2,4 D Amine NR

Imazethapyr 70 WG Imazethapyr A

Imazethapyr 70 WG Imazethapyr A

Kalif 48 EC Clomazone A

Kerb 50 WP Propyzamide A

Krismat 75 WG Trifloxysulfuron sodium + Ametryn A

Lasachlor Alachlor RUP

Lasso Alachlor RUP

Lasso 48 EC Alachlor RUP

Lasso 480 EC Alachlor RUP

Lasso MT Alachlor RUP

Lawn Weed Clear Bentazon A

Lawn Weeder MCPA-K Salt A

Lentipur 80 WP Fluometuron A

Linurex 50 WP Linuron A

Lumax 537.5 SE Mesotrione + S-metolachlor + Terbuthylazine A

Lynx Imazamox A


163

Trade Name Active Ingredient Code MCPA 40 SL MCPA-K Salt A

MCPA 400 SL MCPA-K Salt A

MCPA 50 SL MCPA A

MCPA Herbicide MCPA-K Salt A

Mebrom Trifluralin Trifluralin A

Mebrom Wipeout Glyphosate A

Merlin 750 WG Isoxaflutole A

Metolachlor 720 EC Metolachlor A



Metribuzin 48 EC Metribuzin A

Metribuzin 48 SC Metribuzin A

Metribuzin 480 SC Metribuzin A

Metriphar 48 SC Metribuzin A

Metriphar 480 SC Metribuzin A

Modown Bifenox NR

MSMA MSMA A

Mutsvairo 500 FW Atrazine RUP

N - Decanol N – Decanol A

Nabu Sethoxydim A

Nicosulfuron 75 WG Nicosulfuron A

Omerous Super 120 EC Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl A

Oxadiazon 25 EC Oxadiazon A

Paragon 500 EC Pendimethalin A

Paraquat Paraquat RUP

Paraquat 24 SL Paraquat RUP

Paraquat 240 SL Paraquat RUP

Paraquat S Paraquat RUP

Paraquat SL Paraquat RUP

Pathclear Glyphosate A

Peak 75 WG Prosulfuron A

Pendimethalin 33% EC Pendimethalin A

Pendimethalin 50 EC Pendimethalin A

Pendimethalin 500 EC Pendimethalin A

Pilarmand 48 EC Clomazone A

Pilarpass 90 EC Acetochlor RUP

Pilot Super Quizalofop-P-ethyl A

Polatab 330 EC Suckercide Pendimethalin A

Polazone 480 EC Clomazone A

Prime Cottherb 5 SC Cyanazine NR


164

Trade Name Active Ingredient Code Prime Gold Atrazine + Metolachlor RUP

Prime Plus Flumetralin A

Prime Suckercide 33% EC Pendimethalin A

Prometrex 50 SC Prometryn A

Prometryn 50 FW Prometryn A

Prometryn 50 SC Prometryn A

Prometryn 500 SC Prometryn A

Prometryn 80 WP Prometryn A

Prowl Pendimethalin A

Puma Super 120 EC Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl A

Pursuit Imazethapyr A

Ramrod SC Propachlor NR

Razor Chlorthal - dimethyl A

Relay Acetochlor RUP

Ronstar Oxadiazon A

Ronstar EC Oxadiazon A

Ronstar Flo Oxadiazon A

Roundup Glyphosate A

Roundup Biodry Glyphosate A

Sanglypho L Glyphosate A

Sanson 4 SC Nicosulfuron A

Scat 360 SL Glyphosate A

Select 240 EC Clethodim A

Sencor 480 SC Metribuzin A

Servian 75 WG Halosulfuron - methyl A

Simazine 80 WP Simazine A

Solicam DF Norflurazon A

Sorgomil Gold Terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor A

Stellar Topramezone + dicamba A

Sting Glyphosate A

Sulfentrazone 48 EC Sulfentrazone A

Sulfentrazone 75 WG Sulfentrazone A

Super Gallant Haloxyfop-R-methyl ester NR

Surcopur 360 EC Propanil A

Tabamex Butralin HT(1)

Terbo SE Bromoxynil + Terbuthylazine A

Terbuthylazine 50 SC Terbuthylazine A

Terbutrex 50 SC Terbutryn NR

Terbutryn 50 SC Terbutryn NR

Terbutryne 50 SC Terbutryn NR

Thekanol N – Decanol A

Tiara 60 WG Flufenacet A


165

Trade Name Active Ingredient Code Tillatox Pebulate NR

Toptab 33 EC Pendimethalin A

Tordon 101 2,4 D Amine + Picloram NR

Tordon 22K Picloram RUP

Touchdown Glyphosate trimesium NR

Track Chemical X Bromacil A

Track X Granular Bromacil A

Trifluralin 48 EC Trifluralin A

Tribenuron-M 75 WG Tribenuron methyl A

Trif Trifluralin A

Trif 480 EC Trifluralin A

Trifluralin Trifluralin A

Trifluralin 48 EC Trifluralin A

Triflurex Trifluralin A

Trifsan Trifluralin A

TSA Diuron Diuron A

U46 Combi Fluid 6 2,4 D Amine + MCPA NR

Ustilan 70 WP Sulfodiazol NR

Velpar L Hexazinone A

Volcano Acetochlor 900 Acetochlor RUP

Volcano Metribuzin 480 SC Metribuzin A

Volcano MSMA MSMA A

Voltril Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate NR

Vulcan 50 WP Flumioxazin A

Web Super 12.5 EC Fluazifop-P-butyl A

Weedclear 360 Glyphosate A

Weedkiller M MCPA-K Salt A

Wenner Acetochlor RUP

ZFC Alachlor Alachlor RUP

Zorial 80 WP Norflurazon A


166

Annex 2. Pesticide Active Ingredients not to be used on

USAID/Zimbabwe-Supported Projects These lists include all pesticides registered in Zimbabwe which contain active

ingredients (AIs) that are not registered by the US Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA), those which are Restricted Use Products (RUP), those which

are registered and not RUP but are high toxicity (class 1), or are on POPS or

PIC lists.

For clarity, those which are excluded for any one of the above reasons are not

included in any other lists.

PESTICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED

AVICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED


Fenthion Queletox 40 SC Fenthion Queletox 640 UL

FUNGICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED


Anilazine Bayer Anilazine Anilazine Dyrene 480 SC

Anilazine Dyrene 75 WP Benomyl Benlate

Benomyl Spoton B Benomyl Benomyl 50 WP

Benomyl Agricura Special Fungicide Benomyl Benlate Fungicide

Bitertanol Baycor 300 EC Bupirimate Nimrod

Captafol Captafol 80 WP Carbendazim+ flusilazole Punch Xtra

Chinomethionat Morestan 25 WP

Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion+ carbaryl+ dinocap Guard N Care

Cymoxanil+ propineb Milraz Dichlofluanid Euparen 50 WP

Dinocap Karathane Dust Dinocap Karathane 2 Dust

Dinocap Karathane 20 WP Dinocap Dinocap

Dodemorph-acetate Meltatox Epoxiconazole +Carbendazim Soprano C

Epoxiconazole +pyraclostrobin Opera fenpropimorph Corbel 750 EC

Fentin Acetate Brestan Flusilazole +carbendazim Punch Xtra

Flusilazole Nustar 250 EC Iprovalicarb+ Propineb Melody Duo

Imidacloprid+ Pencycuron+ Thiram Monceren GT 390 FS Oxadixyl+ Mancozeb Sandofan M8

Oxadixyl+ Mancozeb Sandofan MS WP Penconazole Topas 100EC

Penconazole Penconazole Pencycuron+ Captan Monceren Combi


167


Penconazole Penconazole 20 EW Prochloraz Prochloraz 45 EC

Pencycuron+ Imidacloprid Monceren GT 390 FS Procymidone Promislex 25 SC

Prochloraz manganese chloride Sporgon 50 WP Procymidone Procilix 25 SC

Procymidone Sumisclex 50 WP Propineb+ Cymoxanil Milraz 76 WP

Propineb Antracol 70 WP Pyraclostrobin+ epoxiconazole Opera

Propineb+ Triadimefon Bayleton A Thiram#/Lindane# Agri Seed Dressing

Pyrazophos Afugan 30 EC Tolclofos-methyl Tolclofos-M 85 WP

TMTD+ pencycuron+ imidacloprid Monceren GT 390 FS Tolclofos-Methyl Rizolex 50 WP

Tolclofos-methyl Tolclofos 50 WP

FUMIGANTS NOT EPA REGISTERED


Ethylene Dibromide EDB Tech Ethylene Dibromide Technical EDB

Ethylene Dibromide Miscible EDB Ethylene Dibromide Minifume EDB

Ethylene Dibromide Micro EDB Ethylene Dibromide Water Miscible EDB

Ethylene Dibromide Agrifume EDB 4.5 Ethylene Dibromide Ethylene Dibromide

Ethylene Dibromide EDB EC Ethylene Dibromide EDB 92 EC

Ethylene Dibromide EDB 4.5 Ethylene Dibromide Edabrom

GROWTH REGULATORS NOT EPA REGISTERED

Active Ingredient Trade Name

Thiourea Thiourea

INSECTICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED


Acrinathrin Rufast 15 EC Acrinathrin Rufast 75 EW

Alphacypermethrin Fastac 10 EC Alphacypermethrin Fendona 5 WP

Alphacypermethrin Bestseller 100 EC Alphacypermethrin Fendona 6 SC

Azamethaphos Alfacron 10 WP Azamethaphos Alfacron 50 WP

Benfuracarb Benfran 30 EC Benfuracarb Oncol 10 G

Benfuracarb Oncol 20 EC Benfuracarb Shasha 20 EC

Carbosulfan Marshal 25 EC Carbosulfan Marshal Suscon

Cartap hydrochloride Cartap Cartap hydrochloride Sunntap

Chlordane Ridant Chlordane Dead Ant

Chlordane Dead Ant 30 Chlordane Ant Kill

Chlordane Chlordasol 30 Cypermethrin Cypermethrin 25% EC


168


Cypermethrin Ripcord 20 EC Cypermethrin Nurelle

Cypermethrin Cypermethrin Cypermethrin Cyrux

Cypermethrin Cyperkill 10 EC Cypermethrin Cymbush 3 ED

Cypermethrin Cymbush 20 EC Cypermethrin ZFC Cypermethrin

Cypermethrin Cypermethrin 20% EC Diafenthiuron Pegasus 500 SC

Diafenthiuron Polo 500 SC Diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC

Dienochlor Pentac 50 WP Dienochlor Pentac 50 Aquaflow

DNOC Capsine DNOC Edifenphos Hinosan 500 EC

Ethiofencarb Croneton 500 EC Etrimphos Satisfar 1 Dust

Fenthion Lebaycid 50 EC Fenvalerate Agrithrin 20 EC

Fenvalerate Applied Fenvalerate 200 EC Fenvalerate Applied Fenvalerate

Fenvalerate Fenkill 20 EC Fenvalerate Fenvalerate 20 EC

Fenvalerate Fenvalerate 20% EC Fenvalerate Fenvalerate

Fenvalerate Pfumo 20 EC Fenvalerate Sanvalerate 200 EC

Fenvalerate Sumifly Flucythrinate Cybolt 100 E

Flufenoxuron Cascade Flufenoxuron Flufenoxuron

Furathiocarb Deltanet 5 G Furathiocarb Promet 400 CS

Isofenphos Oftanol 50 EC Lindane Gamma BHC

Methacriphos Damfin 2P Mevinphos Mevinphos 24 EC

Mevinphos Phosdrin Mevinphos Mevinphos 24 EC

Mevinphos Phosdrin 24 EC Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40% SL

