1

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversiteti

iuridiuli fakulteti, saerTaSoriso samarTlisinstituti

xaTuna burkaZe

Zalis gamoyenebis samarTlebriviaspeqtebi saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

sadisertacio naSromi samarTlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxismosapoveblad

xelmZRvaneli irine qurdaZe,samarTlis doqtori

Tbilisi2011

avtoris stili daculia

2

sarCevi

naSromSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebis nusxa.........................................................4

Sesavali.......................................................................................................................................................5

Tavi I. Zalis gamoyenebis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivisafuZvlebi

$ 1. Zalis gamoyenebis cneba ...............................................................................................10$ 2. Zalis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi gaeros wesdebismixedviT ...................................................................................................................................................11$ 3. gadawyvetilebis miRebis meqanizmi:3.1. uSiSroebis sabWos uflebamosileba ................................................................173.2. generaluri asambleis kompetencia ...................................................................263.3. uSiSroebis sabWosa da generalur asambleas Sorisuflebamosilebis gamijvna ..................................................................................................273.4. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo (ICJ)...........................29

Tavi II. Tavdacvis ufleba

$ 1. Tavdacvis uflebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli – gaeroswesdebis 51-e muxli ..................................................................................................................36$ 2. Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis kriteriumebi .....................................422.1.Aaucilebloba ...........................................................................................................................432.2. proporciuloba ....................................................................................................................452.3. drouloba ...................................................................................................................................48$ 3. SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis definicia .............................................................50$ 4.saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuliTavdasxma..................................................................................................................................................52$ 5. arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis mier ganxorcielebuliSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma ........................................................................................................57$ 6. SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma kibersivrceSi .....................................................64

Tavi III. koleqtiuri Tavdacva

$ 1. koleqtiuri Tavdacvis mniSvneloba ...............................................................70$ 2. koleqtiuri Tavdacvis xelSekrulebebi......................................................74$ 3. samxedro aliansebi …........................................................................................................78$ 4. koleqtiuri Tavdacvis samarTlebrivi SezRudvebi ........................81

Tavi IV. humanitaruli intervencia

$ 1. Zalis gamoyeneba humanitaruli safuZvlebiT.........................................83$ 2. humanitaruli intervenciis ganxorcielebis winapirobebi dakriteriumebi ......................................................................................................................................88$ 3. natos humanitaruli intervencia kosovoSi ............................................91

3

Tavi V. koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba

$ 1. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis definicia…............................................................98$ 2. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistema `civi omis~ periodSi........100$ 3. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistema `civi omis~ Semdgom............104$ 4. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis marcxi da uSiSroebissabWos reformireba ....................................................................................................................108$ 5. regionaluri organizaciebis roli koleqtiuri usafrTxoebisuzrunvelyofis procesSi …..................................................................................................116

Tavi VI. ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdegganxorcielebuli agresiis samarTlebrivi analizi

$ 1. samSvidobo formatis krizisi, SeiaraRebuli provokaciebi dasamxedro agresiis momzadeba ...........................................................................................119$ 2. saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupacia ...........................................................123$ 3. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ruseTis federaciis mier Zalisgamoyeneba, rogorc agresiis aqti ...............................................................................130

$ 4. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis reaqcia rusეTis agresiaze....138

daskvna ...................................................................................................................................................147

gamoyenebuli literatura ..................................................................................................156

4

GnaSromSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebis nusxa:

1) gv. – gverdi2) e.w. _ egreT wodebuli3) ix. _ ixile4) red. _ redaqtori5) Tb. _ Tbilisi6) ECOWAS _ Economic Community of West African States7) Ed. _ Edition8) I.C.J. _ International Court of Justice9) N _ Number10) Rep. _ Report11) U.N. – United Nations12) U.S. – United States13) Vol. _ Volume

5

Sesavali

kvlevis aqtualuroba

Zalis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi saerTaSorisosamarTlis erT-erTi problemuri da mniSvnelovani Temaa.saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi sistemisTvis dRemde aqtualuriaSemdegi kiTxva: rodis aris Zalis gamoyeneba kanonieri? Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs mxolodgaero, magram uSiSroebis sabWos nebarTviT Zalis gamoyenebisufleba SesaZlebelia, regionalur saerTaSorisoorganizaciebsac mieniWoT. Zalis gamoyenebis Tema saerTaSoriso samarTalSigansakuTrebiT aqtualuria 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg,rodesac ruseTma saqarTvelosTan mimarTebiT daarRviasaerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi da ganaxorcielaagresia suverenuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebulmaagresiam, imave `agvistos omma~, axali gverdi gadafurclaTanamedrove saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis istoriaSi, romelicsaxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tanasworobis, teritoriulimTlianobis urRvevobis, Zalis gamoyenebis an ZaliT damuqrebisakrZalvis principebsa da gaeros wevr suverenul saxelmwifoTasaSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobas efuZneba. yvela es principi uxeSad daarRvia rusulma samxedro Zalebma separatistuliZalebis mier kontrolirebad saqarTvelos teritoriaze –afxazeTsa da e.w. samxreT oseTSi – da Semdeg ki qveynis sxvateritoriebze, TiTqmis dedaqalaq Tbilisamde SeWriT.1

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mosamarTlem,ser herS lauterpaxtma, miuTiTa gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis mTavar normaze: `ar unda iyos Zaladoba~.uSiSroebis sabWo, generaluri asamblea da marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlo arian am normis damcvelebi. isini undamiiswrafodnen, xeli Seuwyon praqtikaSi am normisganxorcielebas.2

saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi sistema ar aRmoCnda efeqturisaxelmwifoebs Soris Zalis gamoyenebis Tavidan acilebisTvalsazrisiT, radgan am sistemas ar aqvs qmediTi iZulebiTimeqanizmebi saerTaSoriso normebis dasacavad da Sesasruleblad. kvleva exeba gaeros wesdebis VII Tavis SesabamisadsaerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SesanarCuneblad an

1 aleqsiZe levan, saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis SeiaraRebuli SemoWris saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2008 weli, gv. 7.2 Franck Thomas, The Use of Force in International Law, Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, Volume 11, Spring, 2003, p.7.

6

aRsadgenad iZulebiTi zomebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivaspeqtebs. gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlidan gamomdinare, ganxiluliaindividualuri an koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis warmoSobissamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi; Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebiskriteriumebi: aucilebloba, proporciuloba, drouloba. naSromSi gaanalizebulia regionaluri saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis roli saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisganmtkicebis procesSi; garda amisa, ganxilulia Zalis gamoyenebishumanitaruli safuZvlebi, humanitaruli intervenciisganxorcielebis winapirobebi da kriteriumebi. amasTanave, kvlevaexeba uSiSroebis sabWos, generaluri asambleisa damarTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos uflebamosilebissakiTxs saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dacvisa da usafrTxoebisganmtkicebis procesSi. amdenad, Tema aqtualuria am organoebismier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis iuridiuli Zalis problemiskvlevis TvalsazrisiTac. kvleva qarTul sinamdvileSi saerTaSoriso samarTalSiZalis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis Seswavlis pirvelimcdelobaa. qarTul saerTaSoriso samarTlis mecnierebaSisakmaod mwiria literatura am Temis Sesaxeb. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis 51-e muxlisgaanalizebis safuZvelze, kvlevaSi mocemulia am muxlisaxleburi formulireba.

kvlevis mizani

kvlevis mizania, gaanalizos Zalis gamoyenebissaerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi; aCvenos, rogoria gaerosuSiSroebis sabWos roli, generaluri asambleis funqciebisaerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCunebis procesSi, ramdenadaferxebs gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi mudmivi wevrebis mier vetosuflebis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis drouladmiRebas; ra gansxvavebaa mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnasa daSeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas Soris, SeiZleba Tu ara Zalis gamoyenebasafrTxis arsebobis dros; rogoria Tavdacvis uflebiskriteriumebi, ras gulisxmobs Zalis gamoyenebis aucilebloba daproporciuloba; arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mierganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma SeiZleba Tu aragaxdes Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis safuZveli; ras niSnavs,saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, agresiis aqti. zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilva ki uzrunvelyofs imxarvezebis naTlad warmoCenas, romlebic arsebobs saerTaSorisosistemaSi saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dacvisa da usafrTxoebisganmtkicebis procesSi da xels Seuwyobs am mimarTulebiTgamosavlis povnas.

7

kvlevis sagani

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi Zalis gamoyenebis samarTlebriviaspeqtebis Seswavlisas naSromSi gaanalizebulia Semdegiproblemuri sakiTxebi:

1) gaeros wesdeba iTvaliswinebs Tu ara mudmivi saerTaSorisoZalebis Seqmnas, raTa droulad moxdes agresiis faqtzereagireba?2) ra SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli individualuri da koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyeneba?3) gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebidan gamomdinare,saxelmwifos an saxelmwifoTa jgufs SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisarsebobisas uSualod warmoeSoba Tu ara Tavdacvis ufleba daramdenad saWiroa uSiSroebis sabWosgan winaswari Tanxmoba? 4) ra SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemisamoqmedeba?5) gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmad, rogoria uSiSroebis sabWosuflebamosileba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis ganxorcielebisas?6) ramdenad SezRudulia uSiSroebis sabWo mSvidobisaTvissafrTxis Seqmnis faqtis gansazRvrisas da am TvalsazrisiTarsebobs Tu ara SezRudvis samarTlebrivi safuZveli?7) ra gansxvavebaa mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnasa daSeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas Soris?8) ramdenad savaldebuloa uSiSroebis sabWos gaeros wesdebis me-7 TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli gadawyvetilebebi wevri qveynebisTvis?9) iwvevs Tu ara generaluri asambleis mier saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze miRebuli rekomendaciebigaeros wevri qveynebis mimarT samarTlebrivi valdebulebebiswarmoSobas?10) ramdenad SesaZlebelia, uSiSroebis sabWom damarTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom erTdroulad miiRon urTierTsawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebebi? ra moxdeba imSemTxvevaSi, Tu marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo arTvlis agresiis msxverplad an agresorad im saxelmwifos,romelic aseTad miiCnia uSiSroebis sabWom? marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tu ara, ar gaiTvaliswinos uSiSroebis sabWos mavaldebulebeli gadawyvetileba?3

11) rogoria gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mTavariorganoebis praqtika Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebSi da amTvalsazrisiT xom ar warmoiSva axali kriteriumebi daprocedurebi?12) saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia Tu ara Zalisgamoyeneba ara mxolod arsebuli Zalis sapasuxod, aramedsamomavlo Tavdasxmis Tavidan asacileblad? aqvs Tu ara

3 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.318.

8

saxelmwifos ufro farTo ufleba, winaswar ganWvritosmosalodneli Tavdasxma da gamoiyenos prevenciuli zomebi?13) arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mier ganxorcielebuliSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma SeiZleba Tu ara, gaxdes Tavdacvisuflebis gamoyenebis safuZveli?14) ra kriteriumebi gamoiyeneba Tavdacvis uflebisganxorcielebisas?15) Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pirobebSi ras niSnavskibersivrceSi SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis ganxorcieleba?ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mierkiberteqnikuri saSualebebis omis warmoebis formad miCneva dakiberSetevebis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis Semadgenel nawiladaRiareba?16) rogoria koleqtiuri Tavdacvis samarTlebrivi SezRudvebi daramdenad dasaSvebia koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyeneba,Tu ar arsebobs daxmarebis aRmoCenis Taobaze msxverpli qveynisTxovna?17) dasaSvebia Tu ara Zalis gamoyeneba humanitarulisafuZvlebiT?18) ras gulisxmobs koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistema?19) ramdenad efeqturi aRmoCnda gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis wesdebis safuZvelze Seqmnili koleqtiuriusafrTxoebis sistema?20) ramdenad SeiZleba iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaregionaluri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze an regionaluri organoebismier, Tu ar arsebobs uSiSroebis sabWos Tanxmoba? SeiZleba Tuara, uSiSroebis sabWom iZulebiTi RonisZiebebisganxorcielebisas regionaluri organizacia gamoiyenos regionissazRvrebs miRma?21) ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdegganxorcielebuli agresiis samarTlebrivi analizi: rogorcfaqtobrivi garemoebebis ganxilva, ise maTi samarTlebriviSefaseba, aseve, ruseTis agresiaze saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisreaqciis gaanalizeba.

kvlevis meTodologia da informaciuli baza

naSromi Sesrulebulia kvlevis SedarebiTsamarTlebrivimeTodis gamoyenebiT, romelsac am kvlevisTvis gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan ucxouri literaturis analizis gareSeSeuZlebeli iyo aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavla. kerZod, mecnierTaSexedulebebis Sepirispirebisa da praqtikaSi arsebuli calkeuliSemTxvevebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze kvlevaSi asaxuliaSesabamisi daskvnebi. naSromSi gamoyenebulia saerTaSoriso samarTalSi Zalisgamoyenebis sakiTxze gamocemuli saxelmZRvaneloebi,monografiebi, statiebi, Lexis Nexis-isa da Hein Online-is monacemTa

9

bazebi, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mierganxilul saqmeTa masalebi, Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso dokumentebi.

sadisertacio naSromis struqtura

disertacia Sedgeba Sesavlis, 6 Tavis, 25 paragrafis,daskvnisa da gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxisgan.M naSromis pirvel TavSi ganxilulia Zalis gamoyenebissamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi da Zalis gamoyenebis Taobazegadawyvetilebis miRebis meqanizmi; meore Tavi exeba Tavdacvisuflebis gamoyenebis kriteriumebs, SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmissaxeebs; mesame Tavi eTmoba koleqtiuri Tavdacvis mniSvnelobas,koleqtiuri Tavdacvis ormxriv da mravalmxriv xelSekrulebebsada samxedro aliansebs; meoTxe TavSi gaanalizebuliahumanitaruli intervenciis ganxorcielebis winapirobebi dakriteriumebi; mexuTe Tavi exeba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebissistemis xarvezebs, uSiSroebis sabWos reformirebisaucileblobas, koleqtiur usafrTxoebas rogorc `civi omis~, isemis Semdgom periodSi, regionaluri organizaciebis rolssaerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisprocesSi; Zalis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebisa dakriteriumebis Seswavlis safuZvelze meeqvse TavSi avtorisamarTlebrivad ganixilavs ruseTis federaciis miersaqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli agresiis aqts;disertaciis daskvniT nawilSi mocemulia naSromis TiToeulTavSi ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegebis Sejameba.

10

Tavi I. Zalis gamoyenebis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivisafuZvlebi

1. Zalis gamoyenebis cneba

Zalis gamoyenebis zusti regulireba miznad isaxavs mSvidobian,ormxriv TanamSromlobas qveynebs Soris. saxelmwifos SidasamarTlebrivma sistemam TandaTanobiT uari Tqva Zalisgamoyenebis monopolizaciaze da, ZiriTadad, Zalis gamoyenebisSesaZlebloba Tavdacvis mizniT dauSva. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali Zalis gamoyenebisSesaxeb efuZneba gaeros wesdebas. gaeros wesdebis avtorebssurdaT Zalis nebismieri saxiT gamoyenebis akrZalva, Tumca,imavdroulad, gaiTvaliswines calkeuli gamonaklisebi, romlebicregulirdeba gaeros wesdebis Sesabamisad. gaeros Seqmnis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani me-20 saukuneSisaerTaSoriso samarTlis modernizeba gaxldaT. liderebmagadawyvites: `SeeqmnaT pirobebi samarTlianobis dasacavad daxelSekrulebebidan da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva wyaroebidangamomdinare valdebulebebis pativsacemad, aseve TaobebisgadasarCenad omisgan, romelmac orjer warmoudgeneli ubedurebamoutana kacobriobas~.4

gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad,gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yvela wevri Tavs ikavebssaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ZaliT muqarisa an misigamoyenebisagan, rogorc nebismieri saxelmwifos teritoriulixelSeuxeblobisa da politikuri damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg,aseve gaerTianebuli erebis miznebTan SeuTavsebeli raime sxvasaxiT.5

me-2 muxlis me-4 punqti laparakobs Zalis gamoyenebaze da araomis warmoebaze. termini `omi~ miuTiTebs viwro da konkretulsamarTlebriv mdgomareobaze, romelic iwyeba omis gamocxadebiTda mTavrdeba zaviT. magaliTad, iaponiam uari Tqva, gamoecxadebinaomi CineTTan da `omis~ nacvlad gamoiyena Semdegi saxelwodeba: `samxedro operacia manjuriaSi~ (1932_1941 wlebi).6

amdenad, termin `Zalis gamoyenebis~ upiratesoba aris is,rom igi moicavs nebismier Zalismier formas. Sesabamisad, Zalisgamoyenebis akrZalva ar aris damokidebuli imaze, saxelmwifo Tura saxels daarqmevs samxedro konfliqts. meore mxriv, gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqti gaeroswevrebs mouwodebs, Tavi Seikavon ZaliT damuqrebis an misigamoyenebisagan nebismieri saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobisan politikuri damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg, an ganaxorcielon 4 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.5.5 iqve, gv. 7.6 Värk René, The Use of Force in the Modern World: Recent Developments and Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, Baltic Defense Review, Volume 10, November, 2003, pp.29-30.

11

iseTi qmedeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba gaeros miznebs. aqve ismiskiTxva _ Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalva xom ar aris pirobiTi daramdenad dasaSvebia misi gamoyeneba farTo gagebiT im SemTxvevaSi,Tu igi ar aris mimarTuli nebismieri qveynis teritoriulimTlianobis an politikuri damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg?ramdenad SesaZlebelia humanitaruli intervenciisa da Zalisgamoyenebis `altruistuli~ SemTxvevebis gamarTleba? SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom am normis dadgenis mTavari mizani iyo patarasaxelmwifoebisaTvis myari garantiebis Seqmna da ara nebismieriformiT Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalva.7

gaeros wesdeba saerTaSoriso samarTalSi Zalis gamoyenebasuSvebs Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: individualuri an koleqtiuriTavdacvis uflebis ganxorcielebisas; gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosmier sanqcirebul an kontrolirebad samxedro operaciebSimonawileobisas; meore qveynis Txovnis safuZvelze amukanasknelis teritoriaze Zalis gamoyenebisas. amdenad, Zalis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs nebismier Zalismierformas, xolo misi gamoyenebis kanoniereba ganisazRvreba gaeroswesdebiT dadgenili gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis farglebSi.

2. Zalis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi gaeros wesdebismixedviT

gaeros wesdebis me-7 Tavis 39-e muxlis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebissabWo gansazRvravs mSvidobisaTvis nebismieri safrTxis Seqmnis,mSvidobis xelyofis an agresiis faqtebs da iRebs rekomendaciasan gadawyvetilebas, Tu ra saxis RonisZiebebs gamoiyenebs, 41-e da42-e muxlebis Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis dasacavad.8

wesdebis 39-e muxlis bolo sityvebi mokled gamoxatavsuSiSroebis sabWos mandats: es aris saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis dacva an aRdgena.9 saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis dacva miznad isaxavs mSvidobis xelyofis Tavidanacilebas anu garkveuli prevenciuli zomebis ganxorcielebas.sabWos RonisZiebebs saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisxelyofis faqtis ganWvretisas aqvs Semakavebeli mizani.saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis xelyofis SemTxvevaSisituacia radikalurad icvleba. am dros sabWos misiaa, aRadginosmSvidoba. mas aseve uwevs, ifiqros im nabijebze, romlebicaucilebelia samarTlianobisa da wesrigis kvlav aRsadgenad.10

7 Brownlie Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, p.268.8gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.18.9 Vetschera H., International Law and International Security: The Case of Force Control, German Yearbook of International Law, Volume 24, 1981, pp. 144-146.10 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.280.

12

wesdeba aniWebs sabWos srul Zalauflebas saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dasacavad an aRsadgenad. 39-e muxlisZiriTadi mizania, gansazRvros, ra SemTxvevebSi SeuZliauSiSroebis sabWos am Zalauflebis gamoyeneba. garda amisa, ammuxlis Tanaxmad, zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevebSi `kari avtomaturadRiaa rogorc arasamxedro, ise samxedro iZulebiTiRonisZiebebisaTvis~.11

uSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebul rekomendaciebs ar aqvssavaldebulo xasiaTi.12 maT mxolod SeuZliaT, wevri qveynebidaarwmunon gansazRvruli zomebis ganxorcielebisaucileblobaSi. rekomendaciebi SeiZleba exebodes rogorcmSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis, ise misi xelyofisa da agresiisfaqtebs. aseve, isini SesaZloa, moicavdnen pirdapir romelimesaxelmwifosgan konkretuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebisaucileblobas saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisdasacavad an aRsadgenad. wevr qveynebs SeuZliaT, Seasrulon anuari Tqvan uSiSroebis sabWos rekomendaciis Sesrulebaze. magram,amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom uSiSroebis sabWosrekomendaciis ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia, miiRosmavaldebulebeli gadawyvetileba. wesdebis 39-e muxlis Tanaxmad,uSiSroebis sabWo ufro rTul mdgomareobaSia, rodesac saubariasaerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis aRdgenaze. TuaRniSnuli muxlis teqstis punqtuaciis mixedviT vimsjelebT,miTiTeba 41-e da 42-e muxlebze dakavSirebulia ufrogadawyvetilebasTan, vidre rekomendaciasTan. Tumca, saboloojamSi, unda iTqvas, rom, rodesac uSiSroebis sabWo 39-e muxlisTanaxmad iRebs rekomendacias, is ar izRudeba 41-e da 42-emuxlebiT. uSiSroebis sabWos SeuZlia, miiRos nebismieri isRonisZieba, romelic miaCnia saTanadod saerTaSoriso mSvidobisada usafrTxoebis aRdgenisTvis.13

gaeros wesdebis 41-e muxli adgens: `uSiSroebis sabWouflebamosilia, gadawyvitos, SeiaraRebuli ZalebisgamoyenebasTan daukavSirebeli ra zomebi unda gamoiyenon misgadawyvetilebaTa gansaxorcieleblad, da mas SeuZlia, mosTxovosgaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevrebs am zomebis gamoyeneba.es zomebi SeiZleba moicavdes ekonomikur urTierTobaTa,sarkinigzo, sazRvao, sahaero, safosto, satelegrafo, radio Tukomunikaciis sxva saSualebaTa srul an nawilobriv Sewyvetas,agreTve diplomatiur urTierTobaTa gawyvetas~.14

RonisZiebaTa nusxa, romelic gaeros wesdebis 41-e muxlSiamocemuli, amomwuravi ar aris, magram arcerTi RonisZieba,

11 Osterdahl Inger, Threat to the Peace: The Interpretation by the Security Council of Article 39 of the UN Charter, Publisher: Uppsala: Iustus Förlag, 1998, p.28.12 Schwarzenberger G., International Constitutional Law (International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals, III), 1967, pp. 204-5.13 Orakhelashvili Alexander, The Legal Basis of the United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations, Virginia Journal of International Law, Volume 43, Winter, 2003, pp.485- 493.14 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.18-19.

13

zemoaRniSnuli debulebis Tanaxmad, ar gulisxmobs Zalisgamoyenebas.15

gaeros wesdebis 50-e muxli ganmartavs, rom, Tu uSiSroebissabWo romelime saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg prevenciul an iZulebiTRonisZiebebs axorcielebs, nebismier saxelmwifos, imismiuxedavad, aris Tu ara igi organizaciis wevri, romlis winaSecgansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri problemebi wamoiWreba zemoxsenebulRonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis Sedegad, ufleba aqvs, konsultaciebi gamarTos uSiSroebis sabWosTan aseTiproblemebis gadasaWrelad.16 teqstidan Cans, romgaTvaliswinebulia im qveynis interesebi, romelsac SesaZloahqondes geografiuli siaxlove an savaWro urTierTobebi imsaxelmwifosTan, romlis winaaRmdeg xorcieldeba iZulebiTiRonisZiebebi, maT Soris igulisxmeba ekonomikuri sanqciebic, dadasWirdes specialuri daxmareba.17 amis magaliTia iordaniissamefo sparseTis yuris omis dros. am qveyanaze gansakuTrebuligavlena moaxdina erayisaTvis dawesebulma ekonomikurma sanqciebmada 1990 wlis seqtemberSi gamoiyenes wesdebis 50-e muxli.18

uSiSroebis sabWom miiRo 669-e rezolucia, romeliciTvaliswinebda, wesdebis 50-e muxlis Sesabamisad, viTarebisgarkvevasa da saTanado daxmarebis gawevas.19 iordaniam airCiaerayTan savaWro urTierTobebis gagrZeleba 661-e rezoluciisdarRveviT.20 gaeros wesdebis 50-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuliSemTxvevebi gvxdeba rogorc sparseTis yuris omamde (mozambikTanmimarTebiT, rodesac samxreT rodezias sanqciebi dauweses (386-erezolucia, 1976 weli),21 ise mis Semdgom, magaliTad, libiisTvissahaero embargos dawesebisas (748-e rezolucia, 1992 weli).22

gaeros wesdebis 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu uSiSroebis sabWomiiCnevs, rom 41-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli zomebi SeiZlebaarasakmarisi aRmoCndes, an ukve arasakmarisi aRmoCnda, igiuflebamosilia, sahaero, sazRvao Tu saxmeleTo ZalebiT iseTimoqmedeba ganaxorcielos, rogoric aucilebeli iqneba

15 Broms Bengt, The United Nations, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia (Finnish Academy of Science and Letters), 1990, p. 313.16 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.21.17Goodrich L. M., Hambro E. and Simons A. P., Charter of the United Nations, 3rd ed., New York, Columbia University Press, 1969, p. 341.18 Ved P. Nanda, The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait: The U.N. Response, Southern Illinois University Law Journal, Volume 15, 1990–1, pp. 431, 443.19 Security Council Resolution N669, September 24, 1990, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/19/IMG/NR057519.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:25.05.2010).20 United States Department of Defense Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, International Legal Materials, Volume 31, 1992, pp. 612, 638–639.21 Security Council Resolution N386, March 17, 1976, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/294/74/IMG/NR029474.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:25.05.2010).22 Security Council Resolution N748, March 31, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/07/IMG/NR001107.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:25.05.2010).

14

saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dasacavad Tu aRsadgenad. aseTimoqmedeba SeiZleba moicavdes organizaciis wevrebis sahaero,sazRvao Tu saxmeleTo Zalebis demonstraciebs, blokadasa dasxva operaciebs.23

42-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sabWos SeuZlia, gamoiyenos Zala,rogorc SezRudulad, ise sruli masStabiT.24

wesdebis me-40 muxlis mixedviT, uSiSroebis sabWos eZlevauflebamosileba, vidre rekomendaciebs SeimuSavebdes an 39-emuxliT gaTvaliswinebuli zomebis miRebas gadawyvetdes,dainteresebul mxareebs mosTxovos im droebiT RonisZiebaTaSesruleba, romlebsac igi aucileblad an sasurvelad CaTvlis.aseTi droebiTi zomebi zians ar unda ayenebdes dainteresebulmxareTa uflebebs, moTxovnebs an mdgomareobas. uSiSroebis sabWojerovnad unda iTvaliswinebdes am droebiTi zomebisSeusruleblobas.25 am muxlis Tavdapirveli mizani iyo mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi misi realuradxelyofis Tavidan acileba.26 uSiSroebis sabWos praqtikaSi,zemoaRniSnuli droebiTi zomebi, romlebic exeba cecxlisSewyvetas, sadavo teritoriidan jarebis gayvanis mandats da a.S.,ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba xelyofis Semdeg.27

wesdeba ar iTvaliswinebs mudmivi saerTaSoriso ZalebisdafuZnebas, romelTa formirebas uSualod Tavad gaeroganaxorcielebs. Sesabamisad, saeWvoa, sabWo wesdebis mixedviTramdenadaa uflebamosili, saxelmwifos mosTxovos, neba darTosmoxaliseebs, Sevidnen samxedro samsaxurSi agresoris winaaRmdegsabrZolvelad.28 nacvlad amisa, 42-e muxli uTiTebs samxedro operaciisganxorcielebaze uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelzewevri qveynebis Zalebis meSveobiT. rogoria am Zalebisxelmisawvdomoba sabWosTvis? 43-e muxlis mixedviT, gaeros yvelawevri valdebulia, uSiSroebis sabWos gankargulebaSi, misimoTxovniT da sagangebo SeTanxmebisa Tu SeTanxmebaTa Sesabamisad,gadasces saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dasacavadaucilebeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, daxmareba da momsaxurebissaTanado saSualebebi maT teritoriaze gavlis uflebis CaTvliT.aseTi SeTanxmeba Tu SeTanxmebebi gansazRvravs jarebisraodenobasa da saxeobebs, maTi mzadyofnis xarisxsa da saerTo

23 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.19.24 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.282.25gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.18.26 Goodrich L. M., Hambro E. and Simons A. P., Charter of the United Nations, 3rd ed., New York, Columbia University Press, 1969, pp. 303–304.27 Frowein Jochen and Krisch Nico, “Article 40”, The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I, Editor: Bruno Simma, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2002, pp.729, 733.28 Green Leslie, The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict, 2nd ed., Manchester: ManchesterUniversity Press, 2000, p.272.

15

ganlagebas, momsaxurebis saSualebebisa da daxmarebis xasiaTs.SeTanxmebisa Tu SeTanxmebaTa dasadebad molaparakeba ewyobauSiSroebis sabWos iniciativiT umokles droSi. SeTanxmebebidaideba uSiSroebis sabWosa da organizaciis wevrebs Soris anuSiSroebis sabWosa da organizaciis wevrTa jgufebs Soris daeqvemdebareba xelmomwer saxelmwifoTa mier ratifikacias, maTikonstituciuri procedurebis Sesabamisad.29 specialuriSeTanxmebebiT gansazRvrul sakiTxTa wre naTelia. sabWom arSeiZleba daasrulos misia manam, sanam krizisi bolomde ardaiZleva. wevrma qveynebma Tavad unda gansazRvron, romeliSenaerTebi arian mzad sabrZolvelad, da isini uSiSroebis sabWosgadaecemian konkretul SemTxvevaSi.30

uSiSroebis sabWo ar moiTxovs specialuri SeTanxmebisdadebas gaeros yvela wevrTan, arc sabWos mudmiv wevrebTan.31

magram sainteresoa, uSiSroebis sabWos kontrolis qveS wevriqveyana ramdenadaa SezRuduli, Secvalos SeiaraRebuli ZalebiiZulebiTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisas, rodesac ar dadebulaspecialuri SeTanxmeba. arsebobs wesdebis oriurTierTsawinaaRmdego interpretacia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT:erTi midgomiT, uSiSroebis sabWom SeiZleba daJinebiT moiTxovoswevri qveynis samxedro Zalebis gagzavna, miuxedavad specialuriSeTanxmebis ararsebobisa;32 meore interpretaciiT ki, wesdebisTanaxmad, wevri qveynis wvlili uSiSroebis sabWos mierwarmoebul koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis operaciaSi arisabstraqtuli, ganyenebuli manam, sanam ar moxdeba misikonkretizacia specialuri SeTanxmebiT.33

wesdebis 43-e muxli miuTiTebs, rom molaparakebebiuSiSroebis sabWos iniciativiT specialuri SeTanxmebebis Taobazeunda gaimarTos, rogorc ki es SesaZlebeli iqneba. miuxedavadamisa, eqvsi aTwleulia, rac msgavsi SeTanxmebebi ar dadebula.106-e muxlis Tanaxmad, specialuri SeTanxmebebis ZalaSi SesvlissakiTxi wesdebis 43-e muxlSi unda veZeboT. xuTma mudmivmasaxelmwifom unda moiTaTbiros, ganaxorcieleben Tu ara gaerossaxeliT erTobliv moqmedebas, romelic SeiZleba aucilebeliiyos saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT.34

wesdebis 43-e muxlidan gamomdinare, specialuri SeTanxmebebiaqamde ar dadebula. gardamavali periodi, gaTvaliswinebuli 106-e

29gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.19.30 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.305.31 Goodrich Leland and Simons Anne, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security, Washington D. C., The Brooking Institution, 1955, pp. 395–396.32 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.305.33 iqve.34 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.38.

16

muxliT, jer ar dasrulebula.35 miuxedavad amisa, 106-e muxlma vermoipova praqtikuli mniSvneloba.36 wesdebis 44-e muxligansazRvravs, rom SeiaraRebuli Zalebis uzrunvelyofismoTxovnamde gaeros wevri qveynebi, romlebic im droisTvis arSedian uSiSroebis sabWos SemadgenlobaSi, mowveulni iqnebian,raTa monawileoba miiRon nebismieri im gadawyvetilebis miRebisprocesSi, romelic dakavSirebulia Zalebis ganlagebasTan.37

gadaudebel SemTxvevebSi erToblivi iZulebiTi RonisZiebisganxorcielebis uflebis miniWebisas gaeros wevrebixelmZRvaneloben 45-e muxliT, rodesac aucilebelia sahaeroZalebis kontingentis dauyovnebliv xelmisawvdomobis reJimisSenarCuneba.38 es muxli, aseve, miuTiTebs specialuri SeTanxmebebisdadebaze, 43-e muxlidan gamomdinare. swored maTi meSveobiT undaganisazRvros sahaero Zalebis kontingentis mzadyofnis xarisxida gegmebi erToblivi moqmedebebisaTvis. 46-e da 47-e muxlebi miuTiTeben samxedro-saStabo komitetisdafuZnebaze, romelic Sedgeba Stabis meTaurebisa da uSiSroebissabWos xuTi mudmivi wevris an maTi warmomadgenlebisagan. misimizania, misces rCevebi da daexmaros uSiSroebis sabWos samxedrosakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT,39 Tumca aqamde samxedro-saStabokomitetze periodulad ganxilul winadadebebs gansakuTrebuliSedegi ar moutania.40 am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa uSiSroebissabWos mier 1990 wels miRebuli rezolucia #665, romlisTanaxmad, sabWom mosTxova wevr saxelmwifoebs, eTanamSromlaTquveiTis mTavrobasTan, rodesac xorcieldeboda erayis blokada,da koordinaciisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT samxedro-saStabo komitetismeqanizmi.41 miuxedavad amisa, amerikis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedmakoaliciam upiratesoba mianiWa komitetis datovebas.42

35 Geiger R., “Article 106”, The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Editor: Bruno Simma, 2nd

ed., Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 1327-1328. 36 iqve, gv. 1329.37 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.19-20.38 iqve.39 iqve.40 Bailey S.D. and Daws S., The Procedure of the UN Security Council, 3rd ed, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, p.280.41 Security Council Resolution N665, August 25, 1990, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/15/IMG/NR057515.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:24.06.2010).42 Walker George, The Crisis over Kuwait, August 1990 – February 1991, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, Volume I, 1991, pp. 25, 49.

17

3. gadawyvetilebis miRebis meqanizmi:

3.1. uSiSroebis sabWos uflebamosileba

gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis sabWos diskreciuliuflebamosileba Zalian farToa. wesdebis 39-e da 51-e muxlebis Sedareba xazs usvams sabWos moqmedebis Tavisuflebas. 51-e muxlismixedviT ki, individualuri an koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebisgamoyeneba nebadarTulia mxolod SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmissapasuxod. 39-e muxlis mixedviT ki, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebissistema amoqmeddeba maSin, rodesac uSiSroebis sabWo daadgens,rom Seiqmna safrTxe mSvidobisTvis, xelyofilia mSvidoba anganxorcielda agresia. erTi mxriv, nebismieri saxelmwifo ansaxelmwifoTa jgufi uflebamosilia, gamoiyenos ZalasaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSiTavdacviTi mizniT SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisas da misi gamoyenebiskanonierebas sabolood uSiSroebis sabWo ikvlevs; meore mxriv,uSiSroebis sabWos SeuZlia, gamoiyenos Zala koleqtiuriusafrTxoebis saxeliT da, wesdebis Tanaxmad, misTvis miniWebulies uflebamosileba TiTqmis SeuzRudavia. uSiSroebis sabWomSeiZleba gamoiyenos Zala nebismieri tipis agresiis winaaRmdeg,romelic ar aris aucilebeli, utoldebodes SeiaraRebulTavdasxmas,43 an mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi.44

wesdebam uSiSroebis sabWos misca moqmedebis sruliTavisufleba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis ganxorcielebisas. sabWoara marto Tavisufalia, gadawyvitos, Tu ra SemTxvevebSi darogor gamoiyenos Zala, aramed SeuZlia gansazRvros, zustadrodis ganaxorcielos es da vis winaaRmdeg. naTelia, rom sabWosSeuZlia prevenciuli omis inicireba, Tu arsebobs mSvidobisxelyofis molodini (magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu essafrTxe ukve moqmedebis zRvarzea).45 sabWos es uflebawarmoeSoba ara marto wesdebis me-7 Tavidan gamomdinare, aramedamaze wesdebis pirveli muxli miuTiTebs, sadac CamoTvliliagaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis miznebi da maT Soris erT-erTi umTavresi mizania, gaerom ganaxorcielos efeqturikoleqtiuri RonisZiebani mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Tavidanasacileblad da aRmosafxvrelad.46

43SesaZlebelia, uSiSroebis sabWom `agresiad~ miiCnios iseTi qmedebac, romelmac SeiZleba, ar warmoSvas Tavdacvis ufleba. ix.: Hargrove John Lawrence, The Nicaragua Judgment and the Future of the Law of Force and Self-Defense, American Journal of

International Law, Volume 81, 1987, pp. 139-140. magram es ar gamoricxavs imas, rom

SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos agresiad. ix.: Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.283.44 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.28345 iqve.46 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.6.

