Zamora (2014) - Spiritual Identity Scale (Poster, McKay School)
1
Assessing the Spiritual Self P. Scott Richards, PhD Counseling Psychology Professor, Faculty Mentor An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Spiritual Identity Scale Justin Zamora, MS Counseling Psychology Doctoral Student Methodology PARTICIPANTS The survey was administered to 310 students at Brigham Young University (BYU). Data was collected from 187 females (60.3%) and 123 males (39.7%). The mean age was 22.3 with a mode of 21 and range from 16 to 46. University class standing included 18 freshman (5.8%), 65 sophomores (21.0%), 88 juniors (28.4%), 132 se- niors (42.6%), 6 graduate students (1.9%), and one alumnus (0.3%). The majority of the participants were Caucasian (n=275, 88.7%), with the remaining partici- pants from various other ethnic backgrounds. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequa- cy for the Ideal (.905), Actual (.884), and Inherent Self Work (.844) scales and significant Barlett’s test of sphericity (p < .001) indicated that the sample was ap- propriate for exploratory factor analysis. Parallel analysis was conducted for each scale to esti- mate the number of components to be specified in the exploratory factor analysis (see Hayton, Allen, & Scar- pello, 2004; O’Connor, 2004). We generated 50 random data matrices from each scale data set and used the re- sulting eigenvalues from each data set to compute an av- erage eigenvalue for each factor. This comparison sug- gested a 5-factor solution for the Actual subscale and a 2-factor solution for the Ideal subscale. PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this study is to conduct an exploratory factor analysis of the Spiritual Identity Scale, which includes three domains: actual self, ideal self, and be- lief in inherent worth. Identifying the underlying fac- tors of each domain can help researchers and clinicians understand how they interact with each other and en- courage future research in how spirituality and mate- rialism affect overall well-being. RESULTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Aptitude 2 Religious Behavior .588 ** 3 Body Image .421 ** .249 ** 4 Social Affluence .413 ** .237 ** .475 ** 5 Morally Relating to Others .388 ** .366 ** .196 ** .219 ** 6 Virtuous Ideal .320 ** .321 ** .172 ** .222 ** .151 ** 7 Materialistic Ideal .204 ** .009 .287 ** .517 ** .018 .369 ** ** r s < .001 Discussion The purpose of this study was to conduct an explorato- ry factor analysis of the Spiritual Identity Scale, a re- search instrument designed to assess the spiritual and secular traits of individuals as well as their belief of their own inherent worth. The results of the EFA indicated that the Actual Self domain consisted of five factors: aptitude, religious behavior, body image, social influence, and morally re- lating to others. These factors were found to highly correlate with each other, in particular, aptitude was found to have a strong relationship with religious be- havior, body image, and social affluence. Future research should investigate how the interaction of these variables can provide unique insights into how young, religious individuals see how their spiritual be- liefs interact with their secular goals. Of particular in- terest is how aptitude, that is, one’s belief in their own ability to be successful, affects spiritual and secular beliefs. Additionally, how increased religious behavior seems to decrease one’s need to aspire to materialistic ideals. 1. ACTUAL SELF FACTOR 1: APTITUDE (8 items; ω H = .77). Items fo- cused on participants’ belief that they are intelligent, competent, successful, and talented. This factor pos- sessed good internal consistency, and met the assump- tion of normality (skewness = -.259; kurtosis = -.037). FACTOR 2: RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOR (5 items; ω H = .84). Items focused on participants’ belief that they are religious, prayerful, spiritual, and moral. This fac- tor possessed good internal consistency, and met the assumption of normality (skewness = -.887; kurtosis = .643). FACTOR 3: BODY IMAGE (4 items; ω H = .83). Items focused on participants’ assessment of their physi - cal fitness, athleticism, and body proportionality. This factor possessed good internal consistency, and met the assumption of normality (skewness = -.447; kur- tosis = -.003). FACTOR 4: SOCIAL AFFLUENCE (5 items; ω H = .75). Items focused on participants’ belief in their own pop- ularity and social influence, while assessing their sense of wealth and style. This factor possessed good inter- nal consistency, and met the assumption of normality (skewness = -.058; kurtosis = .071). FACTOR 5: MORALLY RELATING TO OTHERS (3 items; ω H = .79). Items focused on how participants’ believe they are patient, tolerant, and forgiving of others. This factor possessed good internal consisten- cy, and met the assumption of normality (skewness = -.366; kurtosis = .073). 