Monocrotophos Monocrotophos Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40 WSL

Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40 WSC Monocrotophos Monostem SL

Monocrotophos Monostem 40 SL Monocrotophos Monofos

Monocrotophos Monofos 40 Monocrotophos Monofos 40 WSC

Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40 Monocrotophos Azodrin 40

Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40 Monocrotophos Monofos 40 WSL

Monocrotophos Applied Monocrotophos Monocrotophos Monocron 40 EC

Monocrotophos Monocron 40 LC Monocrotophos Monocron

Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 36 SL Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40 LC

Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40 WSC Omethoate Folimat 80

Parathion Folidol 25 EC Parathion Folidol 25 WP

Parathion Folidol 50 EC Parathion Parathion 25 EC

Parathion Parathion 25 WP Parathion Parathion 500 EC

Phoxim Baythion 500 EC Phoxim Volaton Cutworm Bait

Pirimicarb Pirimor 50 DG Pirimicarb Pirimor 5 ED

Pirimicarb Pirimor 50 DG Prosuler Oxymatrine Levo 2.4 SL

Sulprophos Bolstar 720 EC Tartar Emetic Tartox SP

Tartar Emetic Tartox Tartar Emetic Tartar Emetic

Teflubenzuron Nomolt Thiofanox Dacamox 5G

Thiometon Ekatin 25 EC Triflumuron Alsystin 480 SC

Vamidothion Kilval


169

PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS NOT EPA REGISTERED


Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin Cooper Super Insect Killer Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin

Mortein Odourless Insect Killer

Bendiocarb+ Ficam M WP Bendiocarb+ Tetramethrin+ Archer Surface Spray

Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Target 5

Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+

Mortein Mentholated Insect Killer

Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Mentholated Insect Killer

Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Mortein 3

Butoxide+ Target Insect Killer Chlorfenvinphos Cooper Maggot Spray

Chlorfenvinphos Maggot Spray D-Allethrin Baygon Mosquito Mats

D-Allethrin Mortein Mosquito Coils D-Allethrin Baygon Mosquito Coils

DDT Nova DDT 750 WP DDT Provoke 750 WP

Dinocap+ malathion+ Cu oxy +carbaryl Guard N Care Diphenyltoluamide Aeroguard

Flumethrin Drastic Deadline pour on Gamma BHC Bexadust "L"

Gamma BHC Gamatox House Spray Gamma BHC Multi Benhex

Gamma BHC (LINDANE) Bedbug Kill

ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS NOT EPA REGISTERED


Alphacypermethrin Paracide Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Cenalpha pour on

Chlorfenvinphos Disnis Chlorfenvinphos Supadip

Cypermethrin Barricade cattle dip Cypermethrin Ectopour

Cypermethrin Sentinel tick dressing

Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids Beta tick grease

Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids Venton Wound oil Flumethrin Bayticol

Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Powerpour

MITICIDES/ACARICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED


Bromopropylate Neoron 500 EC Bromopropylate Bromopropylate 50 EC

Flubenzimine Cropotex 500 WP Tetradifon Tetradifon 8 EC


170

Tetradifon Tetradifon EC Triazophos Hostathion 40 EC

Triazophos Triazophos 40 EC Chlorobenzilate Akar 50 EC

MOLLUSCICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED


Trifenmorph Frescon Niclosamide Bayluscide 70 WP

NEMATICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED


Cadusafos Rugby 10 G Fenamiphos Fenamiphos 40 EC

Fenamiphos Nemacur 10 Gran Fenamiphos Nemacur 400 EC

RODENTICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED


Coumatetralyl Racumin Bait Block Coumatetralyl Racumin Liquid

Coumatetralyl Racumin Flocoumarfen Storm

Scillirocide Silmurin Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline Super Rat Kill

Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline Norax Ready Mixed

Warfarin +Sulfaquinoxaline Rat Poison

HERBICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED


2,4 D Amine Hormotox 2,4 D Amine 2,4 D Amine 2,4 D Amine 7.2

2,4 D Amine + MCPA U46 Combi Fluid 6 2,4 D Amine + Picloram Tordon 101

Acifluorfen Blazer 2S Bifenox Modown

Cyanazine Bladex 5 SC Cyanazine Prime Cottherb 5 SC

Cyanazine + Atrazine Blazine 5 Cyanazine/Atrazine Blazine 5 SC

Cycloxydim Focus Ultra Cycloxydim Focus

Dalapon Basfapon Dalapon Dalapon 85 S Systemic

Dalapon Dalapon Dalapon Grass Killer

Dalapon + Diuron Dalmex Dimethametryn Dimepax

Glyphosate trimesium Touchdown Haloxyfop-ethoxy-ethyl Gallant 125 EE


171


Haloxyfop-R-methyl ester

Super Gallant Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate

Actril DS


Voltril Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate

Escardar

Metazachlor Butisan S Pebulate Tillatox

Propachlor Ramrod SC Propaquizafop Agil 100 EC

Quizalofop-P-tefuryl Escourt 40 EC Sulfodiazol Ustilan 70 WP

Terbutryn Terbutryn 50 SC Terbutryn Terbutryne 50 SC

Terbutryn Terbutrex 50 SC


172

RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDES RESTRICTED USE FUNGICIDES


Fentin Hydroxide Du-Ter Extra

RESTRICTED USE FUMIGANTS


1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin D-D Soil Fumigant

1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Ditrapex

1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Telone II

1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Telopic

1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin D-D 92 Soil Fumigant Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide

Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide Phostoxin Tablets

Aluminium Phosphide Phostoxin Pellets Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Tablets

Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Sachets Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Pellets

Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Pellets Aluminium Phosphide Detia-Gas-Ex T

Aluminium Phosphide Celphos Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide Tablets

Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide

Aluminium Phosphide 560 GE

Aluminium Phosphide Quickphos Aluminium Phosphide Detia-Gas-Ex B

Chloropicrin +1-3 dichloropropene Telopic

Chloropicrin+ methyl bromide Methyl Bromide

Chloropicrin +methyl bromide Brom-o-gas Magnesium Phosphide Magtoxin

Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide Brom-o-gas

Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin Methyl Bromide

Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin Metabrom

Naled Migafos

RESTRICTED USE GROWTH REGULATORS


Cyanamide Dormex

RESTRICTED USE INSECTICIDES


Azinphos-Methyl Gusathion 35 WP Bifenthrin Talstar 10 EC

Carbofuran Pilarfuran 10 GR Carbofuran Carbofuran 10 G

Carbofuran Carbofuran Carbofuran Curaterr 10 G

Carbofuran Furadan 10 G Chlorpyrifos Dursban 4 E


173


Chlorpyrifos Suscon Green Chlorpyrifos Empire

Chlorpyrifos Gladiator TC Chlorpyrifos Guard

Chlorpyrifos Pyrinex Chlorpyrifos Pyrinex 48 EC

Chlorpyrifos Chlorzan 48 EC Chlorpyrifos Chlorban 48 EC

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 480 EC Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48% EC

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48% E Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48 EC

Chlorpyrifos Barrier DDVP see Dichlorvos DDVP 100 EC

Demeton-S-Methyl Metasystox (i) 25 EC Diazinon Diazinon 30 EC

Diazinon Diazinon DFF Diazinon Diazinon 40 EC

Diazinon Diazinon 30% EW Diazinon Diazinon 30% EC

Diazinon Diazinon 30 Diazinon Diaz 30

Diflubenzuron Dimilin Diflubenzuron Dimilin 25 WP

Disulfoton Disulfogran Disulfoton Solvirex Super 10

Disulfoton Solvirex Super 100 Disulfoton Solvirex

Disulfoton Disulfoton Disulfoton Disyston 5 Gran

Disulfoton Disyston 0.5 Gran Disulfoton Disulfogran 5 G

Emamectin benzoate Proclaim 05 SG

Disulfoton+ Triadimenol Repulse 5.75 GR

Endosulfan Thiodan Emamectin benzoate Prove

Endosulfan Thionex 35 EC Endosulfan Thionex 50 WP

Endosulfan Endosulfan 35% EC Endosulfan Thionex 1%

Endosulfan Thionex Endosulfan Thioflo

Endosulfan Thioflo 47.5 SC Endosulfan Thioflo 50

Endosulfan Thiodan 35 MO Endosulfan Thiodan 50 WP

Endosulfan Thiokil 35 EC Endosulfan Thiodan 35 EC

Endosulfan Thiodan 1 Gran Endosulfan Thiodan 30 MO

Endosulfan Endocid 35% EC Endosulfan Endosulfan 50 WP

Endosulfan Endosulfan Endosulfan Endocid 35 EC

Ethoprophos Mocap 10 G Esfenvalerate Agrithrin Super 5 EC

Fenbutatin-oxide Fenbutatin-oxide 55 SC Fenbutatin-oxide Torque

Lambda-cyhalothrin Karate Fluvalinate Mavrik 2E

Methamidophos Citrimet 500 AL Methamidophos Polaron 60 SL

Methamidophos Methamidophos 60 SC Methamidophos Tamaron 600 SL

Methamidophos Chematron Methamidophos Pilaron 60 SL

Methidathion Ultracide 40 EC Methamidophos Methamidophos 600 SL

Methomyl Methomyl Methomyl Lannate

Methomyl Lannate Methomyl Methomyl 90 SP

Methyl Isothiocyanate+ Ditrapex Methomyl Methomex 90 SP

Profenofos Curacron 500 EC Oxydemeton-Methyl Metasystox (R) 25 EC

Terbufos Counter FC 10 GR Profenofos Profenofos 50 EC


174


Thiodicarb Larvin 375 FW Terbufos Counter FC 15 G

Thiodicarb Carvin 375 FW Thiodicarb Larvin 80 WG

RESTRICTED USE PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS


Chlorpyrifos+ Chlorpyrifos-methyl Tenure MTC 500 EC Chlorpyrifos-Methyl Reldan 50

Diazinon Roach Kill Dichlorvos Fly Bait

Dichlorvos+ Carbaryl+ New Formula Roachitox Dichlorvos+ Iodofenphos Di-Fli Bait

Dichlorvos+ Propoxur Mortein Cockroach Insect Killer

Dichlorvos+ Tetramethrin Zap Insect Killer

Pentachlorophenol Concentrated Wood preservative Pentachlorophenol Chematect Conc.

