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Transcript of Ziegler-Natta Catalysis Presented by: Mehrban ashiq Saad afzal Presented To: M.phil Inorganic-...
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Ziegler-Natta Catalysis
Presented by:
Mehrban ashiqSaad afzal
Presented To:
M.phil Inorganic- Analytical Chemistry 3rd Semester Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat,
Pakistan.Course Title: Organo -Transition ChemistryCourse code: CHEM-529
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Ali Mohsin
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Ziegler-Natta Catalysis
Outline:
Introduction CatalysisActivation Energy Ziegler-Natta Olefin PolymerizationZiegler's DiscoveryMechanismNatta's DiscoveryPP StereochemistryDifferent Catalyst system and % yieldConclusion
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most popular plastic. Grocery bags, shampoo
bottles, toys, etc. Simple structure than
all polymers. Branched/low-density
= (LDPE) Easier to make
Linear/high-density = (HDPE)
H2C CH2 CH2 CH2 nZiegler-Natta Catalyst
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Catalysis• Catalysts increase reaction rate without
themselves being changed• Can accelerate a reaction in both directions• Do not affect the state of equilibrium of reaction
– simply allow equilibrium to be reached faster
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Activation energy• Molecules must be
activated before they can undergo a reaction– Reactants must absorb
enough energy from surroundings to destabilize chemical bonds (energy of activation)
• Transition state– Intermediate stage in
reaction where the reactant molecule is strained or distorted but the reaction has not yet occurred
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Ziegler’s Discovery• 1953 K. Ziegler, E. Holzkamp, H. Breil & H. Martin• Angew. Chem. 67, 426, 541 (1955); 76, 545 (1964).
Al(Et)3 + NiCl2 Ni100 atm110 C
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + +AlCl(Et)2
TiCl4 1 atm20-70 C
Al(Et)3 + CH2CH2"linear"
Mw = 10,000 - 2,000,000
Problem
Idea:
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Ziegler-Natta CatalystsZiegler-Natta Catalysts Combination of a transition metal compound of Combination of a transition metal compound of
an element from groups IV to VIII, and an an element from groups IV to VIII, and an organometallic compound of a metal from groups organometallic compound of a metal from groups I to III.I to III.
Catalyst Catalyst –– Transition metal Transition metal
Co-catalyst Co-catalyst –– Organometallic Compound, mainly Organometallic Compound, mainly alkyl or alkylhalides of aluminium and boron, or alkyl or alkylhalides of aluminium and boron, or methylaluminoxane.methylaluminoxane.
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Ziegler-Natta Catalysis of Ziegler-Natta Catalysis of Alkene PolymerizationAlkene Polymerization
A typical Ziegler-Natta catalyst is a combination of A typical Ziegler-Natta catalyst is a combination of
TiClTiCl44 and (CH and (CH33CHCH22))22AlCl, AlCl,
or or
TiClTiCl33 and (CH and (CH33CHCH22))33Al.Al.
H2C CH2
Ziegler-Natta CatalystCH2 CH2 n
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Polymerization Steps
1. Replacement of one Cl by alkyl group of Al alkyl
2. Bonding of Propylene to a vacant site
3. Insertion of propylene into Metal-alkyl bond- Initiation
4. Creation of vacant site for propylene adsorption
5. Repetition of steps 2,3 & 4 leading to chain growth/propagation
6. Catalyst configuration decides the configuration of added propylene
7. Termination of polymer chain with hydrogen- Termination
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Conventional Ziegler-Natta Catalyst
• Catalyst components TiCl4 & AlEt3
• Organo aluminium compound reduces TiCl4 to generate TiCl3
• Active phase TiCl3
• Different crystalline forms- α , β, γ , & δ• β Chain structure; α , γ , & δ have layer structure• Activity & Isotacticity differs• α – Hexagonal Close packed – hcp of Cl ions• γ - Cubic close packed –ccp of Cl ions• Ti ions occupy Octahedral holes of Cl- matrix
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Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination Polymerization
InitiationInitiation
Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination Polymerization
InitiationInitiation
Al(CHAl(CH22CHCH33))33 ++ TiClTiCl44 ClAl(CHClAl(CH22CHCH33))22
++
CHCH33CHCH22TiClTiCl33
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Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination PolymerizationInitiationInitiation
Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination PolymerizationInitiationInitiation
Al(CHAl(CH22CHCH33))33 ++ TiClTiCl44 ClAl(CHClAl(CH22CHCH33))22
++
CHCH33CHCH22TiClTiCl33
HH22CC CHCH22CHCH33CHCH22TiClTiCl33 ++
CHCH33CHCH22TiClTiCl33
HH22CC CHCH22
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Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination Polymerization
InitiationInitiation
Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination Polymerization
InitiationInitiation
CHCH33CHCH22TiClTiCl33
HH22CC CHCH22
TiClTiCl33
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22
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Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination Polymerization
propagationpropagation
Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination Polymerization
propagationpropagation
TiClTiCl33
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22
TiClTiCl33
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22
HH22CC CHCH22
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Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination Polymerization
propagationpropagation
Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination Polymerization
propagationpropagation
TiClTiCl33
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22
HH22CC CHCH22
TiClTiCl33
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22
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Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination Polymerization
propagationpropagation
Mechanism of Coordination PolymerizationMechanism of Coordination Polymerization
propagationpropagation
TiClTiCl33
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22
HH22CC CHCH22
etc.etc.