18

mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmna (xsenebuli wesdebis 39-emuxlSi) ar SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaSi modiodes Zalis gamoyenebis safrTxesTan, romelic aRniSnulia gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlisme-4 punqtSi.47 naTelia, rom erTi saxelmwifos mier meoresaxelmwifos winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebis safrTxe SeiZlebauSiSroebis sabWos mier iyos miCneuli rogorc safrTxemSvidobisaTvis.48 mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis definiciauTuod ar gulisxmobs Zalis gamoyenebis nebismier SemTxvevas,arc saerTaSoriso samarTlis nebismier darRvevas.49 Tu rasgulisxmobs mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmna, mTlianaduSiSroebis sabWos diskreciul uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba.50

sabWo Tavisufalia, gansazRvros `Soreuli safrTxe~.51

mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli SeiZleba iyos iseTi qmedeba,romelic arRvevs saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis wonasworobas.magram, Tu wesdebis 39-e muxlis mixedviT vimsjelebT,mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Semcvelad unda miviCnioT is, rasacsabWo CaTvlis aseT safrTxed.52

ramdenime swavluli Tvlis, rom sabWos diskreciuliuflebamosileba mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis arsebobisgansazRvrisas ar aris SeuzRudavi.53 magram ra aris SezRudvissamarTlebrivi safuZveli? 1995 wels yofili iugoslaviissakiTxebze saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis tribunalissaapelacio palatam tadiCis saqmeze aRniSna, rom safrTxisganmartebisas sabWo ar aris srulad SeuboWavi, radgan masmouwevs wesdebis miznebisa da principebis farglebSi moqmedeba.54

es gamonaTqvami ar Seicavs raime gansakuTrebul mosazrebas.erTia, rodesac ar eTanxmebi mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis

faqtis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT sabWos gansazRvrebas, magram

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, iseTigaremoebebi miiCnios sabWom mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Semcvelad,romlebic ar iqneba winaaRmdegobaSi gaeros miznebsa daprincipebTan. amdenad, sabWos farTo diskreciuliuflebamosileba, Cveulebriv, Tanmxvedri unda iyos wesdebis

47 Kelsen H., The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental Problems, London: Stevens and Sons, 1951, p. 727.48 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.283.49 iqve, gv. 284.50 Kelsen H., The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental Problems, London: Stevens and Sons, 1951, p. 727.51 Garwood-Gowers A., Pre-Emptive Self-Defence: A Necessary Development or the Road to International Anarchy, Australian Year Book of International Law , Volume 23, 2002, pp. 51, 63.52 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.284.53 Wet Erika, The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2004, pp. 134–144.54 Prosecutor v. Tadic, Judgment, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case No. IT-94–1-AR72 (Jurisdiction), Appeals Chamber, 1995, International Legal Materials, Volume 35, 1996, pp. 35, 43.

19

miznebisa da principebisa, rac zRudavs konkretuli RonisZiebisSesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebas.55

aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom uSiSroebis sabWo arispolitikuri da ara sasamarTlo organo. is Sedgeba wevriqveynebisagan da misi gadawyvetileba dakavSirebulia politikurmotivebTan, romlebic ar aris aucilebeli, samarTlebrivaspeqtebs Seesabamebodes. sabWo, rogorc arasasamarTlo organo,ar aris valdebuli, miuTiTos gadawyvetilebis miRebismizezebze.56

sabWos ganmarteba mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli faqtisarsebobasTan dakavSirebiT sabolooa da gaeros yvela wevrmaunda miiRos igi, miuxedavad imisa eTanxmeba Tu ara amgadawyvetilebas.57

2001 wlis 12 seqtembers uSiSroebis sabWom miiRorezolucia #1368, romliTac dagmo 1 dRiT adre amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli teroristuliTavdasxma da miuTiTa, rom aRniSnuli da misi msgavsi nebismieriqmedeba aris safrTxe saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebisaTvis.58 xolo 2001 wlis seqtembris bolos sabWomkvlav miiRo axali rezolucia (#1373), romelSic xelaxladaadastura zemoaRniSnuli pozicia.59 1377-e rezoluciaSi(miRebuli 2001 wlis noemberSi sabWos sxdomaze) gacxadda, romsaerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebi 21-e saukunis erT-erTiumTavresi safrTxea saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebisaTvis,60 rac aisaxa sabWos Semdgom rezoluciebSic,romlebic exeboda baliSi (rezolucia #1438, 2002),61 keniasa(rezolucia #1450, 2002)62 da bogotaSi (rezolucia #1465, 2003)63

ganxorcielebul teroristul aqtebs. mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmna aris ufro farTo cneba, vidreSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma. gansxvaveba orive kategorias Soris Sedegidan gamomdinareobs. nebismier saxelmwifos ansaxelmwifoTa jgufs SeuZlia, upasuxos SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmasindividualuri an koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebiT,

55 Wet Erika, The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2004, pp. 191–215.56 Fawcett J. E. S., Security Council Resolutions on Rhodesia, British Year Book of International Law, Volume 41, 1965–6, pp. 103, 116–117.57 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.285.58 Security Council Resolution N1368, September 12, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/533/82/PDF/N0153382.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.07.2010).59 Security Council Resolution N1373, September 28, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/533/82/PDF/N0153382.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.07.2010).60 Security Council Resolution N1377, November 12, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/633/01/PDF/N0163301.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.07.2010).61 Security Council Resolution N1438, October 14, 2002, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/638/47/PDF/N0263847.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.07.2010).62 Security Council Resolution N1450, December 13, 2002), http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/740/29/PDF/N0274029.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.07.2010).63 Security Council Resolution N1465, February 13, 2003, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/247/96/PDF/N0324796.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.07.2010).

20

xolo mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi uSiSroebissabWo wyvets koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis RonisZiebis gamoyenebissakiTxs.64

miuxedavad gansxvavebisa, zemoaRniSnuli orive kategoriaSeiZleba erTdroulad arsebobdes. 11 seqtembris teroristuliaqtis winaaRmdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da misimokavSireebis mier TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisgarda, uSiSroebis sabWom uSualod 1373-e rezoluciaSi miuTiTa,rom saxelmwifoebma unda miiRon zomebi teroristuli aqtebisdafinansebis SesaCereblad, akrZalon teroristuli jgufebi, ardauSvan teroristebis iaraRiT momarageba da a.S.65 sawinaaRmdegoZalis gamoyenebam, individualuri da koleqtiuri Tavdacvisuflebis ganxorcielebam SeiZleba alagmos al-qaida avRaneTidan.magram uSiSroebis sabWo Tavisufalia, gadawyvitos, koleqtiuriusafrTxoebis Tu ra zomebs mimarTavs arsebul garemoebaTagaTvaliswinebiT. amasTanave, RonisZiebaTa orive tipi _ rogorcTavdacviTi, ise koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis _ SeiZleba warmoiSvaserTmaneTisagan damoukideblad.66

1368-e da 1373-e rezoluciebi uTiTebs, rom nebismierisaerTaSoriso teroristuli aqti aris safrTxe saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis. maSasadame, uSiSroebis sabWosSeuZlia, qveynis SigniT terorizmis safrTxis arseboba miiCniossafrTxed saerTaSoriso mSvidobisTvis. ramdenime SemTxvevaSikonkretuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis farglebSi arsebulisaSinao viTareba uSiSroebis sabWom CaTvala safrTxedsaerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis.67 uSiSroebissabWom SeiZleba miiCnios, rom arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuliTavdasxma safrTxea mSvidobisaTvis, da miiRos SesabamisiRonisZiebebi imis winaaRmdeg, visac mSvidobisTvisxelisSemSlelad CaTvlis.68 1997 wels uSiSroebis sabWom miiRo#1127 rezolucia da gansazRvra, rom angolaSi arsebulisituacia safrTxes uqmnida saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa dausafrTxoebas regionSi. sabWom wesdebis me-7 Tavis mixedviTdauwesa sanqciebi arasaxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmns – kavSirsangolis sruli damoukideblobisTvis.69

2004 wels uSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebul #1540rezoluciaSi miTiTebulia, rom birTvuli, qimiuri da

64 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.286.65 Security Council Resolution N1373, September 28, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/557/43/PDF/N0155743.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.07.2010).66 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.286.67 Kirgis Frederic L., The Security Council’s First Fifty Years, Volume 89, American Journal of Intenational Law, 1995, pp. 506, 513–514.68 Kooijmans P. H., The Security Council and Non-State Entities as Parties to Conflicts, International Law: Theory and Practice (Essays in Honour of Eric Suy), editor: Karel Wellens, Kluwer Law International, Hague, 1998, pp. 333, 339.69 Security Council Resolution N1127, August 28, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/226/93/PDF/N9722693.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.05.2010).

21

biologiuri iaraRis gavrceleba safrTxea saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis.70

amasTanave, uSiSroebis sabWom SeiZleba adamianisuflebebis xelyofa Zalis gamoyenebis gareSec CaTvalossafrTxed mSvidobisTvis.71

rac Seexeba mSvidobis xelyofasa da agresias Sorisgansxvavebas, wesdeba naTlad ar miuTiTebs, Tu ra gansxvavebaa amor kategorias Soris.72 praqtikaSi Tavad uSiSroebis sabWogansazRvravs am Tu im qmedebis mSvidobis xelyofis faqtadmiCnevas an agresiis aqtad aRiarebas. gaeros wesdebis 25-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis wevrebi Tanxmdebian, rom miiReben daganaxorcieleben uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyvetilebebs wesdebisSesabamisad.73 sadavo ar unda iyos, uSiSroebis sabWos Tu romelgadawyvetilebebze miuTiTebs 25-e muxli, Tumca unda aRiniSnos,rom uSiSroebis sabWos mier gaeros wesdebis me-7 Tavis egidiTmiRebuli gadawyvetilebebis mizani saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis dacva an aRdgena unda iyos, raTa maT hqondeTsamarTlebrivad savaldebulo xasiaTi.74

1971 wels marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlomsarekomendacio daskvnaSi namibiis saqmeze miuTiTa, rom 25-e muxliar moicavs mxolod uSiSroebis sabWos me-7 TaviTgaTvaliswinebul gadawyvetilebebs.75 miuxedavad amisa, ararsebobs kiTxvis niSani uSiSroebis sabWos me-7 TaviTgaTvaliswinebul gadawyvetilebaTa savaldebulo xasiaTTandakavSirebiT. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlomganacxada, rom am gadawyvetilebebis savaldebuloobaaRiarebulia ara marto 25-e muxliT, aramed masze gansakuTrebuliyuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli wesdebis 48-e da 49-e muxlebSi.76

wesdebis 48-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT, uSiSroebis sabWosgadawyvetilebaTa Sesasruleblad moqmedebs organizaciis yvelawevri an zogierTi maTgani, imis mixedviT, rogorc amasuSiSroebis sabWo gansazRvravs. aseT gadawyvetilebebsorganizaciis wevrebi asruleben uSualod, agreTve saTanado

70 Security Council Resolution N1540, April 28, 2004, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/328/43/PDF/N0432843.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.05.2010).71 Gill T. D., Legal and Some Political Limitations on the Power of the UN Security Council to Exercise Its Enforcement Powers under Chapter VII of the Charter, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, Volume 26, 1995, pp. 33, 42-43.72 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.287.73gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.14.74 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.288.75 iqve, gv. 289.76 iqve.

22

saerTaSoriso dawesebulebebis meSveobiT, romelTa wevrebicarian.77

wesdebis 49-e muxlis mixedviT ki, organizaciis wevrebi undagaerTiandnen uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyvetilebiT miRebulRonisZiebaTa gansaxorcieleblad da erTmaneTis dasaxmareblad.78

wesdebis 48-e muxlis gaanalizebis Sedegad SeiZleba iTqvasSemdegi: pirveli, uSiSroebis sabWo wesdebis me-7 TaviTgaTvaliswinebul gadawyvetilebebs iRebs saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvisa da aRdgenis mizniT; meore,48-e muxli naTelyofs, rom sabWom gadawyvetilebis implementaciaSeiZleba daavalos ramdenime wevr qveyanas an yvelas; mesame, 48-emuxli uSvebs sabWos gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebas regionaluriorganizaciebis meSveobiT. amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom 48-emuxli exeba mxolod iseT gadawyvetilebebs, romlebicwerilobiT avaldebulebs saxelmwifos, ganaxorcielos saTanadoRonisZieba, da is ar exeba iseT moqmedebas, romlissavaldebulooba ar aris sabWos mier gansazRvruli.79

dasaSveb qmedebas exeba uSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebulirekomendacia, romelic momdinareobs gaeros wesdebis 39-e, da ara48-e, muxlidan. Aarc erT wevrs ar moeTxoveba, ganaxorcielosiZulebiTi moqmedeba, Tu ar arsebobs uSiSroebis sabWosmavaldebulebeli gadawyvetileba. miuxedavad amisa,saxelmwifoebma, erToblivad an ramdenimem, SeiZlebanebayoflobiT ganaxorcielon iZulebiTi RonisZieba sabWosarasavaldebulo mowodebis sapasuxod, magram es RonisZieba undaiyos dakanonebuli sabWos mier mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis,mSvidobis xelyofisa da agresiis SemTxvevebSi.80

gaeros wesdebis 39-e muxli iyenebs mavaldebulebel sityvas _`unda~, rodesac aRwers uSiSroebis sabWos funqcias koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sferoSi: sabWom unda gansazRvros mSvidobisaTvisnebismieri safrTxis, mSvidobis ama Tu im darRvevis an agresiisaqtis arseboba da SeimuSaos rekomendacia, an gadawyvitos, Tu razomebs miiReben saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisdasacavad da aRsadgenad.81

nebismieri qmedeba xorcieldeba uSiSroebis sabWosrezoluciis Tanaxmad. gaeros wesdebis 27-e muxlis mixedviT,sabWos rezoluciis misaRebad saWiroa sul cota 9 wevris xma.82

sabWos cxra wevrs Soris CaiTvleba yvela mudmivi wevrisTanmxvdomi xma. Tu erT-erTi mudmivi wevri (amerikis SeerTebuliStatebi, CineTi, safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, ruseTis

77gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.21.78 iqve.79Schachter O., Legal Aspects of the Gulf War of 1991 and Its Aftermath, Law, Policy, and International Justice (Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen), Editors: W. Kaplan and D. McRae, 1993, pp. 5, 20.80 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.290.81 iqve.82 Protocol of Entry into Force of the Amendments to Articles 23, 27 and 61 of the Charter of the United Nations, United Nations Juridical Yearbook, 1965, pp. 159, 160.

23

federacia) gamoiyenebs vetos uflebas da ar daeTanxmebarezoluciis teqsts, gadawyvetilebas ver miiReben. gaeros wesdebis 27-e muxli exeba uSiSroebis sabWoSisakiTxis ganxilvisas kenWisyris wess. mudmivi wevris mierrezoluciis uaryofisas sakiTxi Cavardeba, maSin rodesac TavisSekavebis an kenWisyraSi armonawileobisas es ar miiRebamxedvelobaSi.83

rodesac sakamaTo iyo wesdebis 27-e muxlis interpretacia,marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom namibiis saqmezedaadastura sabWos erTiani praqtika.84

Tavis Sekaveba an armonawileoba kenWisyraSi erTi an meti

mudmivi wevri qveynis mier aris saerTo movlena, asaxuliuSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebuli rezoluciebis TiTqmismeoTxedSi.85

wesdebis 27-e muxli, aseve, uTiTebs, rom kamaTis monawilemxarem gadawyvetilebis miRebisas kenWisyrisagan Tavi unda

Seikavos, VI Tavisa da 52-e muxlis me-3 punqtis safuZvelze.amdenad, igi am wesis gansazRvrisas ar exeba me-7 TaviT

gaTvaliswinebul gadawyvetilebebs. Sesabamisad, mudmiv qveyanasSeuZlia gamoiyenos veto da CaSalos kenWisyra me-7 TaviTgaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis ganxilvisas, miuxedavad imisa,aris Tu ara igi davis mxare. yovelive es ki mianiSnebs imaze, rommudmivi wevri SesaZloa mudmivad iyos damabrkolebeli faqtorinebismieri rezoluciis miRebisas, romelic exeba wesdebis me-7Tavs.86

realisturi TvalTaxedviT, wesdebis koleqtiuriusafrTxoebis sistema umklavdeba mxolod `mSvidobisumniSvnelo/meorexarisxovan damrRvevebs~.87 SeiaraRebulikonfliqtebi (iqneba es saerTaSoriso Tu qveynis SigniTmimdinare), romlebSic mudmivi wevrebi pirdapir an arapirdapirCarTulebi arian da aqvT TavianTi interesebi da miznebi,praqtikulad gamoricxavs wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebulikoleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis miRwevas.88

rac Seexeba TavdacviTi uflebis ganxorcielebisas miRebuli zomebis Sesaxeb uSiSroebis sabWosTvis dauyovnebliv Setyobinebas, nikaraguis saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg naTelia, romsaxelmwifoebma unda Seasrulon 51-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulivaldebuleba. kerZod, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlom aRniSna, rom uSiSroebis sabWosTvis Setyobinebis

83 Stavropoulos Constantin, The Practice of Voluntary Abstentions by Permanent Members of the Security Council under Article 27, Paragraph 3, of the Charter of the United Nations, American Journal of International Law, Volume 61, 1967, pp. 737, 742–4.84 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.291.85 Franck T.M., Recourse to Force: State Action against Threats and Armed Attacks, Cambridge, 2002, p.8.86 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.291.87 iqve, gv. 292.88 iqve.

24

ararseboba SeiZleba gaxdes erT-erTi faqtori, romelicmiuTiTebs Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis saeWvoobaze.89

mosamarTle Svebelma Tavis gansxvavebul mosazrebaSi gaakritikazemoaRniSnuli pozicia da aRniSna, rom igi miuRebelia faruliTavdacvis SemTxvevaSi.90

nikaraguis saqmis ganxilvamde uSiSroebis sabWosTvisTavdacviTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis moTxovna ar iyomkacrad daculi individualuri TavdacviTi uflebisgamoyenebisas (gansxvavebuli praqtikaa koleqtiur TavdacvasTanmimarTebiT).91

uSiSroebis sabWo, Cveulebriv, konfliqtis dasawyisSi aracxadebs, rom Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis moTxovnasamarTliania. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saxelmwifoebi TiToeulindividualur SemTxvevaSi cdiloben, uSiSroebis sabWoswarudgnen rogorc uSualod dazaralebuli qveynebi. magaliTad,iran-erayis omis dros orive saxelmwifom ganmeorebiT SeatyobinauSiSroebis sabWos konfliqtis Sesaxeb, radgan uSiSroebis sabWosar gaukeTebia pirveladi ganmarteba imasTan dakavSirebiT, iyo Tuara erayi agresori. Tavis mxriv, erayi cdilobda, eCvenebina, romis iyo msxverpli qveyana, gansakuTrebiT iranis mier 1987 wliscecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb savaldebulo rezoluciisSesrulebaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg.92 aseve sakamaToa, rom aseTimoxsenebebi efuZneba wesdebis 51-e muxls, vidre omis kanonebs,sadac qmedebis kanonierebis saeWvooba saerTaSorisohumanitaruli samarTlis saqmea. vietnamis omis dros amerikisSeerTebuli Statebi Zalis gamoyenebas amarTlebda koleqtiuriTavdacvis uflebiT. amasTan, man Semdgom uSiSroebis sabWosSeatyobina CrdiloeT vietnamis portis danaRmvisa da kambojisdabombvis Taobaze, rogorc Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebissafuZvelze ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb.93

folklendis konfliqtis dros ki gaerTianebuli samefosmoxseneba mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb Tavdacvis uflebis mixedviT SesaZloa, asaxavdes eWvs, rom isini omis kanonebisSesatyvisia.94

amasTanave, sainteresoa, saxelmwifoebis mier Tavdacvisuflebasa da uSiSroebis sabWos SesaZleblobebs Soris kavSirisdadgena. uSiSroebis sabWo aris Tu ara wesdebis me-7 TavissafuZvelze SezRuduli, ar mimarTos iseT RonisZiebebs,romlebic xels SeuSlis gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebas? es kiTxvagaCnda 1977 wels, rodesac safrangeTi irwmuneboda, rom iaraRis

89 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.102.90 iqve.91 iqve.92 iqve, gv. 104.93 Falk R. A., The Vietnam War and International Law, Volume 3, Princeton University Press, 1972, pp. 23-148. 94Gray Christine, The British Position in regard to the Gulf Conflict, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 37, 1988, pp. 420-421.

25

embargos dawesebas samxreT afrikisaTvis SeeZlo misi Tavdacvisuflebis xelyofa. miuxedavad amisa, safrangeTma kenWisyris drosmxari dauWira samxreT afrikisaTvis embargos dawesebas, radganmisi gancxadebiT samxreT afrikis mTavrobas iaraRi sWirdebodaqveynis SigniT represiebis gansaxorcieleblad.95 igive kiTxvawarmoiSva siera-leones saqmis ganxilvis dros, rodesac siera-leones mTavrobas undoda daecva iaraRiT momaragebis kanonierebada surda, embargo gavrcelebuliyo mxolod im pirebze,romlebmac moipoves Zalaufleba saxelmwifo gadatrialebiT.Tumca msgavsi Canaweri uSiSroebis sabWos 1132-e rezoluciaSi(1997 weli) ar aisaxa.96

es sakiTxi kvlav sakamaTo gaxda yofili iugoslaviiskonfliqtis dros. konfliqtis dawyebisTanave, 1991 wels,uSiSroebis sabWom daawesa iaraRis embargo iugoslaviis mTelteritoriaze. 713-e rezolucia miiRes erTsulovnad da iaraRisembargo daaweses iugoslaviis federaluri mTavrobis TanxmobiT.magram iugoslavia daiSala da 1992 wlis maisSi bosnia-hercegovina gaxda gaeros wevri. bosnia-hercegovina irwmuneboda,rom iaraRis embargo mas ar unda Sexeboda, radgan gaeroswesdebis 51-e muxlis safuZvelze misTvis miniWebul TavdacvisxelSeuval uflebas unda hqonoda upiratesi Zala embargoze immizniT, rom es ufleba gamoeyenebina iugoslaviis (serbiisa damontenegros) winaaRmdeg. Tumca uSiSroebis sabWom uari ganacxadaembargos gauqmebaze.97 saukeTeso pozicia zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi aris is, romiaraRis embargos dawesebam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Tavdacvisuflebaze, magram es, faqtobrivad, ar gulisxmobs Tavdacvisuflebis ugulebelyofas.98

igive kiTxva warmoiSva ruandis saqmis ganxilvisas. 1994 welsruandis mTavrobis survilis sawinaaRmdegod uSiSroebis sabWomdaawesa iaraRis embargo, raTa Tavidan aecilebina Zaladobiseskalacia, Tumca ruanda miiCnevda, rom sabWos unda gaeuqmebinaigi, radgan arsebobda gare safrTxeebi. ruandis mcdelobaiaraRis embargos dawesebis winaaRmdeg, romelic mas qveynisSigniT mimdinare konfliqtis gamo dauweses, da romelic gareSeZalebis CareviT xorcieldeboda, warmatebiT dasrulda.99

95 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.106.96 iqve.97iqve.98 iqve, gv. 107.99 ix.: UN Publications Blue Book Series, The United Nations and Rwanda: 1993-1996, Volume 10, New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1996.

26

3.2. generaluri asambleis kompetencia

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis ZalaSi Sesvlidanumokles periodSi aSkara gaxda, rom vetos uflebis arsebobisgamo uSiSroebis sabWo gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda. 1950 wels generalurma asambleam miiRo cnobili rezolucia`erToba mSvidobisTvis~, romelSic aRiniSna, rom uSiSroebissabWoSi mudmivi wevrebis erTsulovnebis nakleboba aferxebssabWos ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobis Sesrulebas mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. generalurma asambleamSesaZlebelia, miiRos Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi koleqtiuriRonisZiebebis Sesaxeb mSvidobis xelyofis an agresiis dros. Tuam periodSi generaluri asambleis sesia ar mimdinareobs,riggareSe specialuri sesia moiwveva 24 saaTSi, uSiSroebissabWos 7 wevris an organizaciis wevrTa umravlesobis moTxovniT,an umravlesobisagan Tanxmobis miRebis safuZvelze.100

rezoluciis _ `erToba mSvidobisaTvis~ _ miReba miCneuliiyo epoqalur nabijad.101

miuxedavad amisa, am rezolucias ar SeuZlia, cvlilebebiSeitanos gaeros wesdebaSi.102 amasTanave, generaluri asambleismier miRebul rekomendaciebs ar aqvs savaldebulo xasiaTi damaTi Sesruleba wevri qveynebisTvis aris mxolodnebayoflobiTi.103

rezoluciaSi arsadaa naxsenebi, rom generaluri asambleadaikavebs uSiSroebis sabWos adgils.104

1962 wels marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlomsarekomendacio daskvnaSi gaeros calkeuli xarjebis SesaxebmiuTiTa, rom mxolod uSiSroebis sabWo aris uflebamosili,daakisros wevr qveyanas gaeros wesdebis me-7 Tavidan gamomdinarevaldebulebebi.105

`civi omis~ periodSi generaluri asamblea cdilobda, aeRouSiSroebis sabWos ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi, Tumca `civiomis~ Semdgom periodSi es tendencia TandaTan Seicvala.106

100 Resolution - “Uniting for Peace” (adopted by General Assembly on November 3, 1950), N377, http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml (nanaxia: 25.02.2010). 101 Woolsey L. H., The ‘‘Uniting for Peace’’ Resolution of the United Nations, American Journal of International Law, Volume 45, 1951, pp. 129, 130.102 Andrassy Juraj, “Uniting for Peace”, American Journal of International Law, Volume 50, 1956, pp. 563, 572.103 Stone J., Legal Controls of International Conflict: A Treatise on the Dynamics of Disputes and War –Law , London, 1954, p.274.104 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.316.105 Advisory Opinion on Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, Paragraph 2, of the Charter), International Court of Justice, 1962, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php (nanaxia: 25.02.2010).106 White N. D., Keeping the Peace: The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security, Second Edition, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997, p.143.

27

saboloo jamSi, uSiSroebis sabWos mier Tavisi mandatisSeusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, gaeroSi arc erT sxva organos arSeuZlia misi Canacvleba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi generaluri asambleis mier miRebulirekomendacia, romelic exeba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis sakiTxebs, moklebulia politikur mniSvnelobas daar iwvevs wevri qveynebis mimarT samarTlebrivi valdebulebebiswarmoSobas. praqtikulad, generaluri asamblea uunaroa,moiTxovos raime savaldebulo RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba axalisamarTlebrivi dasayrdenis moZiebiT.107

rodesac generaluri asamblea rekomendaciaSi uTiTebs Zalisgamoyenebaze, es interpretirebuli unda iqnes rogorc Segoneba,darwmuneba wevri qveynebisa, mimarTon erTobliv moqmedebasTavianTi koleqtiuri Tavdacvis xelSeuvali uflebisganxorcielebisas.108

generaluri asamblea moklebulia uflebamosilebas,daavalos wevr qveynebs, gamoiyenon Tavdacvis ufleba. generaluriasambleis prerogativa isaa, rom mas SeuZlia, wevri qveynebiwaaqezos, gamoiyenon wesdebiT (aseve saerTaSoriso CveulebiTisamarTliT) miniWebuli ufleba.109

koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba gansxvavdeba koleqtiuriTavdacvisagan. koleqtiur Tavdacvas SeiZleba mimarTongeneraluri asambleis iniciativiT. rezolucia `erTobamSvidobisaTvis~ frTxilia, rodesac exeba generaluri asambleismier SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiTrekomendaciis micemas. rezoluciis Tanaxmad, generalurasambleas es SeuZlia mSvidobis xelyofis an agresiis dros daara mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis dros.110

3.3. uSiSroebis sabWosa da generalur asambleas Sorisuflebamosilebis gamijvna

gaeros wesdeba uzrunvelyofs orive zemoaRniSnul organosSoris funqciebis gadanawilebas. wesdebis me-11 muxlis me-2punqtis Tanaxmad, generaluri asamblea uflebamosilia,ganixilos yoveli sakiTxi, romelic saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis dacvas exeba da romelsac mis winaSe dasvamsorganizaciis nebismieri wevri an uSiSroebis sabWo, ansaxelmwifo, romelic ar aris organizaciis wevri, wesdebis 35-emuxlis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisad da me-12 muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebis garda. igi nebismier aseT

107 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.317.108 Thomas Ann Van Wynen and Thomas Aaron Joshua, Non-Intervention: The Law and Its Import in the Americas, Dallas, 1956, pp. 175–176.109 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.317.110 iqve.

28

sakiTxze rekomendacias SeimuSavebs dainteresebulisaxelmwifoebisa da uSiSroebis sabWosaTvis. xolo nebismiersakiTxs, romelic moiTxovs aucilebel moqmedebas, generaluriasamblea ganxilvamde an mis Semdeg, gadascems uSiSroebissabWos.111 rac Seexeba wesdebis me-12 muxls, misi mizania, Tavidanaicilos uSiSroebis sabWosa da generalur asambleas SorisuTanxmoeba. gaeros wesdebis me-12 muxlis Tanaxmad, rodesacuSiSroebis sabWo asrulebs gaeros wesdebiT dakisrebulfunqciebs raime davasa Tu situaciasTan dakavSirebiT, generalurasambleas ar SeuZlia, SeimuSaos rekomendacia am davisa Tusituaciis Taobaze, Tu uSiSroebis sabWo ar moiTxovs amas.112

miuxedavad amisa, uSiSroebis sabWosa da generaluri asambleisfunqciebi ar aris mkacrad gamijnuli.113

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, generalurma asambleam uSiSroebissabWos inertulobisa da ZiriTadi funqciis SeusruleblobisSedegad 1950 wels miiRo rezolucia `erToba mSvidobisaTvis~,romelic generalur asambleas nebas rTavda, moewvia sagangeboSexvedra, rodesac uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi verTanxmdebodnen, TavianTi mTavari movaleobis ganxorcielebisasdaecvaT saerTaSoriso mSvidoba da usafrTxoeba. amdenad,generalurma asambleam SeiZleba rekomendacia gauwios koleqtiurRonisZiebebs, Tu es aucilebelia.114

wesdebis me-12 muxlis daniSnulebam TandaTan praqtikaSimniSvneloba dakarga. generaluri asamblea SeimuSavebdarekomendaciebs maSinac, rodesac uSiSroebis sabWo aqtiuradganixilavda am sakiTxs. Tu uSiSroebis sabWo realurad araxorcielebda Tavis funqciebs konkretul SemTxvevaSi, an Turezoluciis miRebas aferxebda vetos uflebis gamoyeneba,generaluri asamblea uSvebda rekomendaciis SemuSavebisSesaZleblobas, romelic uSualod ar ewinaaRmdegebodauSiSroebis sabWos rezolucias.115

generalurma asambleam miiRo mTeli rigi rezoluciebisa,romlebSic mxilebulia konkretuli moqmedebebi, rodesacuSiSroebis sabWom ver miaRwia SeTanxmebas rezoluciis misaRebadan ver SeeZlo qmediTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba damrRveviqveynis winaaRmdeg. Tumca ramdenime dasavlurma qveyanamgeneraluri asambleis zemoaRniSnuli rezoluciebi mxolod azrsmoklebul ritorikad miiCnia.116

111gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.10.112 iqve.113 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.200.114 iqve.115 Gray Christine, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Civil War or Inter-State Conflict: Characterisation and Consequences, British Yearbook of International Law, Volume 67, 1996, p.155.116 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.201.

29

3.4. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo (ICJ)

miuxedavad gansxvavebisa, uSiSroebis sabWosa damarTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos Soris arsebobsurTierTkavSiri. pirvel rigSi, saubaria sabWosa damarTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos Tanmxvedrkompetenciaze, xolo meore mxriv, sainteresoa, marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos ramdenad SeuZlia, gaauqmos sabWosrezoluciebi miRebuli wesdebis me-7 Tavidan gamomdinare.117 nikaraguis saqmeSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi davobdamarTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaze,ganexila Zalis gamoyenebis kanonierebasTan (maT Soris agresiisaqtebis an mSvidobis xelyofis SemTxvevebSi) dakavSirebulisaCivrebi im safuZvliT, rom es aris, wesdebis Tanaxmad, gaerospolitikuri organoebis, umTavresad uSiSroebis sabWos,funqcia.118 1984 wels sasamarTlom uari Tqva am argumentismiRebaze imis gamo, rom uSiSroebis sabWos pasuxismgeblobazemoaRniSnul sferoSi aris mxolod ZiriTadi da aragansakuTrebuli.119 sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT erTmaneTisgangaimijna sasamarTlos funqciebi da uSiSroebis sabWosaTvisdakisrebuli politikuri movaleobebi.120 mosamarTle Svebelmagaiziara igive midgoma 1986 wels Tavis gansxvavebul mosazrebaSi: rodesac uSiSroebis sabWos gaeros wesdeba aniWebs agresiisaqtis gansazRvris uflebamosilebas, is ar moqmedebs rogorcsasamarTlo. misTvis politikuri mizezebi upiratesia, vidresamarTlebrivi. amdenad, uSiSroebis sabWo aris politikuriorgano, romelic moqmedebs politikuri interesebidangamomdinare. gansxvavebiT sasamarTlosgan, uSiSroebis sabWo araris SeboWili samarTlebrivi aspeqtebiT da SeuZlia, argaiTvaliswinos isini.121

wesdebis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis sabWo pasuxismgebeliasaerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvisa da aRdgenisyvela mniSvnelovan misiaze. sabWo unda iyos koncentrirebuliamocanis politikur, da ara samarTlebriv, mxareebze. rogorc serjerald ficmorisma aRniSna, sabWo miznad ar isaxavs dasjas saerTaSoriso samarTlis nebismieri darRvevisas, miuxedavad

amisa, arapirdapir mas SeuZlia am Sedegebis miRweva.122 sabWo araris saTanado organo, romelsac SeuZlia miiRos sasamarTlo

gadawyvetileba da gansazRvros, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisas vin

117 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.318.118 iqve.119 iqve.120 iqve.121 iqve.122 Fitzmaurice G.G., The Foundations of the Authority of International Law and the Problem of Enforcement, Modern Law Review, Volume 19, 1956, pp.1,5.

30

aris samarTlebrivi valdebulebis darRvevaSi damnaSave. aseTigansazRvreba udavod Seaferxebda im RonisZiebebisganxorcielebas, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyon saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas.123

sawinaaRmdego SeiZleba iTqvas sasamarTloze, romelTanmimarTebiTac ar arsebobs xelis SemSleli politikuridabrkolebebi Tu motivebi, igi qmedebis kvalifikaciisasmTlianad eyrdnoba samarTlebriv kriteriumebs.124

orive _ uSiSroebis sabWoc da marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTloc _ uflebamosilia, gamoxatos Tavisipozicia erTsa da imave movlenaze: erTi organo exeba politikur,xolo meore samarTlebriv aspeqtebs. Tumca SeiZleba warmoiSvasSemdegi kiTxva: rogor aviciloT zemoaRniSnuli organoebis miererTdroulad Teoriulad gauTvaliswinebeli oriurTierTsawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebis miReba? umravlesSemTxvevaSi, realobaSi, rasakvirvelia, aseTi pirdapiriwinaaRmdegoba ar warmoiqmneba.125

sasamarTlo, rogorc wesi, ar modis winaaRmdegobaSi imasTan,rac gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisdacvasa da aRdgenaze. misaRebia imis daSveba, rom aseT sakiTxebzesamarTlebrivi regulaciebi meorexarisxovani darCebamomavalSi.126 rodesac sasamarTlo iRebs gadawyvetilebas agresiisaqtis arsebobis Sesaxeb, rTulia daijero, rom igi undamiiswrafodes sawinaaRmdegosken. miuxedavad imisa, rom esSeiZleba gaxdes spekulaciis Tema, potenciuri uTanxmoebisscenari uSiSroebis sabWosa da marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlos Soris maqsimalurad unda gamoiricxos. ra moxdeba,Tu sabWo miiCnevs, rom agresiis aqti ganaxorciela `arkadiam~`utopiis~ winaaRmdeg, maSin rodesac sasamarTlo adgens, rom`arkadia~ ar unda daadanaSaulon da, faqtobrivad, swored isaris agresiis msxverpli. rogorc sasamarTlom SeniSna nikaraguissaqmeSi, aseTi saqmis warmoebisas ar unda iTqvas, rom uSiSroebissabWo Secda. magram ra unda gaakeTos sasamarTlom momavalSi,Tu amis Tqma mouxda?127

mimdinare SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros (rogorc amasSeerTebuli Statebi asabuTebs) upiratesoba unda mieniWosmxolod uSiSroebis sabWos saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis aRdgenis misiis ganxorcielebisas. sabWos SeuZlia,moiTxovos cecxlis Sewyveta, jarebis gayvana da iyos Sesabamisi

123 Schachter O., The Quasi-Judicial Role of the Security Council and the General Assembly, American Journal of International Law, Volume 58,1964, p.960.124 Chimni B.S., The International Court and the Maintenance of Peace and Security: The Nicaragua Decision and the United States Response, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 35, 1986, pp. 960, 967-9.125 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.319.126 Schachter O., Self-Defense and the Rule of Law, American Journal of International Law, Volume 83, 1989, pp. 259, 276–277.127 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.320.