Pentachlorophenol Termite Poison Pentachlorophenol Wood Preservative

Pentachlorophenol Atlas AA 8.5

RESTRICTED USE MITICIDES/ACARICIDES


Milbemectin Milbeknock

RESTRICTED USE MOLLUSCICIDES


Captan+ methiocarb Mesurol Snail Bait Methiocarb Mesurol 80% WP

RESTRICTED USE NEMATICIDES


Aldicarb Temik 15 G Aldicarb Temik 5 G

Aldicarb Temik 150 GR Aldicarb Pilarmik 15 GR

Aldicarb Pilarmik 15 GR Aldicarb Sanacarb 15 G

Aldicarb ZFC Aldicarb Aldicarb Temik 15 GD

Metam Sodium Metam Sodium Oxamyl Nemat 310 L

Oxamyl Vydate 310 L Oxamyl Oxamyl 31 SL

Oxamyl Platoon SL Oxamyl Oxamyl 10G


175

RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDES


Acetochlor Relay Acetochlor Volcano Acetochlor 900

Acetochlor Pilarpass 90 EC Acetochlor Harness EC

Acetochlor Guardian S EC Acetochlor Acetochlor 900 EC

Acetochlor Wenner Acetochlor Diamant 700 S

Alachlor Alachlor Alachlor Lasachlor

Alachlor ZFC Alachlor Alachlor Lasso

Alachlor Lasso MT Alachlor Lasso 480 EC

Alachlor Lasso 48 EC Alachlor Citchem Alachlor 48 EC

Alachlor Alanex Alachlor Alaklor 480 EC

Alachlor Alachlor Herbicide Alachlor Alachlor 480 EC

Alachlor Alachlor 48 EC Alachlor Alanex 480 EC

Aminotriazole Bayer Amitrol Atrazine Atrazine 500 FW

Atrazine Mutsvairo 500 FW Atrazine Gesaprim 500 FW

Atrazine Atrazine 500 SC Atrazine Atrazine 50 SC

Atrazine Atrazine 50 Flowable Atrazine Atrazine 5 GR

Atrazine Atrazine 5 G Atrazine Atranex 50 SC

Atrazine Atrazine 80 WP Atrazine Atrazine 50 FW

Atrazine + Metolachlor Prime Gold Diclofop-methyl Hoelon 36 EC

Paraquat Paraquat SL Paraquat Paraquat

Paraquat Paraquat S Paraquat Paraquat 24 SL

Paraquat Paraquat 240 SL Paraquat Agroquat

Paraquat Gramoxone Paraquat Avi-paraquat

Paraquat Agriquat Paraquat Gramoxone

Picloram Tordon 22K


176

HIGH TOXICITY PESTICIDES

HIGH TOXICITY FUNGICIDES (EPA Class I or WHO CLASS 1a OR 1b) AND NOT

RUP


Copper Hydroxide Funguran OH Copper Hydroxide Nordox

Copper Hydroxide Kocide 101 Copper Hydroxide Champ Flowable

Copper Hydroxide Champion 77 WP Imazalil Imazalil 800 EC

Imazalil Magnate 800 EC Imazalil Fungazil

Imazalil Sulphate Magnate Sulphate 75 SP lime sulphur Lime Sulphur

HIGH TOXICITY GROWTH REGULANTS (EPA Class I or WHO CLASS 1a OR 1b)

AND NOT RUP


Ethephon Applied Ethephon Ethephon Ethephon 48 SL

Ethephon Ethephon 480 SL Ethephon 48 SL Ethrel

Ethephon+ Cyclanilide Finish

HIGH TOXICITY INSECTICIDES (EPA Class I or WHO CLASS 1a OR 1b) AND

NOT RUP


Dichlorvos DDVP 100 EC Dichlorvos Insectigas

Dichlorvos Smash 100 EC Dichlorvos Vapona 50 EC

Dichlorvos Nogos 50 EC Dichlorvos Nogos 100 EC

Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 EC Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 SP

Dichlorvos Dedevap 1000 Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 EC

Dichlorvos Vortex Fenitrothion Folithion 60 EC

Fenitrothion Sumithion 40 WP Fenitrothion Folithion 60% EC

Fenitrothion Snipe Fenitrothion Folithion 1000 UL

Fenitrothion Reskol Fenitrothion Kontakil

Formetanate Hydrochloride Dicarzol Diphenylamine D.P.A. WP

HIGH TOXICITY PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS (EPA Class I or WHO CLASS 1a

OR 1b) AND NOT RUP


Fenitrothion Croak Fenitrothion Ant Poison

Fenitrothion Cockroach, Ant & Flea Powder

Fenitrothion+ Deltamethrin Shumba Super

Fenitrothion Cockroach Killer


177

HIGH TOXICITY HERBICIDES (EPA Class I or WHO CLASS 1a OR 1b) AND NOT

RUP


Butralin Tabamex Butralin Butramex 36 EC


178

ANNEX 3a. Pesticides Approved for use on USAID/Zimbabwe-

Supported Projects

FUNGICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name

Acibenzolar-S-methyl Bion 50 WG Azoxystrobin Ortiva 250 SC

Boscalid+pyraclostrobin Bellis Captafol+Chinosol+ Steriseal





Carboxin+Thiram Seedvax 20 SC Carboxin+Thiram Seedvax 20 EC

Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil Carboxin+Thiram Vitavax Plus

Chlorothalonil Encore 500 FW Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 720 SC

Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 500 SC Chlorothalonil Pilarich 50 SC

Chlorothalonil Chloroflo 500 SC Chlorothalonil Conan 75 WP

Chlorothalonil Bravo 500 SC Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 50 SC

Copper Ammonium Acetate Liquicop Chlorothalonil Bravo 500

Copper Ammonium Acetate Copper count N Chlorothalonil Balear 500 SC

Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Ammonium Acetate Copflo 32 SL

Copper Oxychloride Copper Fungicide Copper Oxychloride

Copper Oxychloride 85 WP

Copper Oxychloride

Copper Oxychloride 85 WP Copper Oxychloride Oxicob 85 WP

Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 60 FW

Cyproconazole Alto 100 SL Copper Oxychloride

Copper Oxychloride 85% WP

Cyproconazole+ Disulfoton Altomix 7.75 G Copper Oxychloride Q-Copper WP

Dicloran Allisan 50 WP Cyproconazole Alto G 34

Difenoconazole Difenoconazole 25 EC Cyproconazole+ Sulphur Atemi-S

Dimethomorph+ mancozeb Acrobat MZ Difenoconazole Score 250 EC

Fenamidone + Fosetyl-Al Verita Difenoconazole+ thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M Apron Star 42 WS

Fenhexamid Teldor fenamidone Noblight

Fluopicolide +propamocarb HCL Infinito Fenarimol Rubigan EC

Flutriafol Armour G Fludioxonil+ metalaxyl M Maxim XL 035 FS

Fosetyl-Al Aliette WG Flutriafol Impact

Fosetyl-Al+Mancozeb Mikal-M Flutriafol+ carbendazim Early Impact

Iprodione Iprodione 25 SC Fosetyl-Al+ fenamidone Verita


179


Kresoxim-methyl Stroby WG Iprodione Rovral 250 SC

Mancozeb Vondozeb Flowable Iprodione

Rovral Wettable Powder

Mancozeb Mancozeb Mancozeb Mancozan 80 WP

Mancozeb Mancozeb 800 WP Mancozeb Spoton-M

Mancozeb Mancozan 800 WP Mancozeb

Mancozeb Flowable

Mancozeb Dithane M.45 Mancozeb Mancozeb 80 WP

Mancozeb Dithane DG Mancozeb Mancozeb 75 WP

Mancozeb Mancozan 75 WP Mancozeb Dithane M.45 WP

Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Mancozeb Agrizeb 80 WP

Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Duet Mancozeb +Metalaxyl Duet

Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Unilax Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP

Metalaxyl Metalaxyl 5 GR Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Crater MX 700 WP

Metalaxyl+Copper Oxy Ridomil Plus Maneb+Zinc oxide Trimangol SC

Metalaxyl+Mancozeb Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Metalaxyl Ridomil 5 G

Metalaxyl+Mancozeb Duet Metalaxyl+ difenconazole+ thiamethoxam Apron Star 42 WS

Metalaxyl+Mancozeb Unilax Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP

Metalaxyl-M+Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Crater MX 700 WP

Metiram Polyram DF Metalaxyl-M+ fludioxonil Maxim XL 035 FS

Oxycarboxin Plantvax 75 Metiram Polyram Combi

Potassium phosphite (phosphorus acid) Phosguard 40 SL Oxycarboxin Plantvax 20 EC

Propamocarb-HCL Propa-N 72 SL Potassium phosphite Phosphite 400 SL

Propiconazole New ZFC Bumper 25 EC Propamocarb-HCL Previcur N 72 SL

Propiconazole Propiconazole 25 EC Propiconazole Bumper 25 EC

Propiconazole Tilt 250 EC Propiconazole Propiconapac

Pyrimethanil Scala 40 SC Propiconazole Propiconazole 250 EC

Sodium Molybdate+ captan + fenitrothion

Kaptasan F (15 MO) Pyraclostrobin+ boscalid Bellis

Sulphur Cosan Wettable Sulphur Quintozene Quintozene 75 WP

Sulphur Kumulus DF Spiroxamine Prosper 500 EC

Sulphur Thiovit Wettable Sulphur Sulphur Dusting Sulphur

Sulphur Vine Dusting Sulphur Sulphur Sulphur 80 WP

Sulphur+Copper Oxychloride+Malathion Vegidust Sulphur Thiovit

Sulphur+Copper Oxychloride+Malathion Agridust Sulphur Wettable Sulphur


180


Tebuconazole Folicur 250 EC Sulphur+Copper Oxychloride+Malathion Pedza Nhamo

Tebuconazole Supreme 25 EC Sulphur+Mancozeb Flower Power

Tebuconazole Folicur 25 WP Tebuconazole Orius 250 EW

Thiabendazole Tecto Tebuconazole Tebuconazole 25 EC

Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 50 FW Tebuconazole+ trifloxistrobin Nativo

Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin Flo 48 SC Thiabendazole Tecto 500 SC

Thiram ZFC Kumeresa Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 65 WP

Thiram Thiulin Thiram Thiram 80 WP

Triademifon Bayleton 5 WP Thiram Thiram 80

Triadimenol Baytan 15 WP Triademifon Bayleton 25 WP

Triadimenol Bayfidan 1 G Triademifon Bayleton 250 EC

Trifloxystrobin Flint 50 WG Triadimenol Shavit 25 EC

Trifloxystrobin#/tebuconazole Nativo Triadimenol Triadimenol 25 EC

Triticonazole Premis 200 FS Trifloxystrobin Twist 50 WG

Triforine Funginex

GROWTH REGULATORS APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name

4 (3-indolyl) Butyric Seradix B No. 1 6-benzyl adenine Promil

6-benzyl adenine Promalin Chlormequat Chloride Chlormequat 40

Chlormequat Chloride Cycocel 40 Daminozide Alar

Gibberellic Acid Gibberellic Acid Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 1


Thidiazuron Dropp Mepiquat Chloride Pix

Thidiazuron+ Dropp Ultra

INSECTICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name

Acephate Orthene 75 SP Acephate Acephate 75 SP

Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel Acephate Acephate 75% SP

Acephate Acephate 75 WP Acephate Lancer

Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel Acetamiprid Mospilan 20 SP

Acetamiprid Pilarmos 20 SP Acetamiprid Acetamark 20 SP

Azadirachtin Neem Extract Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Teknar

