Karin Andersson

Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology

Zero Emission, green shipping or energy efficiency?Research in Maritime Environmental Science at Chalmers

“FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE”

• Our vision is allowed to permeate

all activity within the fields of research,

education and innovation

• The goal is to develop technical solutions

that are needed to create a sustainable

future

Image: Volvo

1829 Chalmersska Slöjdeskolan is founded by the will of William Chalmers

1937 Chalmers becomes a governmental university with the authority

to award doctoral degrees

1994 Chalmers becomes a private university, owned by

a foundation

2017-10-25 Chalmers 3

13 DEPARTMENTS

8 AREAS OF ADVANCE

2016

• 9435 students, 800 PhD students

• 3055 peer reviewed publications

• Turnover 3611 MSEK (€360M)

• Research and research education

2584 MSEK (€250M)

• 221 chaired professors

• 3500 employees, (1000 in

administration)

2017-10-25 Chalmers 4

RESEARCH AREASEnergy efficiency

Electrification

Renewable fuels

Emission formation

Mechanical Systems

Railway Mechanics

Structural Mechanics

Wave Propagation

Applied Fluid Dynamics

Turbomachinery and Aeroacoustics

Renewable Energy

Structural Integrity

Hydrodynamics

Ship Design

Safety and Reliability

Propulsion Systems

Wave Dynamics

Maritime Environmental

Sciences

Maritime Human Factors

Adaptive Systems

Road Vehicle Aerodynamics

Structural Integrity

Safe System and Epidemiology

Vehicle Dynamics

Accident Prevention

Injury Prevention

Road Safety Data

Fundamental &

applied research

in all modes of

transport

Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences

2017-10-25 Chalmers 6

The driving force – what can we help to fulfil?

Our research - Maritime environmental sciences

CO2NOx

SOx

VOC

PM

Oil spills

Noise

Toxic antifouling paint

Invasive species

Solid waste

Sewage

Grey water

Refrigerants

Bilge water

Ballast water

Noise

Cargo hold cleaning water

There is more than the

engine involved in zero

emission…

2017-10-25 Chalmers 7

What is the problem, actually?

• What should/could be zero?

• What is “green”?

• Does it help to be energy efficient?

• Giving decision support in a very complex problem

• “Maritime industry without negative impact on the environment”?

• “Contribute to the sustainability goals?”

Zero Emission,

green shipping

or energy efficiency?

Some project areas related to energyKarin Andersson et al

• Environmental assessments– New marine fuels “form well to propeller”, life cycle assessments, life cycle cost, multi criteria

assessment, global energy systems assessments (with department of Space, Earth and Environment

and Swedish Environment Institute, IVL)

• Selma Brynolf, Maria Grahn, Julia Hansson, Maria Taljegård

• Resource use/energy use/GHG– Energy management systems

• Hannes Johnson, now at Gothenburg University

– Energy efficiency by networking

• Josefin Borg

– Energy systems modelling

• Francesco Baldi, now at EPFL, Ulrik Larsen, Cecilia Gabrielii, at NTNU from November

Professor Karin Andersson, karin.andersson@chalmers.se

STRATEGIES FOR REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS TO AIR

steps towards zero

• Saving fuel/energy

– Energy efficiency technology

– Energy management

– Route planning

– Logistics

– Ecodriving

– Waste heat recovery

– Ship/hull modification

– Propeller change

– ...

• “End of pipe solutions”– Scrubber for sulphur

– Catalyst (SCR) for NOx

– Carbon capture, CCS/CCR

• Change of fuel

– Low sulphur fossil fuel

– Renewable/non fossil fuel

• Biofuels (plant oils,

biomaterial based, algae

oil)

• CO2 based

fuels/electrofuels

• Hydrogen

• Technology change – Wind propulsion

– Electricity

– Fuel cells

– Nuclear

– …..

Naval architechts are working with hull and propeller design, but there is a small process plant

inside. Model of ship energy system…… (Lassesson & Andersson 2009)

2017-10-25Prof. Karin Andersson Chalmers | Department of Mechanics and Maritime

Sciences11

Reduce fuel consumption. Energy efficiency but also operation of the ship

2017-10-25 Chalmers 12

“End of pipe solutions” – reduce emissions

• Increase of energy

demand

• Increase of operation cost

• Increase in complexity

• Increase in weight

• Takes space and weight

from cargo

Carbon capture? CCS

• Absorption in liquid

• Common in land applications

• Not tested on board

• Additional cost and energy demand

• Needs storage of captured CO2

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• Fuel change – what happens?