31

iZulebiTi zomebis gansazRvris iniciatori, ZiriTadisamarTlebrivi sakiTxebis dadgenis gareSe. konfliqtis SedegadmarTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo Tavisufaliagamoikvlios arsebuli viTareba samarTlebriv kriteriumebTanSesabamisobis TvalsazrisiT. man SeiZleba iseTi daskvnebi gaakeTos, romlebic sawinaaRmdegos amboben sabWos mier adremiRebul gadawyvetilebebze.128

uSiSroebis sabWos pasuxismgebloba mimdinare konfliqtSiaris saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis aRdgena.mSvidobis aRdgena gadaudebelia, vidre davis mogvareba, Tumca esunda iyos droebiTi prioriteti. magram ar aris aucilebeli,uSiSroebis sabWos ekuTvnodes saboloo sityva mis mier miRebulgadawyvetilebaze Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisSesaxeb. saboloo gadawyvetileba SeiZleba miiRos sasamarTlom,ra Tqma unda, Tavisi iurisdiqciis farglebSi.129

naklebad savaraudoa, rom saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebulikonfliqtis mxareebma mimarTon sasamarTlos davisganxilvisaTvis swored samxedro moqmedebis mimdinareobisas.magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs sasamarTlosiurisdiqciis ugulebelyofis aranairi mizezi.130 uSiSroebissabWo valdebulia, mxedvelobaSi miiRos is faqti, romsasamarTlo axorcielebs Tavis uflebamosilebas yovelgvariSeusabamo Carevis gareSe. magram Tu konfliqtis mxareebi verTanxmdebian, mimarTon sasamarTlos davis gansaxilvelad da,amasTanave, samxedro moqmedebebi ar aris damTavrebuli,sasamarTlo valdebulia, SezRudos Tavisi Zalaufleba, raTaTavidan aicilos realuri an potenciuri uTanxmoeba uSiSroebissabWosTan.131

lokerbis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT warmoiSva kiTxva: aqvs Tuara marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos saTanadoZalaufleba, gadaxedos uSiSroebis sabWos mier gaeros wesdebis me-7 TaviT gaTvaliswinebul mavaldebulebel rezoluciebs?132 1987wlis 21 dekembers aviakompania `panamerikis~ kuTvniliTviTmfrinavi, romelic reiss niu-iorkidan asrulebda,Sotlandiis patara qalaq lokerbis Tavze afeTqda, risSedegadac 270 adamiani daiRupa. ori libieli moxele iyoeWvmitanili am teroristuli aqtis ganxorcielebaSi da libiasmosTxoves maTi gadacema an SeerTebuli StatebissasamarTlosTvis (aviaxazebis erovnuli saxelmwifo), angaerTianebuli samefosTvis (saxelmwifo, romlis sahaerosivrceSi moxda teroristuli aqti). libiam uari ganacxada am

128 iqve.129 iqve.130 Bilder R.B., Judicial Procedures Relating to the Use of Force, Virginia Journal of International Law,Volume 31, 1990-1991, pp. 249, 265.131 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.321.132Beveridge Fiona, The Lockerbie Affair, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 41, 1992, pp. 907–20.

32

moTxovnaze. uSiSroebis sabWom miiRo sami rezolucia amsakiTxze: pirveli rezolucia (miRebuli 1992 wlis ianvars, #731)libiisgan iTxovda, eTanamSromla eWvmitanilTa gadacemissakiTxSi;133 meore rezoluciis (miRebuli 1992 wlis martSi, #748)Tanaxmad, gaeros wesdebis me-7 Tavis Sesabamisad, uSiSroebissabWom gadawyvita, rom libiam unda Seasrulos SesabamisimoTxovnebi, misi uari ki safrTxea saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebisaTvis, aseve sabWom libias dauwesa sxvadasxvasanqcia (maT Soris sahaero embargo);134 mesame rezoluciaSi(miRebuli 1993 wlis noemberSi, #883) uSiSroebis sabWom wesdebisme-7 Tavze dayrdnobiT kvlav daadastura mSvidobisaTvissafrTxis arseboba da gaafarTova sanqciebi, ZiriTadad, gayinalibiis aqtivebi sazRvargareT.135

1992 wlis martSi, 731-e rezoluciis Semdeg, 748-e da 883-erezoluciebamde libiam daiwyo saqmis aRZvra gaerTianebulisamefosa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdegmarTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi. libiis ganacxadieyrdnoboda samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdegmimarTul ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb 1971 wlis monrealiskonvencias.136 amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da gaerTianebulisamefo amtkicebdnen, rom aRniSnuli saqmis ganxilva dauSvebeliiyo. gaeros wesdebis 25-e da 103-e muxlebis Tanaxmad ki,uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebiT gaTvaliswinebulvaldebulebebs SeeZloT, CaenacvlebinaT monrealis konvenciidangamomdinare valdebulebebi.137 gaeros wesdebis 103-e muxlismixedviT, momavalSi wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebsaqvT upiratesi Zala nebismier im valdebulebebTan mimarTebiT,romlebic wevrma qveynebma aiRes saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebissafuZvelze.138

Tavdapirvelad, 1992 wels, sasamarTlom wesdebis 25-e da 103-e muxlebis miTiTebiT praqtikulad daadastura 748-e rezoluciissavaldebulooba; miuxedavad amisa, 1998 wels sasamarTlom libiisganacxadis dasaSveboba gansazRvra misi Sevsebis TariRisgaTvaliswinebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, mxedvelobaSi ar miiRebauSiSroebis sabWos 748-e (1992 weli) da 883-e (1993 weli)rezoluciebi, romlebic mogvianebiT iqna miRebuli. uSiSroebis

133 Security Council Resolution N731, January 21, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/010/90/IMG/NR001090.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:24.07.2010).134 Security Council Resolution N748, March 31, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/07/IMG/NR001107.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:24.07.2010).135 Security Council Resolution N883, November 11, 1993, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/626/78/PDF/N9362678.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.07.2010).136 Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, United Nations Juridical Yearbook, 1971, p.143.137 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.322.138gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.37.

33

sabWom 731-e rezolucia (1992 weli) miiRo sasamarTlo ganacxadisSevsebamde, rac ar SeiZleba iyos samarTlebrivad Semaferxebelifaqtori am ganacxadis dasaSvebobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, radganes iyo ubralod rekomendacia, romelsac savaldebulo xasiaTiar hqonda.139

naTelia, rom libiis mier ganacxadis Sevsebam gamoiwvia 748-erezoluciis miReba, romlis mavaldebulebelma teqstma warmoSvasamarTlebrivi dabrkoleba misi dasaSvebobisTvis. ori libieli eWvmitanili gadasces holandias, romelmacTavis Tavze aiRo Sotlandiis sasamarTlos mier niderlandebis samefoSi sasamarTlo procesis Catarebis uzrunvelyofa, raTasasamarTlos ganexila eWvmitanilTa saqme.140 uSiSroebis sabWommiiRo 1192-e rezolucia (1998 weli), sadac miuTiTa, rom Sewyvetdalibiis winaaRmdeg sanqciebis ganxorcielebas, rogorc kibraldebulebs holandiaSi Caiyvandnen.141

sabolood, erT-erTi braldebuli 2001 wels gaasamarTles.2003 wels libia dasTanxmda, gadaexada saTanado kompensaciadaRupulTa ojaxebisTvis. gadaxdili Tanxa Seadgenda 2,7 miliarddolars. amasTanave, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlodan gamotanil iqna ganacxadi amerikis SeerTebuliStatebisa da gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg.142 xolouSiSroebis sabWom, 1506-e rezoluciis (2003 weli) Tanaxmad,Sewyvita sanqciebis ganxorcieleba libiis winaaRmdeg.143

sasamarTlom lokerbis saqmeSi Tavi Seikava uSiSroebissabWosTan pirdapiri uTanxmoebisgan.144 magram zemoaRniSnulisaqmis ganxilvis Sedegad Cndeba kiTxva - sasamarTlos aqvs Tuara Zalaufleba, mxedvelobaSi ar miiRos sabWosmavaldebulebeli gadawyvetilebebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, 748-erezolucia)?145 Tavis gansxvavebul poziciaSi 1998 welsmarTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos prezidentmaSvebelma uaryo, rom sasamarTlo, umetes SemTxvevaSi, arisaRWurvili uflebamosilebiT, ganaxorcielos uSiSroebis sabWosmavaldebulebeli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlebrivi gadasinjva dasajarod ganacxada, rom sasamarTlos praqtikulad ar aqvsZalaufleba, gaauqmos, ukuagdos uSiSroebis sabWos

139 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.322.140 The Netherlands–United Kingdom, Agreement Concerning a Scottish Trial in the Netherlands, 1998, International Legal Materials, Volume 38, 1999, pp. 926, 927. 141 Security Council Resolution N1192, August 27, 1998, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/251/64/PDF/N9825164.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 21.03.2010).142 Murphy S. D., Libyan Payment to Families of Pan Am Flight 103 Victims, American Journal of International Law, Volume 97, 2003, pp. 987, 990–1.143 Security Council Resolution N1506, September 12, 2003, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/498/81/PDF/N0349881.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 21.03.2010).144 Martenczuk B., The Security Council, the International Court and Judicial Review: What Lessons from Lockerbie?, European Journal of International Law, Volume 10, 1999, pp. 517, 532.145 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.323.

34

gadawyvetilebebi miRebuli wesdebis 39-e, 41-e da 42-e muxlebiTgaTvaliswinebuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi.146

1992 wels mosamarTle veeramantrim Tavis gansxvavebulpoziciaSi ufro modelirebuli Sefaseba gaakeTa sasamarTlosada sabWos urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. nebismieri saqmis ganxilvisas,romlis sagania uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyvetilebis marTebuloba,kanoniereba, wesdebis me-7 Tavidan gamomdinare, ar niSnavs, romsasamarTlos SeuZlia misi saTanadod gadawyveta.147

gaeros wesdebis me-7 Tavis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis sabWo arisaRWurvili farTo diskreciuli uflebamosilebiT. rogorc wesi,sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia, SeewinaaRmdegos sabWos. amis saukeTesomagaliTia is, rom uSiSroebis sabWos mier ama Tu im situaciismiCneva mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Semqmnelad, ar saWiroebssasamarTlos mier am faqtebis gadaxedvas.148 miuxedavad amisa,sabWos gadawyvetilebebi unda iyos kanonieri.149

mosamarTle veeramantrim xazi gausva Semdeg faqts:ivaraudeba, rom uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebi unda iyoskanonieri. magram, aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom uSiSroebis sabWosZalaufleba da kompetencia wesdebidan momdinareobs. Sedegad, TuuSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebuli rezoluciebi wesdebiTgaTvaliswinebuli kanonieri uflebamosilebis farglebs scdeba,sasamarTlos yovelgvari arCevanis gakeTebis gareSe SeuZlia misiukanonod, Zaladakargulad gamocxadeba.150

gaeros wesdebis 25-e muxlis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis sabWosgadawyvetilebebs wevri qveynebi iReben da axorcieleben wesdebisSesabamisad.151

uSiSroebis sabWos mavaldebulebel gadawyvetilebebsSeiZleba hqondes upiratesi Zala saerTaSoriso samarTlisCveulebriv normebTan mimarTebiT, wesdebis 103-e da 25-emuxlebidan gamomdinare. Tumca gansxvavebulia viTareba, rodesacsaubaria imperatiul normebze (jus cogens).152 imperatiuli normaaris qcevis wesi, romelic aRiarebulia saxelmwifoTasaerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier, misi darRveva dauSvebelia daSecvla SeiZleba mxolod sayovelTao saerTaSoriso samarTlisimave xasiaTis mqone normiT.153 amdenad, ar aris marTebuli, romwesdebis 103-e muxli winaaRmdegobaSi movides saerTaSorisoCveulebiTi samarTliT ganmtkicebul saerTaSoriso samarTlis

146iqve.147 iqve.148 Merrills J. G., International Dispute Settlement, 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 251.149 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.324.150 Bowett D., The Impact of Security Council Decisions on Dispute Settlement Procedures, European Journal of International Law, Volume 5, 1994, pp. 89, 95–6.151 Gowlland-Debbas V., Security Council Enforcement Action and Issues of State Responsibility, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 43, 1994, pp. 55, 90.152 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.324.153 Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, redaqtori l. aleqsiZe, Tb., 2003, gv. 150-151.

35

imperatiul normebTan.154 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom uSiSroebis sabWosgadawyvetileba Tu ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTlisimperatiul normebs, is uTuod ar unda Sesruldes.155 magaliTad, agresiis akrZalva imperatiuli normaa. rodesacuSiSroebis sabWo gadawyvets, ganaxorcielos koleqtiuriRonisZieba agresiis winaaRmdeg aRniSnuli imperatiuli normisuzrunvelyofis mizniT da Tu es qmedeba iwvevs meore imperatiulinormis xelyofas, SesaZloa, sakamaTo gaxdes, romel maTgans undamieniWos upiratesoba.156

yvela zemoaRniSnuli scenaris arseboba ufro TeoriaSiawarmosadgeni, vidre praqtikaSi. Tumca, saboloo jamSi, misaRebiaim mkvlevarTa pozicia, romelTa mixedviT, marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlo kompetenturia, Zaladakarguladgamoacxados uSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebuli mavaldebulebeligadawyvetileba gaeros wesdebasTan an saerTaSoriso samarTlisimperatiul normebTan Seusabamobis safuZvelze.157

154 Shaw Malcolm, The Security Council and the International Court of Justice: Judicial Drift and Judicial Function, The International Court of Justice: Its Future Role after Fifty Years, Hague, 1997, pp. 219, 229.155 Akande D., The International Court of Justice and the Security Council: Is There Room for Judicial Control of Decisions of the Political Organs of the United Nations?, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 46, 1997, pp. 309, 322.156 Svanberg-Torpman K., The Security Council as a Law Enforcer and Legislator, Peace and Security: Current Challenges in International Law, Editors: D. Amne´us and K. Svanberg-Torpman, Lund, Suecia: Studentlitteratur, 2004, pp. 85, 94–5.157 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.325.

36

Tavi II. Tavdacvis ufleba

1. Tavdacvis uflebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli – gaeros wesdebis51-e muxli

1996 wels marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom erT-erT sarekomendacio daskvnaSi miuTiTa, rom sasamarTloyovelTvis iTvaliswinebs nebismieri saxelmwifos uflebas,gamoiyenos gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier misTvis 51-emuxliT miniWebuli Tavdacvis ufleba.158

miuxedavad amisa, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlo, imavdroulad, aRniSnavs, rom TiToeulmasaxelmwifom Tavdacvis ufleba unda gamoiyenos mxolodgansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi.159

saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba da swavluli iuristebi miiCneven,rom Tavdacvis ufleba unda iyos interpretirebuli viwrod,radgan igi gamoiyeneba realuri SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis dros.Tumca zogierTi upiratesobas aniWebs farTo interpretacias daasabuTebs, rom saxelmwifom SeiZleba mimarTos Tavdacvisprevenciul zomebs, miuxedavad realuri SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisarsebobisa. am koncefciis momxreebi umciresobaSi arian. Tumcagasarkvevia, saerTaSoriso samarTali uSvebs Tu ara Zalisgamoyenebas ara mxolod arsebuli Zalis sapasuxod, aramedsamomavlo Tavdasxmis Tavidan asacileblad.160

gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxli adgens, rom `es wesdeba ar exebaindividualuri an koleqtiuri Tavdacvis xelSeuval uflebas, Tuorganizaciis wevrebze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma moxda manam, sanamuSiSroebis sabWo ar miiRebs mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisdasacavad sxva zomebs..~161

amdenad, 51-e muxli zustad moiTxovs SeiaraRebulTavdasxmas, rogorc winare pirobas, TavdacviTi ZalisgamoyenebisaTvis. saxelmwifoebs aqvT ufleba, gamoiyenonTavdacva, Tu SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma xorcieldeba. Sesabamisad,51-e muxlis terminebi ar modis SesabamisobaSi me-2 muxlis me-4punqtis terminebTan, radgan es ukanaskneli krZalavs oriveSemTxvevas: rogorc Zalis gamoyenebas, aseve aseTi safrTxisSeqmnas. yovelive es ki iZleva Semdegi daskvnis gakeTebissaSualebas: gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmad, Zalis gamoyenebis safrTxear amarTlebs TavdacviTi Zalis gamoyenebas. rogorc ukveaRiniSna, umravlesoba swavlulebisa mxars uWers am pozicias,

158 Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, International Court of Justice, 1996, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/95/7495.pdf (nanaxia: 25.01. 2010).159 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.175.160 Värk René, The Use of Force in the Modern World: Recent Developments and Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, Baltic Defense Review, Volume 10, November, 2003, p.33.161gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.21-22.

37

magaliTad: luis henkini werda, rom Tu gaeros wesdebis 51-emuxls patiosnad wavikiTxavT, mivxvdebiT, rom wesdeba miznadisaxavda Zalis gamoyenebis daSvebas mxolod gansazRvrulSemTxvevaSi, kerZod Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebas SeiaraRebuli

Tavdasxmis arsebobisas;162 ian brounli miiCnevs, rom 51-e muxli aruSvebs winaswar raime moqmedebis ganxorcielebisSesaZleblobas;163 filip jesapma ganacxada, rom wesdebis 51-emuxlis interpretacia unda moxdes viwro gagebiT. Sesabamisad,saxelmwifos mier Zalis gamoyeneba safrTxis arsebobis miCnevisasar amarTlebs mis moqmedebas.164

aseTi interpretacia SesabamisobaSia gaeros wesdebisSemqmnelTa miznebTan, romlebsac surdaT saerTaSorisourTierTobebSi Zalis calmxrivad gamoyenebis maqsimaluriSemcireba.165 saxelmwifos aqvs Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba TavdacvismizniT SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis dawyebisTanave, da manam, sanamuSiSroebis sabWo ar miiRebs saWiro zomebs saerTaSoriso

mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.166

gaeros wevrma saxelmwifom uSiSroebis sabWos dauyovneblivunda miawodes informacia im RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, romlebicganaxorciela Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis dros. ra moxdeba imSemTxvevaSi, Tu uSiSroebis sabWom ar mimarTa im RonisZiebebs,romlebic saWiroa saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisdasacavad? Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis ufleba dazaralebulsaxelmwifos aqvs manam, sanam uSiSroebis sabWo ar miiRebsefeqtur zomebs mis dasaxmareblad.167

sxva SemTxvevaSi TavdacviTi samxedro qmedebebi dauyovneblivunda Sewydes, rogorc ki samxedro operaciis mizani miiRweva.168

amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom prevenciuli RonisZiebebiSeiZleba iyos kanonieri, Tu is ar iqca sadamsjelo operaciad.brounli uSvebs aseTi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebas mcire masStabisSetevisas im pirobiT, rom is uzrunvelyofs sazRvarTan msgavsiSemTxvevis Tavidan acilebas. nebismieri farTo prevenciuliRonisZieba, misi azriT, kanonidan gamomdinare, damokidebuliawinaswari moqmedebis statusze.169 dinsteini aRniSnavs, rom undagairkves, faqtobrivad, Tu rodis daiwyo Tavdasxma. gansxvavebiTdinsteinisgan, brounli ar miiCnevs, rom Tavdasxma daiwyo

162 Henkin Louis, Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy, Second Edition, New York: Columbia University Press, 1979, p. 295. 163 Brownlie Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, p. 278.164 Jessup Phillip, A Modern Law of Nations, New York: Macmillan, 1948, p. 166.165 Glennon Michael, The Fog of Law: Self- Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Volume 25, 2002, p. 546.166 Värk René, The Use of Force in the Modern World: Recent Developments and Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, Baltic Defense Review, Volume 10, November, 2003, p.31.167 Antonio Cassese, International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 305.168 Värk René, The Use of Force in the Modern World: Recent Developments and Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, Baltic Defense Review, Volume 10, November, 2003, p.32.169Brownlie Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, p.372.

38

potenciuri Tavdamsxmeli Zalebis mier potenciuri msxverplisteritoriuli mTlianobis, maT Soris misi sahaero sivrcisa Tuteritoriuli wylebis, xelyofamde.170 im momentSi dazaralebulsaxelmwifos SeuZlia, Tavad daicvas Tavi gaeros wesdebis 51-emuxlidan gamomdinare. miuxedavad amisa, brounli aRniSnavs, romgansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi agresiisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevisteqnikuri saSualebebi ar aris Tavdacvis adekvaturi, rodesacmowinaaRmdege iWreba garkveul teritoriaze.171 magaliTad, sahaerooperaciebis ganxorcielebisas. metic, teqnologiurmacvlilebebma SeiZleba moiTxovos Tavdasxmis dawyebis xelaxaliinterpretireba.172

Tavdacvis arsi mdgomareobs TviTdaxmarebaSi. saerTaSorisosamarTliT gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas saxelmwifosSeuZlia calmxrivad an sxva qveynebis daxmarebiT upasuxosarakanonier Zalas. TviTdaxmarebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvissaSualebis, gamoyeneba saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT, rodesac maTiuflebebi xelyofilia.173 TviTdaxmareba aris yvela samarTlebrivisistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli.174

TviTdaxmareba saerTaSoriso samarTalSi SeiZlebagamoixatebodes ramdenime gziT. pirvelad dazaralebulmasaxelmwifom SesaZloa gamoiyenos araiZulebiTi RonisZiebebi,rogorebicaa: diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Sewyveta sxvasaxelmwifosTan an ucxoeli diplomatis persona non grata-dgamocxadeba.175 kanonieri TviTdaxmareba saxelmwifoebs SorisSeiZleba gulisxmobdes iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebisSesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu esRonisZiebebi Seesabameba Tavdacvis uflebis moTxovnebs. drodadro saerTaSoriso samarTlis swavlulebi miiCneven, romTviTdaxmarebisa da Tavdacvis koncefciebi erTmaneTTanaadakavSirebuli, magram isini jer kidev calkeul cnebebadmoiazrebian.176

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavdacva aris SeiaraRebuliTviTdaxmarebis daSvebuli forma.177 Tavdacvis ideis ganviTareba saerTaSoriso samarTalSimimdinareobs agresiis akrZalvis mxardamxar.178

170 iqve, gv. 373-74.171 iqve, gv. 367.172 Barkham Jason, Information Warfare and International Law on the Use of Force, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Volume 34, 2001-2002, p.79.173 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press 2005, p.175; Kelsen H., General Theory of Law and State, Harvard, 1945, p. 339.174 Dinstein Yoram, International Law as a Primitive Legal System, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Volume 19, 1986–1987, p. 12.175 Sen B., A Diplomat’s Handbook of International Law and Practice, 3rd ed., Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1988, pp. 218, 232.176 Krift T. R., Self-Defense and Self-Help: The Israeli Raid on Entebbe, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, Volume 4, 1977–8, pp. 43, 55–6.177 Report of the International Law Commission, 32nd Session, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1980, p. 54.178 iqve, gv. 52.

39

gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxli unda ganixilon wesdebis me-2muxlis me-4 punqtTan urTierTmimarTebiT. wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yvelawevri Tavs ikavebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ZaliT muqarisaan misi gamoyenebisagan, rogorc nebismieri saxelmwifosteritoriuli xelSeuxeblobisa da politikuri damoukideblobiswinaaRmdeg, aseve gaerTianebuli erebis miznebTan SeuTavsebeliraime sxva saxiT.179 amdenad, wesdebis es muxli awesebs saerTovaldebulebas saxelmwifoebisaTvis, raTa Zalis gamoyenebisaganTavi Seikavon; xolo 51-e muxli adgens gamonaklis SemTxvevas,rodesac qveynisTvis dasaSvebia Zalis gamoyeneba.180

Tavdacva, saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi normebisSesabamisad, aris ufleba da ara movaleoba.181 Tumcadinsteinisgan gansxvavebiT, zogierTi fiqrobs, rom TavdacvaarasamarTliani Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg aris ara mxolod ufleba,aramed is movaleobacaa.182 miuxedavad amisa, es gancxadeba ufroasaxavs moralur an Teologiur aspeqtebs. es ar arissaerTaSoriso samarTalTan SesabamisobaSi. saerTaSorisosamarTali ar adgens Tavdacvis, rogorc wesis, ganxorcielebisvaldebulebas.183 saxelmwifo Tavad irCevs, gamoiyenos Tu arasawinaaRmdego Zala. qveyanam SeiZleba upiratesoba politikurkompromiss mianiWos.184

rac Seexeba koleqtiur Tavdacvis valdebulebas, iswarmoiSoba ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebissafuZvelze. Tu gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlis teqstis mixedviTvimsjelebT, masSi xazgasmiT saubaria gaeros wevri qveynisTavdacvis, rogorc xelSeuvali uflebis, gamoyenebaze. amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivinormebi, romlebic Tavdacvas exeba, ar efuZneba saerTaSorisosamarTlis mxolod erT wyaros. rasakvirvelia, yvelazemniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlia.185

miuxedavad amisa, Tavdacvis ufleba regulirdeba saerTaSorisoCveulebiTi samarTliT. rogorc marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlom nikaraguis saqmeze ganacxada: ar arsebobs aranairieWvi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Zalis gamoyenebisa daTavdacvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi regulirebulia rogorc

179 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.7.180 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.176.181 iqve, gv. 178.182 Vattel Emmerich, The Law of Nations or the Principles of Natural Law, Book III, (Classics of International Law), Editor: C. G. Fenwick, 1916, p. 246.183 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.179.184iqve, gv. 178.185 Green James, Docking the Caroline: Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Contemporary Customary International Law Comcerning Self-Defense, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, Fall, 2006, pp.430-431.

40

CveulebiTi saerTaSoriso samarTliT, ise xelSekrulebebiT.186

arsebobs mravali samarTlebrivi aspeqti, romlebic naTlad araris warmoCenili wesdebis 51-e muxlSi. amdenad, TavdacvisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis srulad gagebisTvis,aucilebelia yvela im samarTlebrivi moTxovnis gaanalizeba,romlebic warmoiSoba saerTaSoriso samarTlis orive wyarodan.187

Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebisas saxelmwifom unda daicvasSesabamisi kriteriumebi, romlebic gaeros wesdebaSi ar arismocemuli, magram is saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlisnawilia. isini momdevno paragrafSia ganxiluli. Tavdacvisgamoyenebis SezRuduli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, dasabuTebulia, romupiratesoba ar unda mieniWos farTo ganmartebas,188 risi magaliTia saqme nikaragua amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiswinaaRmdeg.189 kerZod, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom Zalis gamoyeneba ar SeiZlebamosalodneli Setevis ganWvretis dros, an roca muqara arisaraZaladobrivi xasiaTis, an nebismieri sxva ramis dasacavad,garda saxelmwifos teritoriisa.190

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis Tanaxmad,Tavdacvis ufleba saxelmwifos ganusxvisebeli uflebaa da igiSeiZleba gamoiyenon rogorc individualurad, ise koleqtiurad.191

wesdebis 51-e muxlidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo mimarTavsTavdacvis uflebas mas Semdeg, rodesac SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmadaiwyeba. erTi SexedviT, naTeli da gasagebi debuleba SeiZlebasadavo gaxdes. problema, ZiriTadad, isaa, aqvs Tu arasaxelmwifos ufro farTo ufleba, winaswar ganWvritosmosalodneli Tavdasxma da gamoiyenos prevenciuli zomebi?Sesabamisad, gasarkvevia, wesdebis 51-e muxli aniWebs Tu arasaxelmwifos winaswari Tavdacvis SesaZleblobas, rac niSnavs: qveyanam, rodesac darwmunebulia an fiqrobs, rom meoresaxelmwifo apirebs masze SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas,ganaxorcielos prevenciuli dartyma, sanam mis teritorias xelyofen.192

winaswari Tavdacvis uflebis mxardamWerebi irwmunebian, romararealuria, saxelmwifo iyos valdebuli, daelodos miswinaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebas.193

186 Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua . v. U.S.), International Court of Justice, Report 14, June 27, 1986, paragraph 34, p.15.187 Green James, Docking the Caroline: Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Contemporary Customary International Law Comcerning Self-Defense, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, Fall, 2006, p.431.188 Brownlie Ian, Humanitarian Intervention, Law and Civil War in the Modern World, Editor: Moore. J.N., USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974, p.176.189 Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua . v. U.S.), International Court of Justice, Report 14, June 27, 1986, paragraphs 202-209, pp.311-314.190 iqve. 191 Alexandrov S. A., Self-defence Against the Use of Force in International Law, Hague, 1996, p.77.192 Gray Christine, The Use of Force and International Legal Order, Editor: Malcolm D. Evans, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 605.193 iqve, gv. 606.

41

mowinaaRmdegeebi ki fiqroben, rom winaswari Tavdacva eskalaciissakmao risks SeiZleba Seicavdes, radgan albaToba didia, romsaxelmwifo meore qveynis ganzraxvis gamocnobaSi Secdes da misireagireba iyos araproporciuli.194

Tavdacvis ufleba uZvelesi droidan CveulebiTi samarTliTgansazRvruli uflebaa, romelic saxelmwifoebriobis ganuyofelinawilia, Tumca misi ganxorcielebis pirobebi gaeros wesdebis 51-emuxliTaa dadgenili.195

Tavdacvis uflebis ganxorcieleba ar gulisxmobs raimemoTxovnas uSiSroebis sabWosgan winaswari nebarTvis miRebisSesaxeb, es saxelmwifos suverenitetis sferoa (TumcasaerTaSoriso samarTlis mier dawesebuli garkveuli SezRudvebiunda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli).196 Tavdacva SeiZleba iyosindividualuri, rodesac saxelmwifo pasuxobs SeiaraRebulTavdasxmas, an koleqtiuri, rodesac dazaralebul qveyanasexmareba saxelmwifo an saxelmwifoTa jgufi, romelTawinaaRmdegac ar ganxorcielebula Seteva da maT uSualod aremuqreba safrTxe.197

Tavdacvis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT CveulebiTi samarTlisprincipebisa da gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlis debulebebisurTierTkavSiri dadasturebulia marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier, rac udavoa.198

B brounli,199 grei200 da henkini201 asabuTeben, rom Tavdacvisufleba ar warmoiSoba manam, sanam SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmarealurad ar daiwyeba. dinsteini,202 aseve, uars ambobs winaswarTavdacvaze, magram uSvebs Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebas imSemTxvevaSi, rodesac Setevis ganxorcieleba aSkaradgardauvalia; xolo boveti, Svebeli, jeningsi da votsi Tvlian,rom winaswari Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeliamoaxloebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg (Svebeli dajeningsi marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosprezidentebi iyvnen).203

mosamarTle higinsma aRniSna: birTvul epoqaSikeTilgoniereba ar gulisxmobs orazrovani debulebis iseTganmartebas, romelic saxelmwifosgan moiTxovs, umoqmedoddaelodos Tavis bedisweras manam, sanam mas ar eqneba ufleba,

194 iqve, gv. 607.195 Greenwood Christopher, International Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan, Al-Qaidaand Iraq, San Diego International Law Journal, Volume 4, 2003, p.11.196 iqve.197 Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua . v. U.S.), International Court of Justice, Report 14, June 27, 1986, paragraphs 104-106, pp.264-265.198 iqve.199Brownlie Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, pp.257-276.

200 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Oxford University Press, 20004, p.112.201 Henkin Louis, How Nations Behave, New York: Columbia University Press, 1979, pp. 141-44.202 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.182.203 Greenwood Christopher, International Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan, Al-Qaidaand Iraq, San Diego International Law Journal, Volume 4, 2003, p. 15.

42

Tavi daicvas. Tanamedrove Tavdacvis uflebis ganmartebamoiTxovs realistur interpretacias. Tavdacvis uflebisgamoyenebis akrZalvam SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis dawyebamdeSeiZleba, savalalo Sedegebi gamoiwvios.204

zemoaRniSnuli mosazreba ufro metad asaxavssaxelmwifoebis praqtikasa da Tanamedrove samxedro viTarebas,vidre 51-e muxlis interpretacias, romelic gulisxmobsTavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebas SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisganxorcielebisas.205

2. Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis kriteriumebi:

saxelmwifos mier Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebisas daculiunda iyos Sesabamisi kriteriumebi. magaliTad, hugo grociusiTvlida, rom saxelmwifos mier Tavdacvis uflebisganxorcielebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi moTxovnebi: 1)safrTxe gardauvalia; 2) saTanado moqmedebebis ganxorcielebaaucilebelia safrTxis dasaZlevad; 3) miRebuli zomebi safrTxisproporciulia.206

`karolinis~ saqmeSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebissaxelmwifo mdivanma daniel vebsterma es moTxovnebisaerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis normebad aRiara.207

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom nikaraguissaqmis ganxilvisas miuTiTa, rom gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxli arSeicavs raime specialur wess imis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifom Tu rogor unda ganaxorcielos konkretuli iZulebiTi zoma. TumcasaerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTali gansazRvravs, rom pasuxiSeiaraRebul Tavdasxmaze unda iyos proporciuli daaucilebeli.208

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlomproporciulobisa da aucileblobis kriteriumebis dacvaxelaxla daadastura 2003 wels navTobis platformis saqmesTandakavSirebiT miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi.209

faqtobrivad, proporciulobisa da aucileblobiskriteriumebs Tan axlavs mesame kriteriumic, rac dauyovneblivireagirebis aucileblobas gulisxmobs.

204 Higgins Rosalyn, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994, p. 242.205 Greenwood Christopher, International Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan, Al-Qaida and Iraq, San Diego International Law Journal, Volume 4, 2003, p. 15.206 Motala Ziyad and ButleRitchie David, Self-Defense in International Law, The United Nations and the Bosnia Conflict, University of Pittsburgh Law Review, Volume 57, 1995-1996, p.10.207 iqve, gv. 7.208Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua . v. U.S.), International Court of Justice, Report 14, June 27, 1986, paragraph 194, p.84.209 Case Concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. the United States of America), International Court of Justice, 2003, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/90/9745.pdf (nanaxia: 05.05.2010).

43

istoriulad, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, es samive kriteriumi`karolinis~ saqmidan momdinareobs.210

saxeldobr, 1837 wlis ajanyebam koloniur kanadaSi moipovaaqtiuri mxardaWera amerikel moxaliseebsa da kerZomimwodeblebSi, romlebic moqmedebdnen regionis sazRvarTan,SeerTebul StatebSi. britanelebma CaTvales, rom Ggem`karolinis~ meSveobiT meamboxeebs amaragebdnen sxvadasxvamasaliT. britaneTis Zalebma gemis dasaufleblad kanadis mxridangadmokveTes SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvari. SeerTebuli Statebisori moqalaqe Setakebis dros gemze daiRupa, xolo erTibritaneli oficeri daakaves mkvlelobisaTvis.211

SeerTebulma Statebma dagmo britaneTis mTavrobis qmedeba damiiCnia, rom gaerTianebulma samefom daarRvia Statebissuvereniteti. SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo mdivanma danielvebsterma britaneTis mTavrobisgan moiTxova Tavdacvis uflebisgamoyenebis kanonierebis dasabuTeba, aucileblobis,proporciulobisa da droulobis kriteriumebTan SesabamisobisTvalsazrisiT.212

birTvuli iaraRis saqmeze gaeros marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlom sarekomendacio daskvnaSi daadgina,rom aucileblobisa da proporciulobis kriteriumebi Zalisgamoyenebis nebismieri SemTxvevis mimarT moqmedebs, maT Soris,gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlis Sesabamisad Tavdacvis mizniT Zalisgamoyenebisas.213

garda amisa, saqmeze - nikaragua amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis winaaRmdeg - gaeros marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlom daadgina, rom Tavdacvis uflebis mizniTSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis proporciuli da mis mosageriebladaucilebeli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba saerTaSorisoCveulebiT samarTalSi aRiarebuli normaa.214

2.1.Aaucilebloba

aucileblobis kriteriumi SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc`karolinis~ formulis Semadgeneli nawili. daniel vebsterma lord eSbartonisadmi miweril werilSi aRniSna, rom Tavdacva

210 Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.529.211 Meng Warner, “The Caroline” in Rudolf Bernnhardt, Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Volume I, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1992, pp. 537-538.212 Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.530.213Legality of the Threat or Use of Force of Nuclear Weapons, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, 1997, http://www. icj-cij.org/docket/index.php (nanaxia: 10.01.2010).214 Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua . v. U.S.), International Court of Justice, Report 14, June 27, 1986, paragraph 217, pp.316-317.

44

unda iyos aucilebeli.215 `karolinis~ formula ufro Sors midisda uTiTebs, rom Tavdacvis aucilebloba ar unda tovebdesarCevanis saSualebas da dros fiqrisTvis. amasTanave, TavdacviTimoqmedeba ar unda iyos gauazrebeli.216

Tavdasxmaze saTanado reagireba unda iyos aucilebeli, raTasafrTxisgan ixsnan saxelmwifo an, sul cota, daicvan misisasicocxlo interesebi.217 es unda gulisxmobdes, albaT, iseTTavdasxmas, romlis winaaRmdeg sapasuxo reagireba aucilebeligaxda, rogorc ki safrTxe Seeqmna saxelmwifos arsebobas.218 aseve, sasicocxlo interesebis dacvis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT,zogjer saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven Zalis gamoyenebas TavdacvismizniT.219 magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom mxolod am garemoebebSiSeiZleba mimarTon Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebas. praqtikaSisityva `gadarCena~ SesaZlebelia, samarTlebrivad miuTiTebdessapasuxo reagirebis aucileblobaze.220 magaliTad, zambiam,botsvanam da zimbabvem miitanes ieriSi samxreT afrikis Zalebze,radgan maT 1986 wels sajarod ganaxorcieles Tavdasxmebis mTeliseria afrikis erovnuli kongresis centrebis winaaRmdegzemoaRniSnul samive qveyanaSi. zambiis, botsvanisa da zimbabvissapasuxo reagireba am SemTxvevaSi aRqmul iqna aucileblobad.221

aucileblobis kriteriumi saerTaSoriso CveulebiTsamarTalSi ar unda iyos miCneuli rogorc absoluturiaucilebloba: `gaakeTe an mokvdi~.222 miuxedavad amisa, jer kideviTvleba, rom aucilebloba gulisxmobs saTanado moqmedebisganxorcielebas ukidures SemTxvevaSi. jon qvigli Tvlis, romSeiaraRebuli Zala ukiduresi saSualebaa.223 saxelmwifosSeuZlia, gamoiyenos Zala Tavdacvis mizniT mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu sxva arCevani ar aqvs. aucileblobis kriteriumi moiTxovs, rom ZalismieriTavdacviTi reagireba unda iyos ukiduresi forma, romelsacmimarTaven mSvidobiani saSualebebis amowurvisas. rodesacsaxelmwifoze xorcieldeba Tavdasxma, sapasuxo reagireba ZalisgamoyenebiT naTelia. magram mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Semqmneli

215 Green James, Docking the Caroline: Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Contemporary Customary International Law Comcerning Self-Defense, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, Volume 14, 2006, p.436.216 iqve.217 Kearley Timothy, Raising the Caroline, Wisconsin International Law Journal, Volume 17, 1999, p.326.218 Green James, Docking the Caroline: Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Contemporary Customary International Law Comcerning Self-Defense, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, Volume 14, 2006, p.451. 219 iqve.220 iqve.221 iqve, gv. 452. 222 iqve.223 Quigley John, The Afghanistan War and Self-Defense, Valparaiso University Law Review, Volume 37, 2002-2003, pp. 541, 546.