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel 2 X

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit HP WP

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel WP

Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 0.05% GR Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 050 EC

Beta-cyfluthrin+ Thunder Buprofezin Applaud 50 WP


181


imidacloprid



Carbaryl Carbaryl 50 Carbaryl Carbaryl 85

Chlorantraniliprole Ampiglo 150 ZS Chlorfenapyr Hunter 36 SC

Chlorfenapyr Secure Cyfluthrin Baythroid 5% SL

Cyromazine Cromazine 75 WP Cyromazine Neporex 50 SP

Cyromazine Trigard Deltamethrin Patriot 2.5 SC

Deltamethrin Keshet 2.5 EC Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 EC

Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 FW Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 SC

Deltamethrin Decistab Deltamethrin+ pirimifos -methyl Chikwapuro

Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl Deltafos EC

Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin Actellic Super

Diethyltoluamide DEET Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 EC

Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 Dimethoate Dimethoate 40% EC

Dimethoate Rogor CE Dimethoate Rogor 40 EC

Dimethoate Rogor Dimethoate Dimethoate 40

Fatty Acids Naturell Fipronil Regent 200 SC

Fipronil Regent 250 FS Fipronil Regent 3 G

Fipronil Regent 500 FS Fipronil Regent 800 WG

Flubendiamide Belt Hydramethylnon Maxforce

Hydramethylnon Siege Gel Imidacloprid Gaucho 70 WS






Imidacloprid Imidaking 200 SL Imidacloprid+ Betacyfluthrin Thunder

Indoxacarb Avaunt 150 SC Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC



Lambda-cyhalothrin Icon 2,5CS Lambda-cyhalothrin + Acetamiprid Blast 60 EC

Lufenuron Match 50 EC Lufenuron Lufenuron 5 EC








182


Methoprene Kabat Mineral Oil Orchex Mineral Oil

Mineral Oil Winspray Mineral Oil Mineral Oil

Mineral Oil Orchard Oil Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Bac Oil

Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Mineral Oil Novaluron Oscar 100 EC

Novaluron Rimon 10 EC Petroleum oil Ximex "XL"



Pirimiphos-methyl Superguard Dust Pirimiphos-methyl+ deltamethrin Chikwapuro

Pirimiphos-methyl+ permethrin Chirindamatura Dust

Pirimiphos-methyl+ permethrin Actellic Super

Pymetrozine Chess 50 WP Pymetrozine Chess 25 WP

Pyrimethanil Pyrimethanil 40 SC Pyriproxyfen Admiral 10 EC

Temephos Abate 500 EC Temephos Mostop

Tetrachlorvinphos Gardona 50 WP Tetrachlorvinphos+ Graingard 3 Dust







Thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M+ difenoconazole Apron Star 42 WS Trichlorfon Flytac SC

Trichlorfon Trichlorfon 950 SP Trichlorfon Dipterex 95 SP

Trichlorfon Dipterex 2.5 Gran Trichlorfon Danex 95 SP

Trichlorfon Sprayquip Stalkborer 2.5 Granules

PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS APPROVED Note: public health products have been listed separately as many products which are RUP for

agricultural use are not categorized as such for public health uses.


Carbaryl Flea and Tick Kill Carbaryl Carbaryl 5 Dust

Carbaryl+ Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion Guard N Care Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Dusting Powder


Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins

Pyspray Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Cyfluthrin Responsar WP 10



Cyfluthrin+ Propoxur Zap Roach Killer Deltamethrin Glossinex 200 SC

Deltamethrin K-Otab Deltamethrin K-Othrin 250 WP

Deltamethrin K-Othrin Dust Deltamethrin Deltaguard 50 WP

Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 25 Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 50


183


Deltamethrin Deltaguard 25 EC Deltamethrin Crackdown SC

Deltamethrin Crackdown 1% SC Deltamethrin Cislin SC

Deltamethrin Crackdown SC Deltamethrin+ Target 5


D-Phenothrin+ Target Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ Archer Insect Killer

D-Phenothrin+ d-tetramethrin

Mortein Flying Insect Killer

D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Super Killem

D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin +piperonyl butoxide Killem Regular D-Transallethrin Target Mosquito Coils

Fipronil Much Cockroach Bait Lambda-cyhalothrin Mortein Iconet

Malathion+ Carbaryl+ pyrethrins+ borax ABC Powder Malathion+ Pyrethrins Pythion 21


Methomyl+ Tricosene Dyfly Permethrin Cooper Mosquito Larvicide


Permethrin Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Permethrin+ F-aerosol

Permethrin+ Allethrin New P 44 Permethrin+ pirimiphos methyl Chirindamatura Dust

Phenothrin+ Allethrin Mobil Insecticide Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Surface

Piperonyl Butoxide+ Zap Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer

Piperonyl Butoxide+ Archer Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Regular

Piperonyl Butoxide+ Super Killem Piperonyl Butoxide+ Target Insect Killer

Propetamphos+ Dichlorvos Safrotin Aerosol Propoxur Baygon 1 Dust




Pyrethrins Coopermatic Aerosol Pyrethrins Spar Knockdown

Pyrethrins Mositox Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide

Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Ready for Use Pyrethrins Tobacco Tox

Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Concentrate Pyrethrins Flower Mosquito Coils

Pyrethrins Bymo Insect Killer Pyrethrins Baygon Insect Killer

Pyrethrins 30-T Pyrethrins G-17

Pyrethrins ABC Powder Pyrethrins New Formula Roachitox



Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Aquapy

Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Biomatic Fly Killer

Pyrethrins+ Pyrethrinmarc Doom Mosquito Coils Tetramethrin+ Mobil Insecticide


184





ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name

Amitraz Amitic stock dip Amitraz Tactic Cattle dip

Amitraz Tactic Cattle spray Amitraz Tactic 250

Amitraz Milbitraz Spray Amitraz Triatix

Amitraz Tickbuster Cyfluthrin Cylence

Cyromazine Larvadex Deltamethrin Coopers Tick Grease


Deltamethrin Spoton Deltamethrin Deltapour

Deltamethrin Clout pour on Deltamethrin+ tar acids Exit wound Remedy

Diethyltoluamide Wound Aerosol Fipronil Frontline

Lambda-cyhalothrin Grenade Lufenuron Program

MITICIDES/ACARICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name



Abamectin Abamec 1.8 EC Amitraz Ridac 20

Amitraz Red Spider Kill Amitraz Mitac 20

Amitraz Amitraz 20 EC Amitraz Bye Bye 20 EC

Amitraz Mitac 20 EC Bifenazate Floramite 240 EC

Clofentezine * Apollo 50 SC Dicofol Mitigan 18.5 EC

Dicofol Kelthane EC Dicofol Dicofol 20 EC

Dicofol Kelthane 18.5 EC Dicofol Dicopac 18.5 EC

Dicofol Dicofol 18.5 EC fenazaquin Pride

Etoxazole Smite 100 SC Propargite Omite EC

Propargite Omite 30 WP Spinosad Tracer 480 SC

Propargite Propargite 30 WP Spiromesifen Oberon

Spirodiclofen Envidor 240 SC

*Note: widespread pest resistance to clofentezine in Zimbabwe

MOLLUSCICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name

Captan+ carbaryl+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug Killer Captan+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug

Metaldehyde Metason


185


Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Bait Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Pellets

NEMATICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name

Dazomet Basamid Granular

RODENTICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name





Difethilalone Rattex Warfarin Dedrat

Warfarin Ratkill

HERBICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name

Ametryn Ametryne 500 F Ametryn Ametryn 50 SC

Ametryn Gesapax 80 WG Ametryn Gesapax 500 FW

Ametryn Ametryne 80 Ametryn Ametryne 80 WP

Ametryn Ametrex 50 SC Ametryn Ametryn 500 F

Ametryn Ametrex 80 Ametryn Ametrex 80 WP

Ametryn Ametryn 500 SC Ametryn Ametryn 80 WP


Bentazon Bentazon 48 EC Bromacil Track Chemical X

Bromacil Track X Granular Bromacil Bromacil 80 WP

Bromoxynil Bromotril 500 SC Bromoxynil Bromoxynil

Bromoxynil Buctril DS Bromoxynil Buctril 21

Bromoxynil Bromotril Bromoxynil Brominal Super

Bromoxynil Bromoxynil 22.5 EC Bromoxynil + Terbuthylazine

Terbo SE

Chlorimuron-ethyl Classic 25 DF Chlorimuron-ethyl Extreme 50 WP

Chlorimuron-ethyl Chlorimuron-E 25 WG Chlorthal - dimethyl Razor

Clethodim Select 240 EC Clomazone Command 4 EC

Clomazone Pilarmand 48 EC Clomazone Command 480 EC

Clomazone Clomazone 480 EC Clomazone CMF Clomazone 48 EC

Clomazone Kalif 48 EC Clomazone Polazone 480 EC

Clomazone Clomazone Dicamba Dicamba 480 SL

Dicamba Banvel Dimethenamid Frontier 900 EC



186





Diuron Diuron 80 W P EPTC Cypam




Flumetralin Prime Plus Flumetsulam + S-metolachlor

Bateleur Gold 650 EC





Glyphosate Glyphosate 180 Glyphosate Driveweeder

Glyphosate Glifonex Glyphosate Glyfonex

Glyphosate Glyfotec Glyphosate Glyphogan 480 SL

Glyphosate Glyphon 360 SL Glyphosate Glyphosate 360 SL

Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SC Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SL

Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphotox

Glyphosate Mebrom Wipeout Glyphosate Pathclear

Glyphosate Roundup Biodry Glyphosate Roundup

Glyphosate Sanglypho L Glyphosate Scat 360 SL

Glyphosate Sting Glyphosate Weedclear 360

Glyphosate Glyphonex Halosulfuron - methyl Servian 75 WG

Halosulfuron - methyl Halosulfuron - M 75 WG Hexazinone Velpar L

Hexazinone Hexazinone 240 SL Imazamox Lynx

Imazapyr Arsenal Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG

Imazethapyr Pursuit Imazethapyr Amplify

Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG Isoxaben Flexidor







Lumax 537.5 SE Metolachlor Metolachlor 720 EC


Metribuzin Metriphar 480 SC Metribuzin Volcano Metribuzin 480 SC

Metribuzin Sencor 480 SC Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 EC

Metribuzin Metriphar 48 SC Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 SC