2. IDEAL SELF FACTOR 1: VIRTUOUS IDEAL (15 items; ω H = .96). Items focused on participants’ overall aspiration to possess virtues, such as, honesty, spirituality, for- giveness, patience, and the belief that they are intel- ligent, competent, successful, and talented. This fac- tor possessed excellent internal consistency; however, was negatively skewed (-3.122) with a leptokurtic distribution (16.794). These results indicate that the population disproportionally desired to possess more virtuous qualities than they had. FACTOR 2: SECULAR IDEAL (15 items; ω H = .89). Items focused on participants’ overall aspiration to possess materialistic and external qualities and traits, such as being successful, athletic, influential, power- ful, etc. This factor possessed good internal consis- tency, and met the assumption of normality (skewness = -.343; kurtosis = -.064). On the basis of these findings, we conducted an ex- ploratory factor analysis using weighted least squares means and variance adjusted estimation (WLSMV) with a geomin rotation using Mplus 7.0. We selected an oblique rotation due to our hypothesis that the fac- tors for each domain would be correlated. Following recommendations by Worthington and Whit- taker (2006), we specified that item-total correlations below .30 and communalities below .40 would not be retained for the final solution, and items were retained if they loaded .40 or higher on only one factor and if their cross-loadings were less than .15. Figure 1. Parallel Analysis of Actual Self Subscale PRELIMINARY STATISTICS Spearman’s rank order correlations among the factors ranged from small to large. Aptitude had a large as- sociation with Religious Behavior (r s = .588, p <.001), Body Image (r s = .421, p <.001), Social Affluence (r s = .413, p <.001), and Self-Acceptance (r s = .621, p <.001). Body Image had a large association with So- cial Affluence (r s = .475, p <.001), and Social Affluence had a large association with Secular Ideals (r s = .517, p <.001). Religious Behavior had a strong association with Self-Acceptance (r s = .529, p <.001). Table 1. Correlation of SIS Identified Factors introduction The Spiritual Identity Scale (SIS) is a 60-item instru- ment designed to measure the degree of spiritual worth an individual feels, as well as their sense of identity and self-esteem and the type of values on which they base their identity and self-esteem (Richards, 2000). The SIS is based on a theistic view of healthy identity and self-esteem, which posits that spiritually mature people will tend to believe in their inherent worth, independent of their achievements and external appearance. This view hypothesizes that spiritually mature peo- ple will base their feelings of self-esteem on spiritual traits and characteristics (e.g., being honest, prayerful, forgiving, moral, etc.) rather than on materialistic or “worldly” traits and characteristics (e.g., being wealthy, sexy, beautiful, popular, etc.; Richards, 2000; Richards & Bergin, 1997). The SIS is divided into two subscales, each of which have two subdomains: 1. ACTUAL SELF — Assesses how positively individu- als perceive themselves in terms of various spiritual (e.g., I am prayerful, I am forgiving, I am honest) and external traits and characteristics (e.g., I am famous, I am beautiful, I am shapely, I am sexy, I am wealthy). 2. IDEAL SELF — Assesses the degree individuals would like to possess various spiritual (e.g., I would like to be prayerful, I would like to be forgiving) and materialistic traits and characteristics (e.g., I would like to be prayerful, I would like to be forgiving). SPIRITUAL ACTUAL External ACTUAL SPIRITUAL IDEAL EXTERNAL IDEAL SOCIAL AFFLUENCE MORALLY RELATING TO OTHERS BODY IMAGE RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOR APTITUDE Virtuous IDEAL SECULAR IDEAL
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Transcript of Zamora (2014) - Spiritual Identity Scale (Poster, McKay School)
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Assessing the Spiritual Self
P. Scott Richards, PhDCounseling Psychology
Professor, Faculty Mentor
An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Spiritual Identity ScaleJustin Zamora, MS
Counseling Psychology Doctoral Student
MethodologyPARTICIPANTSThe survey was administered to 310 students at Brigham Young University (BYU). Data was collected from 187 females (60.3%) and 123 males (39.7%). The mean age was 22.3 with a mode of 21 and range from 16 to 46.