45

viTarebis ganxilvisas ufro marTebulia iseTi RonisZiebebisgamoyeneba, rogorebicaa diplomatiuri an ekonomikuri sanqciebi.224

aucileblobis kriteriumi efuZneba Semdeg garemoebebs: a)saxelmwifo iyenebs Tavdacvis uflebas, rodesac Tavdasxmadawyebulia konkretuli qveynis mier; b) Zala gamoiyeneba mxolodSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg da ara incidentis an sxvamsgavsi SemTxvevis dros; g) amoiwura yvela misaRebialternatiuli saSualeba. Sesabamisad, Tu diplomatiuri,ekonomikuri, sainformacio, samarTlebrivi an sxva gzebiTSesaZlebelia safrTxis Sekaveba, Tavdacvis mizniT Zalisgamoyeneba miiCneva gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtisdarRvevad.225 sxva sityvebiT, Zalis gamoyeneba aucilebeli ar arismanam, sanam Sedegi miiRweva mSvidobiani RonisZiebebiT.226

2.2. proporciuloba

proporciuloba aris Zalis gamoyenebis samarTlisfundamenturi komponenti.227 istoriulad igi samarTliani omisTeoriis nawilia.228

proporciuloba aris Tavdacvis uflebis Semadgenelielementi, rac udavoa.229 igi erT-erTi arsebiTi komponentia Zalisgamoyenebis kanonierebis dasadgenad.230 saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia,Seafasos Zalis gamoyenebis proporciuloba im momentSi, rodesacis iRebs gadawyvetilebas, ganaxorcielos saTanado reagirebaSeiaraRebul Tavdasxmaze.231

proporciuloba kompleqsuri cnebaa da yovel konkretulSemTxvevazea damokidebuli.232 proporciulobis Sefasebisassxvadasxva faqtori unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. pirvel rigSi,dasadgenia samizne jgufi. garda amisa, gasarkvevia, Tu rasaSualebebsa da meTodebs mimarTaven Setevisas. zogierTi

224 Schmitt Michael, International Law and the Use of Force: The Jus Ad Bellum, Volume II, Quarterly Journal, September, 2003, p.92. 225 Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.53.226 Schachter Oscar, The Right of States to Use Armed Force, Michigan Law Review, Volume 82, 1983-1984, p. 1635.227 Gardam Judith Gail, Proportionality and Force in International Law, American Journal of International Law, Volume 87, 1993, p.391.228 samarTliani omis Teoriis Seswavlis mizniT ix.: Bainton Roland, Christian Attitudes Toward War And Peace, New York: Abingdon Press, 1960; Johnson James Turner, Ideology, Reason and the Limitation of War, Princeton University Press, 1975; Russel Frederick, The Just War in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, 1975.229Brownlie Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, p. 261; Mcdougal Myres, Feliciano Florentino, Law and Minimum World Public Order, Yale University Press, 1961, pp. 241-244. 230Brownlie Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, p. 259.231 Gardam Judith Gail, Proportionality and Force in International Law, American Journal of International Law, Volume 87, 1993, pp.392-393.232 Schachter Oscar, International Law in Theory and Practice, Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1991, p. 153.

46

saxeobis iaraRs SeuZlia ufro meti zianis motana. sahaeroTavdasxmebis dros rTulia, erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavo mebrZoliaramebrZolisgan, rac SeiZleba iyos disproporciuli zomasamxedro amocanis misaRwevad. am moTxovnebis mxedvelobaSimiRebam ki SesaZlebelia Seamciros samoqalaqo ubedurebebi.233

proporciuloba moiTxovs or sapirispiro mizans:mebrZolTa minimaluri danakargebiT samxedro amocanebis swrafadmiRwevasa da meore mxaris samoqalaqo mosaxleobis dacvas Sorisbalansis uzrunvelyofas.234

mTavar kiTxvad rCeba is, Tu ris safuZvelze undaganisazRvros am Tu im moqmedebis proporciuloba. upirvelesyovlisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia, ramdenad daculiaTanabarzomierebis principi sapasuxo reagirebasa da TavdasxmasSoris da TavdacviTi zomebiT ramdenad SesaZlebelia SetevisSeCereba. proporciulobis dadgenis dros SeuZlebelia am orimTavari aspeqtis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna, Sesabamisad, orivemaTganis gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, raTa gairkves,iyo Tu ara Tavdacvis mizniT gamoyenebuli Zala proporciuli.235

`karolinis~ formulis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,proporciulobis Sesafaseblad arsebobs mTavari sityva`gadaWarbebuli~, rac gamoiyeneba Tavdasxmasa da sapasuxoreagirebasTan mimarTebiT.236

umravles SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifoebi miiCneven, romproporciulobisas daculia tolfasovneba sapasuxo reagirebasada im Zalis odenobas Soris, romelic aucilebelia TavdasxmisSesakaveblad da ara sapasuxo reagirebasa da Setevis masStabebsada saSualebebs Soris.237 magaliTad, 1947-1948 wlebSi qaSmirisgamo indoeT-pakistanis konfliqtis dros pakistanma gamoiyenaZala Tavisi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. miuxedavad imisa,rom misi masStabebi da saSualebebi iyo indoelTa Zalebistolfasi, pakistanis moqmedeba ar miiCnies kanonierad, radganmiznis misaRwevad gamoyenebul Zalas gadaameta.238

1958 wels TavdacviTi uflebis gamoyenebis konteqstSituniselebTan Setakebis dros safrangeTi miuTiTebda, rom manTavdasxmis SeCerebis mizniT Zala kanonierad gamoiyena.239

folklendis konfliqtis dros britaneTis moqmedeba miCneul iqnaproporciulad miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT240 da miRebul iqna

233 Gardam Judith Gail, Proportionality and Force in International Law, American Journal of International Law, Volume 87, 1993, pp. 408-409.234 iqve, gv.409.235 Green James, Docking the Caroline: Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Contemporary Customary International Law Comcerning Self-Defense, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, Volume 14, 2006, p.457. 236 iqve.237 iqve, gv. 458.238iqve.239 iqve, gv. 459.240 Gardam Judith, Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p.159.

47

uSiSroebis sabWos rezolucia, romelic argentinisganfolklendis kunZulebis datovebas iTxovda.241

proporciulobis principi zRudavs TavdacviT qmedebas imfarglebSi, rac aucilebelia Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad anSesakaveblad.242 amdenad, proporciuli Zala gulisxmobs Zalisim odenobiT gamoyenebas, romelic saTanadoa SetevisSesakaveblad. miuxedavad amisa, erTi SexedviT martivi principi SeiZlebagaurkveveli iyos. xSir SemTxvevaSi Secdomaa imaze saubari, romTavdacviTi moqmedeba ar SeiZleba aRematebodes TavdasxmismasStabs.243 aseT standarts SeuZlia, saxelmwifos waarTvasSesaZlebloba, efeqturad daicvas Tavi da gamoiyenos ufro metiodenobis Zala, vidre mowinaaRmdegem, Tu amis saWiroebaarsebobs.244 meore mxriv, SeiZleba saxelmwifos naklebi Zalisgamoyeneba dasWirdes. amis magaliTia 1981 wels israelis sahaerodartyma erayis birTvul reaqtorze baRdadis maxloblad.miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos am aqtis Tavdacvisuflebis sxva kriteriumebTan Sesabamisoba, am SemTxvevaSiproporciuloba daculia. israelis sahaero Zalebmaganaxorcieles gansazRvruli sahaero operacia umoklesperiodSi, SeiWrnen erayis sahaero sivrceSi245 da dabombesmTavari samizne – erayis birTvuli bombis warmoebis cdebiscentri - OSIRAQ.246

Tavdacvis mizniT saTanado reagirebisas SeiZleba pirdapirisamizne ar iyos is Zalebi, romlebic axorcieleben Tavdasxmas.SesaZloa, ufro efeqturi iyos garkveuli dartymebisganxorcieleba im obieqtebis winaaRmdeg, romelTa arsebobaaucilebelia Tavdamsxmelis mier samxedro moqmedebebisgansaxorcieleblad. sapasuxo Seteva SeiZleba gulisxmobdes arauSualod Tavdasxmis procesSi CarTvas, aramed Sesabamisi dartymis ganxorcielebas gansazRvrul samizneebze.247

TavdacviTi moqmedebis arsi ar ganisazRvreba TavdasxmisxasiaTiT. gaTvaliswineba iseTi faqtorebisa, rogorebicaa:moqmedebis masStabi, Sedegebi da pirveladi dartymis samizne, araris gadamwyveti proporciulobis principis Sesafaseblad.nacvlad amisa, proporciulobis principTan SesabamisobaganisazRvreba mxolod im ZaliT, romlis gamoyeneba aucilebeli

241 Green James, Docking the Caroline: Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Contemporary Customary International Law Comcerning Self-Defense, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, Volume 14, 2006, p.459. 242 Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.532.243 iqve.244 iqve.245 iqve, gv. 532-533.246 Vandenbroucke L.S., The Israeli Strike Against OSIRAQ, Air University Review, Air&Space Power Chronicles, September – October, 1984, http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1984/sep-oct/vanden.html (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).247 Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.533.

48

iyo im Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad, romelic warmoSobs Tavdacvisuflebas.248

2.3. drouloba

mesame kriteriumi vebsteris formulidan momdinareobs daniSnavs dauyovnebliv, yovelgvari fiqrisa da yoymanis gareSeTavdasxmis SeCerebis mizniT, aqtiur moqmedebaze gadasvlas.249

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiswarmomadgenlobiTi palatis rigiT me-15 spikeris endriustivensonis werili lord palmerstonisadmi, sadac is saubrobsdroulobis, rogorc Tavdacvis uflebis, erT-erTi kriteriumisarsebobis aucileblobaze. rasakvirvelia, stivensonis werili armiiCneva saxelmwifoebis an swavlulebis mier TanamedrovesaerTaSoriso CveulebiT samarTlad, magram es amyarebs amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis samarTlebriv pozicias `karolinis~saqmesTan dakavSirebiT da miuTiTebs droebiTi TavdacvismniSvnelobaze.250

vebsteri da stivensoni aRniSnavdnen, rom droebiTikavSiris arseboba aucilebelia Tavdasxmis safrTxesa da sapasuxoreagirebas Soris. safrTxe unda iyos realuri.251

saxelmwifoTa Tanamedrove praqtika realur qmedebasa dasapasuxo reagirebas Soris droebiT kavSirze mianiSnebs.miuxedavad amisa, es SezRudva damokidebulia konkretulviTarebaze. folklendis konfliqtis dros, kunZulTageografiuli mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sapasuxoreagirebisaTvis saWiro gaxda 23-dRiani periodi, raTaSeeCerebinaT argentinis SemoWra.252 rogorc higinsma samarTlianad aRniSna, geografiulimdebareoba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ramdenad swrafad SeZlebssaxelmwifo, ganaxorcielos sapasuxo reagireba.253

sapasuxo reagireba unda ganxorcieldes gonivrul vadaSikonkretuli viTarebis yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maTSoris mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebis sirTuleebis, sakuTari Zalebismobilizebisa da molaparakebis dawyebis mcdelobis CaTvliT.254

248 iqve.249 Schmitt Michael, International Law and the Use of Force: The Jus Ad Bellum, Volume II, September 2003, p. 93.250Green James, Docking the Caroline: Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Contemporary Customary International Law Comcerning Self-Defense, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, Volume 14, 2006, p.464. 251 iqve.252 iqve, gv. 470.253 Higgins Rosalyn, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, p. 241.254 Green James, Docking the Caroline: Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Contemporary Customary International Law Comcerning Self-Defense, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, Volume 14, 2006, pp.471-472.

49

drouloba, meore mxriv, gamoxatavs Tavdacvis droebiTxasiaTs. tradiciulad TavdacviTi moqmedebis kanonierebisTvisaucilebelia, sapasuxo reagireba uSualod mosdevdes agresorismoqmedebas.255

droulobis moTxovna gulisxmobs, rom Zalis gamoyenebisTvissaWiro dro ver aitans raime dabrkolebas, Seferxebas, Tavisdacvisas ki xangrZlivi lodini SeuZlebelia.256 kanonieriTavdacva ar unda iyos arc naadrevi da arc dagvianebuli.257

droulobis kriteriumi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebssafrTxis, sapasuxo reagirebis, qmediTi alternatiulisaSualebebisa da Tavis damcvelis realuri ganzraxvis SefasebisTvalsazrisiT.258 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlisTanaxmad, winaswar raime dartymis ganxorcieleba im dros,rodesac naTlad ar aris gamoxatuli agresia, miiCneva ukanonod,radgan msgavsi moqmedeba efuZneba mxolod varauds imisas, Turogor moiqceva mteri momavalSi.259

Tumca TavdacviTi omi, rogorc wesi, ar iwyeba pirveliTavdasxmidan ramdenime wuTSi an ramdenime dReSi.260

dazaralebuli qveynis sasazRvro oficrebma unda Seatyobinonzemdgomebs, raTa maTgan miiRon Sesabamisi instruqciebi. mTavrobarTavs nebas SeiaraRebul Zalebs, ganaxorcielon samxedromoqmedebebi.261

jesapi aRniSnavda, rom zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, rodesacoficersa da mis xelmZRvanelebs Soris satelegrafo anradiosaSualebebiT xorcieldeboda komunikacia, oficerimxolod sapasuxo reagirebaze fiqrobda.262

sparseTis yureSi omis pirvelma etapma aCvena, rom TavdacvismizniT Zalis gamoyeneba SeiZleba Tavdasxmidan TiTqmis naxevariwlis Semdeg. am SemTxvevaSi droulobis kriteriumi ardarRveula, radgan am xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo konfliqtismogvarebis mcdeloba, Tumca sabolood gairkva, rom es periodiuSedego aRmoCnda erayTan raime tipis SeTanxmebis misaRwevad.263

amasTanave, SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: droulobis kriteriumicalkeul SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa Tu ara, farTod ganimartos? igiviwrod iyo ganmartebuli gasuli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi.264

255 Bakircioglu Onder, The Right to Self-defence in National and International Law: The Role of the Imminence Requirement, Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, Volume, p.9, 2009.256 iqve.257 Fletcher George, Basic Concepts of Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 133-134.258 Nourse V. F., Self-Defense and Subjectivity, University of Chicago Law Review, Volume 68, 2001, pp. 1235-1244. 259 Fletcher George, Basic Concepts of Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 1998, p.134. 260 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.242.261 iqve, gv. 243.262 Jessup P. C., A Modern Law of Nations, Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada, 1948, p. 164.263 Yoxall Thomas, Iraq and Article 51: A Correct Use of Limited Authority, International Lawyer, Volume 25, 1991, pp. 967-985.264 Schacter Oscar, The Right of States to Use Armed Force, Michigan Law Review, Volume 82, 1983-1984, pp. 1634-1635 .

50

es ki gulisxmobs sapasuxo reagirebis ganxorcielebas Tavdasxmisdawyebidan. Tanamedrove periodSi ki, rodesac teroristebi yovelgvarigafrTxilebis gareSe Tavs esxmian mSvidobian mosaxleobas,rogorc es moxda 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris SemTxvevaSi, an,davuSvaT, maTTvis masobrivi iaraRis gamosayeneblad gadacemisas,qveyanam safrTxis arsebobisas dauyovnebliv unda mimarTos`saboloo SesaZleblobas~ da gamoiyenos Zala. Tumca amSesaZleblobiT realurad ver isargeblebs manam, sanam Tavdasxmaar daiwyeba. magram, Tu Tavdasxmis dawyebas daelodeba,saxelmwifo ver gadarCeba. Sesabamisad, droulobis kriteriumi,romelic moiTxovs Tavdasxmis dawyebas, winaaRmdegobaSi modis 21-e saukunis gamowvevebTan.265 amdenad, droulobis kriteriumiSesaZlebelia, calkeul SemTxvevaSi farTod ganimartos.

3. SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis definicia:

51-e muxli miuTiTebs, rom Tavdacvis ufleba gamoiyenebaSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis arsebobisas. Sesabamisad, zustad undaganisazRvros termini `SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma~. rogorc gaeros marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlomnikaraguis saqmis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna,`saerTaSoriso sazRvris meore mxares samxedro SenaerTebisqmedeba~ aris SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis forma, Tu ufro didimasStabisaa, vidre ubralo sasazRvro incidenti~.266

sxvadasxva inglisurenovani leqsikoni ganmartavs, romTavdasxma aris realuri qmedeba da ara safrTxe. garda amisa,mxedvelobaSia misaRebi gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqti.is krZalavs rogorc Zalis gamoyenebas, aseve aseTi safrTxisSeqmnas. Sesabamisad, rTulia imis warmodgena, rom gaeroswesdebis avtorebs 51-e muxlSi gamorCaT fraza `an safrTxisarsebobisas~,267 miT ufro, rodesac wesdebis 51-e muxlidan zemoaRniSnuli frazis gamoricxva Seesabameba gaeros mTavarmizans, Seakavos Zalis calmxrivi gamoyeneba. amdenad, mkvlevarTaumravlesoba SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmad miiCnevs aqtiur Tavdasxmas,romelic moxda, da ara Tavdasxmis safrTxes.268

265 Schmitt Michael, International Law and the Use of Force: The Jus Ad Bellum, Volume II, September 2003, p. 93.266 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua . v. U.S.), International Court of Justice, Report 14, June 27, 1986, paragraph 195, p.84; ixileT: gaeros generaluri asambleis 1974 wlis 14 dekembris `agresiis definiciis Sesaxeb~ rezoluciis mesame muxlis `a~ qvepunqti (Resolutiion on the Definition of Agrression, #3314, adopted by General Assembly on 14 December 1974, http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml (nanaxia: 25.02.2010).267 Bothe Michael, Terrorism and the Legality of Pre-emptive Force, European Journal of International Law, Volume 14, 2003, p. 229.268 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-defence, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 165-169.

51

2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg daiwyo msjeloba imaze,moicavs Tu ara wesdebis 51-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuliSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma teroristul Tavdasxmas. 51-e muxli armiuTiTebs, rom SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma momdinareobssaxelmwifosgan, Tumca es piroba SeiZleba iyos bundovani.Tavdacvis ufleba aris gamonaklisi Zalis gamoyenebis zogadiakrZalvidan da me-2 muxlis me-4 punqti gamoxatavs akrZalvassaxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT. miuxedavad amisa, Tu sxva qveynis teritoriaze momzaddaTavdasxma arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mier, miiCneva, rom manSeiZleba gamoiwvios igive Sedegi, rasac gamoiwvevs saxelmwifosmier ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma. amasTanave, SesaZlebelia,argumentad gamoiyenon gaeros generaluri asambleis rezolucia`agresiis definiciis~ Sesaxeb, romelic gansazRvravs, romSeiaraRebuli bandebis, jgufebis, aralegaluri da daqiravebuliZalebis mier ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma saxelmwifos winaaRmdegaris iseTive simZimis, rogoric regularuli an sxva mudmivsawyisebze myofi Zalebisa.269 marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlom ganmarta es debuleba rogorc saerTaSorisoCveulebiTi samarTlis norma, Tumca generaluri asambleisrezolucia TavisTavad ar iwvevs samarTlebrivi valdebulebiswarmoSobas.270

aseT viTarebas, samarTlebrivad, SesaZloa, uwodonkonstruqciuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma an SeiaraRebuliTavdasxmis ekvivalenturi situacia.271 amdenad,arasaxelmwifoebrivi SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma SeiZleba gaxdesTavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis safuZveli, Tu aseTi Tavdasxmasakmarisi simZimisaa da momdinareobs ucxo qveynis teritoriidan. konstruqciuli Tavdasxma srulad rodia moklebulisaerTaSoriso samarTlebriv safuZvels. igi Tavdacvis uflebisfarTo koncefciaze mianiSnebs da aCvenebs, rom SeiaraRebuliTavdasxmisTvis ar aris aucilebeli, es qmedeba saxelmwifosganmomdinareobdes. dRevandeli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, amgvarsafrTxes, wamosuls arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulisgan, albaT,teroristi unda vuwodoT.272

11 seqtembris movlenebze saerTaSoriso reaqcia adasturebs,rom SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis koncefcia ar aris SezRudulisaxelmwifos qmedebebiT. uSiSroebis sabWom cno Tavdacvis

269 Resolutiion on the Definition of Agrression, #3314, adopted by General Assembly on 14 December 1974, http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml (nanaxia: 25.02.2010).270 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua . v. U.S.), International Court of Justice, Report 14, June 27, 1986, paragraph 203, p.87.271 Bothe Michael, Terrorism and the Legality of Pre-emptive Force, European Journal of International Law, Volume 14, 2003, p. 230.272 Greenwood Christopher, International Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan, Al-Qaida and Iraq, San Diego International Law Journal, Volume 4, 2003, p. 17.

52

ufleba Tavis or rezoluciaSi, romlebic dauyovnebliv miiResteroristuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg.273

rezoluciebi zustad ar gansazRvravs, rom teroristuliaqti Tanabaria SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisa, magram Tavdacvisuflebis aRiarebisas uSiSroebis sabWos mouwia gaeTvaliswinebinaes teroristuli Tavdasxma, rogorc SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma, 51-emuxlis miznidan gamomdinare. miT ufro, rodesac im droisTvisukve cnobili iyo, rom igi gaxldaT teroristuli organizaciismier ganxorcielebuli. uSiSroebis sabWos msgavsi poziciahqondaT sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebs. magaliTad,Crdiloatlantikur sabWoSi (Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebisorganizaciaSi (natoSi) gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi umaRlesiorgano) SeTanxmdnen: Tavdasxma pirdapir momdinareobdasazRvargareTidan SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg, rac miiCnies qmedebad, romelzec vrceldeba CrdiloatlantikurixelSekrulebis me-5 muxli. am muxlis mixedviT, SeiaraRebuliTavdasxma aliansis erT an met wevrze evropasa da CrdiloeTamerikaSi ganixileba Tavdasxmad yvelas winaaRmdeg.274

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiaraRebuli TavdasxmaSeiZleba ganaxorcielos rogorc saxelmwifom, isearasaxelmwifoebrivma erTeulma ucxo qveynis teritoriidan.275

4. saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebisTvisaucilebelia SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis arseboba. SeiaraRebuliTavdasxma SeiZleba ganaxorcielos rogorc saxelmwifom, isearasaxelmwifoebrivma erTeulma ucxo qveynis teritoriidan.276

erTi saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdegganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis gaanalizebisas,upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu ra

momentidan iwyeba Tavdasxma. am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze gavrcelebuli midgomaa imis garkveva, Tu romelma saxelmwifomgaxsna cecxli pirvelad.277

qveyanas, romelmac gaxsna cecxli pirvelad, ekisreba

mtkicebis tvirTi, magram es ar arTmevs mas uflebas, daamtkicos,

273 Security Council Resolutions about Threats to International Peace and Security caused by terrorist acts (N1368, N1373, adopted on September 12 and September 28, 2001), http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm (nanaxia: 10.02.2010).274 North Atlantic Treaty, Washington D.C., April 4, 1949, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm?selectedLocale=en (nanaxia: 20.07.2010).275 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.187.276 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.187.277 iqve, gv. 188.

53

rom is moqmedebda mowinaaRmdegis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebissapasuxod.278

xSirad cecxlis gaxsna aris arasaimedo sazomi, raTadadgindes pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi SeiaraRebuliTavdasxmisaTvis. umetesoba magaliTebisa aCvenebs, rom erTiqveynis SeWra meore qveyanaSi urTierdakavSirebulia. gaerosgeneraluri asambleis `agresiis definiciis Sesaxeb~ rezoluciisTanaxmad, erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeWra meoresaxelmwifos teritoriaze aris agresiis aqti.279

erTi saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifoSi SeWrisasSeiZleba erTi saxelmwifos samxedro Zalebma gadakveTon meoresaxelmwifos sazRvari da Semdgom Seaferxon strategiulipunqtebis funqcionireba meore saxelmwifos teritoriisfarglebSi, risi magaliTicaa 1999 wels pakistanis jarebisgadaadgileba indoeTis teritoriaze.280

erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli formirebebis gagzavnasaerTaSoriso sazRvarze, adgilobrivi mTavrobis TanxmobisgreSe, miiCneva SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmad, xolo cecxlis gaxsnameore saxelmwifos mxridan utoldeba Tavdacvis uflebiskanonier gamoyenebas.281

Tavdacvis uflebis ganxorcieleba ar SeiZleba varaudis,molodinisa da SiSis safuZvelze. naTeli unda iyos, rom meoremxare CarTulia SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebisprocesSi.282

rac Seexeba pirvel gasrolas, igi SeiZleba iyos rogorcprevenciuli (saxeldobr ukanono), ise Semxvedri (maSin, rodesaclegitimurad xorcieldeba Tavdacva). 1967 wlis ivnisis 6-dRianomSi israelma gaxsna pirvelad cecxli. miuxedavad amisa,samxedro moqmedebis dawyebisas mimdinare movlenebissafuZvlianad gaanalizebis Sedegad SeiZleba iTqvas, romisraelis moqmedeba utoldeboda Semxvedr Tavdacvas egviptisdamwyebi SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis sapasuxod. egviptis moqmedebebi,gansakuTrebiT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis sagangeboZalebis gaZeveba Razis seqtoridan da sinis naxevarkunZulidan,SeiaraRebuli Zalebis uprecedento gamagreba israelissazRvrebTan, mudmivi muqara brZolis dawyebis Sesaxeb yovelgvarieWvis gareSe mianiSnebda omis dawyebaze, mxolod dro iyogasarkvevi.283

Tavdacvis uflebis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifom undagaaanalizos misTvis xelmisawvdomi informacia da SeZlos misigonivruli interpretacia saTanado moqmedebis Sesrulebis

278 iqve.279 Resolutiion on the Definition of Agrression, #3314, adopted by General Assembly on 14 December 1974, http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).280 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.188.281 iqve, gv.189.282 iqve, gv.191-92.283 iqve, gv.192.

54

momentSi. 1967 wlis zemoaRniSnuli garemoebebis SeswavlisSedegad israels ar SeeZlo dalodeboda gamanadgurebeldartymas da gamoiyena Tavdacvis ufleba, rogorc ki SeZlo.284

wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqti gaeros wevrebs mouwodebs,Tavi Seikavon ZaliT damuqrebis an misi gamoyenebisagan. wesdebis51-e muxli ki nebas rTavs saxelmwifos, TavdacviTi RonisZiebebigamoiyenos mxolod SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg. aSkaraa,rom orive debuleba gansxvavebulia.285 erTma saxelmwifomSeiZleba gamoiyenos arakanonieri Zala meore saxelmwifoswinaaRmdeg, SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis srulad ganxorcielebisgareSe. SesaZlebelia, erTma saxelmwifom didi zianis miyenebisgareSe xelyos meore saxelmwifos diplomatiuri tvirTi, andaikavos misi gemi saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesebis darRveviT.miuxedavad amisa, Tu saxeze ar aris SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma,dazaralebul saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia, gamoiyenos Tavdacvisufleba.286

faqtia, rom SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma amarTlebs Tavdacvisuflebas. Tumca es ar gulisxmobs Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebasmxolod farTo masStabis samxedro operaciis ganxorcielebisas.marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom nikaraguis saqmisganxilvisas miuTiTa, rom erTi saxelmwifos mier meoresaxelmwifos teritoriaze SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis gagzavnaSeiZleba utoldebodes SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas.287 xolonavTobis platformis saqmeze marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlom SeniSna, rom ar aris gamoricxuli, mxolodsamxedro xomaldis danaRmva iyos sakmarisi TavdacvisxelSeuvali uflebis gamosayeneblad.288 arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar aqvs imas, Tavdamsxmeli saxelmwifoTu ra tipis iaraRs gamoiyenebs. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlom erT-erT sarekomendacio daskvnaSi SeniSna, romgaeros wesdebis 51-e muxli ar miuTiTebs specialur iaraRze, eski moicavs nebismier SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas289, anu TavdasxmaSeiZleba iyos ganxorcielebuli rogorc Cveulebrivi, ise sxvasaxis iaraRiT.290

sazRvris gadakveTa SeiZleba win uswrebdes SeiaraRebulTavdasxmas, romelic iwyeba samizne saxelmwifos teritoriaze.erTi saxelmwifos jarebi SeiZleba imyofebodes meoresaxelmwifos teritoriaze am ukanasknelis nebarTviT, SesabamisiSeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis safuZvelze. Tu

284 Randelzhofer A., “Article 51”, the Charter of the United Nations - A Commentary, Volume I, Editor: Bruno Simma, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, p.790.285 iqve.286 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.195. 287Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua . v. U.S.), International Court of Justice, Report 14, June 27, 1986, paragraph 195, p.84. 288 Case Concerning Oil Platforms, 2003, International Legal Materials, Volume 42, 2003, p. 1360.289 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.196.290 iqve.

55

ucxoeTis samxedro Zalebi maspinZeli qveynis farglebSidaarRveven SeTanxmebul wesebs da gamoiyeneben Zalas, es,`agresiis definiciis Sesaxeb~ generaluri asambleis rezoluciisTanaxmad, agresiis aqtad miiCneva.291

rodesac erTi saxelmwifo axorcielebs SeiaraRebulTavdasxmas meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, SeiZleba igi moicavdes mesame qveynis teritorias. magaliTad, erTi saxelmwifosteritoria daibomba meore saxelmwifos vertmfreniT, romelicmanevrirebda mesame qveynis teritoriidan. es ukanaskneli SeiZlebaiyos agresori saxelmwifos mokavSire an mis mier okupirebuli.292

garda amisa, SeiZleba, erTma saxelmwifom meoresaxelmwifos teritoriaze xelyos sxva qveynis saelCo. esSemTxveva miiCneva orive qveynis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebulSeiaraRebul Tavdasxmad (igulisxmeba saxelmwifo, sadac essaelCo mdebareobs da, aseve, saxelmwifo, romlis saelCo daarbies). amdenad, 1998 wels keniasa da tanzaniaSi amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis saelCoebis dabombva ucxoeli damnaSaveebismier ganixileba SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmad, romelic warmoSobsTavdacvis uflebas.293

SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis arsebobisas saxelmwifos SeuZlia,TavdacviTi RonisZiebebi ganaxorcielos agresori saxelmwifoswinaaRmdeg, miuxedavad imisa, geografiuli mdebareobisTvalsazrisiT Tu sad aris Tavdasxma ganxorcielebuli.294

erTi saxelmwifos mier mis teritoriaze kanonieradganlagebuli sxva qveynis samxedro bazis winaaRmdeg Zalisgamoyeneba aris SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma da dazaralebulsaxelmwifos aqvs ufleba, gamoiyenos TavdacviTi RonisZiebebi.295

1980 wels marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlomTeiranis saqmis ganxilvisas gamoiyena fraza `SeiaraRebuliTavdasxma~. saqme exeboda iraneli meomrebis mier 1979 wlisnoemberSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCoSi SeWras dasaelCos TanamSromlebis mZevlad ayvanas.296 SeiaraRebuliTavdasxmis samiznea ucxo qveynis teritoria da am teritoriazemcxovrebi mosaxleoba, aseve, nebismieri tipis sakuTreba.SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis samizne SeiZleba iyos samxedroSenaerTi, romelic ekuTvnis dazaralebuli qveynis SeiaraRebulZalebs da ganlagebulia misi teritoriis farglebs gareT.dazaralebuli qveynis rogorc samxedro, ise samoqalaqo

291 Resolutiion on the Definition of Agrression, N3314, General Assembly, December 14, 1974, http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).292 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press 2005, p.197.293 Wedgwood Ruth, Responding to Terrorism: The Strikes against Bin Laden, Yale Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 1999, pp. 559, 564. 294 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.197.295 Schachter O., International Law in the Hostage Crisis: Implications for Future Cases, American Hostages in Iran, Editor: W. Christopher, Yale University Press, 1985, pp. 325, 328. 296 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.197.

56

obieqtebis winaaRmdeg sxva qveynis teritoriaze ganxorcielebuli iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos SeiaraRebulTavdasxmad.297

SeiZleba Tu ara, erTi saxelmwifos mier Tavis teritoriazemeore saxelmwifoSi registrirebuli kerZo gemis an sahaeroxomaldis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba CaiTvalos SeiaraRebulTavdasxmad meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg?298 `agresiis definiciisSesaxeb~ gaeros generaluri asambleis rezoluciis me-3 muxlisTanaxmad, SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis samizne SeiZleba gaxdes sxvasaxelmwifos sazRvao da sahaero floti.299 sityva `floti~gamoricxavs, rom am muxlis sferos ganekuTvneba erTsaxelmwifoSi registrirebuli komerciuli daniSnulebisxomaldis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba meore saxelmwifos mier,gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac am ukanasknelisiurisdiqciis farglebSi imyofeba zemoaRniSnuli obieqtebi.300

SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: Tu erTi saxelmwifo Tavisteritoriaze ganaxorcielebs Tavdasxmas meore saxelmwifosmoqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg, CaiTvleba Tu ara es qmedebaSeiaraRebul Tavdasxmad meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg daramdenad gamarTlebuli iqneba mis mier TavdacviTi RonisZiebisgamoyeneba,301 miT ufro, Tu dazaralebuli meore saxelmwifosmoqalaqeebi diplomatebi an sapatio stumrebi arian. ufrorTulia zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis garkveva maSin, rodesac saqmeexeba Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs.302 boveti Tvlis, rom moqalaqeebisdacva sazRvargareT SeiZleba iyos ganxiluli, rogorcsaxelmwifos dacva.303 swavlulTa umravlesoba ar eTanxmebabovetis am mosazrebas,304 Tumca nawili iziarebs.305 dinsteinieTanxmeba bovets, magram Tvlis, rom zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxiumeteswilad damokidebulia Tavdasxmis garemoebebze.306

miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos movaleobaa sakuTarimoqalaqeebis dacva da es erTmniSvnelovnad misi upiratesi

297 iqve, gv. 200.298 iqve.299 Resolutiion on the Definition of Agrression, N3314, General Assembly, December 14, 1974, http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml (nanaxia: 25.02.2010).300 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.200.301 iqve. 302 iqve.303 Bowett D. W., Self-Defence in International Law, New York, 1958, pp. 91–94.304 Schweisfurth T., Operations to Rescue Nationals in Third States Involving the Use of Force in Relation to the Protection of Human Rights, German Yearbook of International Law, Volume 23, 1980, pp. 159, 162–165. 305 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.201.306 iqve.

57

valdebulebaa,307 precedentuli samarTali miuTiTebs, rom aseTiqmedeba ar aris Tavdacvis zoma.308

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis miRebamdeZalis gamoyeneba ucxo qveyanaSi mcxovrebi moqalaqeebisa daqonebis dacvis mizniT kanonieri iyo.309 wesdebis miRebis Semdeg espozicia Seicvala. amJamad aseTi qmedeba pirdapir arRvevssaxelmwifos politikur damoukideblobasa da teritoriulmTlianobas.310

greim sazRvargareT myof moqalaqeTa dacvis konteqstSiSeiswavla saxelmwifoTa praqtika da SeniSna, rom mxolodqveynebis mcire nawili uWers mxars moqalaqeTa dacvas sxvasaxelmwifos teritoriaze.311 ian brounlic am poziciis momxrea.312

zogierTi mecnieri ki eTanxmeba mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad,qveynis moqalaqeebze Tavdasxma am saxelmwifos teritoriisekvivalenturi an analogiuria da, Sesabamisad, niSnavs am qveyanazeTavdasxmas. Tumca ar arsebobs am poziciis mxardamWerisaxelmwifoTa praqtika.313

grei aRniSnavs, rom moqalaqeTa dacva xSirad sababia, raTamTavrobis Secvlis realuri mizani SeniRbon.314

sazRvargareT moqalaqeTa dacvis mizniT sadavo uflebisgamoyenebis Taobaze ori yvelaze gaxmaurebuli SemTxvevaarsebobs: 1976 wels ugandaSi, entebes aeroportSi da 1983 welsgrenadaSi momxdari SemTxvevebi, rodesac israelisa da amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis mier Zalis gamoyenebas farTosaerTaSoriso sazogadoebam mxari ar dauWira. grenadisSemTxvevaSi gaeros generalurma asambleam dagmo Zalis gamoyenebada uSiSroebis sabWos mier msgavsi rezoluciis miRebas amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis vetom xeli SeuSala.315

5. arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mier ganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma

mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili Tvlis, rom TavdacviTiufleba pirobiTad gulisxmobs konfliqtis arsebobassaxelmwifoebs Soris da Seuferebelia teroristul aqtebTan

307 Rothgeb John, Defining Power: Influence and Force in the Contemporary International System, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1993, p. 62.308 Higgins Rosalyn, Intervention and International Law, Editor: Hedley Bull, Intervention in World Politics, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1984, p. 38.309 Brownlie Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, p. 289.310 Shaw M., International Law, Cambridge University Press, 5th edition, 2003, p. 1143.311 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.127.312 Brownlie Ian, Principles of Public International Law, Sixth edition, Oxford University Press, 2003, p.705.313 Triggs Gillian, International Law: Contemporary Principles and Practices, Sydney, 2006, p. 588.314 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.127.315 Akehurst Michael, The Use of Force to Protect Nationals abroad, London, 1977, p.3.