Metribuzin Metribuzin 480 SC Metsulfuron-methyl Ally


187


MSMA MSMA MSMA Volcano MSMA

N – Decanol N - Decanol N - Decanol Thekanol

N – Decanol Deka N - Decanol Antak

Nicosulfuron Accent Nicosulfuron Accent 75 DF

Nicosulfuron Nicosulfuron 75 WG Nicosulfuron Sanson 4 SC

Nicosulfuron Arrow 75 WDG Norflurazon Solicam DF

Norflurazon Zorial 80 WP Oxadiazon Oxadiazon 25 EC

Oxadiazon Ronstar EC Oxadiazon Ronstar Flo

Oxadiazon Ronstar Oxyfluorfen Galigan 240 EC

Oxyfluorfen Goal 24 EC Pendimethalin Prowl



Pendimethalin Prime Suckercide 33% EC

Pendimethalin Accotab


Pendimethalin Agritop EC Prometryn Prometrex 50 SC

Prometryn Prometryn 50 FW Prometryn Prometryn 50 SC

Prometryn Prometryn 500 SC Prometryn Prometryn 80 WP

Prometryn Gesagard 500 FW Prometryn + Fluometuron

Cottonex Super SC

Prometryn + Fluometuron

Cotogard 500 FW Prometryn + S-metolachlor

Codal® gold 412 DC

Propanil Surcopur 360 EC Propyzamide Kerb 50 WP

Prosulfuron Peak 75 WG Quizalofop-P-ethyl Pilot Super

Quizalofop-P-ethyl Co-Pilot Sethoxydim Nabu


S-metolachlor + Flumetsulam

Bateleur Gold 650 EC Sulfentrazone Authority 75 WG


Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone 48 EC Terbuthiuron Graslan 20 P

Terbuthylazine Terbuthylazine 50 SC Terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor

Sorgomil Gold

Topramezone + dicamba Stellar Tribenuron methyl Granstar 75 DF

Tribenuron methyl Tribenuron-M 75 WG Trifloxysulfuron sodium + Ametryn

Krismat 75 WG

Trifluralin Trifsan Trifluralin Mebrom Trifluralin

Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC Trifluralin Trif 480 EC

Trifluralin Trif Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC

Trifluralin Trifluralin Trifluralin Triflurex


188

ANNEX 3b. History of IPM in Zimbabwe. Like all countries, Zimbabwe has had a history of pest and disease problems which it

has to combat with swiftness and precision to mitigate losses. Some of the crises are

listed below:

Grey leaf spot on maize, 1995-96, was addressed in the short term by the trialing

and recommendation of triazole + benzimidazole fungicide sprays, scouting and

cultural control measures aimed at minimizing the level of crop residue carried over

to the next season. Within 2 years, resistant cultivars were available and within 5 – 7

years the need for fungicide sprays was drastically reduced.

IPM comprises of many strategies, one of which is resistance management, or

planning to avoid the occurrence of resistance. To this end, crop chemicals have

periods when they can be used, and periods when non SPs must be used. In the

1970s, guidelines were adopted by the pesticide industry to preserve the activity of

SPs.

1) Guidelines for the use of SPs in Zimbabwe on specific crops:

Cotton: SPs must not be applied before 1 February in all growing areas

outside the South East Lowveld. Before that date, non SPs e.g., carbaryl

must be used. In the Lowveld, SPs can only be used between the dates 25

December and 1 March.

Maize: A single spray of SPs is allowed for cutworm, snout beetle or

armyworm. If they are used for stalkborer or Heliothis, (babycorn,

sweetcorn) SP use must comply with the cotton usage time.

Vegetables: SPs are only used for cutworm sprays.

Soyabeans: SPs only used for cutworm and subsequently only after first

flowering or 1st February.

Groundnuts: SPs only used for cutworm and then subsequently not

permitted until 1 February.

Citrus: No sprays of SPs are allowed.

Winter Crops: (wheat and barley) No SP sprays are permitted on any crop

between 1 June and 31 August.

Locusts, Mosquitoes, Tsetse Flies and other public health pests: the

amount of SPs used in relation to the area treated is considered to be

minimal, so no restrictions apply.


189

Crop Destruction Dates:

In order to prevent carry-over of insect disease vectors from one season to another,

a crop free period is stipulated for many crops. This practice denies the host insect a

crop on which to survive during the winter. Of relevance is the regulations applying to

paprika (SI 238 of 1995, amended by SI 341 of 1995) and relating to peppers in

general.

Seedbeds: all pepper seedbeds must be destroyed by 1 January.

Standing crops: all must be destroyed by 30 June

Planting: Seedlings and direct sown crops may not be planted out in the lands

before 1 September


190

ANNEX 3c. Pesticides Approval and Registration in Zimbabwe Pesticide Registration is administered through the Zimbabwe Ministry of Agriculture,

Mechanization and Irrigation Development, Plant Protection Research Institute

(PPRI)

The Fertilizer, Farm Feeds and Remedies Act (Chapter18:12) applies

These were amended several times; in 1977 it became law that “no person shall sell

any pesticide unless the label is securely fixed to the container, and clearly and

indelibly marked in English. That label has to contain not only all the efficacy

information, directions for use etc., but all the safety information as well, including

Symptoms of Poisoning, First Aid and Note to Physician.

It is an offence under the Pesticide Regulations and Hazardous Substances and

Articles Act to import, store or sell agrochemicals / pesticides without permission of

the PPRI

PPRI has a Pesticides Inspectorate Office that is empowered to inspect warehouses,

shops and distribution points to check compliance with the law, especially on product

labeling and safe storage. The Inspectorate has been active in the last 3 years, is

provided with resources such as vehicles, and have confiscated improperly labeled

product. The Inspectorate is also active at ports of entry.

The Regulations were amended in 1997 to require that every import of a pesticide

had to be covered by an import permit. Thus every consignment has to be cleared at

port of entry with an import permit. One of the requirements for obtaining the Import

Permit is to submit the original registration certificate the importing company has for

that product.

Fines of up to $50,000 can be imposed, as well as prison terms, for contravening the

regulations.

The environmental and safety aspects of the Act are presently administered by the

Environmental Management Agency, part of the Ministry of Environment and

Tourism, who also have an Inspectorate.

It is the view of the Consultant that the Pesticide Registration system is administered

in such a way as to deter illegal imports of pesticides, although this is always

possible on a small scale.


191

ANNEX 3d. Products available In the Region, but not available in

Zimbabwe Amicarbazone (sugar, maize herbicide)

Bromuconazole (Fungicide)

Carfentrazone – ethyl (herbicide, orchards)

Dichlorofen (Fungicide)

Diclosulam (groundnut herbicide)

Diflufenicam (herbicide)

Dithianon (Fungicide)

Fentin hydroxide (Fungicide)

Flurochloridone (herbicide, potatoes)

Fluroxypyr (herbicide)

Furfural (nematicide)

Mesotrione (maize herbicide)

Metham – potassium (Fumigant)

Methyl Iodide (Fumigant)

Myclobutanil (Fungicide)

Rimsulfuron (herbicide, potatoes)

Tembotrione (maize herbicide)

Zoxamide (Fungicide)


192

Annex 4. Natural pesticides that have been commercialized Insecticides Azadirachtin—component in neem oil - botanical extract Bacillus thuringiensis-BT - microbial Beauveria basiana microbial buprofezin IGR (Chitin Synthesis inhibitor) chili pepper - botanical extract (spice) d-limonene - citrus extract (spice) emamectin benzoate - botanical extract (RUP) garlic extract/allicin - botanical extract (spice) harpin protein plant induced resistance elicitor kaolin clay - inorganic mineral Lumbriconereis heterodopa (marine worm) - cartap hydrochloride extract Metarhizium anisopliae - microbial narrow range dormant oil - paraffin oil neem oil - botanical extract nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) - microbial Paecilomyces fumosoroseus - microbial Paecilomyces lilacinus - microbial prosuler oxymatrine – Levo 2.4 SL (nerve centre inhibitor)

pyrethrin - botanical extract (RUP) pyrethrum - botanical extract (RUP) pyriproxyfen IGR (Juvenile Hormone mimic) ryania - botanical extract soap (insecticidal) - fatty acids spinosad - microbial extract Fungicides Bacillus subtilis - microbial Bordeaux mix inorganic (Bordeaux ingredients EPA registered) copper - inorganic copper hydroxide - inorganic copper oxychloride - inorganic copper sulfate - inorganic harpin protein - plant induced resistance elicitor sulfur - inorganic Trichoderma spp. - microbial Nematicides Myrothecium verrucaria - microbial tomatillo oil + thyme oil extracts (Promax5) botanical + spice extracts—soil biopesticide, Molluscicide iron phosphate - inorganic 5 http://www.bhn.name/humagro/biopesticides.html

http://www.bhn.name/humagro/biopesticides.html


193

Annex 5. Botanical pesticides, repellents and baits regulated by USEPA Name Other Names Use Toxicity EPA

Tracking Number

Allium sativum Garlic Repels insects Low 128827

Allyl isothiocyanate Oil of Mustard Kills & repels insects

Questionable 004901

Anise Oil Repels vertebrates

Low 004301

4-allyl anisole Estragole Kills beetles Low 062150

Azadirachtin Azadirachta indica

Neem tree extract

Kills & repels insects

Low, IV 121701

Bergamot Repels vertebrates

129029

Canola Brassica Napus B. Campestris

Oil Kills many insects

Low 011332

Capsaicin Capsicum frutescans

Repels vertebrates

Low, III 070701

Castor Oil Repels vertebrates

Low 031608

Cedar wood Oil

Repels moth larvae

Low 040505

Cinnamaldehyde *

Ceylon and Chinese cinnamon oils

Kills insects, fungi &repels vertebrates

Low 040506

Citronella Oil Repels insects & vertebrates

Low 021901

Cloves, Crushed Low 128895

Dihydroazadirachtin

Neem tree extract Azadirachta indica

Kills & repels insects

III-IV 121702

Eucalyptus Oil Low 040503

Repels insects, mites fleas &

Low 040503


194

Name Other Names Use Toxicity EPA Tracking Number

mosquitoes

Eugenol

Oil of cloves Kills insects** Low 102701

Geraniol

Oil of rose isomeric w/ linalool

Repels vertebrates**

Low 597501

Geranium Oil Low 597500

Indole from all plants Trap bait: corn rootworm beetles

Low 25000-

Jasmine Oil Low 040501

Jojoba Oil

Kills & repels whitefly kills powdery mildew

Low 067200

Lavandin Oil Repels clothes moth

Low 040500

Lemongrass Repels vertebrates

Low 040502

Linalool Oil of Ceylon isomeric w/geraniol

Repels insects, ticks, mites & spiders

Low 128838

Maple lactone Roach trap bait Low 004049

Methyl salicylate

Oil of wintergreen Repels moths, beetle & vertebrates

May be Toxic in Large quantity

76601

Mint Herb Kills aphids Low 128892

Mint Oil Kills aphids Low 128800

Mustard Oil

Repels insects, spiders & vertebrates

Low 004901

Neem Oil Kills whitefly, aphids

Low 025006

1-Octen-3-ol

From clover, alfalfa

Trap bait: mosquitoes

Low 69037-


195

Name Other Names Use Toxicity EPA Tracking Number

p-Methane-3,8 diol Eucalyptus sp. Repels biting flies, Mosquitoes

Low

Orange

Repels vertebrates

Low 040517

2-Phenylethylpropionate

From peanuts Kills insects, ticks, mites & spiders

Low 102601

Pyrethrum

Chrysanthemum sp.

Stored products use

III

Red pepper

Chili Repels insects Low 070703

Rosemary Herb Low 128893

Rotenone

Derris sp., Tephrosia

Controls ticks lll

Ryania Ryania speciosa Kills thrips, codling moth, corn borers

Sabadilla Schoenocaulon sp. III

Sesame Oil Sesamum indicum Pyrethroid synergist

Low

Soybean Oil Soja Kills insects, mites Low 031605

Thyme Herb Controls aphids Low 128894

1,2,4 Trimethoxybenzene

From squash Trap bait: corn rootworm, cucumber beetles

Low

40515-

Verbenone From pine trees Repels bark beetles

Low 128986

* attracts corn rootworm beetles ** attracts Japanese beetles. Not all plant extracts are listed. More detailed information available for most of the oils: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm.