University class standing included 18 freshman (5.8%), 65 sophomores (21.0%), 88 juniors (28.4%), 132 se-niors (42.6%), 6 graduate students (1.9%), and one alumnus (0.3%). The majority of the participants were Caucasian (n=275, 88.7%), with the remaining partici-pants from various other ethnic backgrounds.
STATISTICAL ANALYSISThe Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequa-cy for the Ideal (.905), Actual (.884), and Inherent Self Work (.844) scales and significant Barlett’s test of sphericity (p < .001) indicated that the sample was ap-propriate for exploratory factor analysis.
Parallel analysis was conducted for each scale to esti-mate the number of components to be specified in the exploratory factor analysis (see Hayton, Allen, & Scar-pello, 2004; O’Connor, 2004). We generated 50 random data matrices from each scale data set and used the re-sulting eigenvalues from each data set to compute an av-erage eigenvalue for each factor. This comparison sug-gested a 5-factor solution for the Actual subscale and a 2-factor solution for the Ideal subscale.
PURPOSE OF STUDYThe purpose of this study is to conduct an exploratory factor analysis of the Spiritual Identity Scale, which includes three domains: actual self, ideal self, and be-lief in inherent worth. Identifying the underlying fac-tors of each domain can help researchers and clinicians understand how they interact with each other and en-courage future research in how spirituality and mate-rialism affect overall well-being.
RESULTS
1 2 3 4 5 61 Aptitude2 Religious Behavior .588**
3 Body Image .421** .249**
4 Social Affluence .413** .237** .475**
5 Morally Relating to Others .388** .366** .196** .219**
6 Virtuous Ideal .320** .321** .172** .222** .151**
7 Materialistic Ideal .204** .009 .287** .517** .018 .369** **rs < .001
DiscussionThe purpose of this study was to conduct an explorato-ry factor analysis of the Spiritual Identity Scale, a re-search instrument designed to assess the spiritual and secular traits of individuals as well as their belief of their own inherent worth.
The results of the EFA indicated that the Actual Self domain consisted of five factors: aptitude, religious behavior, body image, social influence, and morally re-lating to others. These factors were found to highly correlate with each other, in particular, aptitude was found to have a strong relationship with religious be-havior, body image, and social affluence.
Future research should investigate how the interaction of these variables can provide unique insights into how young, religious individuals see how their spiritual be-liefs interact with their secular goals. Of particular in-terest is how aptitude, that is, one’s belief in their own ability to be successful, affects spiritual and secular beliefs. Additionally, how increased religious behavior seems to decrease one’s need to aspire to materialistic ideals.
1. ACTUAL SELFFACTOR 1: APTITUDE (8 items; ωH = .77). Items fo-cused on participants’ belief that they are intelligent, competent, successful, and talented. This factor pos-sessed good internal consistency, and met the assump-tion of normality (skewness = -.259; kurtosis = -.037).
FACTOR 2: RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOR (5 items; ωH = .84). Items focused on participants’ belief that they are religious, prayerful, spiritual, and moral. This fac-tor possessed good internal consistency, and met the assumption of normality (skewness = -.887; kurtosis = .643).
FACTOR 3: BODY IMAGE (4 items; ωH = .83). Items focused on participants’ assessment of their physi-cal fitness, athleticism, and body proportionality. This factor possessed good internal consistency, and met the assumption of normality (skewness = -.447; kur-tosis = -.003).
FACTOR 4: SOCIAL AFFLUENCE (5 items; ωH = .75). Items focused on participants’ belief in their own pop-ularity and social influence, while assessing their sense of wealth and style. This factor possessed good inter-nal consistency, and met the assumption of normality (skewness = -.058; kurtosis = .071).