58

mimarTebiT.316 magram es ar niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia,sapasuxo reagireba ganaxorcielos terorizmis winaaRmdeg, TumcaSesabamisi iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi ganisazRvreba Sida dasaerTaSoriso samarTliT dadgenili wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.317

11 seqtemberma naTlad aCvena, rom saxelmwifoTa praqtikidangamomdinare, SeiZleba Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyeneba teroristulaqtebTan mimarTebiT. uSiSroebis sabWom 2001 wels amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli teroristuliaqtidan momdevno dRes miiRo #1368 rezolucia, romelSicmiuTiTa, rom saerTaSoriso terorizmis nebismieri aqti saSiSiasaerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis. amasTanave,rezoluciiT dadasturda gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmadindividualuri da koleqtiuri Tavdacvis xelSeuvali uflebisarseboba.318 ori kviris Semdeg uSiSroebis sabWom #1373rezoluciaSi kvlav miuTiTa Tavdacvis uflebaze.319 undaaRiniSnos, rezoluciebis miRebis dros aravin fiqrobda, rom esqmedeba ganxorcielebuli iyo romelime saxelmwifos mier.amdenad, uSiSroebis sabWo gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlSimoiazrebda iseT moqmedebasac, romelic xorcieldebateroristebis mier.320

11 seqtembris teroristuli aqti gaxda safuZveliCrdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciisaTvis, raTagamoeyenebina vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis me-5 muxli, romelicasaxavs koleqtiuri Tavdacvis princips.321 xuTi dRis Semdegnatos wevrma orma qveyanam _ amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma dagaerTianebulma samefom _ ganaxorciela sahaero Seteva `al-qaidas~ winaaRmdeg. Crdiloatlantikurma aliansma Tavdacvisufleba miiCnia Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalvidan gamonaklisad,romelic SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli teroristebTanmimarTebiT.322

rac Seexeba sxva organizaciebs, `amerikis saxelmwifoTaorganizaciamac~ gamoiyena koleqtiuri Tavdacvis debulebebi. 2001wlis seqtemberSi amave organizaciis qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa

316 Cassese Antonio, Terrorism is Also Disrupting Some Crucial Legal Categories of International Law, 2001, European Journal of International Law Discussion Forum - The Attack on the World Trade Center: Legal Responses, http://www.ejil.org/forum_WTC/nycassese. html (nanaxia: 17.09.2009); Giorgio Gaja, In What Sense Was There an “Armed Attack”?, 2001, European Journal of International LawDiscussion Forum - The Attack on the World Trade Center: Legal Responses, http://www.ejil.org/forum_WTC/ny-gaja.html (nanaxia: 17.09.2009).317 Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.536.318 Security Council Resolution N1368, September 12, 2001, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm (nanaxia: 17.09.2009).319 Security Council Resolution N1373, September 28, 2001, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm (nanaxia: 17.09.2009).320 Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.537.321 North Atlantic Treaty, Washington D.C., April 4, 1949, Article 5, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm?selectedLocale=en (nanaxia: 20.07.2010).322 Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.537.

59

ministrebma specialur Sexvedraze ganacxades, rom amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli teroristuliaqti iyo Tavdasxma yvela amerikuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.323 A `amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis~Mwevrebi erTmaneTTandakavSirebulni arian samxedro Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSiurTierTdaxmarebis xelSekrulebiT, romelic 1947 wels rio-de-JaneiroSi iqna xelmowerili. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, Tavdasxmanebismier amerikul saxelmwifoze ganixileba organizaciisdanarCen wevrebze Tavdasxmad. xelSemkvreli mxareebi iRebenpasuxismgeblobad, daexmaron dazaralebul saxelmwifos damimarTon gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxliT dadgenil individualurian koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebas.324

amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma ara marto saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis doneze miiRo mxardaWera, aramed ormxriviTanamSromlobis farglebSi - calkeuli qveynebidan.325

11 seqtembris Tavdasxmis Sedegad nagulisxmevi Tavdacvisuflebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze naTeli iyo kampaniis dawyeba`al-qaidasa~ da `Talibanis~ winaaRmdeg. 2001 wlis 14 noembersmiRebul #1378 rezoluciaSi uSiSroebis sabWom mxari dauWiraterorizmTan brZolis saerTaSoriso Zalisxmevas.326 mogvianebiTmiRebul #1386 rezoluciaSic uSiSroebis sabWom miuTiTaantiteroristuli operaciebis ganxorcielebis mniSvnelobaze.327

evropulma sabWomac dauWira mxari samxedro operaciisganxorcielebas, romelic kanonieri iyo, gaeros wesdebiTdadgenili pirobebidan gamomdinare.328 gaerTianebulma samefom, amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisZalebTan erTad, pirveli dartyma ganaxorciela; sxva qveynebma,maT Soris; saqarTvelom, pakistanma, filipinebma, saudis arabeTma,tajikeTma, TurqeTma da uzbekeTma uzrunvelyves TavianTi sahaerosivrcis gamoyeneba; CineTma da egviptem sajarod mxari dauWiresSesabamisi Setevis ganxorcielebas teroristebis winaaRmdeg;329

avstraliam, kanadam, CexeTma, germaniam, italiam, iaponiam,niderlandebis samefom, axalma zelandiam, TurqeTma da

323 Organization of American States (OAS): on Terrorist Threat to the Americas, 2001, International Legal Materials, Volume 40, 2001, p. 1273.324 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty), adopted at: Rio De Janeiro, Brazil,Date: 09/02/47, Article 3, paragraph 1, http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/b-29.html (nanaxia: 25.07.2010). 325Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.537.326 Security Council Resolution N1378, November 2001, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm(nanaxia: 25.08.2010). 327 Security Council Resolution N1386, December 20, 2001, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm (nanaxia: 25.08.2010).328 Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.539.329 Murphy Sean D., Contemporary Practice of the Unietd States Relating to Internatiional Law, American Journal of International Law, Volume 96, 2002, pp. 237, 248.

60

gaerTianebulma samefom saxmeleTo jarebi SesTavazes;330 samxreTkoream ki – samedicino personali gamoyo.331

udavoa, rom saxelmwifoebi Tavdacvis uflebas iyeneben imSemTxvevaSic, rodesac Tavdasxma ganxorcielebuliaarasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mier. aseTi interpretaciaSeesabameba gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis teqsts.miuxedavad imisa, rom gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtiuTiTebs saxelmwifoebis mier Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalvaze, 51-emuxlSi ar aris miniSnebuli, Tu vis mier unda ganxorcieldesSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma. Tumca, negatiuri TvalTaxedviT,SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom, SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis wyarosmiuxedavad, 51-e muxli mxolod saxelmwifoebs exeba, rogorc eswesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtSia. miT ufro, TugaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis mier Cadenili Zaladobrivi qmedebebi danaSaulia Sida dasaerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT da msgavsi akrZalvisdawesebis gameoreba gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebisfarglebSi aucilebeli ar iyo. Tumca, 11 seqtembris movlenebmaaCvena, rom Sida da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi iZulebiTizomebi ar aris sakmarisi saSualeba arasaxelmwifoebrivierTeulebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, miT ufro, rodesacsaubaria terorizmze.332

rasakvirvelia, rogorc saxelmwifos, isearasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mier ganxorcielebuli nebismieriTavdasxma ar aris TavdacviTi uflebis gamoyenebis safuZveli.marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom nikaraguis saqmisganxilvisas aRniSna, rom Zalis gamoyenebis yvela SemTxveva arutoldeba SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas, romelic aucilebeliaTavdacvis uflebis warmoSobisaTvis. yovel konkretulSemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia moqmedebis masStabi da Sedegebi.magaliTad, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom`SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis~ cnebidan gamoricxa ubralo sasazRvroincidenti. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlomgaiTvaliswina saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTliT dadgeniliwesebi da SeniSna, rom SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis akrZalvaSeiZleba moicavdes erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebulidajgufebebis gagzavnas meore saxelmwifos teritoriaze, TuaseTi moqmedeba Tavisi masStabiTa da SedegebiT uTanabrdebaSeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas da ar aris mxolod sasazRvroincidenti.333

SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia Zalis gamoyeneba TavdacviTi mizniT. espiroba gasagebia saerTaSoriso samarTalSi. rac Seexebateroristul aqtebs, Tu Tavdasxma masStaburia da

330 iqve, gv. 248.331 Schmitt Michael, Preemptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, p.539.332 iqve.333 iqve.

61

ganxorcielebulia an ucxo qveynis saxeliT an transnacionalurian ucxouri teroristuli dajgufebis mier sazRvargareTidan, esSeiZleba miCneul iqnes gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 51-emuxliT gaTvaliswinebul SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmad.334

gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlis teqstidan gamomdinare, ar arisaucilebeli, SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma daiwyos sxva saxelmwifom.335

51-e muxli SezRudvas awesebs mxolod SeiaraRebuli TavdasxmismsxverplTan mimarTebiT, romelic mxolod saxelmwifoa.336

Tavdacvis ufleba aris Zalis gamoyeneba SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmismosagerieblad. Sesabamisad, mis ganxorcielebas saxelmwifo Tuarasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mier arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar aqvsTavdacvis uflebisaTvis.337

rogorc mosamarTle kooijmansma aRniSna, aragonivrulia,saxelmwifom, romelzec ganxorcielda Tavdasxma, uari TqvasTavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebaze mxolod imitom, romTavdamsxmeli saxelmwifo ar aris. miT ufro, rodesacgaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba amas ar moiTxovs.338

Tu saxelmwifo aris SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis msxverpli,mas SeuZlia, gamoiyenos Zala Tavis dasacavad da ar aqvsmniSvneloba, Tu vis mier xorcieldeba Tavdasxma. amasTanave,gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobaunda daexmaros saxelmwifoebs, raTa maT Tavi daicvan aseTiTavdasxmebisagan. Tumca xSirad aRniSnuli danapirebi arsruldeba. amdenad, arasamarTliani da ararealuriasaxelmwifosgan imis moTxovna, rom ar gamoiyenos Zala, TuSeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeuliaxorcielebs.339

termini `arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli~ sakmaod farTocnebaa da SeiZleba gulisxmobdes araregularul Zalebs,SeiaraRebul dajgufebebs, separatistul Zalebs, partizanulrazmebs da a.S.340 zemoaRniSnuli termini SeiZleba moicavdesteroristebsac.341

mosamarTle sima miuTiTebs, rom saxelmwifoTa praqtika daopinio juris uSvebs qveynis mier Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebas

334 iqve, gv. 540.335 Wilmshurst Elizabeth, The Chatham House Principles of International Law on the Use of Force in Self-Defence, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 55, 2006, pp. 963, 969-970.336 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.204. 337 Wilmshurst Elizabeth, The Chatham House Principles of International Law on the Use of Force in Self-Defence, International and Comparative Law Quarterly,Volume 55, 2006, p. 969.338 iqve, gv. 971.339 Maogoto Jackson Nyamuya, Battling Terrorism: Legal Perspectives on the Use of Force and the War on Terror, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005, pp. 170-171. 340 Klare Michael, The Deadly Connection: Paramilitary Bands, Small Arms Diffusion and State Failure, in When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, Editor: Rotberg Robert, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004, pp.116-117.341 Maogoto Jackson Nyamuya, Battling Terrorism: Legal Perspectives on the Use of Force and the War on Terror, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005, pp. 52-53.

62

arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mier SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisganxorcielebis sapasuxod.342

arasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebidan safrTxes, umeteswilad, qmnian teroristuli organizaciebi da secesiis momxremoZraobebi, rogorc globalur, ise regionalur da lokalurdoneze. uSiSroebis sabWos uunarobis fonze ki amJamindelikoleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistema ver uzrunvelyofsarasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mier ganxorcielebuliSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis mogeriebas an SeCerebas.343 SeiaraRebulidajgufebebis, araregularuli an daqiravebuli Zalebis gagzavna,romlebic axorcieleben SeiaraRebuli Zalebis moqmedebebs, sxvasaxelmwifos winaaRmdeg gamoyenebis mizniT utoldeba agresiisaqts.344

unda aRiniSnos, rom calmxrivad Zalis gamoyenebaarasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis winaaRmdeg 1980-ian wlebSiaraerTxel dagmes.345 Tumca amJamad, am SemTxvevaSi, kiTxva ismisara imasTan dakavSirebiT, aris Tu ara Zalis gamoyeneba dasaSvebi,aramed ainteresebT, Tu ramdenadaa daculi misi gamoyenebisasproporciulobis kriteriumi.346

mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawilis azriT, SeiaraRebuliTavdasxmis koncefcia ar moiTxovs, rom Tavdasxma undamomdinareobdes saxelmwifosgan. magaliTad, dinsteini ganmartavs,rom, Tu saxelmwifo sustia, raTa Tavisi sazRvrebidan gandevnosteroristebi, dazaralebuli qveyana am SemTxvevaSic ver iqnebaumoqmedo mdgomareobaSi da mas SeuZlia, SeZlebisamebr, daicvasTavisi sazRvrebi;347 daniel jeinsi eTanxmeba Tavdacvis uflebisgamoyenebas terorizmis winaaRmdeg;348 kristofer grinfudicamarTlebs Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebas im SemTxvevaSi,rodesac safrTxe teroristebisgan momdinareobs da miuTiTebs2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdegganxorcielebul teroristul aqtze.349

342 Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic Congo v. Uganda), International Court of Justice, December 19, 2005, Separate opinion of Judge Simma, paragraph 11, p.173.343 Stone Julius, Hopes and Loopholes in the 1974 Definition of Aggression, American Journal of International Law , Volume 71, 1977, p.238.344General Assembly Resolution on the Definition of Aggression #3314, December 14, 1974, http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).345 Security Council Resolution on Israel-Tunisia, October 4, 1985, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/489/10/IMG/NR048910.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:10.10.2010); General Assembly Resolution on the United States-Libya, November 20, 1986, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/495/46/IMG/NR049546.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 11.10.2010).346 Tams Christian, The Use of Force Against Terrorists, European Journal of International Law, Volume 20, 2009, p. 379.347 Dinstein Yoram, The International Legal Response to Terrorism, in 2 International Law at the Time of Its Codification: Essays in Honour of Robert Ago, Editor: P. L. Zanardi, Milan, 1987, pp. 139, 146.348 Janse Daniel, International Terrorism and Self-Defence, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 36, 2006, pp. 149, 170-71.349 Greenwood Christopher, International Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan, Al-Qaida and Iraq, San Diego International Law Journal, Volume 4, 2003, pp.16-18.

63

zemoaRniSnuli interpretacia misaRebi aRmoCndamarTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos zogierTimosamarTlisaTvisac.350

zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom 11 seqtembramde Tavdacvisuflebis cnebis gageba SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdegarsebiTad SezRuduli iyo saxelmwifoTa qmedebiT.351 11seqtemberma aCvena, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdegganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqti Tavisi masStabiTa daSedegebiT SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas utoldeboda.352

2004 wels marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlompalestinis okupirebul teritoriaze mSeneblobaTasamarTlebrivi Sedegebis ganxilvis saqmesTan dakavSirebulsarekomendacio daskvnaSi miuTiTa, rom gaeros wesdebis 51-emuxli aRiarebs Tavdacvis uflebas, rodesac erTi saxelmwifoSeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas axorcielebs meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.353

miuxedavad amisa, gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlSi ar arsebobsraime miTiTeba imis Taobaze, rom Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebaSesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmassaxelmwifo axorcielebs.354

faqtia, teroristuli aqti kvalificirdeba rogorcSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma, rac imas niSnavs, rom mis mimarTSeiZleba gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis 51-e muxlisgamoyeneba.355

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom, agresiisdefiniciaze dayrdnobiT, nikaraguis saqmis ganxilvisas aRniSna,rom SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma gulisxmobs saxelmwifos mier anmisi saxeliT meore saxelmwifos teritoriaze SeiaraRebulibandebis, araregularuli da daqiravebuli dajgufebebisgagzavnas, Tu aseTi operacia Tavisi masStabiTa da SedegebiTCaiTvleba regularuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mierganxorcielebul SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmad.356

350 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, International Court of Justice, July 9, 2004, Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans, paragraph 35, p.86; Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic Congo v. Uganda), International Court of Justice, December 19, 2005, Separate Opinion of Judge Simma, paragraph 11, p.173. 351 Cassese Antonio, Terrorism is also Disrupting Some Crucial Legal Categories of International Law,2001, European Journal of International Law Discussion Forum, http://www.ejil.org/forum_WTC/ny.cassese.html (nanaxia: 25.05.2010); Gaja Giorgio, In What Sense Was There an .Armed Attack.?, 2001, European Journal of International Law Discussion Forum, http://www.ejil.org/forum_WTC/ny.gaja.html>.M (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).352 Schmitt Michael, Counter-Terrorism and the Use of Force in International Law, The Marshall Center Papers, November, 2002, p.25.353 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, International Court of Justice, July 9, 2004, p.56.354 iqve, gv. 73-74.355 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Cambridge University Press 2005, Fourth Edition, p.208.356 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Oxford University Press, the Third Edition, p. 130.

64

amasTanave, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlommiuTiTa, rom ajanyebulTa mxardaWera, iqneba es iaraRis miwodebaTu raime sxva saxis daxmarebis aRmoCena, ar aris SeiaraRebuliTavdasxma.357

dRes saxelmwifoebi aRar ewinaaRmdegebian im azrs, romararegularuli Zalebis mier Cadenili qmedebebi SeiZlebaCaiTvalos SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmad. winaaRmdegobriobakoncentrirebulia saxelmwifos Carevis doneze, rac saWiroaimisTvis, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iyos qmedebissaxelmwifosTan dakavSireba da Tavdacvis gamarTleba.SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis koncefcia, romelic SeiaraRebulibandebis Semadgenlobasac moicavs, saxelmwifos CarTulobismniSvnelovan xarisxs saWiroebs, magram 2001 wlis 11 seqtembersmsoflio savaWro centrsa da pentagonze ganxorcielebulmateroristulma Setevebma sakamaTod gaafarTova SeiaraRebuliTavdasxmis cneba da moicva teroristuli organizaciebis mierganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebic. uSiSroebis sabWom teroristuliTavdasxmebi daaxasiaTa ara rogorc „SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi“,aramed rogorc „mSvidobisaTvis saSiSi“, magram, amavdroulad,1358-e da 1373-e rezoluciaTa preambulebSi uSiSroebis sabWomTavdacvis ufleba daadastura. es imas niSnavs, rom moxdanagulisxmevad daTanxmeba faqtze, romlis mixedviT, amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli teroristuliaqtebi SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmebs utoldeboda.358

6. SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma kibersivrceSi

kibersivrce adamianis mier Seqmnili sistemaa, romlismeSveobiT xorcieldeba monacemebisa da informaciis gadacema,rac misi mTavari maxasiaTebeli niSania.359 kibersivrce aerTianebsrogorc kerZo, ise sazogadoebriv sakuTrebas da teqnikuriwesebis gamoyenebiT uzrunvelyofs informaciis gavrcelebas.360

ar arsebobs erTiani ganmarteba kibersivrceSiganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebis Sesaxeb.361 informaciakibersivrcis arsebobis safuZvelia, magram igi arsebiTadgansxvavdeba omis warmoebis tradiciuli saSualebebisagan.362

rac Seexeba kiberusafrTxoebas, igi monacemTa bazebis,informaciis gadamcemi arxebisa da aseve internetis saSualebiTnebismieri saxis finansuri garigebis daculobas gulisxmobs. 357 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America, (merits - International Court of Justice, Reports), 1986, paragraph 195, p.84.358 z. sanikiZe, Tavdacvis, rogorc Zalis gamoyenebis kanonieri uflebis, ganmartebis problemebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2010, gv. 38.359 Major Todd Graham H., Cyberlaw Edition: Armed Attack in Cyberspace: Deterring Asymmetric Warfare Within An Asymmetric Definition, Air Force Law Review, Volume 64, 2009, p.68. 360 iqve.361 iqve.362 iqve.

65

sxvadasxva finansuri garigebis aRsrulebis dros es moicavsinternetSi sabanko informaciis gacvlaze dakvirvebas, aseve maTdacvas araerTi gareSe Tavdasxmisgan. hakerebis meSveobiTSesaZlebelia saidumlo informaciis an didi odenobis fulisCagdeba. kiberTavdasxmebi, sxva, Cveulebrivi TavdasxmisgangansxvavebiT, SesaZloa ara omianobis dros, aramed mSvidobisperiodSic ganxorcieldes. `dasamali ar aris, rom isini yoveldRe xdeba~ – ambobs niu-iorkSi arsebuli, gavleniani sagareourTierTobebis sabWos Tavdacvis sakiTxebis eqsperti stivenbidli.363

maikl Smiti aRniSnavs, rom kibersivrcidan momdinaresafrTxe tradiciuli safrTxeebisagan gansxvavdeba. kerZod,SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi: 1)kompiuteruli qselebi aris axali kategoria, romelsac SeuZliagamoiwvios igive Sedegi, rasac iwvevs tradiciuli samizniswinaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba; 2) Tavdasxma gulisxmobs ara iaraRismeSveobiT miznis miRwevas, aramed niSnavs erTi kompiuterulisistemidan meoreSi SeWras; 3) sistemaSi SeRwevis mizani ki arismisi dazianeba, ganadgureba an monacemebiT manipulireba; 4)kibersivrcidan momdinare safrTxe ar aris SezRudulipolitikuri an geografiuli sazRvrebiT.364

mkvlevarTa umravlesoba Tavdasxmas kibersivrceSi iyenebsorazrovnad. am SemTxvevaSi mTavari kiTxvaa, moicavs Tu aragaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4punqtSi mocemuli termini `Zalis gamoyeneba~ an amave wesdebis 51-emuxlSi miTiTebuli `SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma~ kibersivrceSiganxorcielebul Tavdasxmas.365

grei Sarfi miiCnevs, rom Zalis gamoyeneba kibersivrceSiSeiZleba iyos SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis zRurblTan, Tumca esdamokidebulia konkretul viTarebasa da garemoebebze. am drosgasaTvaliswinebelia moqmedebis masStabi, xangrZlivoba daintensivoba.366

saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi dokumentebidan mxolodevrokavSiris konvencia `kiberdanaSaulTa Sesaxeb~ exebakibersivrceSi ganxorcielebul Setevebs.367 Tumca es konvenciakibersivrceSi momxdar darRvevebs ganixilavs sisxlis samarTliskonteqstSi da is ar aris orientirebuli, gaanalizos

363 interviu stiven bidlTan: ramdenad mniSvnelovania kiberusafrTxoeba? Aana kalandaZe, 2009 wlis 24 dekemberi, http://www.voanews.com/georgian/news/a-54-2009-12-24-voa17-93135159.html (nanaxia: 25.09.2010).364 Schmitt Michael, Computer Network Attack and the Use of Force in International Law: Thoughts on a Normative Framework, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Volume 37, 1998-1999, p.888.365 iqve, gv. 885.366 Sharp Walter Gary, Cyberspace and the Use of Force, Aegis Research Corporation, 1999, p. 69.367Convention on Cybercrime, November 23, 2001, http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/185.htm (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).

66

kiberSeteviTi moqmedebebi, rogorc omis warmoebis erT-erTiforma.368

Jenevis konvenciis pirveli damatebiTi oqmis 49-e muxliTavdasxmas ganmartavs rogorc mowinaaRmdegisken mimarTulZaladobriv aqts.369 am damatebis oficialur komentarebSimiTiTebulia, rom es definicia gulisxmobs samxedrooperaciisTvis SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyenebas.370 Sesabamisad,arasamxedro operaciis Sedegad miyenebuli ekonomikuri ziani arSeiZleba iyos Tavdasxma, rac zRudavs Tavdasxmis definicias.371 1974 wels gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluriasambleis mier miRebul #3314 rezoluciaSi farTodaaCamoTvlili sxvadasxva tipis moqmedebebi, romlebic agresiadmiiCneva. maT Sorisaa: samxedro okupacia, gansazRvruliteritoriis dabombva an nebismieri iaraRis gamoyenebasaxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, blokadaSi moqceva, TavdasxmasaxmeleTo, sahaero an sazRvao Zalebze, SeiaraRebuli bandebis,araregularuli da daqiravebuli dajgufebebis gagzavnanebismieri winare moqmedebis dasamTavreblad.372

miuxedavad imisa, rom gaeros generaluri asambleiszemoaRniSnuli rezolucia moicavs moqmedebaTa farTo wres,romelic Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis safuZvelia, maincbundovania, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia kiberSeteviTi Tavdasxmebismoazreba am CamonaTvalSi.373

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Tavdacvis departamentmaganmarta, rom kompiuterul qselze Tavdasxma niSnavskompiuteruli qselebis gamoyenebiT kompiuterSi an kompiuterebSiarsebuli informaciis xelyofas, maT Soris, mis ganadgurebas,Secvlas.374

saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas jer kidev ver gadauwyvetia,ramdenad miiCnios kiberteqnikuri saSualebebi omis warmoebisformad da kiberSetevebi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis Semadgenelnawilad, Tumca 2007 wels estoneTsa da 2008 wels saqarTvelozeganxorcielebuli kiberTavdasxma aCvenebs, rom igi omis warmoebisTanamedrove formaa. Saapi iyenebs specialur termins, - `kiberomisoperaciebi~, - romelic moicavs kibersivrceSi ganxorcielebul yvela samxedro operacias da gulisxmobs erTi saxelmwifos mierkompiuteruli qselebis SesaZleblobaTa gamoyenebas meore

368 Major Todd Graham H., Cyberlaw Edition: Armed Attack in Cyberspace: Deterring Asymmetric Warfare Within An Asymmetric Definition, Air Force Law Review, Volume 64, 2009, p.81.369 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), June 8, 1977, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/470?OpenDocument (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).370 Commentary for Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), June 8, 1977, Article 49, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebList?ReadForm&id=470&t=com (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).371 Major Todd Graham H., Cyberlaw Edition: Armed Attack in Cyberspace: Deterring Asymmetric Warfare Within An Asymmetric Definition, Air Force Law Review, Volume 64, 2009, p.73.372 iqve, gv. 75-76.373 iqve, gv. 76.374 iqve, gv. 82.

67

saxelmwifos kompiuterSi an kompiuterebSi arsebuli informaciisgasanadgureblad, Sesacvlelad an sxvagvari manipulaciebisSesasruleblad.375

2003 wlis TebervalSi TeTrma saxlma gamoaqveyna erovnulistrategia kibersivrcis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb.dokumentis Tanaxmad, kibersivrcis usafrTxoeba amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis usafrTxoebis Semadgeneli nawilia.amasTanave, dokumenti xazs usvams amerikis mTavrobis uflebas,gamoiyenos Sesabamisi zomebi kiberSetevis winaaRmdeg.376

amasTanave, 2003 wels amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisTavdacvis departamentma gamoaqveyna informaciuli operaciebisgzamkvlevi, romelSic Tavdacvis mdivanma miuTiTa samxedroSesaZleblobebis transformaciasa da informaciuliteqnologiebis swrafad ganviTarebaze. publikaciaSi aRiniSna, romqselebi operaciaTa ganxorcielebis centria.377

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba ar ganmartavsZalis gamoyenebas da SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas. gaeros generaluriasambleis rezolucia `agresiis definiciis Sesaxeb~ exeba Zalisgamoyenebis an SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebisSemTxvevebs. rezoluciis me-3 muxlSi CamoTvlilia Svidisxvadasxva moqmedeba, romlebic agresiad kvalificirdeba; xolome-4 muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom es CamonaTvali amomwuravi araris.378

SeiZleba Tu ara, erTi saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifoswinaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli kiberSeteva, romelmac gamoiwviavebsaitebisa da qselebis xelmisawvdomobis Seferxeba/blokireba,CaiTvalos Zalis arakanonier gamoyenebad?379

2007 wlis aprilSi estoneTis mniSvnelovan vebsaitebze, maTSoris prezidentis, parlamentis, saministroebis, politikuripartiebis, televiziebisa da estoneTis 2 mTavari bankis vebsaitzeganxorcielda kiberTavdasxma. kiberSetevebi ivnisis Suaricxvebamde grZeldeboda,380 rac rusuli serverebidan modioda. 381

estoneTma dasaxmareblad mimarTa CrdiloatlantikurixelSekrulebis organizaciasa da evrokavSirs.382

375 Major Arie J. Schaap, Cyberlaw Edition: Cyber Warfare Operations: Development and Use Under International Law, The Air Force Law Review, Volume 64, 2009, pp.126-127.376 Lieutenant Colonel Berg Paul, Air Force Works to Defend Cyberspace, June 30, 2008, available athttp://www.afcyber.af.mil/news/commentaries/story.asp?id=123104768; National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, February, 2003, http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/National_Cyberspace_Strategy.pdf(nanaxia: 25.05.2010).377 United States Department of Defense, Information Operations Roadmap, October 30, 2003, http://www.gwu.edu/ nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/info_ops_roadmap.pdf (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).378 Major Schaap Arie, Cyberlaw Edition: Cyber Warfare Operations: Development and Use Under International Law, The Air Force Law Review, Volume 64, 2009, p.143.379 iqve.380 Johnny Ryan, Growing Dangers: Emerging and Developing Security Threats, NATO Review, Winter, 2007, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2007/issue4/english/analysis2.html (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).381 Myers Steven Lee, Estonia Accuses Russia of Computer Attacks, New York Times, May 18, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/18/world/europe/18cnd-russia.html?h (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).382 Ruiz Maricelle, Internet Law - Should We Go to War Over a Massive Cyber-Attack?, Internet Business Law Services, May 23, 2007,

68

kiberTavdasxmasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebisgaanalizebisas ismis Semdegi kiTxvebi: rodis CaiTvlebakiberSeteva, gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad,Zalis gamoyenebad?383 rodis miiCneva kiberTavdasxma, gaeroswesdebis Tanaxmad, SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmad?384 rodis SeiZlebasaxelmwifom gamoiyenos Tavdacvis ufleba kiberSetevisas da amdros proporciulobis kriteriumi rogor unda iyos daculi?385 am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema aucilebelia, raTaganisazRvros kiberSetevebze saxelmwifoTa reagirebisa dakiberoperaciebis ganxorcielebis wesi. samwuxarod, zemoaRniSnulkiTxvebTan mimarTebiT erTiani pozicia ar arsebobs.386 zogierTifiqrobs, rom kiberSetevasTan erTad unda ganxorcieldessamxedro Tavdasxma. mkvlevarTa nawili yuradRebas amaxvilebskiberSetevis Sedegad miyenebul farTomasStabian zianze.387

internetusafrTxoebisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis federaluri sagamoZiebo biurosdireqtorma Tavis gamosvlaSi aRniSna, rom aSS-is kompiuterulqselebs safrTxes ucxo qveynis hakerebi, saerTaSorisokriminaluri sindikatebi da teroristebi uqmnian. teroristulidajgufebebi, magaliTad `al-qaida~, internetqsels ukve aramxolod axali wevrebis mosaZebnad da teraqtebis dasagegmad,aramed konkretuli kiberSetevebis gansaxorcieleblad iyeneben.388

miuleris gancxadebiT, aSS-is usafrTxoebas emuqrebaramdenime ucxo qveynis mTavrobac, romlebicinternetSpionaJisaTvis TavianTi resursebis gafarToebascdiloben. konkretulad Tu romel qveynebze iyo saubari, amerikis federaluri sagamoZiebo biuros direqtorma ar daakonkreta.389

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobam gaaxmauraramdenime iniciativa, romlebic prezident buSis mmarTvelobisperiodSi daigegma. igi gulisxmobs uwyebaTaSorisikiberkontrdazvervis samsaxuris Seqmnas, samTavrobokompiuteruli qselebis usafrTxoebis donis amaRlebas,samTavrobo sainformacio sistemebSi Tavdasxmis aRmoCenas,

http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1762 (nanaxia:25.05.2010).383 Lieutenant Colonel Franzese Patrick, Cyberlaw Edition: Sovereignty in Cyberspace: Can It Exist? The Air Force Law Review, Volume 64, 2009, p.5.384 iqve.385iqve.386iqve, gv. 6.387 Marching Off to Cyberwar, Economist, December 4, 2008, http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/tq/displaystory.cfm?stoty_id=12673385 (nanaxia:25.05.2010).388 teroristebma SeiZleba bombebi kiberSetevebiT Secvalon, saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros kavSirgabmulobisa da informaciuli teqnologiebis departamenti, 2010 wlis 9 marti, http://ictgov.wordpress.com/category/ (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).389 iqve.

69

aRkveTas da sainformacio usafrTxoebis sferoSi kvlevebisCatarebas.390

Aamerikis SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri sagamoZiebobiuros kibersammarTvelos direqtoris TanaSemwem ganacxada, romkompiuteruli Tavdasxmebi aranakleb saSiSia erovnuliusafrTxoebisaTvis, vidre masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi;391

kiberterorizmi da kiberSeteva iseve saSiSia erovnuliusafrTxoebisaTvis, rogorc saraketo Tavdasxma.392

natos generalurma mdivanma anders fog rasmusenmaganacxada, rom aucilebelia kibersafrTxeebis winaaRmdegTavdacviTi SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba; xolo amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis federaluri sagamoZiebo biurosdireqtorma xazi gausva im faqts, rom kiberSetevas SeuZliagamoiwvios bombis msgavsi Sedegi.393

kiberSetevis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli saxea SemTxveva,rodesac informaciuli nakadis ganuzomeli odenobiT miwodebisgamo SeuZlebelia romelime saitis funqcionireba; meore tipisSeteva gulisxmobs informaciis Secvlas.394

2008 wlis agvistos omis dros gatexes mravali qarTulivebgverdi, maT Soris: saqarTvelos prezidentis, parlamentis,uzenaesi sasamarTlos, sagareo saqmeTa da ganaTlebissaministroebis saitebi da daamaxinjes maTze ganTavsebuliinformacia; aseve, iyo saqarTvelosken momavali informaciulinakadebis ruseTisken gadamisamarTebis mcdelobebi.395

`pirveli SemTxvevaa istoriaSi, rodesac SeiaraRebulkonfliqts or qveyanas Soris win uZRoda intensiurikibermomzadeba~, - aseTi Sefaseba misca `niu-iork taimsma~ ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris ganviTarebuli saomari moqmedebebisparalelurad ganxorcielebul masobriv kiberTavdasxmebs.396

kevin kolemani kiberoms ganmartavs rogorc konfliqts damiuTiTebs, rom am dros aralegaluri gzebiT xorcieldebaTavdasxma kompiuterul qselebze, raTa konkretuli

390 iqve.391 Cyber Attacks Ranked 3rd Danger Behind Nuclear War, ARY One World, January 8, 2009, http://www.thearynews.com/english/newsdetail.asp?nid=19868 N(nanaxia: 25.05.2010).392 Coleman Kevin, Cyber Weapons and E-Bombs, March 13, 2008, http://www.defensetech.org/archives/cat_cyberwarfare.html (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).393 Coleman Kevin, Cyber threats worsen every second, stronger measures necessary to address more frequent and sophisticated attacks, April 22, 2010, http://www.defensesystems.com/Articles/2010/04/26/Digital-Conflict-Cyber-Defense.aspx (nanaxia:24.06.2010).394 Nnato-antivirusi: interviu saqarTvelos samecniero-saganmanaTleblo kompiuteruli qselebis asociacia `grenas~ aRmasrulebel direqtor ramaz qvaTaZesTan, gazeT `24 saaTis~ damateba `nato saqarTveloSi~, #16, 2009 wlis 1 ivlisi, gv.2.395 iqve.396 Markoff J. Before the Gunfire Cyberattacks, New York Times, August 12, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/technology/13cyber.html?_r=1&em (nanaxia: 24.06.2010).

70

infrastruqturis dazianebis Sedegad gamoiwvion ekonomikurizarali an xelyon Tavdacvis saSualebebi.397

Tavi III. koleqtiuri Tavdacva

1. koleqtiuri Tavdacvis mniSvneloba

gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlSi gamoyenebuli fraza`individualuri an koleqtiuri Tavdacva~ martivad gasagebirodia. praqtikaSi ganasxvaveben Tavdacvis oTx kategorias, esenia:a)individualuri Tavdacva, ganxorcielebuli individualurad;b)individualuri Tavdacva, ganxorcielebuli koleqtiurad;g)koleqtiuri Tavdacva, ganxorcielebuli individualurad;d)koleqtiuri Tavdacva, ganxorcielebuli koleqtiurad. pirvelikategoria gulisxmobs Tavdacvis uflebis uSualod gamoyenebas.Tu erTi saxelmwifo Tavs esxmis meores, Tavdasxmis obieqtisaxelmwifo Tavad reagirebs Setevaze; meore kategoriisSemTxvevaSi, agresori axorcielebs Tavdasxmas ramdenimesaxelmwifoze erTdroulad an Tanmimdevrulad, Tavdasxmisobieqti qveynebi ki uflebamosilni arian, mimarTon TavdacviTRonisZiebebs; mesame kategoriis dros Tavdasxmas individulurad SeiZleba upasuxos im saxelmwifom, romelzec arganxorcielebula Seteva, magram is Tavdasxmis Sekavebis mizniTexmareba dazaralebul qveyanas.398 gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmad,nebismier wevr qveyanas SeuZlia, daexmaros meore saxelmwifos, Tuigi Tavdasxmis msxverplia;399 meoTxe kategoriis SemTxvevaSikoleqtiuri Tavdacva xorcieldeba koleqtiurad, anu ori an metisaxelmwifo erToblivad exmareba dazaralebul qveyanas.400

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo nikaraguissaqmeSi miuTiTebs, rom saxelmwifoebs koleqtiuri Tavdacvisufleba aqvT ara marto gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlidangamomdinare, aramed aRiarebulia saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT.401

ramdenadac araefeqturia koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemagaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi, imdenadkoleqtiuri Tavdacva erTaderTi efeqturi meqanizmiaSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg.402

397 Coleman Kevin, The Cyber Arms Race Has Begun, January 28, 2008, http://www2.csoonline.com/exclusives/column.html?CID=33496 (nanaxia: 24.06.2010).