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TerminationTermination
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Catalytic cycle for polymerization of ethylene - Cossee-Arlman mechanism- Direct insertion of olefin across M-alkyl bond
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Natta’s Discovery• 1954 Giulio Natta, P. Pino, P. Corradini, and F. Danusso
• J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 1708 (1955) Crystallographic Data on PP
• J. Polym. Sci. 16, 143 (1955) Polymerization described in French
CH3
TiCl3
Al(Et)2Cl
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3
VCl4
Al(iBu)2Cl
CH3 CH3
O inCH3
- 78 CCH3
CH3
Isotactic
Syndiotactic
Ziegler and Natta won Nobel Prize in 1963
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C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
R R R R R R
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
R
R
R
R
R
R
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
R R
R
R
R
R
isotactic
syndiotactic
atactic
Automobile and appliance parts, rope, carpeting
Soft n’ sticky…not very good for anything
Polypropylene tacticity
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- Before Z-N Catalyst invention, PP composites were only atactic form - After that, isotactic PP composites of extraordinary MW(>106) is synthesized
LDPE HDPE PP
This has less hardness, stiffness and strength compared to HDPE, but better ductility, Free radical
10 billion lb/yr
Use chromium compounds.
Zieglar-Natta process is recent application.
A few number of branches
AlR3, AlHR2
Natta
4 billion lb/yr
Zieglar-Natta Catalyst
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PP- Streochemistry Vs Properties PP Elastic Hardness MP Mech.props
Modulus-Gpa Mpa °C
Isotactic 1.09 125 160-170 Stiff/Brittle
Syndiotactic 125-131 Robust, transparent
Atactic 0.15 1.4 < 0
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Isotactic Polymerization
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Syndiotactic Polymerization
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Continue………….
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Continue…..
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Z-N catalysts- Generations catalyst
First• TiCl3 and AlEt2Cl
Second• TiCl3 + AlEt2Cl + Mono/Di ethers, Mono/Di esters
Third• TiCl4 supported on MgCl2 + Al-Alkyl + Phthalate esters -3rd component• MgCl2 has layered structure; Ionic radii of Mg2+ & Ti3+ similar• Structural compatibility• Polymer yield > 30 Kg/g ; Isotacticity index -96-99%
Fourth• Morphology controlled catalysts• Spherical polymer product-No extrusion
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General Composition of Catalyst System and % Yield
Main Group Metal alkyl
Transition Metals Compounds % Yield of Polymer
Al2Et6 TiCl4 48
AlBu3 TiCl4 60
Al2Et6 TiCl*3 80-92
Al2Et6 VCl4 78
Al2Et6 VCl3 73
Al2Et6 CrCl3 36
Al2Et6 TiCl3 40-50
[Et2Be] n TiCl*3 94-96
[Et2Mg] n TiCl*3 78-85
Et2Zn TiCl*3 30-40
[AlClMe2] 2 TiCl*3 96-98
R.C.MEHROTRA,. A.SINGH. “Organometallic Chemistry” Revised Second Edition page(464)
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Limitations
we can't make poly(vinyl chloride) by Ziegler-Natta polymerization. When the catalyst and cocatalyst come together to form the initiating complex, radicals are produced during intermediate steps of the reaction. These can initiate free radical polymerization of the vinyl chloride monomer.
Acrylates are out, too, because Ziegler-Natta catalysts often initiate anionic vinyl polymerization in those monomers.
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Move forward
homogeneous polymerization catalyst
metallocene catalysis polymerization
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Ziegler – Natta olefin polymerization
homogeneous polymerization catalyst:
Reactive intermediates such as A or B, alkyl olefin complexes, should be unsaturated
Olefin insertion
Zr Me ZrCH2
H2CZr Me CH2=CH2
Me
CH2=CH2
A
ZrCH2
H2C
Me
B
Zr...
CH2=CH2
H2C
Olefin insertion
CH2
H2C
CH2
Me
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PP Stereochemistry- Effect of metal & ligand
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Conclusion
• Linear high density ethene polymerization
• Isotactic propylene polymerization
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Thanks