Natural Source: Only one or a few sources are listed. Most of these chemicals are found in many different plants.

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm


196

Annex 6. Zimbabwe GAPs and IPM tools and tactics GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? Soil nutrient, texture and pH testing

NO. Small holder farmers in all areas have very minimum knowledge on the benefits of having their soils analyzed. For pH, the use of lime is being practiced in some areas on a very low scale. All USAID projects will include soil and pH testing on which to base fertilizer recommendations

Pest resistant/tolerant seed/plant or livestock variety

YES. For row crops such as maize, the use of hybrid seed with a high pest and disease resistance package is very high. NO. Horticulture production still relies heavily on open pollinated varieties with a very poor pest and disease resistance package, as well as retained seed or planting material. This is because these varieties are affordable as compared to those with a high pest and disease tolerance package.

Use of locally-adapted plant or livestock varieties

YES. Use is very high Livestock in the country is mainly made up of breeds that have adapted to local conditions over a long period.

Enhance or provide shade for shade-grown crops

NO. Most crop production done by small holder farmers is under full sun. Shade grown crops are not popular.

Assign crop-free (fallow) periods to help soil recover and crop-specific pests to diminish

NO. Land is left fallow by default e.g. as a result of inadequate inputs at times. Where inputs are not a problem, land is not left fallow. The concept of crop-free periods has not yet been adopted in most areas.

Use measures to reduce soil erosion, like low-till, terracing, mulching, drip irrigation, minimum tillage, no-till, planting trees/grass on margins

Limited. Being done on a small percentage of the total tilled area. However, some USAID projects have introduced conservation farming technology through SAT, for example draught animal powered ripping and hand hoe made basin methods to minimize turning of the soil, use of stover and grass as mulch to improve water infiltration at the same time reducing soil erosion. Terracing and vetiver grass planting is practiced extensively in Manicaland in the higher rainfall areas.

Seed treatment with pesticides

YES. Normally commercially available maize seed is already treated when it is purchased. Farmers do not do it themselves

Use recommended planting density and crop thinning

YES. Being practiced by horticulture and row crop farmers in most irrigation schemes

Soil moisture measurements NO. No instruments to measure. Farmers use traditional methods to estimate soil moisture by assessing rainfall and physically handling the soil /testing whether field capacity is reached. Consultations with neighbors and extension agents complete the assessment process.

Raised bed production YES. This is being done by horticulture farmers in areas prone to waterlogging

Flood irrigation using stream or pond water

YES, in some areas in Manicaland extensive use is made of water piped from streams

Drip irrigation using deep well water

NO. Insignificant, due to cost and complexity.

Use of natural fertilizers (manure, compost)

YES. With the concept of conservation farming taking place the use of natural fertilizers is increasingly gaining momentum, particularly in horticultural systems. Use of manure and compost at permanent stations will be introduced so that soil fertility and structure builds up over time.

Use of purchased mineral fertilizers

YES. High usage. Inorganic fertilizers are used as basal and top dressing but at lower rates than large scale cropping

Combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers

YES. Still on the lower side though and mainly practiced by those who have adopted conservation farming, and horticulture

Crop rotation Most farmers practice some form of crop rotation. As maize


197

GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? takes up to 50% of the land area, in addition to other grain crops (sorghum, finger millet, pearl millet) there is no perfect crop rotation practiced. Sections of the farm remain monocropped

Use of green manure crops NO, for most crops. Farmer’s resources too limited.

Early/late plantings/harvestings to avoid pests

YES. For crops such as tomatoes, beans and carrots, farmers have traditional planting periods to ensure a pest and disease free cropping period and also to avoid adverse conditions like frost and excessive rainfall. This is mainly done for small scale horticulture production. For row crops, early or timely planting with the first effective rains will be one of the key principles of conservation farming where planting stations are prepared during the dry season.

Use of trap crops to trap and destroy pests

NO. Concept awareness required. Farmers do not allocate land and resources to unproductive crops.

Pruning and sanitation (removal) of diseased plants or tree parts

YES. Those small holder farmers practicing horticulture on a commercial scale remove diseased plants from the field. Citrus growers often remove diseased fruit to control false codling moth.

Disinfect tools when cutting out diseased plants or plant parts

NO. Normally the removal of diseased plants is done by hand. Where tools are used, usually no disinfection is carried out.

Planting parasite-attracting flowering plants on field margins

NO. Small holder farmers are not aware of this concept

Farmer ability to correctly identify pests, pest damage, predators and parasites

Limited to some horticultural growers. Farmers will be trained on correct pest identification, economic threshold and spraying threshold levels at demo plots set up for specific crops in each area

Purchase and use of parasitoids or predators to attack major pests

NO. Concept not known amongst small holder farmers.

Use of pheromone traps to monitor moth levels

No. To be introduced into citrus for fruit fly control

Use of pheromone traps to reduce overall moth or beetle levels

No. To be introduced into citrus for fruit fly control

Use of pheromone inundation to confuse pest mating

NO

Use of baits with small amounts of pesticide added (a bait containing slug killer iron phosphate is commercially available, as are others)

YES. Used by horticultural growers but not common practice. There is a snail and slug bait that is commonly used by growers especially when they plant fine beans during the rainy season.

Use of pesticides derived from bacteria or containing bacteria (Spinosad, Abamectin, Bacillus thuringiensis-BT, metarhizium species, Beauveria basiana, Trichoderma species)

Some. Not being used, consciously. Farmers need awareness on such pesticides. However, spinosad, abamectin and BT are registered and used in Zimbabwe. Prohibitive cost usually precludes small scale farmers from using them in preference to cheaper, more toxic products

Use of pesticides derived from oils or minerals (mineral and vegetable oils, soaps,

YES


198

GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? sulfur, copper compounds, kaolin clay) Use of artisanal pesticides derived from extracts of plants or spices (neem oil, pyrethroids from Chrysanthemums, rotenone, oil extracts of citronella, chili pepper or garlic)

Limited

Use of repellent chemicals or extracts to repel pests from crop

Limited

Weekly field scouting to assess pest levels/damage, use of pest threshold levels to make control decisions

Scouting is done routinely by horticultural producers to assess the need to spray. Training will be done to establish threshold levels.

Mulching with organic materials (straw) or plastic to control weeds and conserve soil moisture

Yes. Practice done on Horticulture sites and communal gardens. It is being promoted on all crops and is a fairly common practice in bananas. Farmers are seeing large benefits in drought tolerance, but this is counteracted by the effort needed to move the mulch on site. Plastic mulches are not used due to cost

Mechanical weed control by machine cultivation, hoe, or by hand, if plots are sufficiently small

YES. Extensively practiced. Timely weeding by hoe before weeds can flower to reduce the seed bank is a key practice in all small scale farming systems

Exclude insect pests and extend growing season by using greenhouses and microtunnels

NO. Not practiced. Experimental tunnel being assessed for flower production. Cost is prohibitive

Mechanical insect control by hand picking larvae, pupae or adults

SOME. Not being practiced widely on row crops due to scale, but is used in horticultural plots for some larger visible pests.

Destruction/sanitation or composting of crop stalks, residue and dropped fruit at end of season

YES. Cotton and tobacco mandatory destruction dates are enforced where practicable. This is also practiced by horticulturalists, esp. composting of non-edible residues

Any soil, water, energy, or biodiversity conservation practices used

Some. For row crops, conservation farming where minimum turning of the soil results in less erosion. In horticultural crops and paprika, use of mulch to conserve moisture. Contour ridges pegged by Agritex and maintained by farmers

Inter-planting crops with aromatic herbs (celery, cilantro, parsley, dill, oregano) that repel pests

NO. Not being practiced. Small holder farmers require awareness on this concept Some horticultural farmers intercrop onions with vegetables to repel pests.

Install wind-breaks and buffer zones on wind-ward side of field (fast-growing trees like eucalyptus or bamboo) to reduce movement of small migratory pests like aphids, whiteflies, thrips, mites, leafhoppers

Some. Farmers have other varieties of bushes or trees that they are using as windbreaks like jatropha, sesbania, rubber hedge etc. as well as eucalyptus; however the aim is to reduce access by animals rather than insect pests.

Does the farmer have a site growing history or record-keeping system for his/her farm?

Very Limited. Physical records seldom found but mental records are common and unreliable. Training will emphasize a business approach that entails record keeping


199

GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? Are farm and premises clear of litter and waste—both of which increase food safety risks?

NO not generally practiced

Do any farmers have traceability and recall mechanisms in place?

NO. Not at all for small holder farmers

Do farmers have pesticide competence and knowledge?

NO. Very Limited knowledge. However, project’s training is ongoing to reinforce the farmers' knowledge

Do farmers avoid use of internationally- or nationally banned (POPs) or restricted (PIC) pesticides?

Limited. Farmers do not know about these chemicals because the information is not available. However, these chemicals are not widely available in rural areas. However, some farmers use unregistered chemicals procured from neighboring countries like Zambia, South Africa.

Use spot (versus entire field) treatment of pest hotspots with insecticides, miticides or fungicides

Limited. Farmers are sometimes forced to do this because of limited financial resources. Full cover sprays are done on most fields when pests are seen if the farmer can afford it.

Use of insecticides, miticides or nematicides for insect, mite and nematode control

YES

Use of fungicides for control of fungi

YES

Use of herbicides for weed control

Limited. Mostly manual weeding. Adoption of chemical weed control is essential for commercialization of small scale farmers

Use of rodenticides for rat or mouse control

NO

Use of avicides for Quelea or bird control

NO, farmers chase the birds from fields.

Farmer use of a locked and placarded (with warning signs) shed or restricted area for safe pesticide storage?

SOME . A few farmers put chemicals under lock and key, but do not place warning signs up. This will be encouraged when training in safe use of pesticides. Hort Farmers previously trained in Global GAP are aware of the necessity, row crop farmers are not

Does farmer have or have access to Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) appropriate for pesticides used?

Limited. Some spray operators have own PPE but it is not generally used correctly. Local agro dealers do not stock PPE and farmers perceive it as expensive and unnecessary. Pesticide safe use training will change this perception.

Do farmers with PPE use it? YES

Is there a record of farmer training and certification in health, safety and hygiene related to pesticides and food safety?

Some. Only those small scale farmers who once worked on or supplied commercial farms with produce before land reform might have the records from previous training. The public extension service, Agritex uses a module on Safe Use of Pesticides to train farmers under the Master Farmer Training Program.

Do nearby health clinics have first aid experience dealing with pesticide poisoning?

Limited. Some health clinics do have first aid experience to deal with pesticides poisoning. Patients are usually referred to Central hospitals.

Are pesticides, fertilizers, animal feed and harvested crops stored separately?

YES

Testing of irrigation water for heavy metals, pesticides and human pathogens?