398 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.252-253.399 Kelsen H., Collective Security and Collective Self- defense under the Charter of the United States, American Journal of International Law, Volume 42, 1948, pp.783- 792.400 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.254.401 iqve, gv. 256.402 iqve, gv. 255.

71

koleqtiuri Tavdacva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorcwinaswar gansazRvruli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, ise spontanurad,rac gulisxmobs aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis gareSegauTvaliswinebeli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdegSesabamisi zomebis gamoyenebas.403

udavoa, rom koleqtiuri Tavdacva saerTaSoriso CveulebiTisamarTlis ganuyofeli nawilia.404

koleqtiuri Tavdacva aris erTi saxelmwifos mierganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis sapasuxodganxorcielebuli koleqtiuri qmedeba, im damatebiTikriteriumiT, rom „msxverplma saxelmwifom“ uflebamosiliwarmomadgenlebis meSveobiT oficialurad unda moiTxovosdaxmareba.405

Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia – natoefuZneba koleqtiuri Tavdacvis princips. am principis Tanaxmad,nebismieri wevri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuliTavdasxma aRiqmeba Tavdasxmad yvela wevri saxelmwifoswinaaRmdeg.406

koleqtiuri Tavdacva ufro metia, vidre individualuriTavdacvis ufleba, radgan koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebisgamoyenebis meSveobiT erToblivad SesaZlebelia winaaRmdegobissabolood daZleva. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom nikaraguissaqmis ganxilvisas miuTiTa, rom saxelmwifom, romlis winaaRmdegganxorcielda SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma, sakuTari Tavi undagamoacxados msxverpl saxelmwifod da sTxovos daxmareba meoresaxelmwifos. amasTanave, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlo damatebiT xazs usvams im faqts, rom erTsaxelmwifos SeuZlia gamoiyenos Zala meore saxelmwifoswinaaRmdeg, Tu mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba sxvasaxelmwifos winaaRmdeg aris ukanono, magram es ukanono aqtiunda iyos SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma.407 amdenad, koleqtiuriTavdacvis uflebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mxolod SeiaraRebuliTavdasxmis sapasuxod, rac gansazRvrulia gaeros wesdebis 51-emuxliT. am muxlis mixedviT, rogorc individualuri, isekoleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis ganxorcielebis samarTlebrivisafuZvelia SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma. magaliTad, 1990 wlis 2agvistos erayis SeWra quveiTSi gaxda koaliciismokavSireebisTvis koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebissafuZveli.408

403 Martin Andrew, Collective Security, New York: Columbia University Press, 1952, p. 170.404 Alexandrov S. A., Self-Defense against the Use of Force in International Law, Kluwer Law International: the Hague, 1996, p. 103.405 z. sanikiZe, Tavdacvis, rogorc Zalis gamoyenebis kanonieri uflebis, ganmartebis problemebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2010, gv. 43-44.406burkaZe xaTuna, korepanovi anatoli, es natoa, Tbilisi, 2010 weli, gv.13.407Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America, International Court of Justice, 1986, pp.84-85.408 Shaw Malcolm, International Law, Cambridge University Press, 5th edition, 2003, p.1135.

72

saerTaSoriso CveulebiT samarTalSi ar arsebobs norma,romelic saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili viTarebis SefasebissafuZvelze dauSvebda koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebisganxorcielebas.409 marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo ganmartavs,rom ar arsebobs wesi, romelic saxelmwifos miscemdakoleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobasmsxverpli saxelmwifos moTxovnis gareSe. garda amisa,marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo uTiTebsgaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis 51-e muxlismoTxovnaze, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifom unda SeatyobinosuSiSroebis sabWos koleqtiuri TavdacviTi zomebisganxorcielebis Taobaze.410 amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom koleqtiuri Tavdacvis bevr xelSekrulebaSi es debulebagaTvaliswinebulia.411

xangrZlivi debatebis Sedegad gadawyda, rom koleqtiuriTavdacvis uflebis muxli gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciiswesdebis me-7 TavSi CaedoT, nacvlad me-8 Tavisa, romelicregionalur SeTanxmebebs exeba.412

nikaraguis saqmis ganxilvisas ramdenime mosamarTlemaRniSna, rom koleqtiuri Tavdacvis ufleba iyo inovacia.magaliTad, mosamarTle odas azriT, termini koleqtiuriTavdacva ucnobi iyo 1945 wlamde.413 mosamarTle jeningsicdaeTanxma am mosazrebas da miuTiTa, rom koleqtiuri Tavdacvaaxali koncefcia iyo.414

miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu ara koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebasiaxle, faqtia, rom swored 1945 wlis Semdgomma praqtikamganapiroba am koncefciis ganviTareba.415

koleqtiuri TavdacviTi moqmedebebis ganxorcielebisasmniSvnelovania imis garkveva, aqvs Tu ara saxelmwifos ufleba,mimarTos koleqtiur Tavdacvas, Tu ar arsebobs qveynebs Soriswinaswar dadebuli SeTanxmeba. zogierTi miiCnevs, romkoleqtiuri TavdacvisaTvis aucilebelia aseTi SeTanxmebismoqmedeba.416 Tumca sxva mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom gadamwyvetiasaerTo interesebi da ara winaswar gansazRvrulixelSekruleba.417

409 Christine Gray, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.140.410 iqve.411 iqve, gv. 156.412 Thomas Franck, Recourse to Force, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 48. 413 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, (Nicaragua v. the United States of America), International Court of Justice, 1986, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Oda, p. 215.414 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, (Nicaragua v. the United States of America), International Court of Justice, 1986, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sir Robert Jennings, pp.456-458. 415 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.138.416 iqve.417Bowett D. W., Self-Defence in International Law, New York, 1958, p. 216.

73

mosamarTle jeningsma gaakritika marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos moTxovna, romelic iTvaliswinebskoleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis msxverplisaxelmwifos mier daxmarebis moTxovnis aucileblobas. misipozicia zogierTma mkvlevarma gaiziara. isini Tvlian, romkoleqtiuri Tavdacva mniSvnelovani uflebaa mxarisTvis, raTa manaRmouCinos daxmareba msxverpl saxelmwifos. am uflebisgamoyenebisTvis aucilebelia SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis arsebobada ara damatebiTi moTxovnebis daweseba.418

calkeuli saqmeebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis ganxorcielebapraqtikaSi xdeba msxverpl saxelmwifosTan winaswar dadebulixelSekrulebis gareSec. magaliTad, aSS-libanis (1958),gaerTianebuli samefo-iordaniis (1958), kuba-angolis (1975 wlidan),amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da gaerTianebuli samefo-quveiTis(1990) SemTxvevebSi.419

miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, arsebobs sxva SemTxvevebic,romelTa drosac koleqtiuri Tavdacvis ufleba winaswardadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gamoiyenes (gaerTianebulisamefo da samxreT arabeTis federacia, el-salvadori, kosta-rika,hondurasi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Cadi da safrangeTi).SeiZleba Zalis gamoyenebamde cota xniT adre daidos SeTanxmebaqveynebs Soris daxmarebis Taobaze. rac SeexebaCrdiloatlantikur alianss, misi damfuZnebeli dokumenti –Crdiloatalntikuri xelSekrulebis me-5 muxli, miRebuli 1949wlis 4 aprils, _ asaxavs organizaciis erT-erT umTavresprincips – koleqtiur Tavdacvas. natos istoriaSi igi pirveladgamoiyenes 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiswinaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtebis sapasuxod.420

mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, rom aucilebelia SesabamisimoTxovnebis daweseba koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebisganxorcielebisas, raTa ar moxdes samoqalaqo konfliqtebisinternacionalizacia da ar gaizardos saxelmwifoTaSorisikonfliqtebi.421

mkvlevarTa nawili ki ar eTanxmeba marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos SezRudvebs koleqtiuri TavdacvisuflebasTan mimarTebiT da Tvlis, rom igi sasicocxlomniSvnelobis meqanizmia patara, daucveli qveynebisTvis.422 metic,

418Macdonald Ronald St. John, The Nicaragua Case: New Answers to Old Questions, Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 24, University of British Columbia Press, 1986-1988, p.151.419 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.155.420 iqve.421Farer Tom, Drowing the Right Line, American Jaurnal of International Law, Volume 81, 1987, pp. 112-113. 422 Macdonald Ronald St. John, The Nicaragua Case: New Answers to Old Questions, Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 24, University of British Columbia Press, 1986-1988, p.151.

74

zogierTi maTgani xazs usvams im faqts, rom Tavdacva unda iyoskoleqtiuri.423

2. koleqtiuri Tavdacvis xelSekrulebebi:

gaeros wesdebis 52-e muxlis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebiaregionalur SeTanxmebaTa an organoTa arseboba saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli iseTisakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic Sesaferisia regionalurimoqmedebisaTvis, im pirobiT, rom aseTi SeTanxmebebi an organoebida maTi saqmianoba Seesabameba organizaciis miznebsa da amocanebs. organizaciis wevrebma, romlebmac aseTi SeTanxmebebi dades anaseTi organoebi Seqmnes, yoveli Rone unda ixmaron adgilobrividavis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis misaRwevad aseT regionalurSeTanxmebaTa an aseTi regionaluri organoebis daxmarebiT, vidrees dava gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos gadaecema. uSiSroebis sabWomdainteresebul saxelmwifoTa iniciativiT an Tavad undawaaxalisos aseT regionalur SeTanxmebaTa an aseTi regionaluriorganoebis daxmarebiT adgilobrivi davis mSvidobianigadawyveta.424 52-e muxlSi gamoyenebuli sityva `regioni~ qveynebismxolod geografiuli siaxlovis gaTvaliswinebiT ar undaganimartos. igi, upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs saxelmwifoTagaerTianebas maTi interesebidan da kavSirebidan gamomdinare.425

erTnairi faseulobebis mqone saxelmwifoebis TiToeul jgufsaqvs saerTo interesebi da erToblivad uzrunvelyofensaerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebas.426

regionaluri SeTanxmebebi or an met qveyanas exeba.427 koleqtiuriTavdacvis xelSekruleba aris instrumenti, romlis safuZvelzexelSemkvreli mxareebi acxadeben, rom SeiaraRebuli TavdasxmaTiToeul maTganze ganixileba Tavdasxmad yvela maTganze da amSemTxvevaSi TiToeuli mxare iRebs pasuxismgeblobas, daexmarosdanarCenebs.

zemoaRniSnuli daxmarebis xelSekrulebebi SeiZleba iyosormxrivi da mravalmxrivi. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebulStatebsa da samxreT koreas Soris 1953 wels dadebuli

423 Mcdougal Myres and Feliciano Florentino, Law and Minimum World Public Order, Yale University Press, 1961, pp.232-241.424gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.22.425 Thomas Ann Van Wynen and Thomas Aaron Joshua, Non-Intervention: The Law and Its Import in the Americas, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1956, p.178.426 Kelsen Hans, The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental Problems, London, 1951, p. 920.427 Akehurst M., Enforcement Action by Regional Agencies, with Special Reference to the Organization of American States, British Year Book of International Law , 1967, pp.175-177.

75

SeTanxmeba ormxrivi xelSekrulebis magaliTia.428 mravalmxrivixelSekruleba ki ideba orze met saxelmwifos Soris da igi koleqtiuri Tavdacvis koleqtiuri movaleobaa.429 urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekrulebaTa upiratesoba isaa, romxelSemkvreli mxareebi gamoxataven saerTo politikur interesebsda maT Soris dadebuli SeTanxmeba xels uwyobs potenciurisafrTxeebis Semcirebas.430 amdenad, koleqtiuri TavdacvisxelSekrulebebs SeuZliaT, Seakavon mowinaaRmdegeebi da mxareebsSoris ormxrivi politikuri interesebis gaTvaliswinebiTuzrunvelyon samxedro mxardaWeris gaZliereba.

koleqtiuri Tavdacvis mravalmxrivi xelSekruleba SeiZlebamoiTxovdes xelSemkvreli mxareebis mier saerTo gadawyvetilebismiRebas koleqtiuri TavdacviTi zomebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb.romelime xelSemkvreli mxaris gansxvavebulma poziciam anxangrZlivma debatebma qveynebs Soris SesaZloa Seaferxosmsxverpli saxelmwifosaTvis daxmarebis droulad gawevisprocesi. miuxedavad amisa, urTierTdaxmarebis mravalmxrivixelSekrulebebi ar amcirebs koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebisindividualurad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, gaerTianebulierebis organizaciis wesdebis Sesabamisad. es ufleba SeiZlebaganaxorcielos nebismierma qveyanam, maT Soris xelSemkvrelmamxarem, romelsac ar surs, daelodos SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmismsxverpli saxelmwifos ganadgurebas.431

koleqtiuri Tavdacvis mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebismagaliTia 1947 wlis rio-de-Janeiros xelSekruleba samxedroTavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb. amxelSekrulebis mesame muxlis mixedviT, mxareebi Tanxmdebian, romSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs daexmarebian.aRniSnuli muxli uSvebs urTierTdaxmarebis or SesaZleblobas:pirvel SemTxvevaSi, msxverpli saxelmwifos Txovnis safuZvelzeTiToeuli xelSemkvreli mxare dauyovnebliv individualuradmimarTavs Sesabamis zomas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, amerikissaxelmwifoTa organizaciis (rio-de-Janeiros xelSekruleba amorganizaciis wevrebs exeba) mTavari sakonsultacio organo iRebsgadawyvetilebas koleqtiuri xasiaTis saerTo RonisZiebebisganxorcielebis Taobaze.432

amdenad, gansxvaveba individualurad ganxorcielebulkoleqtiur Tavdacvasa (zemoaRniSnuli pirveli SemTxveva) da

428 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.258.429 Moore John Norton, The Secret War in Central America and the Future of World Order, American Journal of International Law, Volume 80, 1986, pp. 104–105.430 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.258.431 iqve.432 iqve, gv. 260.

76

koleqtiurad ganxorcielebul koleqtiur Tavdacvas(zemoaRniSnuli meore SemTxveva) Soris naTelia.433 amasTanave,unda aRiniSnos, rom orive SemTxvevaSi koleqtiuri Tavdacvisuflebis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia TiToeuli xelSemkvrelisaxelmwifos nebaze. 1947 wlis rio-de-Janeiros xelSekrulebis me-17 muxlis Tanaxmad, amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciaSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxebrezolucias iRebs xmaTa ori mesamediT;434 xolo amavexelSekrulebis me-20 muxli miuTiTebs, rom mxareebs armoeTxovebaT SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyeneba sxva xelSemkvrelimxaris dasaxmareblad, maTi Tanxmobis gareSe.435 amdenad,urTierTdaxmareba ar gulisxmobs avtomatur reJimSi daxmarebisgawevas.436

koleqtiuri Tavdacvis mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebaa 1948wlis dasavleT evropis kavSiris damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebac.am xelSekrulebis mixedviT, Tu romelime xelSemkvreli mxareevropaSi gaxdeba SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis msxverpli, danarCeniqveynebi, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis 51-e muxlisSesabamisad, msxverpl saxelmwifos daexmarebian.437 amasTanave,xelSekrulebaSi miTiTebulia, rom mxareTa mier SesabamisiRonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxi dasavleT evropis kavSirissabWoze gadawydeba, rasac uSiSroebis sabWos Seatyobineben.438

amJamad zemoaRniSnuli xelSekrulebis TavdacviTi muxlebi lisabonis xelSekrulebaSia (es dokumenti evrokavSirismmarTveli struqturebis gardaqmnas iTvaliswinebs, masevrokavSiris qveynebma xeli moaweres 2007 wlis 13 dekembers daZalaSi Sevida 2009 wlis 1 dekembers) asaxuli da Sedegad 2010wlis 31 marts misi moqmedeba Sewyda. Tanamedrove periodSi koleqtiuri Tavdacvis mravalmxrivixelSekrulebis umniSvnelovanes magaliTad rCebaCrdiloatlantikuri aliansis sadamfuZneblo dokumenti, kerZod,vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis Tanaxmad, aliansisyoveli wevri saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba ganuyofelia:SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma erT-erT an ramdenime maTganze evropaSian CrdiloeT amerikaSi ganixileba Tavdasxmad yvela maTganze,anu, SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi, yoveli maTgani, gaeroswesdebis 51-e muxliT aRiarebuli individualuri an koleqtiuriTavdacvis uflebis Tanaxmad, dauyovnebliv daxmarebas gauwevswevr qveyanas, romelzec ganxorcieldeba Tavdasxma da,aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeiaraRebul Zalasac gamoiyenebs.439

433 Kunz Josef, The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, American Journal of International Law, Volume 42, 1948, pp. 111, 120.434 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.260.435 iqve.436 iqve.437 Treaty of Economic, Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defense, March 17, 1948, Article 4, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/we001.asp (nanaxia: 10.01.2010).438 iqve, me-5 muxli.439 burkaZe xaTuna, korepanovi anatoli, es natoa, Tbilisi, 2010 weli, gv.61-62.

77

amave xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlSi ki miTiTebulia, rom igiaranairad ar Seexeba gaeros wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebul ufleba-movaleobebs an uSiSroebis sabWos ZiriTad pasuxismgeblobassaerTaSoriso mSvidobis dacvisa da usafrTxoebisuzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.440

garda amisa, Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis monawilemxareebi Tanxmdebian, rom mudmivad gamarTaven erTmaneTs Soriskonsultaciebs, Tuki, romelime maTganis azriT, xelSekrulebismonawile romelime mxaris teritoriul mTlianobas, politikurdamoukideblobas Tu mSvidobas safrTxe daemuqra.441

1950 wels arabTa ligam moawera xeli erToblivi TavdacvisxelSekrulebas. am xelSekrulebis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad,xelSemkvreli mxareebi Tanxmdebian, rom SeiaraRebuli TavdasxmaerT-erT maTganze ganixileba rogorc Tavdasxma yvela wevrsaxelmwifoze. amdenad, TiToeul xelSemkvrel mxares eniWebaufleba, rogorc individualurad, ise koleqtiurad gauwiosdaxmareba msxverpl qveyanas, moigerios agresiuli moqmedeba daxeli Seuwyos mSvidobis aRdgenas da usafrTxoebisganmtkicebas.442 amasTanave, xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebsuSiSroebis sabWos informirebis valdebulebas. Tumca aruTiTebs gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlze. miuxedavad amisa,xelSekruleba ver daarRvevs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciiswesdebis 51-e muxliT gansazRvruli individualuri dakoleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebas; amave dros, zemoaRniSnulixelSekrulebis me-3 muxlis Sesabamisad, nebismieri wevri qveynisiniciativiT SeiZleba xelSemkvrel mxareebs Soris gaimarToskonsultaciebi, Tu romelime maTganis teritoriul mTlianobas,damoukideblobasa da mSvidobas safrTxe daemuqra.443

1951 wels avstraliam, axalma zelandiam da SeerTebulmaStatebma xeli moaweres specialur paqts, romelic iTvaliswinebssaerTo safrTxeebis erToblivad daZlevis SesaZleblobas. TumcaCrdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebisagan gansxvavebiT, am paqtSiar aris Cadebuli Semdegi debuleba: romelime xelSemkvrelimxaris winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli TavdasxmaniSnavs Tavdasxmas yvela maTganze.444

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis 51-e muxlismTavari mizania, uzrunvelyos saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis dacva.445 koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebisganxorcielebisas daculi unda iyos igive moTxovnebi, romlebicexeba individualuri Tavdacvis uflebas, maT Soris

440 iqve, gv.62.441 iqve, gv.61.442 Treaty of Joint Defense and Economic Co-operation Between the States of the Arab League, June 17, 1950, Aricle 2, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/arabjoin.asp (nanaxia: 10.09.2009).443 iqve, me-3 muxli.444 The ANZUS Treaty – Security Treaty Between Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America, September 1, 1951, http://australianpolitics.com/foreign/anzus/anzus-treaty.shtml (nanaxia:11.10.2009).445 Goodrich Leland, Charter of the United Nations, Columbia University Press, 1969, pp. 25-26.

78

proporciulobisa da aucileblobis kriteriumebi.446 amdenad,koleqtiuri Tavdacva individualuri Tavdacvis uflebismomijnave uflebaa.447

1947 wlis rio-de-Janeiros xelSekrulebam, 1948 wlisdasavleT evropis kavSiris xelSekrulebam, 1949 wlisCrdiloatlantikurma xelSekrulebam, 1950 wlis arabTa ligiserToblivi Tavdacvis xelSekrulebam da sxva msgavsmadokumentebma gaiTvaliswines xelSemkvrel mxareebs Soriskonsultaciebis gamarTvis aucilebloba agresiisa da sxvasafrTxeebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.448

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis 51-e muxlisCasma wesdebis me-7 TavSi niSnavs imas, rom koleqtiuri Tavdacvisufleba damokidebuli ar aris regionaluri SeTanxmebisarsebobaze.449 zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom, gaeros wesdebisTanaxmad, nebismieri saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, daexmarosSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis msxverpl qveyanas, miuxedavad imisa,daido Tu ara maT Soris winaswar Sesabamisi SeTanxmeba.450

amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom gasaTvaliswinebelia imsaxelmwifos interesebic, romelic exmareba Tavdasxmis msxverplqveyanas.451

3. samxedro aliansebi

samxedro aliansebi iqmneba saxelmwifoTa integraciissafuZvelze da miznad isaxavs wevr qveynebs Soris mWidroTanamSromlobas, rogorc samxedro, ise politikur sakiTxebze.igi xels uwyobs solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis warmoSobasgaerTianebis wevrebs Soris. aliansis SeTanxmebas, daexmaros wevr qveyanas, romelic Tavdasxmis obieqtia, asrulebs TiToeulimokavSire qveynis mTavroba.452

rogorc wesi, samxedro aliansebis saqmianobis ZiriTadiprincipia misi TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis dacva.magaliTad, Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis(dafuZnda 1949 wlis 4 aprils) umTavresi mizania, Tavisi wevrebisTavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa politikuri dasamxedro saSualebebiT, gaeros wesdebis principebis Sesabamisad.aliansis SigniT solidaroba da erTianoba yoveldRiuri

446 Walker George, Anticipatory Collective Self-Defense in the Charter Era: What the Treaties Have Said, Cornell International Law Journal, Volume 31, 1998, p.344.447 iqve.448 iqve.449iqve, gv. 353.450 Kelsen Hans, The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental Problems, London, 1951, p.796.451 Bowett D.W., Collective Self-Defense under the Charter of the United Nations, British Yearbook of International Law, 1955, pp. 136-40, 159-60.452 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press 2005, pp. 260-261.

79

TanamSromlobis meSveobiT xels uwyobs erToblivi ZalebiTusafrTxoebis ZiriTadi gamowvevebis daZlevas. Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis sadamfuZneblo dokumentis –vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis formirebis procesSiamerikis SeerTebuli Statebi miznad isaxavda, Seeqmna TavdacvisiseTi sistema, romelic evropaSi nebismier agresias winaRudgeboda da misi amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi samxedrovaldebulebis warmoSobas iTvaliswinebda. xelSekrulebisavtorebma winare xelSekrulebebis magaliTebs ar mibaZes, radganmaT surdaT eCvenebinaT, rom Zlieri Zala SeZlebs, gaumklavdesnebismieri saxis Tavdasxmas.453

Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciam `civi omis~periodSi SeZlo Tavisi wevrebis dacva da Tavidan aicila omievropaSi. politikuri dialogis meSveobiT natom gadamwyvetiroli Seasrula aRmosavleT-dasavleTis dapirispirebismSvidobian dasasrulamde miyvanis saqmeSi.454

`civi omis~ dasrulebis Semdgom periodSi aucilebeli iyotransatlantikuri usafrTxoebis sferoSi TanamSromlobisgagrZeleba. amasTanave, natos wevri qveynebi acnobierebdnenarsebul safrTxeebs, romlebic gansxvavdeboda imgamowvevebisagan, romlebmac natos Seqmna ganapiroba.455

1990 wlis dasawyisSi aliansma axali misiebi wamoiwyo, kerZod,krizisebis mogvareba da samSvidobo misiebi, romlebic `me-5muxliT argaTvaliswinebuli misiebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. isinimiznad isaxaven koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas.456

vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis me-5 muxli (koleqtiuri Tavdacva)gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda 11 seqtembris Semdeg. 2001 wlis 11seqtembers teroristebma gaitaces aRmosavleT zRvispiras mdebaresami aeroportidan kaliforniisken mimavali 4 samgzavroTviTmfrinavi, rasac msoflioSi yvelaze sazareli teroristuliaqti mohyva.457 2001 wlis 12 seqtembers Crdiloatlantikuri sabWoam teroristuli aqtis Sesafaseblad Seikriba. 2 oqtombersgamarTul daxurul brifingze amerikis SeerTebuli Statebissaxelmwifo moxeleebma natos warudgines mtkicebulebebi imisTaobaze, rom osama bin ladeni da misi cnobili teroristuliorganizacia `al-qaida~ iyo pasuxismgebeli 11 seqtembristeraqtze. Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze aliansmagadawyvita, rom teroristuli aqti amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiswinaaRmdeg ganxorcielda gareSe Zalebis mier da pirveladCrdiloatlantikuri aliansis arsebobis 52-wliani istoriisganmavlobaSi xelSekrulebis me-5 muxli aamoqmeda.458

453 burkaZe xaTuna, me-5 muxli – koleqtiuri Tavdacva, gazeT `24 saaTis~ damateba – `nato saqarTveloSi~, 2008 wlis 6 ivnisi, gv. 5. 454 iqve.455 iqve.456 iqve.457 iqve.458 iqve.

80

me-5 muxlis amoqmedeba ganpirobebuli iyo ori mizeziT:aliansma amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT politikurimxardaWera da solidaroba gamoxata. amasTanave, natos maSindelmageneralurma mdivanma jorj robertsonma teroristebs acnoba:`Cven mzad varT, erToblivad dagipirispirdeT~, rogorc es 2001wlis 24 oqtombers moxda, roca britaneTi aqtiuradmonawileobda dabombviT misiebSi da SeerTebul Statebs sakuTarjarebs sTavazobda. britaneTis msgavsad, safrangeTi da germaniamzad iyvnen, Sesabamis operaciebSi monawileoba mieRoT.459

Crdiloatlantikuri sabWo natos samxedro prioritetebsa damimarTulebebs gansazRvravs da SeuZlia, xelSekrulebas iseTiinterpretacia misces, rogorsac saWirod CaTvlis. miuxedavadamisa, wevr qveynebs natos ormagi funqciis gamijvna mouwevT,kerZod, igulisxmeba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebisa da koleqtiuriTavdacvis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna. CrdiloatlantikurmaxelSekrulebam koleqtiuri Tavdacvis funqcia unda SeinarCunosda gansakuTrebulad unda gansazRvros wevri qveynebis roli me-5muxlis amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi. amasTanave, nato daexmareba aramarto wevr, aramed partnior saxelmwifos, gaumklavdesteroristul aqtebs, maT Sedegebs da SeeWidos axal amocanebs,rac gansxvavdeba im miznebisagan, romlebic Crdiloatlantikuralianss hqonda aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi.460

samxedro aliansi SeiZleba Tanabrad eyrdnobodes rogorcZlier, ise patara saxelmwifoebs, rogorc es arsebobsCrdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis SemTxvevaSi.natoSi yvela wevri saxelmwifo, ganurCevlad teritoriulisididisa, mosaxleobis raodenobisa, ekonomikuri ganviTarebismaCveneblebisa, politikuri da samxedro Zlierebisa, Tanabradmonawileobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. magaliTad,patara da mcirericxovan luqsemburgs aliansSi zustad iseveSeuZlia daayenos an dablokos sakiTxi, rogorc did da ZlierSeerTebul Statebs.461

samxedro aliansebis farglebSi wevr saxelmwifoebsSeuZliaT, erToblivad, urTierTTanadgomis gziT, ganaviTaronTavianT individualuri da koleqtiuri SesaZleblobebi. samxedro aliansi aris urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekrulebebisbunebrivi gagrZeleba.462

samxedro aliansSi gawevrianebul qveynebs Soris SesaZloaarsebobdnen iseTi saxelmwifoebic, romlebsac ar aqvTerTmaneTTan kargi ormxrivi urTierTobebi. amis magaliTiaCrdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi TurqeTi dasaberZneTi, romlebic periodulad, kviprosis sakiTxis gamo,iqcevian ufro rogorc mtrebi, vidre mokavSireebi.463

459 iqve.460 iqve.461 burkaZe xaTuna, korepanovi anatoli, es natoa, Tb., 2008, gv. 8. 462 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.260.463 iqve, gv. 262.

81

Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciasTandasapirispireblad Seiqmna samxedro aliansi – varSavisxelSekrulebis organizacia.464 igi 1955 wlis 14 maiss daafuZnesda aerTianebda sabWoTa kavSirs, mis satelit saxelmwifoebs:bulgareTs, poloneTs, rumineTs, ungreTs, Cexoslovakias.aRniSnuli socialisturi qveynebis samxedro bloki `civi omis~periodSi upirispirdeboda natos.465 varSavis paqti oficialurad1991 wlis 1 ivliss daiSala. dRes bulgareTi, rumineTi,poloneTi, ungreTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, sabWoTa kavSirSi SemavalibaltiispireTis saxelmwifoebi: litva, latvia, estoneTiCrdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciissruluflebiani wevrebi arian.

4. koleqtiuri Tavdacvis samarTlebrivi SezRudvebi

M marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom nikaraguis saqmisganxilvisas miuTiTa, rom, rogorc gaeros wesdebis, isesaerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos araqvs koleqtiuri Tavdacvis gamoyenebis ufleba, gardaSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevisa.466 erT saxelmwifos SeuZliagamoiyenos Zala meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg koleqtiuriTavdacvis mizniT, Tu meore saxelmwifos iniciativiTganxorcielda SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma msxverpl qveyanaze.467

Tu ar arsebobs msxverpli qveynis Txovna daxmarebis aRmoCenisTaobaze, gamoricxulia sxva saxelmwifos mier koleqtiuriTavdacvis uflebis gamoyeneba.468 2003 wels marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlom navTobis platformis saqmisganxilvisas kvlav daadastura, rom aucilebelia, msxverplmaqveyanam mimarTos daxmarebisTvis sxva saxelmwifos, raTa manSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg ganaxorcielos koleqtiuriTavdacviTi zomebi.469

nikaraguis saqmis ganxilvisas mosamarTle jeningsma gamoxatagansxvavebuli mosazreba msxverpli saxelmwifos mier daxmarebisTxovnis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT. misi azriT,SesaZlebelia, msgavsi pirobis daweseba ar iyos realuri yvelaSemTxvevis mimarT.470 amasTanave, udavoa, rom samxedro daxmarebaserTi saxelmwifo (gansakuTrebiT jarebis saomar zonaSi gagzavnis

464 iqve.465 Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, redaqtori:aleqsiZe levan, Tb., 2003, gv. 133.466 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Merits), 1986, International Court of Justice, p.90.467 iqve.468 iqve, gv. 85.469 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, pp. 268-269.470 The Dissenting Opinion of Judge Jennings in Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Merits),1986, International Court of Justice, pp.469-470.

82

SemTxvevaSi) ver aRmouCens meore saxelmwifos am ukanasknelisnebis sawinaaRmdegod.471

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo xazs usvams imfaqts, rom koleqtiuri Tavdacvis mizani mxolod msxverplisaxelmwifos daxmareba unda iyos.472

rodesac `arkadia~ iwyebs SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas da `utopia~aris Tavdasxmis pirdapiri msxverpli, `ruritanias~ SeuZlia,gamoiyenos sawinaaRmdego Zala, Tuki zemoaRniSnuli TavdasxmasafrTxes uqmnis mis simSvides. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu `utopia~kategoriulad uaryofs imas, rom igi iyo SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmissamizne `arkadiis~ mxridan, `ruritaniis~ mier ganxorcielebuli nebismieri koleqtiuri TavdacviTi zoma arkadiis winaaRmdegutopiis sazRvarTan eWvis qveS dgeba.473

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo nikaraguissaqmis ganxilvisas miuTiTebs, rom koleqtiuri Tavdacvisuflebis ganxorcielebisas daculi unda iyos proporciulobis,aucileblobisa da droulobis kriteriumebi, rogorcindividualuri Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebSi.474

TiToeulma saxelmwifom unda acnobos gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis uSiSroebis sabWos TavdacviTi RonisZiebebisgamoyenebis Sesaxeb.475 amdenad, sakmarisi ar aris, mxolodmsxverplma saxelmwifom Seatyobinos uSiSroebis sabWosiZulebiTi zomebis ganxorcielebis Taobaze. saxelmwifos,romelic iyenebs koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebas msxverpliqveynis dasaxmareblad, mouwevs aRniSnulis Sesaxeb uSiSroebissabWos calke moaxsenos.476

garda amisa, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis 54-e muxlis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis sabWo yovelTvis unda iyosinformirebuli saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisdasacavad regionalur SeTanxmebaTa an regionaluriorganizaciebis mier wamowyebuli an dasaxuli moqmedebisSesaxeb.477

471 iqve.472 iqve, gv. 84-85.473 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.270.474 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Merits), International Court of Justice, 1986, pp. 101-102.475 iqve, gv. 100-101.476 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.271.477gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.23.

83

Tavi IV. humanitaruli intervencia

1. Zalis gamoyeneba humanitaruli safuZvlebiT

me-19 saukuneSi humanitaruli intervenciis magaliTia 1860-1861 wlebSi safrangeTis intervencia siriaSi, romelic miznadisaxavda qristianTa xocva-Jletis SeCerebas.478 aseve, 1827-1830wlebSi britaneTisa da safrangeTis intervencia saberZneTSi.479 me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi humanitarul intervenciad miCneul iqnasaberZneTis, bulgareTisa da serbeTis SeWra makedoniaSi.480

zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom humanitaruli intervenciisgamarTleba SesaZlebelia mxolod moraluri safuZvlebidangamomdinare.481

intervenciis dauSveblobisa da saxelmwifoTa saSinaosaqmeebSi Caurevlobis Sesaxeb gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisgeneraluri asambleis deklaraciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebma Taviunda Seikavon sxva saxelmwifos an saxelmwifoTa jgufiswinaaRmdeg mimarTuli SeiaraRebuli intervenciisagan, samxedrookupaciisagan an intervenciisa da Carevis romelime sxvaformisagan, an sxva saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi samxedro,politikuri an ekonomikuri Carevis yovelgvari aqtisgan.482

zemoaRniSnuli deklaraciis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebivaldebulni arian, Tavi Seikavon adamianis uflebaTa sakiTxebis,rogorc saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis saSualebis,gamoyenebis an damaxinjebisagan, sxva saxelmwifoebze zewolis anundoblobis atmosferosa da areulobis Seqmnisagan.483

intervenciis damcvelebi ki miuTiTeben, rom gaerTianebulierebis organizaciis wesdeba xazs usvams adamianis uflebebismniSvnelobas da moiTxovs wevri qveynebisgan adamianis uflebebisdacvis Sesabamisi standartebis uzrunvelyofas.484

intervencia unda iyos Semofargluli mxolod im mizniT, racSeesabameba pumanitarul ganzraxvas.485

tradiciulad, termini `humanitaruli intervencia~gulisxmobs ZaliT damuqrebas an mis gamoyenebas saxelmwifos ansaxelmwifoTa jgufis mier, raTa aiZulon sxva saxelmwifo,

478 Brownlie Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963,p.340.479 iqve.480 Scheffer David, Toward a Modern Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention, University of Toledo Law Review, Volume 23, 1991-1992, pp. 254-55.481 Hall W.E., A Treatise on International Law, 4th ed., London, 1895, p. 309.482Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention and Interference in the Internal Affairs of States, 91st plenary meeting, December 9, 1981, General Assembly, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/36/a36r103.htm (nanaxia: 10.09.2010).483 iqve.484 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, p.121.485 Benjamin Barry, Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention: Legalizing the Use of Force to Prevent Human Rights Atrocities, Fordham International Law Journal, Volume 16, 1992-1993, p. 156.

84

pativi sces adamianis fundamentur uflebebs Tavisi suverenuliuflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisas.486 klasikuri ganmartebisTanaxmad, sityva `humanitaruli~ mianiSnebs, rom intervenciismizania adamianis uflebebis darRvevis Tavidan acileba anSeCereba.487 zogierTi swavluli miiCnevs, rom humanitarulidaxmarebis zust definicias asaxavs somaliSi arsebuli msgavsisituaciebi, rodesac humanitaruli daxmarebis aRmoCenaaucilebelia adamianTa masobrivi SimSilisgan gadasarCenad ansicocxlisTvis sxva uSualo safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad.488

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis miRebamdesaerTaSoriso samxedro misiebis humanitaruli miznebiTganxorcielebis magaliTebic arsebobs.489 rogorc ukve aRiniSna,1860-1861 wlebSi 6 000 frangi jariskaci siriaSi SeiWra qristianTaxocva-Jletis SesaCereblad.490

1945 wels gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebismiRebiT mkacrad SeizRuda samxedro moqmedebebis calmxrivadganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba.491 gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4punqtis Tanaxmad, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yvela wevriTavs ikavebs ZaliT muqaris an misi gamoyenebisagan, rogorcnebismieri saxelmwifos teritoriuli xelSeuxeblobisa dapolitikuri damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg, aseve gaerTianebulierebis miznebTan SeuTavsebeli raime sxva saxiT.492 Tumca gaeroswesdebis me-7 Tavi uSvebs Zalis gamoyenebas mSvidobisaTvissafrTxis Seqmnisas, misi xelyofisas an Tavdacvis mizniT. racSeexeba humanitarul intervencias, misi gamarTleba dasaSvebiamxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu naTelia, rom is miznad isaxavssaerTaSoriso mSvidobis dacvas.493 amasTanave, gaerTianebulierebis organizaciis wesdeba gamoricxavs intervenciiscalmxrivad an Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis miniWebis gareSeganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas. 494

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebam mainc verSeaCera saxelmwifoebis mier humanitaruli intervenciis

486 Scheffer David, Toward a Modern Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention, University of Toledo Law Review, Volume 23, 1991-1992, p.264.487 Farer Tom, Human Rights in Law's Empire: The Jurisprudence War, American Journal of International Law , Volume 85, 1991, p. 122.488 Gordon Ruth, Humanitarian Intervention by the United Nations: Iraq, Somalia, and Haiti, Texas International Law Journal, Volume 31, 1996, pp. 44-45.489 Karsten Nowrot and Emily W. Schabacker, The Use of Force to Restore Democracy: International Legal Implications of the ECOWAS Intervention in Sierra Leone, American University International Law Review, Volume 14, 1998-1999, p.372.490 Scheffer David J., Toward a Modern Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention, University of Toledo Law Review, Volume 23, 1991-1992, p.254.491 Nowrot Karsten and Schabacker Emily, The Use of Force to Restore Democracy: International Legal Implications of the ECOWAS Intervention in Sierra Leone, American University International Law Review, Volume 14, 1998-1999, p.373.492gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.7.493 Nowrot Karsten and Schabacker Emily, The Use of Force to Restore Democracy: International Legal Implications of the ECOWAS Intervention in Sierra Leone, American University International Law Review, Volume 14, 1998-1999, p.373.494 iqve.