FACTOR 5: MORALLY RELATING TO OTHERS (3 items; ωH = .79). Items focused on how participants’ believe they are patient, tolerant, and forgiving of others. This factor possessed good internal consisten-cy, and met the assumption of normality (skewness = -.366; kurtosis = .073).
2. IDEAL SELFFACTOR 1: VIRTUOUS IDEAL (15 items; ωH = .96). Items focused on participants’ overall aspiration to possess virtues, such as, honesty, spirituality, for-giveness, patience, and the belief that they are intel-ligent, competent, successful, and talented. This fac-tor possessed excellent internal consistency; however, was negatively skewed (-3.122) with a leptokurtic distribution (16.794). These results indicate that the population disproportionally desired to possess more virtuous qualities than they had.
FACTOR 2: SECULAR IDEAL (15 items; ωH = .89). Items focused on participants’ overall aspiration to possess materialistic and external qualities and traits, such as being successful, athletic, influential, power-ful, etc. This factor possessed good internal consis-tency, and met the assumption of normality (skewness = -.343; kurtosis = -.064).
On the basis of these findings, we conducted an ex-ploratory factor analysis using weighted least squares means and variance adjusted estimation (WLSMV) with a geomin rotation using Mplus 7.0. We selected an oblique rotation due to our hypothesis that the fac-tors for each domain would be correlated.
Following recommendations by Worthington and Whit-taker (2006), we specified that item-total correlations below .30 and communalities below .40 would not be retained for the final solution, and items were retained if they loaded .40 or higher on only one factor and if their cross-loadings were less than .15.
Figure 1. Parallel Analysis of Actual Self Subscale
PRELIMINARY STATISTICSSpearman’s rank order correlations among the factors ranged from small to large. Aptitude had a large as-sociation with Religious Behavior (rs = .588, p <.001), Body Image (rs = .421, p <.001), Social Affluence (rs = .413, p <.001), and Self-Acceptance (rs = .621, p <.001). Body Image had a large association with So-cial Affluence (rs = .475, p <.001), and Social Affluence had a large association with Secular Ideals (rs = .517, p <.001). Religious Behavior had a strong association with Self-Acceptance (rs = .529, p <.001).
Table 1. Correlation of SIS Identified Factors
introductionThe Spiritual Identity Scale (SIS) is a 60-item instru-ment designed to measure the degree of spiritual worth an individual feels, as well as their sense of identity and self-esteem and the type of values on which they base their identity and self-esteem (Richards, 2000).
The SIS is based on a theistic view of healthy identity and self-esteem, which posits that spiritually mature people will tend to believe in their inherent worth, independent of their achievements and external appearance.
This view hypothesizes that spiritually mature peo-ple will base their feelings of self-esteem on spiritual traits and characteristics (e.g., being honest, prayerful, forgiving, moral, etc.) rather than on materialistic or “worldly” traits and characteristics (e.g., being wealthy, sexy, beautiful, popular, etc.; Richards, 2000; Richards & Bergin, 1997).
The SIS is divided into two subscales, each of which have two subdomains:
1. ACTUAL SELF — Assesses how positively individu-als perceive themselves in terms of various spiritual (e.g., I am prayerful, I am forgiving, I am honest) and external traits and characteristics (e.g., I am famous, I am beautiful, I am shapely, I am sexy, I am wealthy).
2. IDEAL SELF — Assesses the degree individuals would like to possess various spiritual (e.g., I would like to be prayerful, I would like to be forgiving) and materialistic traits and characteristics (e.g., I would like to be prayerful, I would like to be forgiving).
SPIRITUALACTUAL
ExternalACTUAL
SPIRITUALIDEAL
EXTERNALIDEAL
SOCIAL AFFLUENCE
MORALLY RELATING TO OTHERS
BODY IMAGERELIGIOUS BEHAVIOR
APTITUDE
VirtuousIDEAL
SECULAR IDEAL