NO This is supposed to be done by Zinwa, Zimbabwe National Water Authority but is not carried out in practice.

Are pesticides applied by farmers appropriate for target pests as recommended on

NO. (With respect to small holder farmers). Most of them know a very limited range of chemicals and the chemical that will be at their disposal is what they will use.


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GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? product labels? Do farmers use only pesticides legally registered by their National government for use?

Generally yes, however most farmers do not know which pesticides are registered and which are not. That information is not available to them. Some import unregistered pesticides

Do farmers understand and use recommended Re-Entry Intervals (REI), Pre-Harvest Intervals (PHI) and Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)?

YES/NO. Pre –Harvest Intervals are well understood and used by horticultural growers. Small holder farmers generally have no idea of the concept of MRLs; however those who have grown export crops are aware of it.

Do farmers triple rinse and dispose of (instead of re-use) empty pesticide containers properly (puncture and bury)?

Limited. This practice is not widely used and this is one area that is stressed during Pesticide safe use and handling training.


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Annex 7. EPA recommended worker protection standards PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE) FOR WORKER PROTECTION – STANDARD PRODUCTS Route of Exposure

Toxicity Category by Route of Exposure of End-Use Product I DANGER

II WARNING III CAUTION IV CAUTION

Dermal Toxicity or Skin Irritation Potential1

Coveralls worn over longsleeved shirt and long pants Socks Chemical-resistant footwear Chemical resistant gloves2

Coveralls worn over short-sleeved shirt and short pants Socks Chemical-resistant footwear Chemical-resistant gloves2

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Shoes Chemical resistant gloves2

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Shoes No minimum4

Inhalation Toxicity

Respiratory protection device3

Respiratory protection device3

No minimum4 No minimum4

Eye Irritation Potential

Protective eyewear5

Protective eyewear5

No minimum4 No minimum4

1 If dermal toxicity and skin irritation toxicity categories are different, PPE shall be determined by the more severe toxicity category of the two. If dermal toxicity or skin irritation is category I or II, refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine if additional PPE is required beyond that specified in the Table. 2 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of chemical-resistant glove. 3 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of respiratory protection. 4 Although no minimum PPE is required for these toxicity categories and routes of exposure, some specific products may require PPE. Read pesticide label/MSDS. 5 “Protective eyewear” is used instead of “goggles” and/or “face shield” and/or “shielded safety glasses” and similar terms to describe eye protection. Eye glasses and sunglasses are not sufficient eye protection. The following sites identify recommended PPE for pesticides:

http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm (all types of PPE)

http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001701-d001800/d001797/d001797.html (respiratory PPE)


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Annex 8. General mitigation of potential pesticides dangers and

general measures to ensure safe use

If there are no feasible alternatives to pesticides, the following measures are recommended to mitigate and reduce their risks to human health and the environment. Note that risk is a function of both toxicity and exposure. Reducing risk means (1) selecting less toxic pesticides and (2) selecting pesticides that will lead to the least human exposure before, during and after use. REDUCE EXPOSURE TIME OR THE DEGREE OF EXPOSURE BEFORE USING BEFORE PURCHASE, TRANSPORT, STORAGE, OR USE

Provide appropriate training to all relevant parties

Training should be continuous

Training should identify level and audiences: distributors, farmers, transporters, etc. Packaging:

Follow international and national norms and guidelines

Use packaging (small containers) adapted to local needs

Eliminate re-use of packaging materials Transport:

Understand pesticide-specific risks and conditions to avoid prior to transport – understand

constraints on package label

Separate pesticides from other materials being transported

Secure containers in transport vehicles to prevent loss, leakage, or damage

Avoid intense exposure to sunlight for extended periods – see pesticide-specific guidance Storing:

Develop strict guidelines for village-level storage

Ensure permanent, well-marked labeling

Follow and respect national norms

Use appropriate language (English, Shona) and approved pictograms Formulating:

Use appropriate type and concentration

Use appropriate personal protective equipment BEFORE USE

Ensure evacuation of non-essential personnel, especially children and pregnant women

Ensure that appropriate environmental conditions for application exist – see pesticide-specific

guidance (e.g., avoid windy or rainy conditions) DURING USE Use proper application equipment:

Should be adapted to user needs and possibilities

Should assure maintenance and availability of parts and service Use protective equipment and clothing:

Should be adapted to local climatic conditions

Should be adapted to user needs and resource possibilities

Should eliminate exposure rather than just reduce it, if at all possible Focus on “buffer zones” around the following:

Housing

Environment: water, sensitive areas

Children’s play areas AFTER USING Know, enforce, respect exclusion or reentry periods after application Assure proper cleaning and rinsing off of:

Applicators’ preparation and application equipment


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Applicators’ clothing

Storage containers Develop a workable monitoring and evaluation system for:

Adherence to national and international policies regarding pest management and pesticides

Health effects on applicators, the local population, and domestic animals

Efficacy on target pests

Impacts on environment: residuals in and/or manifest damage/degradation to above- and below-ground water, soils, air, non-targeted environment, biodiversity

Build-up of residual levels leading to resistance by targeted pests

Elimination/minimization of pesticide leftovers and proper disposal of containers Reference: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13


204

Annex 9. International PIC & POPs Lists Updated PIC Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals (http://www.pic.int)

Annex III PIC Chemicals (43 chemicals: 32 pesticides, 4 severely hazardous

pesticide formulations and 11 industrial chemicals)

2,4,5-T and its salts and esters

Alachlor

aldicarb

aldrin

binapacryl

Benomyl dusts >6.9% a.i.

carbofuran dusts > 9.9% a.i.

Thiram dusts >14.9% a.i.

mixtures of benomyl, carbofuran and Thiram (sold

as Granox TBC & Spinox T, which are risk-prone

seed treatments manufactured and used in West

Asia)

captafol

chlordane

chlordimeform

chlorobenzilate

DDT* Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane

dieldrin

Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and its salts

dinoseb & its salts and esters

EDB (1,2-dibromoethane)

Endosulfan

ethylene dichloride

ethylene oxide

fluoroacetamide

HCH (mixed isomers)

heptachlor

hexachlorobenzene

lindane

mercury compounds

methamidophos (liquids >600g/l ai)

methyl-parathion (EC>19.4% a.i & dusts > 1.5%

a.i)

monocrotophos (2002)

parathion

pentachlorophenol

toxaphene (Camphechlor)

tributyl tin compounds

http://www.pic.int/


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Updated POPs Pesticides and Chemicals (http://www.pops.int)

Pesticides

Aldrin

Chlordane

Chlordecone

Dieldrin

Endosulfan (technical) and its related isomers

Endrin – not on PIC list

Heptachlor

Hexachlorobenzene

Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane

Beta hexachlorocyclohexane

Lindane

Mirex – not on PIC list

Pentachlorobenzene

toxaphene

Industrial Chemical

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Tetrabromodiphenyl ether

Pentabromodiphenyl ether

Combustion Products

Dioxins – not on PIC list (formed by burning

chlorine-based hydrocarbon chemical

compounds, like any of the above chemicals

)Furans – not on PIC list (formed by burning

pentose compounds, especially plastics)

* DDT may continue to be used for malaria control in interior residual spraying (IRS)

STOCKHOLM – POPs, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was adopted

in 2001 and entered into force in 2004, 151 Signatories, 110 Parties; U.S. is a signatory and supports

POPs but has not yet ratified it. Governments will take measures to eliminate or reduce the

production, sale and use of POPs

http://www.pops.int/


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Kind of exposure to

avoid

Means of avoiding overexposure

Dermal (skin)

exposure

Check the label for special instructions or warnings regarding dermal exposure

Use recommended protective clothing and other equipment as listed on the label

Do not re-enter the area until deposit has dried or re-entry interval is past

Oral (mouth)

exposure

Check the label for special instructions or warnings regarding oral exposure

Never eat, drink, or smoke, chew tobacco while working with any pesticide

Wash thoroughly with soap and water before eating, drinking, smoking, or chewing

tobacco

Do not touch lips to contaminated objects (such as nozzles)

Do not wipe mouth with contaminated hands or clothing

Do not expose food, beverages, drinking vessels, or cigarettes to pesticides

Wear a face shield when handling concentrated pesticides

Respiratory (lungs)

exposure

Read the label to find out if respiratory protection is required

If respiratory protection is required, use only an approved respiratory device

Stay upwind during application

Eye exposure Read the label to find out if eye protection is required

If eye protection is required, use goggles to protect eyes or a face shield to protect

eyes and face

Keep pesticide container below eye level when pouring


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Annex 11. Basic First Aid for Pesticide overexposure Get medical advice quickly if any spray workers have unusual or unexplained

symptoms during work or later the same day. Do not let anyone get dangerously

sick before calling a physician or going to a hospital. It is better to be too cautious

than too late.

First aid is the initial effort to help a victim while medical help is on the way. If the

victim is alone, make sure they are breathing and not being further exposed to the

poison before calling for emergency help. Apply artificial respiration if the victim is

not breathing.

Read the first aid instructions on the pesticide label, if possible, and follow them. Do

not become exposed to poisoning yourself while you are trying to help. Take the

pesticide container (or the label) to the physician. Do not carry the pesticide

container in the passenger space of a car or truck.

Poison on skin Act quickly

Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water

Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water

Dry victim and wrap in blanket.

Chemical burn on

skin

Wash with large quantities of running water

Remove contaminated clothing

Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean, soft cloth

Do not apply ointments, greases, powders, or other drugs in

first aid treatment of burns

Poison in eye Wash eye quickly but gently

Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean

running water

Wash for 15 minutes or more

Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water; they may

increase the extent of injury

Inhaled poison Carry victim to fresh air immediately

Open all doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned


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Loosen tight clothing

Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or if the

victim’s skin is blue. If patient is in an enclosed area, do not

enter without proper protective clothing and equipment. If

proper protection is not available, call for emergency

equipment

Poison in mouth or

swallowed

Rinse mouth with plenty of water

Give victim large amounts (up to 1 quart) of milk or water to

drink

Induce vomiting only if instructions to do so are on the label

Procedure for

inducing vomiting

Position victim face down or kneeling forward, Do not allow

victim to lie on their back, because the vomit could enter the

lungs and do additional damage

Put finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of victim’s

throat or give syrup of ipecac

Collect some of the vomit for the physician if you do not know

what the poison is

Do not use salt solutions to induce vomiting

When not to induce

vomiting

If the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions

If the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison. A corrosive

poison is a strong acid or alkali. It will burn the throat and

mouth as severely coming up as it did going down. It may

get into the lungs and burn there also

If the victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate or oil

solution. Emulsifiable concentrates and oil solutions may

cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting

Web site: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13.

http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf


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Annex 12. Pesticide Disposal Options Pesticide Disposal

If excess pesticide concentrate is left over at the end of spraying, dilute it as directed

on the label; then apply it to an area listed on the label. Do not apply more than is

recommended. Leftover pesticide can be stored until it can be disposed of safely.

An “empty” pesticide container is not clean; a significant amount of pesticide residue

can remain inside of it. Triple-rinse an empty container of liquid pesticide before

disposal.

Procedure:

1 drain the pesticide residue in the container into your spray tank for at least

30 seconds.