85

calmxrivad ganxorcieleba. humanitaruli intervenciiscalmxrivad ganxorcielebis magaliTebia 1979 wels tanzaniisSeWra ugandaSi495 da 1971 wels indoeTis Sesvla aRmosavleTpakistanSi.496 miuxedavad imisa, rom, regionaluriarastabilurobidan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso mSvidobassafrTxe Seeqmna, generalurma asambleam orive zemoaRniSnulSemTxvevasTan mimarTebiT gamoxata uaryofiTi damokidebuleba damiiCnia, rom calmxrivi intervenciis ganxorcielebiT dairRvaSesabamis saxelmwifoTa suvereniteti.497

miuxedavad zogierTi saxelmwifos mier Zalis gamoyenebisgamarTlebis mizniT `humanitaruli intervenciis~ moSveliebisa,498

sazogadoebis umravlesoba naklebad uWers mxars amgvarintervenciebs da ufro gmobs, vidre iwonebs maT.499

humanitaruli intervencia arasdros yofilainkorporirebuli raime universalur saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebaSi; humanitaruli intervenciis doqtrinas mxolodumniSvnelo mxardaWera hqonda saxelmwifoTa praqtikaSi; gardaamisa, is ewinaaRmdegeba arsebul jus cogens-is (saerTaSorisosamarTlis imperatiul) normebs, romlebiTac Zalis gamoyenebaikrZaleba. Jus cogens-is normebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, maTiSecvlisTvis aucilebelia amgvari axali saxelmwifoTasaerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier miRebuli da aRiarebulinormis SemuSaveba.500

profesori brounli uTiTebs, rom humanitaruli intervenciisdoqtrinis momxreebi an ugulebelyofen CveulebiTi samarTlisaxali principebis CamoyalibebisaTvis aucilebel winapirobebs, an,drogamoSvebiT, gamodian opinio juris moTxovnis SesustebiswinadadebiT.501

profesori sima intervencias ukanonod miiCnevs imSemTxvevaSic ki, Tu amgvari qmedeba moralurad an politikuradgamarTlebulia.502 intervenciis kanoniereba, nebismier SemTxvevaSi,efuZneba intervenciis mravalmxriv bunebasa da kompetenturisaerTaSoriso organizaciis mier miniWebul uflebamosilebas da

495 Ramsbotham Oliver and Woodhouse Tom, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Crisis, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996, p. 4.496 Scheffer David J., Toward a Modern Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention, University of Toledo Law Review, Volume 23, 1991-1992, p.254.497 Bazyler Michael, Re-examining the Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention in Light of the Atrocities in Kampuchea and Ethiopia, Stanford Journal of International Law, Volume 23, 1987, p.589.498 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2004, p.35.499 Ministerial Declaration of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77, September 24, 1999, http://www.g77.org/doc/Decl1999.html (nanaxia: 23.05.2010).500 Charney Jonathan, NATO’s Kosovo Intervention: Anticipatory Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo, American Journal of International Law,Volume 93, 1999, pp. 836-837.501Brownlie Ian, Principles of Public International Law, Sixth edition, Oxford University Press, 2003,p. 712.502 Simma Bruno, NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects, European Journal of International Law, Volume 10, 1999, p.1.

86

ara raime gancalkevebulad mdgom humanitaruli intervenciisuflebas.503

grinvudis mosazrebiT, aRar SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom, rocamTavroba awyobs Tavisi xalxis xocva-Jletas an saxelmwifosuZlureba gadadis anarqiaSi, saerTaSoriso samarTliTakrZaluli iyos intervencia.504

tradiciulad, `humanitarul intervenciad~ miCneulia erTisaxelmwifos mier samxedro Zalis nebismieri formis gamoyenebameore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg im mizniT, rom aiZulos esukanaskneli, Sewyvitos adamianis uflebebisa da TavisuflebebisuxeSi darRveva.505 sxva mosazrebis mixedviT, `humanitaruliintervenciis~ oficialuri ganmarteba ar arsebobs, magram gareSeZalebs aqvT ufleba da, zogierTi garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT,valdebulebac, Caerion konfliqtSi, raTa daicvan sxva qveynismosaxleoba, romelic konfliqtis msxverplad qceula, imSemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es konfliqti erTi qveynis SigniTmimdinareobs. Tuki klasikuri Careva politikuria TavisixasiaTiT, roca erTi saxelmwifo sakuTar nebas Zalis gamoyenebiTTavs axvevs meores, humanitaruli intervencia ar iTvaliswinebspolitikuri mizanSewonilobis sakiTxs. im saxelmwifosTvis,romelic humanitarul intervencias axorcielebs, ZiriTadia isfaqti, Tu ra gavlena aqvs am konfliqts moqalaqeebze. zogierTimkvlevaris mosazrebiT, saxelmwifo suverenitetze maRla dgaspirovnebisa da xalxis dacvis sakiTxi, rac ufro popularuliada diskusiebis safuZveli xdeba.506

gaeros generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma (gaeros rigiT meSvide generaluri mdivani 1997-2006 wlebSi) daayena sakiTxi imisTaobaze, rom uSiSroebis sabWom ganixilos iZulebiTi xasiaTisCarevis SesaZlebloba Semdegi kriteriumebis mixedviT: 1) adamianisuflebebisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis darRveva;2) samSvidobo xasiaTis ZalisxmevaTa ugulebelyofa; 3)adgilobrivi xelisuflebis uunaroba, daicvas wesrigi an maTiTanamonawileoba darRvevebSi; 4) samxedro Zalis SezRuduli daproporciuli gamoyeneba, romelic minimalurad imoqmedebsadgilobriv mosaxleobaze.507

2000 wlis martSi saerTaSoriso humanitarulisamarTlisadmi miZRvnil me-9 yovelwliur seminarze JenevaSiwiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis vice-prezidenti Jakforsteri Tavis saprogramo sityvaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebasuTmobs humanitaruli qmedebisa da samxedro intervenciisSeuTavseblobis sakiTxs. forsteris azriT, arsebobs naTeli

503 Simpson Gerry, Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereign in the International Legal Order, Cambridge University Press, 2004, Chapter Seven. 504 Greenwood C., Is there a right of humanitarian intervention? The World Today, Volume 49, February, 1993, p.40.505 Encyclopaedia of Public International Law, Edited by R. Bernhardt, Volume 1, New York, 1992, p.926.506 Rieff David, Humanitarian Intervention, Crimes of War, New York, 1999, p.181.507 Helton A.C., Devecchi R. P., Human Rights, Humanitarian Intervention and Sanctions, New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2000, p.1.

87

zRvari humanitaruli moqmedebis Sedegsa da gadaWarbebulsamxedro moqmedebas Soris. humanitaruli moqmedeba miznadisaxavs konfliqtis SeCerebas, sxva sityvebiT, is ar arisgamiznuli konfliqtis gadasaWrelad, misi mizania, daicvasadamianTa Selaxuli Rirseba da maT SeunarCunos sicocxle.wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis SexedulebiT,humanitarulma qmedebam ar SeiZleba Secvalos politikuriqmedeba. es ori sfero mkafiod unda emijnebodes erTmaneTs.amasTanave, wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis azriT,humanitaruli qmedeba ar SeiZleba iyos iZulebiTi xasiaTis.gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom am dros humanitarizmi CaTreuliapolitikur an samxedro qmedebaSi, romelic konfliqtisgaRvivebas ufro uwyobs xels, vidre mis SeCerebas. humanitaruliqmedeba warmatebulia mxolod iq, sadac aRniSnuli qmedebismonawileebi moqmedeben TavianTi wesdebis Sesabamisad. aseTgaremos `humanitarul sivrces~ uwodeben. samxedro intervenciaaucilebelia saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis dacvisa dahumanitaruli qmedebisaTvis saTanado garemos Seqmnis mizniT.humanitaruli intervencia ar unda iyos samxedro intervenciismizani.508

forsteri Tvlis, rom saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis miersamxedro Zalis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod gaeros wesdebisfarglebSi. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali ar SeiZlebamoSveliebul iqnes samxedro intervenciis gasamarTleblad,radgan mas saerTo araferi aqvs Zalis gamoyenebasTan. misi rolimkveTrad gansazRvrulia da zRudavs SeiaraRebuli Zalisgamoyenebis legitimurobas. humanitaruli moqmedebisganxorcielebisas daculi unda iyos neitralitetisa dadamoukideblobis principi, rac aucilebelia yvela konfliqturimxaris ndobis mosapoveblad. mxolod mandatis farglebSimoqmedebiTaa SesaZlebeli mSvidobis damyareba.509

humanitaruli intervenciis saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv aqtaddasaSvebobas abrkolebs rogorc Zalis gamoyenebisa da ZaliTdamuqrebis akrZalvis principi, ise saxelmwifoTa suverenuliTanasworobisa da sxva saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSiCaurevlobis principebi.510 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciiswesdebis me-2 muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, organizaciaemyareba yvela misi wevris suverenuli Tanasworobis princips; me-2 muxlis me-7 punqtis mixedviT ki, es wesdeba srulebiTac araZlevs gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias uflebas, Caerios iseTsaqmeebSi, romlebic arsebiTad nebismieri saxelmwifos Sinagankompetencias miekuTvneba da ar moiTxovs gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis wevrebisagan, warmoadginon aseTi sakiTxebi am

508 Humanitarian Intervention and International Humanitarian Law, Keynote address by Jacques Forster, Vice President of the Red Cross, presented at the Ninth Annual Seminar on Internatiional Humanitarian Law for Diplomats accredited to the United Nations, Geneva, 8-9 March 2000, pp.2-3. 509 iqve.510 Zacklin R., Beyond Kosovo: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention, Virginia Journal of International Law Association, Volume 41, 2001, p. 931.

88

wesdebis mixedviT gansaxilvelad.511 am wesidan arsebobsgamonaklisi, rodesac Tavad saxelmwifo mimarTavs sxvasaxelmwifos TxovniT, daexmaros Sida kompetencias mikuTvnebulisakiTxis mogvarebasa an gadawyvetaSi.512

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs winaaRmdegobrivi momentebisaerTaSoriso samarTlis fundamentur principebsa dahumanitarul intervencias Soris, SeimCneva aRniSnuliprincipebisa da humanitaruli intervenciis urTierTTavsebadinstitutebad warmoCenis tendencia, ramac gamoiwvia diskusiahumanitaruli intervenciis CveulebiTsamarTlebriv normadganviTarebis Sesaxeb.513

2. humanitaruli intervenciis ganxorcielebis winapirobebi dakriteriumebi

humanitaruli intervenciis doqtrinis Tanaxmad,intervenciuli aqti unda ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi winapirobebisarsebobisas da igi unda Seesabamebodes garkveul kriteriumebs.514

humanitaruli intervenciis yvelaze gavrcelebuliwinapirobebia: a) adamianis uflebebis masobrivi da uxeSidarRvevebis arseboba; b) saerTaSoriso samarTliT davismogvarebis yvela dasaSvebi saSualebis amowurva.515

humanitaruli intervencia unda akmayofilebdes Semdegkriteriumebs: a) intervencia unda xorcieldebodes mxolodhumanitaruli miznebisaTvis; b) intervencia unda iyosmravalmxrivi; g) intervencia unda iyos proporciuli.516

legitimuri humanitaruli intervenciis ganxorcielebismTavari moTxovnaa adamianis uflebebis masobrivi darRvevebisarseboba an maTTvis safrTxis Seqmna.517 miuxedavad amisa,humanitaruli intervenciis doqtrinis kritikosebi miiCneven, romaRniSnuli safuZvliT SeiZleba intervencia ganxorcieldes sxvamiznebisTvis.518

adamianis uflebebis darRvevis faqtebis arsebobisashumanitaruli intervenciis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba, Tu

511gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.8.512 aleqsiZe levan, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 2006, gv. 44.513 Alston Ph. and Macdonald E., Sovereignty, Human Rights, Security: Armed Intervention and the Foundational Problems of International Law in Human Rights, Intervention and the Use of Force, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 2.514 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, p.126.515 ruxaZe Nn., humanitaruli intervencia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009, gv. 48-49.516 iqve.517. Benjamin Barry, Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention: Legalizing the Use of Force to Prevent Human Rights Atrocities, Fordham International Law Journal, Volume 16, 1992, pp.153-154.518 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, p.127.

89

darRveulia adamianis umniSvnelovanesi uflebebi, rogorebicaa:sicocxlis ufleba an fizikuri xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, dasaxezea adamianis uflebaTa masobrivi darRveva.519

termini `adamianis uflebebi~ moicavs politikur, socialurda ekonomikur uflebaTa farTo wres, romlebic asaxuliagaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianis uflebaTasayovelTao deklaraciaSi.520 miuxedavad amisa, humanitaruliintervenciis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba mxolod adamianisfundamenturi uflebebis darRvevisas, magaliTad, warmoudgeneliasamxedro Zalis gamoyenebis gamarTleba qorwinebis uflebisdacvis mizniT.521 amdenad, saubaria adamianis uflebebis iseTukiduresad mZime darRvevebze, romlebsac SeuZlia kacobriobiscnobierebis Sokireba.522

adamianis uflebaTa masobrivi darRvevebis faqtebiaucileblad unda iyos dadasturebuli sarwmunomtkicebulebebiT. sarwmuno mtkicebuleba gulisxmobssaerTaSoriso institutebis mier misi sandoobisa da utyuarobisaRiarebas. rogorc wesi, aseTi mtkicebuleba mopovebuli undaiyos damoukidebeli mxaris mier, romelic krizisis SedegebiTdainteresebuli ar aris.523 informaciis sarwmuno wyaro,upirveles yovlisa, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaa. gardaamisa, sandoobis maRali xarisxiT sargebloben iseTisaerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, rogorebicaa: `eqimebisazRvrebs gareSe~, `wiTeli jvari~, `Human Rights Watch~ da sxva.524

humanitarul katastrofasTan erTad aucilebelia, rom saxezeiyos im saxelmwifos umoqmedoba an moqmedebis SeuZlebloba,romlis teritoriazec xdeba adamianis uflebebis masobrivi dasastiki darRvevebi, an saxelmwifo unda axorcielebdes Tavisteritoriaze mcxovreb pirTa uflebebis uxeS xelyofas.konkretulad ra igulisxmeba adamianis uflebebis masobrivdarRvevebSi, dadgenili ar aris.525 magaliTad, genocidis Sesaxebkonvencia ar gansazRvravs, Tu ra masStabebs unda miaRwioskonkretulad erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri Tu sxvajgufis warmomadgenelTa msxverplma, rom moxdes genocidisfaqtis aRiareba. amdenad, rogorc Cans, yovel konkretulSemTxvevaSi unda moxdes am sakiTxis individualuradgadawyveta.526

519 iqve, gv. 129.520 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, p.130.521 iqve.522 Oppenheim L., International Law: A Treatise, Editor: H. Lauterpacht , 8th ed., New York, 1955, p. 312. 523 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, pp.128-129.524 iqve, gv. 129.525 ruxaZe Nn., humanitaruli intervencia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009, gv. 49.526 iqve.

90

humanitaruli intervenciis ganxorcielebis meore winapirobaasaerTaSoriso samarTliT daSvebuli davis mogvarebis yvelasaSualebis amowurva, rac niSnavs imas, rom araiZulebiTimeqanizmebis amowurvis Semdeg Zalis gamoyeneba krizis daZleviserTaderT saSualebad rCeba.527 araiZulebiT meqanizmebSiigulisxmeba davis mogvarebis iseTi mSvidobiani saSualebebi,rogorebicaa: gafrTxileba, prevenciuli diplomatia da sxva.528

amasTanave, humanitaruli krizisis arsebobisas saxelmwifosan saxelmwifoTa jgufs SeuZlia ganaxorcielos calmxrivi Carevaim SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxezea gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisuSiSroebis sabWos umoqmedoba.529 magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, romsaxelmwifoebma adamianis uflebebis mZime darRvevis faqtebTandakavSirebiT unda mimarTon uSiSroebis sabWos da daayenonsakiTxi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis me-7 Tavisamoqmedebis Sesaxeb.530 mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu uSiSroebissabWoSi aRniSnul sakiTxze konsensuss ver miaRweven,humanitaruli intervenciis doqtrinis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebmaSesaZloa ganaxorcielon humanitaruli intervencia.531

humanitaruli intervencia Semofargluli unda iyoskonkretuli amocaniT, rac gulisxmobs krizis daZlevas an misTavidan acilebas. humanitaruli intervencia miznad ar undaisaxavdes teritoriis dapyrobas, danawevrebas an xelisuflebisdamxobas.532

saxelmwifos mier Zalis gamoyeneba unda emsaxurebodesadamianis uflebebis dacvas, rodesac maT sicocxlesa dajanmrTelobas emuqreba safrTxe.533 amdenad, humanitaruliintervenciis doqtrinis Tanaxmad, intervenciislegitimurobisTvis aucilebelia, rom igi xorcieldebodeshumanitaruli miznebisTvis.534 intervencia ar unda isaxavdesmiznad saxelmwifo suverenitetisa da teritoriulimTlianobisTvis Ziris gamoTxras da ar unda xorcieldebodesinterventi saxelmwifos politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxvainteresebidan gamomdinare.535

527 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, p.131.528 Zacklin R., Beyond Kosovo: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention, Virginia Journal of International Law Association , Volume 41, 2001, p. 938.529 Scheffer David, Toward a Modern Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention, University of Toledo Law Review, Volume 23, 1991-1992, pp.290-291.530 Geissler L., The Law of Humanitarian Intervention and the Kosovo Crisis, Hamline Law Review, Volume 23, 1999-2000, p.334.531 Zacklin R., Beyond Kosovo: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention, Virginia Journal of International Law Association , Volume 41, 2001, p. 931.532 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, p.133.533 ruxaZe Nn., humanitaruli intervencia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009, gv. 53-54. 534iqve, gv. 53. 535 Schachter Oscar, International Law in Theory and Practice : General Course in Public International Law, Hague Academy of International Law, 1982, p.145.

91

humanitaruli intervencia unda iyos mrvalmxrivi.intervenciis mravalmxrivoba ar niSnavs imas, rom igi undaganaxorcielos ramdenime saxelmwifom.536 mravalmxrivobagulisxmobs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier intervenciuliaqtis aSkarad an gaumJRavneblad mowonebas;537 humanitaruliintervenciis mravalmxrivobis meore ganmartebis Tanaxmad ki, Tuintervenciis ganxorcieleba ver xerxdeba gaeros sistemismeSveobiT, maSin saxelmwifoebma unda imoqmedon regionalurisaerTaSoriso organizaciebis meSveobiT, gaerTianebuliZalebiT.538 Tumca, saboloo jamSi, am ukanaskneli midgomis arsiisaa, rom: unda arsebobdes intervenciuli aqtis mxardaWerasaerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mxridan.539

humanitaruli intervenciis ganxorcielebisas daculi undaiyos proporciulobis kriteriumi. humanitarul intervencias undamohyves situaciis gaumjobeseba, anu intervenciam ar undagamoiwvios imaze ufro mZime Sedegi, vidre dadgebodahumanitaruli intervenciis ganuxorcieleblobis SemTxvevaSi.540

humanitaruli intervenciis legitimurobisTvis aucilebelia, isiyos proporciuli Zaladobis im xarisxisa, romelic gamoiCinameore mxarem.541 amasTanave, samxedro Zala unda gamoiyenonmxolod im doziT, rac aucilebelia adamianis uflebebisdarRvevebis aRsakveTad.542

3. natos humanitaruli intervencia kosovoSi

Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciamhumanitaruli intervencia ganaxorciela yofili iugoslaviiserT-erT provinciaSi – kosovoSi. ZiriTadad albanelebiTdasaxlebuli kosovo, romelSic isini arc ise didi xnis winaTSemovidnen mezobeli albaneTidan, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSiavtonomiiT sargeblobda. 1989 wels es statusi gauqmda, ramackosovoeli albanelebis winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia da maTiSeiaraRebuli ajanyeba mohyva. amis sapasuxod centralurmaxelisuflebam maT mimarT ufro mkacri da sisxlismRvrelizomebi gamoiyena. kerZod, gaaZliera eTnikuri wmenda (romelicavtonomiis gauqmebisas daiwyo), ris Sedegadac asiaTasobiT

536 Benjamin Barry, Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention: Legalizing the Use of Force to Prevent Human Rights Atrocities, Fordham International Law Journal, Volume 16, 1992-1993, pp. 152-54.537 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, p.136.538 ruxaZe Nn., humanitaruli intervencia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009, gv. 56.539 iqve.540 iqve.541 iqve.N542 Bazyler Michael, Re-examining the Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention in Light of the Atrocities in Kampuchea and Ethiopia, Stanford Journal of International Law, Volume 23, 1987, p. 601.

92

ltolvilma mezobel saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikuri siZneleebiSeqmna.543

gaeros, euTosa da natos mSvidobiani RonisZiebebi araviTarSedegs ar iZleoda. sakiTxis swrafi mogvarebis mizniT natosxelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita, daewyo kosovoSi ganlagebulicentraluri xelisuflebis Zalovani struqturebis teqnikisa dacocxali Zalebis dabombva, raTa iZulebuli gaexadaT isini,daetovebinaT regioni. am saSiSroebam aiZula iugoslaviisprezidenti miloSeviCi, 1998 wels daTanxmebuliyo kosovoSieuTos meTvalyureTa misiisa da sxva makontrolebelistruqturebis dabinavebaze. magram verc aman SeaCerasisxlismRvreli winaaRmdegoba, romlis msxverplic mSvidobianimosaxleoba xdeboda. sabolood, iugoslaviam uari Tqva, xelimoewera SeTanxmebisaTvis, romelic kosovos avtonomiis aRdgenasiTvaliswinebda.544

1999 wlis martSi daiwyo jer kosovos, xolo mogvianebiTmTeli serbeTis teritoriaze ganlagebuli obieqtebis dabombva,rac 78 dRes gagrZelda.545 Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis miersahaero Setevis ganxorcieleba miznad isaxavda ltolvilebisupirobo, usafrTxo dabrunebas da humanitaruli katastrofisTavidan acilebas.546

humanitaruli intervenciis doqtrinis momxreebi intervenciaskosovoSi amarTleben humanitaruli miznebidan gamomdinare.547

humanitaruli intervenciis mowinaaRmdegeebi ki miiCneven, romZalis gamoyeneba suverenuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg arRvevssaerTaSoriso samarTlis imperatiul normebs. aRniSnuldilemasTan mimarTebiT sainteresoa gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis imJamindeli generaluri mdivnis mosazreba. manmiuTiTa, rom arsebobs ori mTavari kiTxva: erTi mxriv, ramdenadlegitimuria Zalis gamoyeneba regionaluri saerTaSorisoorganizaciis mier gaeros mandatis gareSe, da, meore mxriv,gasaanalizebelia is, Tu ramdenad dasaSvebia adamianis uflebebismasobrivi da sistematuri darRveva.548

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, yvela saxelmwifo arissuverenuli da sakuTari sazRvrebis farglebSi aqvs Tavisufladmoqmedebis ufleba.549 rodesac aRniSnuli principi irRveva, esiwvevs qaoss saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da Zlierisaxelmwifoebis dominirebas sust saxelmwifoebze.550

543Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, redaqtori:aleqsiZe levan, Tb., 2003, gv. 415.544 iqve, gv. 416.545 Grant Rebecca, Airpower Made it Work, Air Force Magazine, November, 1999, pp. 30, 37.546 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, p.112.547 iqve, gv. 113. 548 iqve.549 iqve, gv. 116.550 iqve.

93

`civi omis~ Semdgom periodSic suvereniteti rCebamniSvnelovan uflebad. Tumca misi mniSvneloba SeiZlebaSemcirdes adamianis fundamentur uflebebTan mimarTebiT.551

humanitaruli krizisi TavisTavad aris safrTxe saxelmwifosuverenitetisaTvis. kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulizians ayenebs saxelmwifoTa interesebs. aRniSnulidanaSaulisTvis dausjeloba ki iwvevs arastabiluri garemosSeqmnas, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisa da ltolvilTa nakadisgazrdas, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios farTomasStabiani omi.amdenad, saxelmwifoebma unda iTanamSromlon, raTa Tavidanaicilon msgavsi safrTxeebi.552

kosovoSi humanitaruli krizisis ganviTarebas win uswrebdawlebis ganmavlobaSi konfliqti serbeTis samxedro Zalebsa dakosovos ganmaTavisuflebeli armiis meamboxeebs Soris. esukanasknelni cdilobdnen, daecvaT kosovos avtonomia.553 1998wels, ltolvilTa sakiTxebSi gaeros umaRlesi komisrisSefasebiT, aRniSnuli konfliqtis Sedegad 230 000-ze metmaadamianma datova sakuTari adgilsamyofeli. Crdiloatlantikurialiansis mier sahaero Setevebis ganxorcielebamde ori kviriTadre es maCvenebeli 400 000-amde gaizarda.554

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWos #1199rezoluciis Tanaxmad, 50 000 ltolvili TavSesafris gareSe iyodarCenili.555 xolo ltolviTa sakiTxebSi gaeros umaRlesikomisris moxseneba sicivisgan bavSvebis gardacvalebis faqtebzemiuTiTebda.556

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, euTo, nato, amerikisSeerTebuli Statebi da balkaneTis sakontaqto jguficdilobdnen, diplomatiuri saSualebebiT SeeCerebinaT Zaladobada mieRwiaT saerTo politikuri gadawyvetilebisTvis.557

1998 wlis seqtemberSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisuSiSroebis sabWom serbeTis samxedro Zalebs saomarimoqmedebebis Sewyveta mosTxova. gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos #1199rezolucia mxareebs cecxlis Sewyvetisaken mouwodebda damoiTxovda dialogis dawyebas iugoslaviis federalurrespublikasa da kosovos albanur xelmZRvanelobas Soris, racSeamcirebda humanitaruli katastrofis riskebs.558

551 Scheffer David J., Toward a Modern Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention, University of Toledo Law Review, Volume 23, 1991-1992, p.259.552 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, pp.117-118.553 U.S. Department of State, Erasing History: Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo, 2000, http://www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/rpt9905ethinicksvo2.html (nanaxia: 25.05.2009).554 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, p.137.555 iqve, gv. 141.556 iqve.557 iqve, gv. 142-143.558 Security Council Resolution, N1199, September 23, 1998, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/279/96/PDF/N9827996.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 05.05.2009).

94

diplomatiuri saSualebebiT konfliqtis mogvarebamkulminacias 1999 wlis TebervalSi miaRwia, rodesac sakontaqtojgufi (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi,germania, italia) kvlav Seecada konfliqtis mSvidobianadmogvarebas rambuieSi (safrangeTi, parizis Semogareni) samSvidoboSeTanxmebis xelmoweriT, rac uSedego aRmoCnda. rambuiesSeTanxmebas xels awerdnen kosovoeli albanelebi. SeTanxmebaiTvaliswinebda kosovosTvis politikuri avtonomiisuzrunvelyofas, rasac iugoslaviis mTavrobam xeli ar moawera.559 1999 wlis martSi viTareba kidev ufro daiZaba. humanitarulikrizisidan gamomdinare, aucilebeli iyo gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis mier Sesabamisi zomebis miReba, Tumca gaerosuSiSroebis sabWo uunaro aRmoCnda. amasTanave, natoiTvaliswinebda im faqtsac, rom gaerom ver SeZlo bosniaSikrizisis Tavidan acileba. amdenad, aliansma gadawyvita, Zalisgamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba calmxrivad mieRo.560

natos mier kosovoSi humanitaruli intervenciisganxorcielebis mowinaaRmdegeebi Tvlian, rom ar aris sworiuSiSroebis sabWos uunarobaze saubari maSin, rodesacuSiSroebis sabWoSi oficialurad kenWisyra ar CatarebulaaRniSnuli sakiTxis Taobaze. Tumca naTeli iyo, rom uSiSroebissabWos mudmivi wevrebidan ori mudmivi wevri qveyana _ ruseTi daCineTi _ gamoiyenebda vetos uflebas da gaeros mier SesabamisiRonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebaSeuZlebeli iqneboda. garda amisa, kenWisyris Catareba kidev ufrogaarTulebda mdgomareobas, radgan vetos Sedegad cxadigaxdeboda intervenciis calmxrivad gamoyenebis dauSvebloba.561 miuxedavad imisa, rom kenWisyra oficialurad ar Catarebula,naTeli iyo gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos araefeqturoba, rasacamyarebs somaliSi, ruandasa da bosniaSi mimdinare krizisebisdros mis mier gamovlenili uunaroba.562

kosovos xelmZRvaneloba da eTnikuri albanelebi miesalmnennatos intervencias.563 1999 wlis 2 ianvars albanelma politikosma,ibrahim rugovam, natos Carevisa da mSvidobis uzrunvelyofiskenmouwoda. rugovam aRniSna, rom Crdiloatlantikuri aliansiSeZlebda krizis SeCerebas kosovoSi.564

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aliansis intervencia kosovoSiSeesabameba humanitaruli intervenciis erT-erT moTxovnas,romelic gulisxmobs Tavad adamianis uflebebis darRvevebis

559 Rambouillet Interim Agreement, http://www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/ksvorambouillettext.html(nanaxia: 01.15.2009).560 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, p.144.561 iqve.562 iqve, gv. 144-145.563iqve, gv. 146.564 iqve.

95

Sedegad gamovlenil msxverplTa mier intervenciis dadebiTadSefasebas.565

natos humanitarul intervencias kosovoSi hqondagansazRvruli mizani, kerZod, Zaladobis SeCereba, serbeTissamxedro Zalebis gayvana, saerTaSoriso Zalebis ganlageba daltolvilebis mSvidobiani, upirobo dabruneba.566

rac Seexeba intervenciis mravalmxrivobas, saxelmwifoebismier ganxorcielebuli intervencia ufro efeqturi dalegitimuria, vidre intervencia, romelsac erTi qveyanaaxorcielebs. kosovoSi humanitaruli katastrofis SeCerebisasnato CrdiloeT amerikisa da evropis 19 suverenul saxelmwifosaerTianebda.567

udavoa, rom Crdiloatlantikuri aliansisTvis, rogorcpolitikuri, ise samxedro TvalsazrisiT, ar iyo advili msgavsioperaciis ganxorcieleba kosovoSi. Tumca gaeros araefeqturobisfonze ufro qmediTi aRmoCnda regionaluri organizaciis mierhumanitaruli krizisis dros saomari moqmedebebis SeCereba.568

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom natos humanitarul intervenciaskosovoSi ar hqonda sruli saerTaSoriso mxardaWera, vinaidan igiar iyo gaeros operacia. miuxedavad amisa, gaerTianebuli erebisorganizacias sajarod arasdros gamouxatavs, rom aliansismoqmedeba iyo arakanonieri.569 metic, gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciam daafinansa nato-iugoslaviis mSvidobianimolaparakebebis procesi, romelic 1999 wlis 10 ivniss SeTanxmebisxelmoweriT dasrulda. garda amisa, amJamad kosovoSiganlagebuli natos Zalebi moqmedeben gaeros egidiT.570 rogorczogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, natosa da gaeros es kavSiri adasturebs imas, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam miiRonatos intervencia kosovoSi.571

1998 wlis 31 marts gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom miiRo #1160rezolucia, romelic, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciiswesdebis 41-e muxlis Tanaxmad, iugoslaviis federaciulrespublikas embargos uwesebda iaraRze da yvela saxelmwifosganmkacrad moiTxovda moqmedebas rezoluciis Sesabamisad. amdenad,uSiSroebis sabWos aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba miuTiTebda, romarsebuli viTareba safrTxe iyo saerTaSoriso mSvidobisTvis.572

1998 wlis 24 oqtombers gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom kvlavmiiRo #1203 rezolucia, romelic orive mxares _ kosovos

565 iqve.566 iqve, gv. 147.567 iqve, gv. 150-151.568 iqve, gv.151.569 Houston Simon, War is Over; Surrender: Milosevic Agrees to Pull Out of Kosovo, Scottish Daily Record, June 10, 1999, p. 1. 570 Whitney Craig, Hands Off: The No Man's Land in the Fight for Human Rights, New York Times, December 12, 1999, p. 1.571 Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, pp.151-152.572 Chinkin Christine, The Legality of NATO's Action in the Former Republic of Yugoslavia under International Law, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Voume 49, 2000, p. 911.

96

albanur xelmZRvanelobasa da iugoslaviis federaciulrespublikas _ uwesebda konkretul valdebulebebs, kerZod:kosovos albanur xelmZRvanelobas evaleboda problemismSvidobiani gziT mowesrigeba, xolo iugoslaviis federaciulirespublikis mTavrobas unda Seesrulebina masa daCrdiloatlantikur alianss Soris 1998 wlis 15 oqtombersdadebuli SeTanxmeba, garda amisa, unda ezruna diplomatiuripersonalis usafrTxoebasa da ltolvilebis, iZulebiTgadaadgilebuli pirebis dabrunebaze.573

profesori vedgvudi Tvlis, rom natos mier sahaerooperaciebis dawyebamde uSiSroebis sabWoSi kenWisyrisCautarebloba SeiZleba miCneul iqnes gaeros Cum Tanxmobad.574

miuxedavad imisa, rom mokavSireTa mier ganxorcielebulioperacia ar efuZneba gaeros wesdebas, is SeiZleba misaRebi iyossaerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlidan gamomdinare.575

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi gaerTianebuli samefos mudmiviwarmomadgeneli Tvlida, rom Zalis gamoyeneba iugoslaviisfederaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg aucilebeli iyohumanitaruli katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad. msgavsigancxadeba natos wevri bevri qveynis liderma gaakeTa.576

kosovoSi humanitaruli intervenciis samarTlebrivi damoraluri aspeqtebis urTierTSeusabamobam politikosTa dasaerTaSoriso samarTlis eqspertTa winaSe dasva mwvave sakiTxi:ramdenad dasaSvebia, rom nebismierma regionalurma saerTaSorisoorganizaciam gaeros nebarTvis gareSe gamoiyenos samxedro Zalasuverenuli saxelmwifos mimarT am saxelmwifos mier adamianisuflebaTa darRvevis, Tundac katastrofulis, aRsakveTad?577

Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis mier kosovoSiganxorcielebuli humanitaruli intervencia gaeros wesdebiTdaSvebul Zalis gamoyenebis gamonaklis SemTxvevebs arganekuTvneba. igi arc individualuri da arc koleqtiuriTavdacvis uflebaa. garda amisa, es operacia ar ganxorcielebulauSiSroebis sabWos mier gaeros wesdebis me-7 Tavis (39-e da 42-emuxlebi) an me-8 Tavis (53-e muxli) Sesabamisad miniWebuliuflebamosilebis safuZvelze. humanitaruli intervenciiscalmxrivad ganxorcieleba, uSiSroebis sabWos nebarTvis gareSe,kvlav rCeba sadavo Temad saerTaSoriso CveulebiT samarTalSi.578

miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, Tu saxezea adamianis uflebaTamasobrivi da sistematuri darRvevebi, xolo saxelmwifo uunaroa,SeaCeros krizisi da gaeroc araqmediTia, intervencia SeiZleba

573 iqve.574 Wedgwood Ruth, NATO’s Campaign in Yugoslavia, American Journal of International Law, Volume 93, 1999, p. 828.575 Chinkin Christine, The Legality of NATO's Action in the Former Republic of Yugoslavia under International Law, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 49, 2000, p. 916. 576 iqve.577 Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, redaqtori: levan aleqsiZe, Tb., 2003, gv. 417.578 Chinkin Christine, The Legality of NATO's Action in the Former Republic of Yugoslavia under International Law, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 49, 2000, p. 916.

97

ganxorcieldes mxolod humanitaruli miznebidan gamomdinare daCareva unda iyos proporciuli humanitaruli krizisis SedegadmisaRwev amocanebTan.579

adamianis uflebaTa masobrivi darRvevebisas humanitaruliintervencia SesaZloa gamoiyenon ukidures SemTxvevaSi. 1990 wliszafxulSi dasavleT afrikis qveynebis kavSiris ekonomikurmagaerTianebam ganaxorciela intervencia liberiis respublikaSi,raTa SeeCerebina adamianis uflebaTa uxeSi, sistematuridarRvevebi, rac samoqalaqo omma ganapiroba. dasavleT afrikisqveynebis kavSiris ekonomikuri gaerTianeba ar moqmedebda gaerosuSiSroebis sabWos mandatiT, mxolod ori wlis Semdeg miiRogaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisgan oficialuri mxardaWera.580

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoapasuxismgebeli, uzrunvelyos saerTaSoriso mSvidoba dausafrTxoeba. magram zogierTi mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, es arniSnavs imas, rom, Tu uSiSroebis sabWo uunaroa, miiRosgadawyvetileba mudmivi wevris mier vetos uflebis gamoyenebisgamo, dauSvebelia raime moqmedebis ganxorcieleba.saxelmwifoebma mimarTes intervencias humanitaruli miznebidangamomdinare,581 Tumca amiT dairRva gaeros wesdebis moTxovnebi.amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom am SemTxvevaSisaubaria iseT viTarebaze, romlis drosac humanitaruli krizisisdaZlevis sxva alternatiuli saSualeba ar arsebobs.