Marine fuel chain

Assessing fuels from well to propeller

Life cycle assessment, LCABengtsson, S., Andersson, K., Fridell, E. (2011). "A comparative life cycle assessment of marine fuels: liquefied

natural gas and three other fossil fuels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part M-Journal of

Engineering for the Maritime Environment 225(M2): 97-110

Inventory result of fuels from well to propeller

Renewable

“Diesel” fuels

Based on Brynolf, S. (2014). Environmental

assessment of present and future marine fuels. .

Shipping and Marine Technology.

Gothenburg, Chalmers University of Technology. PhD.

Bengtsson, S., Fridell, E., Andersson, K. (2012). "Environmental assessment of two pathways towards the use of biofuels in shipping." Energy Policy 44: 451-463

You can move towards low emission!

Energy efficient, new built ship using LNG

2017-10-25 Chalmers 20

Old MGO

ship

New MGO

ship

LNG

QatarLGB shipLNG

Russia

LNG

Norway

Old MGO

ship

New MGO

ship

LNG

QatarLBG shipLNG

Russia

LNG

Norway

GHG (CO2 and methane),

ton CO2 eq/y (GWP 100)NOx ton/y

Old MGO

ship

New MGO

ship

LNG

QatarLBG shipLNG

Russia

LNG

Norway

On-going work ZVT, E Fridell, S Brynolf, K Andersson

2017-10-25 Chalmers 21

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%Climate change

Acidification

Eutrophication - terrestrialParticulate matter

Photochemical ozone formation

Environmental impact reduction

LNG Norway, ship 1 MGO, ship 1a LNG Qatar, ship 1

LNG Russia, ship 1 MGO, ship 1b LBG Sweden, ship 1Old MGO ship

New MGO ship

LNG Norway LNG Qatar

LNG Russia LBG ship

E-MOBILITY – NOT ONLY CARS

• Diesel electric…

• Batteries

• Land connected

• Fuel cells

• Development projects

CO2 fromairandseawater

CO2 fromcombustion

Carbon dioxideCO2

Production

of electro-

fuels

Electro-lysis

Water (H2O)

Hydrogen(H2)

El

CO2

Allbiofuelproductiongenerates

”waste CO2”

Biomass(C6H10O5)

Biofuels

Methane (CH4)

Methanol (CH3OH)

DME(CH3OCH3)

Ethanol (C2H5OH)

Gasoline (C8H18)

Biofuelproduction

H2

Electrofuels

Sabatier reactor orFischer-Tropsch reactor orMethanol synthesis reactor

Heat

Picture from presentation by Maria Grahn

Production systems for electrofuel

CO2NOx

SOx

VOC

PM

Oil spills

Noise

Toxic antifouling paint

Invasive species

Solid waste

Sewage

Grey water

Refrigerants

Bilge water

Ballast water

Noise

Cargo hold cleaning water

What can be zero?

Combustion engine/fuel related

• Energy efficiency reduces

SOx

• Sulphur free fuel

• Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails…

NOx

• Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails…

• can be reduced by SCR ,“Cleaner fuels” (methane,

methanol etc… in combustion

CO2 /GHG

• Non fossil fuel – consider upstream…

• Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails…

PM

• Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails…

• Reduced by “cleaner fuel”

Sewage, grey water, solid waste

• Management on board, port reception

Bilge water

• Reduced with “cleaner fuels” fuels

Anti fouling

• Non toxic paint, washing….

Noise

• Propulsion technology, design

Future challenges going to zero emission• Combustion engines will be in market for a number of years still. Production and

distribution of “low emission fuels” in large scale at competitive price. e-fuels, hydrogen etc needed

• New energy efficient ships contribute to emission decrease

• Use of electricity in on board conversion in fast development. Hybrid, fuel cell, battery.

• Ultra slow steaming

• Waste handling and port reception systems

• Non toxic anti fouling

• Regulations that supports the zero emission goal

and

• Compliance - “it has to pay to follow regulations”

Olaus Magnus – Carta Marina 1539