2 Fill the empty container one quarter full of water and rinse thoroughly.

3 Pour this rinse water into the sprayer. If the dilution rate allows you to

pour all the rinse water into the sprayer, drain it into the sprayer for at least

30 seconds.

4 Follow the procedure in Steps 2 and 3 two more times.

5 Spray the pesticide mixture on areas listed on the label. Do not exceed

the label’s application rate.

Container Disposal

All empty pesticide containers must be returned to the distributor, recycled by a

qualified party, or destroyed, but never re-used for any other purpose than pesticide

containment. Recycling by the distributor/manufacturer should be the first choice, if

feasible. It is extremely dangerous to use them for anything else. Consult the

pesticide label, the manufacturer, or the manufacturer’s representative for specific

recommendations regarding container cleanup and disposal. The following are

general guidelines. There are two basic methods for cleaning pesticide containers

prior to disposal. Both require that the container be turned upside down and allowed

to drain into the spray tank for at least 30 seconds, followed by adding water to the

container and rotating it well to wet all surfaces, then draining it again into the spray

tank as an additional diluent.

Triple Rinse Method: Add a measured amount of water or other specified diluent so

that the container is one-quarter full. Rinse container thoroughly, pour into a tank,

and allow it to drain for 30 seconds. Repeat three times. The water rinsate can be

used to mix with or dilute more of the same pesticides or it can be sprayed on the

target crop.


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Pesticide Neutralization Method: Empty organophosphate and carbamate containers

can be neutralized by adding alkaline substances. The following procedure is

recommended for 200-liter barrels. Use proportionally less material for smaller

containers.

Add 20 liters of water, 250 milliliters of detergent, and one kilogram of flake

lye or sodium hydroxide.

Close the barrel and rotate to wet all surfaces.

Let stand for 15 minutes.

Drain completely and rinse twice with water. The rinsate should be drained into a

shallow pit in the ground located far away from wells, surface water, or inhabited

areas.

Containers cleaned by any of the above methods are still not safe to use for any

other purpose. Glass containers should be broken and plastic or metal containers

punctured or crushed. Containers can then be buried in an isolated area at least 50

cm below ground surface.


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Container Type Disposal Statements

Metal Containers

(non-aerosol)

Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or

reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of container in a

sanitary landfill, or by other procedures approved by state and

local authorities.

Paper and Plastic

Bags

Completely empty bag into application equipment. Then

dispose of empty bag in a sanitary landfill or by incineration,

or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If

burned, stay out of smoke.

Glass Containers Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then dispose of in a sanitary

landfill or by other approved state and local procedures.

Fiber Drums with

Liners

Completely empty liner by shaking and tapping sides and

bottom to loosen clinging particles. Empty residue into

application equipment. Then dispose of liner in a sanitary

landfill or by incineration if allowed by state and local

authorities. If drum is contaminated and cannot be reused,

dispose of it in the manner required for its liner.

Plastic Containers Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or

reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill,

or incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by

burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

Compressed Gas

Cylinders

Return empty cylinder to supplier for reuse.

Foil outer pouches

of water soluble

packets (WSP)

Dispose of the empty outer foil pouch in the trash, as long as

WSP is unbroken.

Website: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-13.htm

http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-13.htm


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Annex 13. Guidelines for pest management plans (PMP) for USAID

funded crops and beneficiaries Plans for USAID projects crops and beneficiaries

The following is a PMP guideline produced by analyzing and combining the best

pieces of PMPs produced by universities and the U.S. Department of Agriculture

(USDA) in the United States, national crop protection services of other countries, and

international groups. Almost universally, actionable PMPs are crop-specific, with no

more than one crop per PMP. Each PMP is designed primarily to be used as a

seasonal planning and field decision-making (management) tool for farmers and

farm managers who produce the crop.

The PMP is outlined roughly into four parts: Justification and Users of PMP, Crop-

Specific Information, Pest-Specific Prevention and Management Information, and

Pesticide-Specific Information. The last two sections, especially, are to be used and

turned into field decision-making tools. PMPs can also be turned into checklists for

actionable items, targeting needs and organization of monitoring, record-keeping,

and reporting.

What is a PMP?

Pest Management Plans or Guides provide field crop or livestock production

decision-makers – farmers and farm managers – with best production practices

recommendations, usually adapted by region, crop phenology and seasons. The

aims of PMPs are to reduce the risks to production from pests by using a

combination of best practices, including IPM, Integrated Vector Management (IVM)

and Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that maximize crop or livestock health,

and thus resilience to or tolerance of pests, and without an over-reliance on

pesticides when best practices are not followed. Thus, prevention of pests plays a

strongly pivotal role in the PMP, followed closely by management of pests when

prevention alone is not adequate for the level of control needed or desired.

Who are the PMPs intended audiences and users?

Farm land preparation and crop production decision-makers

Farmers

Farm managers

Why is a PMP being done?

The objectives of a PMP are:

Prevent or reduce pest damage risk to agricultural production


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Protect the health of farmers, farm family members, laborers, and community

members from pesticide risks

Maintain economically sound practices

Reduce environmental pollution and degradation risks

Enhance the overall quality and quantity of biodiversity on the sustainable

farm work environment

Respond to foreign market demand for the use of agriculture sector best

management practice standards, also called Good Agriculture Practices

(GAPs) – which include IPM measures – to achieve farm and produce

certification

Comply with local, regional, donor and international laws, conventions, and

regulations

Organization of the PMP

The following pieces of crop- or livestock-specific background information are used

to build a PMP base

General information on the crop/livestock

Crop/livestock common/species names

Crop/livestock developmental stages

Production regions and how they differ by soil type, pH, fertility, etc.

Overall concerns and priorities for crop/livestock production

Crop/livestock cultural best practices

Crop/livestock Good Agriculture Practices including some IPM (see

PERSUAP section on GAPS and IPM) recommendations

Invertebrate (Insects, Mites, Slugs/Snails, Nematodes) Pest Prevention and

Management

First, identify overall priorities for invertebrate prevention and management in the

target crop or livestock.

Next, identify individual invertebrate pest species noting the type of feeding:

chewing, sucking, or rasping; part of plant fed upon: roots/rhizomes/tubers,

stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or stored); or if livestock, animal

part fed upon: face, eyes, neck, hide, hooves, internal, other.

To best understand how to manage a pest, one needs to understand how, where,

when, and on what the pest parts of the plant or animal feeds. For field pests and


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stored grain/food pests, many PMPs are designed and outlined as follows containing

the following information, for each major species of pest (insects, mites, slugs/snails,

nematodes):

Photographs of each pest

Photographs of plant damage

Description of the pest, life cycle and survival strategies6

Description of damage symptoms

Best Prevention Practices

o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM

o Country or region-specific information

Best Management Practices

o Focus on prevention (above)


Diseases (Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Other) Prevention and Management

First, identify overall priorities for disease prevention and management in the target

crop or livestock.

Next, identify individual disease pest species noting the type of transmission: soil-

borne, mechanical, or wind-borne; what part of plant or livestock is damaged – for

plants: roots, stem, leaves, florescence, or seed; for livestock: face, eyes, neck, hide,

hooves, internal, or other.

To best understand how to manage a disease organism, one needs to understand

how, where, when, and which parts of the plant the disease infects. For field

diseases and stored grain/food diseases, many PMPs are designed and outlined as

follows containing the following information, for each major species of disease

(fungal, bacterial, viral, and other):

Photographs of indicative disease infection appearance

Description of the disease and its life cycle throughout the planting and

overwintering season as well as any special survival strategies

Description of disease infection symptoms

Best Prevention Practices 6 Survival strategies: All pests have survival strategies that allow them to live and breed in each crop’s farming systems. Knowing the

survival strategies, including overwintering habit and alternate host plants, that are employed by the pest can help with decision making at the farming systems-level (e.g. choice of rotation crops) and also can help to anticipate pest outbreaks.


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Weeds (annual grasses, broadleaves, perennial grasses, broadleaves, sedges,

others) Prevention and Management

First, identify overall priorities for weed prevention and management in the target

crop or livestock (some weeds are toxic to livestock).

Next, if possible, identify major weed type noting any information on transmission:

wind-borne, forceful expulsion, soil-borne, stuck to animals, other); if any parts of

crop plants are damaged: roots, stem, leaves, florescence, or seed; or for livestock

the risk of intoxication or poisoning.

To best understand how to manage a type of weed, one needs to understand how,

where, when and which parts of the field the weed prefers. For weeds, many PMPs

are designed and outlined as follows containing the following information, for each

major type of weed (annual grasses, broadleaves, perennial grasses, broadleaves,

sedges, others):

Photographs of major types or, if needed species of weeds

Description of the weed types and their life cycles throughout the planting and


Description of weed appearance and favored habitat







Vertebrates (birds, rodents, other) Pest Prevention and Management

First, identify overall priorities for rodent prevention and management in the target

crop or livestock (as vectors, certain vertebrate pests also bring the risk of disease to

livestock or working animals as well as to humans).


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Next, if possible identify major rodents, noting any information on the part of plant fed

upon: roots/rhizomes/tubers, stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or

stored); or if livestock: animal diseases vectored.

To best understand how to manage a rodent or bird species, one needs to

understand how, where, when, and which parts of the field the vertebrate infests,

and the amount of crop damage done. For rodents and birds, many PMPs are

designed and outlined as follows containing the following information, for each major

type of vertebrate, be it rodent or bird:

Photographs of each species of birds or rodents

Photographs of plant damage or livestock disease symptoms

Description of the vertebrate, their life cycles throughout the planting and


Description of weed appearance, favored habitat and damage incurred







Information on recommended pesticides

Information needed for each pesticide referenced in the above PMP, by pest (so the

farmer/farm manager has the information at his fingertips and does not need to refer

to other documents and tables to find it):

Pesticide essential information needed

Active Ingredient name

Product Trade names (with EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Classifications in

parenthesis)

Amounts to use per hectare

Pre-harvest interval (PHI)

Special comments on best application methods and frequency

Specialized training/certification of operators


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Any resistance management strategies needed

Pesticide application record sheet

Guidelines for reducing spray drift

Re-entry interval (REI): field safe re-entry period after spraying

Maximum residue levels (MRL) permitted by markets

Pesticide precautions with use including: Reading the label

Legal responsibilities and permitted registration uses

Permit requirements for possession and use

Recommended and obligated use of PPE and best practices

First aid and antidotes

Transportation best practices

Storage best practices

Safe use best practices

Container disposal best practices

Leftover pesticide disposal best practices

Protection of non-pest animals, plants, endangered species and water body

quality

Protect natural enemies & honeybees:

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html

Posting signage in treated fields

Some chemicals not permitted on processed crops

Potential for phytotoxicity (crop injury) on some crops

Documentation and record-keeping on farms

Information needed on Natural Enemies of Pests

Common Names of Predators and Parasitoids effective against above pests: For a

list of common natural enemies of crop pests, see

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html. Genera will likely be the same

around the world, with different species in different continents, filling similar niches.

Additional Information Needed

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html


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Will there be an IPM Coordinator, an IPM Advisory Committee, education and

licensing for applicators, currency and approval of the PMP?

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