579 iqve.580 Greenwood Christopher, International Law and the NATO Intervention in Kosovo, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 49, 2000, p. 929. 581 iqve, 929-930.

98

Tavi V. koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba

1. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis definicia

koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba moiTxovs Zalis gamoyenebiskanonierebis institucionalizacias saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobismier.582K koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba, koleqtiuri Tavdacvis msgavsad,iziarebs fundamentur winapirobas, romelic gulisxmobs Zalisgamoyenebas agresiis winaaRmdeg im qveynebis mier, romlebicSeiZleba ar arian uSualo da pirdapir msxverplni. Tumcarogorc individualuri, ise koleqtiuri Tavdacva gamoiyenebakonkretuli saxelmwifos an saxelmwifoTa neba-survilidangamomdinare, maSin, rodesac koleqtiuri usafrTxoebaxorcieldeba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis Sesabamisi organosmier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze.583

koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistema saTaves iRebs erTaligidan. erTa ligis paqtis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, sabWos SeeZlo,wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis erCia, Tu ra saSualebebi gamoeyenebinaqveyanas agresiis an misi safrTxis arsebobisas.584

erTa ligis paqtis me-11 muxli miuTiTebda, rom erTa ligisnebismier qveyanas mouwevda, monawileoba mieRo mSvidobisuzrunvelyofis procesSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu uSualod ragavlena eqneboda oms am saxelmwifoze.585 erTa ligis paqtiiTvaliswinebda aRniSnul saxelmwifosTan savaWro da finansuriurTierTobebis Sewyvetas da sabWos aniWebda uflebamosilebas,rekomendacia gaewia Tavisi wevrebisTvis Zalis gamoyenebisTaobaze, raTa daecva paqtiT gansazRvruli valdebulebebi.586

erTa ligis paqti erTmaneTisgan mijnavda ekonomikur sanqciebsda samxedro moqmedebebs. misi wevrebi valdebulni iyvnen,gamoeyenebinaT komerciuli da finansuri sanqciebi agresoriqveynis winaaRmdeg, xolo samxedro moqmedebis ganxorcielebisSesaxeb erTa ligis sabWo iRebda mxolod rekomendaciebs,romlebic savaldebulo xasiaTis ar iyo.587 zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, ramdenadac saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobas ar SeuZlia, daavalos wevr qveyanas samxedromoqmedebis ganxorcieleba, es `SeuZlebelia~ miuTiTebskoleqtiuri usafrTxoebis marTebul sistemaze.588

582 Schwarzenberger Georg and Brown E. D., A Manual of International Law, Milton, 1976, p.153.583 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.278.584 iqve.585 iqve, gv. 278-279.586 iqve, gv. 279.587 Williams J. F., Some Aspects of the Covenant of the League of Nations,Oxford University Press, London, 1934, pp. 156–157.588 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.279.

99

termini koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistema gulisxmobsgaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevrebis mier daxmarebisgawevas im wevri qveynisTvis, romlis winaaRmdeg ganxorcieldaSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma, an arsebobs aseTi safrTxe.589

Tumca koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis kritikosebiTvlian, rom am sistemas ar SeuZlia safrTxeebze droulireagireba.590

agresiis SemTxvevaSi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba exmarebadazaralebul qveyanas, rac niSnavs ara marto msxverplisaxelmwifos dacvas, aramed TavisTavad saerTaSoriso mSvidobisuzrunvelyofas.591

mearSeimeris mosazrebiT, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemaparadigmatulad efuZneba sam mTavar winapirobas: 1)saxelmwifoebma ar unda gamoiyenon samxedro Zala arsebuliviTarebis Sesacvlelad. maT ar unda ganaxorcielon agresiulimoqmedeba. isini unda SeTanxmdnen, rom yvela davas gadawyvetenmSvidobiani saSualebebiT; 2) saxelmwifoebi unda Tvlidnen, rommaTi erovnuli interesebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxelmwifoebiserovnul interesebTan. amdenad, Tavdasxma erT-erT maTganzeganixileba Tavdasxmad yvela maTganze. maT koleqtiurad undaSeZlon agresiis SeCereba. yovelive es miznad isaxavs iseTikoleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnas, romelic warmoSobsdazaralebuli qveynisTvis avtomaturad daxmarebis aRmoCenisvaldebulebas; 3) saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTs unda endobodnen. isiniunda moqmedebdnen zemoaRniSnuli wesebis Sesabamisad da undafiqrobdnen, rom sxva qveynebic msgavsad moiqcevian.592

gaeros wesdebis safuZvelze Seqmnili koleqtiuriusafrTxoebis sistema SeiZleba SevadaroT mearSeimeris sistemas.gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-3 da me-4 punqtebis Tanaxmad,gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yvela wevri TavissaerTaSoriso davas wyvets mSvidobiani saSualebebiT da imgvarad,rom safrTxe ar Seuqmnas saerTaSoriso mSvidobas, usafrTxoebasada samarTlianobas. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yvelawevri Tavs ikavebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ZaliT muqarisaan misi gamoyenebisagan, rogorc nebismieri saxelmwifosteritoriuli xelSeuxeblobisa da politikuri damoukideblobiswinaaRmdeg, aseve gaerTianebuli erebis miznebTan SeuTavsebeliraime sxva saxiT. wesdeba uSiSroebis sabWos aniWebsuflebamosilebas, gansazRvros mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis,mSvidobis xelyofisa da agresiis arsebobis faqtebi da mimarTosSesabamis zomebs saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis

589 Spaid Brian, Collective Security v. Constitutional Sovereignty: Can the President Commit U.S. Troops Under the Sanction of the United Nations Security Council Without Congressional Approval? University of Dayton Law Review, Volume 17, 1991-1992, p.1057. 590 Downs George, Collective Security beyond the Cold War, the University of Michigan Press, 1994, p.25.591 Luard Evan, A History of the United Nations: The Years of Western Domination (1945-1955),London: Macmillan, 1982, p. 4.592 Mearsheimer John, The False Promise of International Institutions, in Theories of War and Peace, Editor: Michael E. Brown, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 329, 357-359.

100

dasacavad. gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-5 punqtis Tanaxmad ki,gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yvela wevri yovelmxrivexmareba mas am wesdebis Sesabamisad gansaxorcielebel nebismiermoqmedebaSi da Tavs ikavebs nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis daxmarebisagan, romlis winaaRmdegac gaerTianebuli erebisorganizacia prevenciuli an iZulebiTi xasiaTis moqmedebasaxorcielebs. Tumca gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebismier iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis Taobazegadawyvetilebis miRebisas vetos uflebis gamoyenebisSesaZlebloba niSnavs imas, rom Sesabamisi pasuxismgeblobisavtomaturad warmoSoba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. amasTanave,aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc gaeros wesdebis avtorebma miiCnies,didi qveynebi ar dasTanxmdebodnen wesdebis xelmoweras, Tu maT,wesdebis mixedviT, ar eqnebodaT gadawyvetilebebis dablokvisSesaZlebloba. gaeros wesdebis Semqmnelebs ar surdaT erTaligis marcxis ganmeoreba, romelSic ramdenime didi saxelmwifoar Sedioda. 593

koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis warmatebuladfunqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia wevr qveynebs SorisTanamSromloba da erTmaneTis ndoba.594

2. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistema `civi omis~periodSi

mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad SeZlogaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWomkonfliqtebsa da krizisebze Sesabamisi reagireba. rogorc `civiomis~ periodSi, ise mis Semdgom es sakiTxi kvlav damokidebuliadidi qveynebis interesebsa da maT Soris arsebul urTierTobaTadinamikaze.595

`civi omis~ periodSi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom daadginamSvidobis xelyofis faqtebi Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: koreis omi (82-erezolucia, 1950 weli),596 folklendis kunZulebis omi (502-e

593 Delahunty Robert, Symposium on Reexaming the law of War: Paper Charter: Self-Defense and the Failure of the United Nations Collective Security System, Catholic University Law Review, Volume 56, 2006-2007, pp. 890-891.594 iqve, gv. 891-892.595 Stromseth Jane, Future Implication of the Iraq Conflict: Law and Force after Iraq: A Transitional Moment, American Journal of International Law, Volume 97, 2003, p.640.596 Security Council Resolution 82, June 25, 1950, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/064/95/IMG/NR006495.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:27.07.2010).

101

rezolucia, 1982 weli)597 da iran-erayis omi (598-e rezolucia, 1987weli).598

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo rekomendacias uwevda wevrsaxelmwifoebs, daxmareba aRmoeCinaT koreis respublikisTvis,raTa SeeCerebinaT CrdiloeT koreis SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma.599

uSiSroebis sabWo uSvebda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisdroSis qveS koaliciis mier Zalis gamoyenebas, romelsacnebayoflobiT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uxelmZRvanelebda.600

folklendis kunZulebis omis SemTxvevaSi gaeros uSiSroebissabWom mxolod mSvidobis xelyofis faqtze miuTiTa da saomarimoqmedebebis Sewyvetisa da kunZulebidan argentinis SeiaraRebuliZalebis gayvanis moTxovniT Semoifargla.601

iran-erayis omis SemTxvevaSi ki, uSiSroebis sabWom 7-wlianisaomari moqmedebebis Semdeg daadgina, rom konfliqtma aRniSnulor saxelmwifos Soris xelyo mSvidoba da dauyovnebliv moiTxovacecxlis Sewyveta.602

garda amisa, 1984 wels gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom dagmosamxreT afrikis mier angolis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuliSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma, daadastura angolis ufleba,gamoeyenebina gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis 51-emuxli da wevr qveynebs mouwoda, daxmareba aRmoeCinaTdazaralebuli qveynisTvis.603

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWomoficialurad miuTiTa mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis SeqmnisSemTxvevebzec. 1948 wels miRebul 54-e rezoluciaSi uSiSroebissabWo aRniSnavda, rom palestinaSi arsebuli viTareba safrTxesuqmnida saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas.604 analogiursafrTxeze saubrobda uSiSroebis sabWo 1966 wlis 232-e

597 Security Council Resolution 502, April 3, 1982, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/435/26/IMG/NR043526.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:27.07.2010).598 Security Council Resolution 598, July 20, 1987, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/524/70/IMG/NR052470.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:27.07.2010).599 Security Council Resolution 83, June 27, 1950, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/064/96/IMG/NR006496.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:27.07.2010).600 Security Council Resolution 84, July 7, 1950, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/064/97/IMG/NR006497.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:27.07.2010).601 Security Council Resolution 502, April 3, 1982, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/435/26/IMG/NR043526.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 27.07.2010).602 Security Council Resolution 598, July 20, 1987, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/524/70/IMG/NR052470.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 27.07.2010).603 Security Council Resolution 546, January 6, 1984, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/487/76/IMG/NR048776.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 27.07.2010).604 Security Council Resolution 54, July 15, 1948, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/047/79/IMG/NR004779.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 2.08.2010).

102

rezoluciaSi, romelic samxreT rodezias exeboda.605 xolo 1977wlis 418-e rezoluciaSi mianiSnebda, rom iaraRis SeZena samxreTafrikis mier safrTxis Semcveli iyo.606

ramdenime sxva SemTxvevaSic uSiSroebis sabWom gamoiyenafraza `safrTxe mSvidobisTvis~. magaliTad, 1974 wels miRebul353-e rezoluciaSi sabWo miuTiTebda, rom kviprosSi arsebuliviTareba seriozuli safrTxe iyo mSvidobisTvis.607 msgavsi teqstiagamoyenebuli uSiSroebis sabWos mier kongosTan mimarTebiT.608

or SemTxvevaSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisuSiSroebis sabWom daawesa savaldebulo sanqciebi. uSiSroebissabWom 1966 wels miRebul 232-e rezoluciaSi gaeros wesdebis 39-eda 41-e muxlebis Tanaxmad, samxreT rodeziaze savaWro embargosdawesebis aucileblobaze miuTiTa, xolo 1977 wlis 418-erezoluciaSi, wesdebis me-7 Tavis Sesabamisad, samxreT afrikazeiaraRis embargo daawesa.609

`civi omis~ dasasruls quveiTis dapyrobas erayis mier daSemdgom mis gaTavisuflebas hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvnelobauSiSroebis sabWos istoriisTvis. erTsulovnebam uSiSroebissabWos mudmiv wevrebs Soris ganapiroba, gaeros wesdebis me-7Tavis Sesabamisad, miReba rezoluciaTa mTeli rigisa, romlebiciTvaliswinebdnen qmediTi zomebis ganxorcielebas erayiswinaaRmdeg.610

1990 wlis 2 agvistos (quveiTze Tavdasxmis dRes) miRebul 660-e rezoluciaSi uSiSroebis sabWom miuTiTa, rom quveiTSi SeWraiyo saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis xelyofa damoiTxovda erayis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis upirobo gayvanasquveiTis teritoriidan.611

ramdenime dRis Semdeg gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom miiRo 661-erezolucia, romelic awesebda savaldebulo ekonomikur sanqciebserayis winaaRmdeg. uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, gaerosyvela wevr qveyanas Tavi unda Seekavebina import-eqsportisganxorcielebisagan rogorc erayis, ise quveiTis okupirebul

605 Security Council Resolution 232, December 16, 1966, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/227/55/IMG/NR022755.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 2.08.2010).606 Security Council Resolution 418, November 4, 1977, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/297/01/IMG/NR029701.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 2.08.2010).607 Security Council Resolution 353, July 20, 1974, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/289/72/IMG/NR028972.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 2.08.2010).608 Security Council Resolution 161, February 21, 1961, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/171/68/IMG/NR017168.pdf?OpenElemen (nanaxia: 2.08.2010).609 Yoram Dinstein, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press 2005, p.294.610 iqve.611 iqve.

103

teritoriaze, garda medikamentebisa da sxva im saSualebebisa,romlebic aucilebeli iyo humanitaruli miznebisaTvis.612

uSiSroebis sabWos 665-e rezolucia xazs usvamda im faqts,rom ekonomikuri sanqciebi sabWom daawesa gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis wesdebis me-7 Tavis Sesabamisad da mouwodebdagaeros wevr qveynebs, eTanamSromlaT 661-e rezoluciisSesrulebis mizniT.613

uSiSroebis sabWos 678-e rezolucia ki wevr qveynebs aniWebdauflebamosilebas, quveiTis MmTavrobasTan TanamSromlobiTgamoeyenebinaT yvela saWiro saSualeba 660-e rezoluciisgansaxorcieleblad, romelic mouwodebda erays, daetovebinaquveiTis teritoria.614 rezoluciis es formulireba gulisxmobdaZalis gamoyenebasac. Tumca uSiSroebis sabWos imrezoluciebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic koreas exeboda, 678-erezolucia uTiTebda mxolod gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis wesdebis me-7 Tavze da ara am Tavis konkretulmuxlze. garda amisa, koaliciuri Zalebi ar moqmedebdnen gaerosdroSisa da sardlobis qveS _ maT SeeZloT moqmedeba erayiswinaaRmdeg uSiSroebis sabWos mier miniWebuliuflebamosilebidan gamomdinare. zogierTi Tvlis, rom es iyogaeros wesdebis 42-e muxlis safuZvelze ganxorcielebulimoqmedeba. sxva mkvlevarebi ki am operacias miiCneven rogorckoleqtiur Tavdacvas, nebadarTuls uSiSroebis sabWos mier.615

Ggaeros generalur mdivans Tavis moxsenebaSi `dRis wesrigimSvidobisTvis~ ar aRuniSnavs, rom zemoaRniSnuli koaliciuriZalebis operacia 42-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba iyo,aramed miuTiTa uSiSroebis sabWos mier wevri qveynebisTvis Zalisgamoyenebis uflebamosilebis miniWebaze.616

Tumca arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba aRniSnul operaciasTanmimarTebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am operaciiT daiwyo axali eragaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisTvis da, garkveulwilad, 678-erezolucia gaxda SemdgomSi wevri qveynebisTvis Zalis gamoyenebisuflebamosilebis miniWebis modeli.617 es rezolucia aniWebdaspecialur mandats koaliciis Zalebs, wesdebis 51-e muxlidangamomdinare, ganexorcielebinaT koleqtiuri Tavdacva.618 xolo

612 Security Council Resolution 661, August 6, 1990, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/11/IMG/NR057511.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 2.08.2010).613 Security Council Resolution 665, August 25, 1990, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/15/IMG/NR057515.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 2.08.2010).614 Security Council Resolution 678, November 29, 1990, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/28/IMG/NR057528.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 2.08.2010).615 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp.204-205. 616 iqve, gv. 205.617 iqve.618 Schachter O., United Nations Law in the Gulf Conflict, American Journal of International Law, Volume 85, 199, pp. 459–460.

104

zogierTis mosazreba, rom koaliciuri Zalebis operacia iyo 42-emuxliT gaTvaliswinebul moqmedeba, Seusabamoa.619

uSiSroebis sabWos mier 1991 wels miRebuli 687-e rezoluciagansazRvravda mxareebs Soris cecxlis Sewyvetis pirobebs.rezolucia erays mouwodebda saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiTgaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebisken.620

3. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistema `civi omis~ Semdgom

1990 wlis agvistodan gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisuSiSroebis sabWos ar ganusazRvravs mSvidobis xelyofis faqti.daaxloebiT 25 gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi uSiSroebis sabWommiuTiTa, rom arsebobda safrTxe saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebisTvis.621 mSvidobisTvis safrTxis Seqmnaze saubariiyo: 1992 wels miRebul 733-e rezoluciaSi, romelic somaliSiarsebul viTarebas exeboda622; imave wels miRebul 757-erezoluciaSi, romelic iugoslaviaSi, gansakuTrebiT bosnia-hercegovinaSi, mimdinare viTarebaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas623;aseve, 788-e rezoluciaSi liberiis respublikis Taobaze624;xorvatiaSi cecxlis Sewyvetis valdebulebebis darRvevasTandakavSirebul 1993 wels miRebul 807-e rezoluciaSi625; 841-erezoluciaSi haitisTan mimarTebiT626; ruandis Sesaxeb 1994 welsmiRebul 918-e rezoluciaSi627; 1997 wels miRebul 1101-e628 da 1125-e629 rezoluciebSi, romlebic albaneTsa da samxreT afrikis

619 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.296.620 Security Council Resolution 687, April 3, 1991, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/23/IMG/NR059623.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).621 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, pp.300-301.622 Security Council Resolution 733, January 23, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/010/92/IMG/NR001092.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).623 Security Council Resolution 757, May 30, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/16/IMG/NR001116.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).624 Security Council Resolution 788, November 19, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/010/46/IMG/N9301046.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).625 Security Council Resolution 807, February 19, 1993, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/095/42/IMG/N9309542.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).626 Security Council Resolution 841, June 16, 1993, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/354/58/IMG/N9335458.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 10.08.2010).627 Security Council Resolution 918, May 17, 1994, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/218/36/PDF/N9421836.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).628 Security Council Resolution 1101, March 28, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/084/37/PDF/N9708437.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).629 Security Council Resolution 1125, August 6, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/211/81/PDF/N9721181.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

105

respublikas exeboda; amasTanave, 1127-e630 da 1132-e631 rezoluciebSiangolasa da siera-leonesTan mimarTebiT; 1998 wels miRebul 1199-erezoluciaSi kosovos Sesaxeb632; 1999 wels miRebul 1264-erezoluciaSi, romelic aRmosavleT timors exeboda633;Talibebisgan momdinare safrTxesTan dakavSirebiT miRebul 1267-erezoluciaSi, radgan es ukanasknelni avRaneTSi uzrunvelyofdnenTavSesafars terorist osama bin ladenisTvis634; 2001 welsmiRebul 1343-e rezoluciaSi, romelic exeboda liberielebis miermeamboxeTa mxardaWeras siera-leoneSi635; 2001 wels miRebul 1363-erezoluciaSi, romelic postTalibur avRaneTs exeboda636; 2004wels miRebul 1529-e rezoluciaSi haitiSi arsebul viTarebasTandakavSirebiT637; 2004 wels miRebul 1556-e rezoluciaSi darfurisregionis, kerZod sudanis krizis Sesaxeb638. sul cota, 19 SemTxvevaSi (Tu ar CavTvliT erays)gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWom miiRogadawyvetileba, miemarTa Sesabamisi sanqciebisTvis.639 1992 welsmiRebuli 713-e rezoluciis safuZvelze gaeros uSiSroebis sabWomiugoslavias iaraRis embargo dauwesa640; 1992 wels ki 733-erezoluciiT man msgavsi sanqcia daawesa somalis mimarT641; imavewels, 748-e rezoluciis Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva sanqcia dauwesdalibias642; 757-e rezolucia uwesebda ekonomikur sanqciebs

630 Security Council Resolution 1127, August 28, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/226/93/PDF/N9722693.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).631 Security Council Resolution 1132, October 8, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/267/13/PDF/N9726713.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).632 Security Council Resolution 1199, September 23, 1998, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/279/96/PDF/N9827996.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).633 Security Council Resolution 1264, September 15, 1999, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/264/81/PDF/N9926481.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).634 Security Council Resolution 1267, October 15, 1999, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/300/44/PDF/N9930044.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).635 Security Council Resolution 1343, March 7, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/276/08/PDF/N0127608.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).636 Security Council Resolution 1363, July 30, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/473/97/PDF/N0147397.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).637Security Council Resolution 1529, February 29, 2004, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/254/10/PDF/N0425410.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).638 Security Council Resolution 1556, July 30, 2004, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/446/02/PDF/N0444602.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).639 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press 2005, p.302.640 Security Council Resolution 713, September 25, 1991, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/49/IMG/NR059649.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).641 Security Council Resolution 733, January 23, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/010/92/IMG/NR001092.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).642 Security Council Resolution 748, March 31, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/07/IMG/NR001107.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).

106

serbeTsa da montenegros643; xolo 781-e rezolucia adgendaSezRudvebs bosnia-hercegovinis sahaero sivrceSi samxedrofrenebze644; 788-e rezoluciiT uSiSroebis sabWom daawesa iaraRisembargo liberiaze645; 1993 wels 841-e rezoluciiT ki savaWroembargo dawesda haitize646; 1994 wels miRebuli 918-e rezoluciaiTvaliswinebda iaraRis embargos dawesebas ruandisTvis647; imavewels miRebuli 942-e rezolucia uwesebda ekonomikur sanqciebsbosniel serbebs648; 1997 wels miRebuli 1132-e rezoluciaiTvaliswinebda iaraRis embargos dawesebas siera leoneze649; 1998wels miRebuli 1160-e rezoluciiT uSiSroebis sabWo iugoslaviasxelaxla uwesebda iaraRis embargos kosovos krizisTandakavSirebiT650; 1999 wels miRebuli 1267-e rezolucia kiiTvaliswinebda rogorc sahaero embargos dawesebas avRaneTze,ise Talibebis kontrolis qveS arsebuli finansuri saxsrebisgayinvas.651

cxra SemTxvevaSi (Tu kvlav ar CavTvliT erays),gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWom wevrqveynebs neba darTo, gamoeyenebinaT yvela saWiro saSualeba anRonisZieba miznis misaRwevad.652 magaliTad: 1992 wels miRebuli794-e rezoluciis safuZvelze gaeros wevr saxelmwifoebsSeeZloT, ganexorcielebinaT yvela aucilebeli RonisZiebasomalSi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad653; 1993 wels miRebuli816-e rezolucia ki bosnia-hercegovinis sahaero sivrceSi yvelasaWiro saSualebis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebda654; msgavsiSinaarsis rezoluciebi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisuSiSroebis sabWom miiRo 1994 wels. isini exeboda ruandis

643 Security Council Resolution 757, May 30, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/16/IMG/NR001116.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).644 Security Council Resolution 781, October 9, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/491/64/IMG/N9249164.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).645 Security Council Resolution 788, November 19, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/010/46/IMG/N9301046.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).646 Security Council Resolution 841, June 16, 1993, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/354/58/IMG/N9335458.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).647 Security Council Resolution 918, May 17, 1994, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/218/36/PDF/N9421836.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).648 Security Council Resolution 942, September 23, 1994, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/372/72/PDF/N9437272.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).649 Security Council Resolution 1132, October 8, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/267/13/PDF/N9726713.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).650 Security Council Resolution 1160, March 31, 1998, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/090/23/PDF/N9809023.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).651 Security Council Resolution 1267, October 15, 1999, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/300/44/PDF/N9930044.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).652 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press 2005, p.303.653 Security Council Resolution 794, December 3, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/772/11/PDF/N9277211.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 25.08.2010).654 Security Council Resolution 816, March 31, 1993, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1993/scres93.htm(nanaxia: 29.08.2010).

107

krizisis dros moqalaqeebis dacvas655 da haitiSi kanonierimTavrobis aRdgenas656; 2001 wels uSiSroebis sabWom miiRo 1386-erezolucia, romelic iTvaliswinebda saerTaSorisousafrTxoebis mxardaWeris Zalebis Seqmnas, raTa maTuzrunveleyoT qabulisa da misi Semogarenis usafrTxoeba, damasSi monawile wevr qveynebs aniWebda uflebas, gamoeyenebinaTyvela aucilebeli RonisZieba mandatis Sesasruleblad657; xolo2003 wlis oqtomberSi uSiSroebis sabWom miiRo 1510-e rezolucia,romlis safuZvelze saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis mxardaWerisZalebis moqmedebis areali gafarTovda da igi moicavda rogorcqabulsa da mis Semogarens, ise mis farglebs gareT arsebulteritorias.658

rac Seexeba erays, 2003 wlis 20 marts koaliciis Zalebmaamerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyes samxedromoqmedebebis ganxorcieleba erayis winaaRmdeg.659 amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis prezident jorj buSis gancxadebiT, imdroisTvis erayi iyo terorizmTan brZolis wina xazi.660 2003 wlismaisSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWommiiRo 1483-e rezolucia, romelSic aRiniSna, rom eraySi arsebuliviTareba safrTxes uqmnida saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa dausafrTxoebas.661 amave wlis oqtomberSi sabWom kvlav miiRo axali1511-e rezolucia erayTan dakavSirebiT, romlis safuZvelzemravalerovnuli Zalebi erTiani sardlobis qveSganaxorcielebdnen yvela aucilebel RonisZiebas eraySistabilurobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad da TavianTisaqmianobis Sesaxeb Seatyobinebdnen uSiSroebis sabWos.662 TumcaaRniSnuli rezoluciis miRebamde sabWos wevrebs Sorismolaparakebebis procesi sakmaod rTulad warimarTa. magaliTad,pakistani miiCnevda, rom mravalerovnuli Zalebi gansxvavebuliunda yofiliyo koaliciis Zalebisgan da isini unda gaegzavnaTerayeli xalxis miwvevis safuZvelze.663 2004 wlis ivnisSiuSiSroebis sabWom miiRo 1546-e rezolucia, romelic adasturebdadroebiTi mTavrobisTvis sruli pasuxismgeblobisa da

655 Security Council Resolution 929, June 22, 1994, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/260/27/PDF/N9426027.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 30.08.2010).656 Security Council Resolution 940, July 31, 1994, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/312/22/PDF/N9431222.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 30.08.2010).657 Security Council Resolution 1386 , December 20, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/708/55/PDF/N0170855.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 30.08.2010).658 Security Council Resolution 1510, 13 October, 2003, http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions03.html (nanaxia: 1.09.2010).659 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.300.660 Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 263. 661 Security Council Resolution 1483, May 22, 2003, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/368/53/PDF/N0336853.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 5.09.2010).662 Security Council Resolution 1511, October 16, 2003, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/563/91/PDF/N0356391.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 5.09.2010).663 Christine Gray, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 263-264.

108

Zalauflebis gadacemas, xolo mravalerovnuli (koaliciuri)Zalebi darCebodnen manam, sanam amas droebiTi mTavrobamoiTxovda.664

miuxedavad imisa, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisuSiSroebis sabWo miuTiTebda gaeros wesdebis me-7 Tavze, sabWosar ucdia, aemoqmedebina koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis mTavari 42-emuxli. 1992 wels gaeros generalurma mdivanma butros butrosgalim uSiSroebis sabWos specialur Sexvedraze, sadac mas undawaredgina rekomendaciebi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebisSesaxeb, ganacxada, rom 42-e muxlis argamoyeneba aris arsebiTigaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis, rogorc saerTaSorisousafrTxoebis garantoris, sandoobisTvis.665 xolo winapirobadspecialuri SeTanxmebebis dadeba, romelsac moiTxovs gaeroswesdebis 43-e muxli, generaluri mdivnis mosazrebiT, qmnidaorganizaciis wevrebTan molaparakebebis dawyebis safuZvels.666

magram praqtikaSi msgavsi SeTanxmebebi (romelTa Tanaxmad, gaerosyvela wevri valdebulia, uSiSroebis sabWos gankargulebaSigadasces saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dasacavadaucilebeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, daxmareba da momsaxurebissaTanado saSualebebi) ar dadebula. Tumca marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosarekomendacio daskvnaSi gaeros calkeuli xarjebis SesaxebuTiTebs: ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wesdebam uSiSroebis sabWouunaro gaxada sagangebo situaciebis dros, rodesac 43-e muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli SeTanxmebebi ar aris dadebuli.667

gaeros Zalebis umetesoba Camoyalibda (ZiriTadad,uSiSroebis sabWos mier, magram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi –generaluri asambleis mier) `samSvidobo~ miznebisaTvis.668 gaerossamSvidobo Zalebis mTavari maxasiaTebelia is, rom isini iqmnebaspecialurad gansazRvruli miznebidan gamomdinare sagangebosituaciebis dros da wevr qveynebs survilisamebr SeaqvT TavianTiwvlili samxedro kontingentis CamoyalibebaSi.669

4. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis marcxi da uSiSroebissabWos reformireba

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis safuZvelzeSeqmnilma koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemam marcxi ganicada.670

Tomas franki Tvlis, rom gaeros wesdebis mTavari danapirebi,

664 Security Council Resolution 1546, June 8, 2004, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/381/16/PDF/N0438116.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 5.09.2010).665 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.304.666iqve.667 iqve, gv. 306-307.668 iqve.669 iqve.670 Delahunty Robert, Symposium on Reexaming the law of War: Paper Charter: Self-Defense and the Failure of the United Nations Collective Security System, Catholic University Law Review, Volume 56, 2006-2007, p.926.

109

uzrunveleyo iseTi sistemis Seqmna, romelic saxelmwifoebsdaicavda mSvidobis xelmyofTagan, ver Sesrulda.671 miuxedavadamisa, zemoaRniSnuli sistema jer kidev rCeba erTaderT qmediTsistemad, radgan ar arsebobs gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos angeneraluri asambleis sxva alternativa.672

luis henkini Tvlida, rom, rogorc gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis praqtikam aCvena, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom verSeZlo wesdebis principebis efeqturad ganxorcieleba;673 xolomaikl glenonis mosazrebiT, wesdeba `gardaicvala~.674

maikl glenoni xazs usvamს im faqts, rom 1945 wlidan 1999wlamde gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevrebis ori mesamedi,kerZod 189 qveynidan 126 saxelmwifo, monawileobda 291saxelmwifoTaSoris konfliqtSi, romelTa Sedegad 22 milionzemeti adamiani daiRupa.675

gaeros wesdebis safuZvelze Seqmnili koleqtiuriusafrTxoebis sistema aRmoCnda araefeqturi ara marto omisTavidan acilebis, aramed misi procentuli maCveneblis SemcirebisTvalsazrisiTac. 1816 wlidan 1945 wlamde 56 saxelmwifoTaSorisiomi moxda, romlis procentuli maCvenebeli TiToeul welze iyo0,43%, xolo 1945 wlidan 1997 wlamde – 0,44%; sxvadasxva kvlevisSedegad, 1715 wlidan 1814 wlamde 36 saxelmwifoTaSorisi omimoxda, 1815-1914 wlebSi – 29 omi, 1918-1941 wlebSi – 25 omi, xolo1945 wlidan 1995 wlamde – 38 omi. aRniSnuli monacemebis mixedviT,saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebis procentuli maCvenebeli rCebodaTiTqmis igive, an izrdeboda erTa ligis arsebobis pirobebSi dagaeros wesdebis amoqmedebis Semdgom.676 Tumca mxolodstatistikuri monacemebi ar aris sakmarisi imisTvis, romkoleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis araqmediToba naTeli iyos.677

koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis uunaroba, SeeCerebinamSvidobis xelmyofni, gamovlinda sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi. maTSoris: 1961 wels indoeTis mier goaSi SeWris dros da 1971 welsindoeTis mier dasavleT da aRmosavleT pakistans Sorismimdinare samoqalaqo omSi Carevisas, ris Sedegad SeiqmnabangladeSis saxelmwifo.678

1961 wels indoeTma gadawyvita, SeWriliyo goaSi, romelic 450wlis ganmavlobaSi portugaliis SemadgenlobaSi imyofeboda.

671 Thomas M. Franck, When, If Ever, May States Deploy Military Force Without Prior Security Council Authorization?, Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, Volume 5, 2001, pp. 51-52.672 iqve, gv. 68.673 Delahunty Robert, Symposium on Reexaming the law of War: Paper Charter: Self-Defense and the Failure of the United Nations Collective Security System, Catholic University Law Review, Volume 56, 2006-2007, p.882. 674iqve, gv. 883.675 Glennon Michael, The Fog of Law: Self-Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, Volume 25, 2002, p. 540.676 Delahunty Robert, Symposium on Reexaming the law of War: Paper Charter: Self-Defense and the Failure of the United Nations Collective Security System, Catholic University Law Review, Volume 56, 2006-2007, p. 928.677 iqve.678 iqve, gv.933.

110

portugaliam uSiSroebis sabWos mimarTa. generalurma mdivanmamiswera indoeTis premier-ministrs da moiTxova Zalis gamoyenebisardaSveba.679 amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis elCma stivensonmauSiSroebis sabWoSi mimdinare debatebisas dagmo indoeTismoqmedeba da miuTiTa, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciismier Seqmnili sistemis gadasarCenad aucilebeli iyo, msgavsiSemTxveva ar darCeniliyo Sesabamisi reagirebis gareSe, raTa armieRoT erTa ligis msgavsi Sedegi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebismier momzadebul rezolucias, romelic iTvaliswinebda saomarimoqmedebebis dauyovnebliv Sewyvetasa da indoeTis SeiaraRebuliZalebis gayvanas, sabWoTa kavSirma veto daado. uSiSroebis sabWomver ganaxorciela saTanado RonisZiebebi.680

uSiSroebis sabWos uunaroba kvlav gamovlinda aTi wlisSemdegac, kerZod, 1971 wels, rodesac indoeTi Caeria dasavleT daaRmosavleT pakistans Soris mimdinare samoqalaqo omSi, raTadaesustebina igi. miuxedavad ramdenime mcdelobisa, uSiSroebissabWom ver miiRo Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba. xolo generaluriasambleis rezolucia, romelic indoeTsa da pakistansmouwodebda, dabrunebodnen winandel sazRvrebs, mxareebma argaiTvaliswines.681

riCard folki Tvlis, rom wevrma qveynebma seriozulad unda gaacnobieron sakuTari valdebulebebi da gansakuTrebuliyuradReba unda miaqcion rezolucias `erToba mSvidobisaTvis~,romelic garkveul pasuxismgeblobas aniWebs generalurasambleas, rodesac uSiSroebis sabWo aRmoCndeba uunaro,ganaxorcielos Sesabamisi moqmedeba.682 Tumca folki arafersambobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda Seasrulon wevrmasaxelmwifoebma gaeros wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebulivaldebulebebi da ras gulisxmobs am valdebulebaTaseriozulad ganxorcieleba, ratom aris 1950 wels miRebulirezolucia `erToba mSvidobisTvis~ aTeuli wlebis Semdgomefeqturi, an ris safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom generaluriasamblea iqneba saerTaSoriso mSvidobis ukeTesi damcveli, vidreuSiSroebis sabWoa.683

rac Seexeba uSiSroebis sabWos reformirebas, igi moicavsSemdeg mTavar sakiTxebs: unda gaizardos Tu ara uSiSroebissabWoSi rogorc aramudmivi, ise mudmivi wevrebis raodenoba;ramdenad SesaZlebelia vetos uflebis gauqmeba, SezRudva Tusxvagvarad modificireba; aramudmiv wevrebs unda mieceT Tu ara

679 Thomas M. Franck, Nation Against Nation, Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 54. 680 Delahunty Robert, Symposium on Reexaming the law of War: Paper Charter: Self-Defense and the Failure of the United Nations Collective Security System, Catholic University Law Review, Volume 56, 2006-2007, pp.933-934.681 iqve.682 Falk Richard, Assessing the United Nations After the Lebanon War of 2006, Nuclear Age Peace Found, August 16, 2006, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2006/08/16_falk_after-lebanon.htm(nanaxia: 24.04.2009).683 Delahunty Robert, Symposium on Reexaming the law of War: Paper Charter: Self-Defense and the Failure of the United Nations Collective Security System, Catholic University Law Review, Volume 56, 2006-2007, p. 944.

111

SesaZlebloba, miiRon ufro intensiuri monawileoba uSiSroebissabWos gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas; unda iyos Tu ara uSiSroebissabWoSi sakiTxis ganxilvis procesi ufro gamWvirvale. vetosuflebis gamoyenebiT mudmivi wevri akontrolebs yvela sakiTxs,miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara masSi CarTuli. metwiladuSiSroebis sabWos mTavari gasakritikebeli mxarea mudmiviwevrebis mier vetos uflebis gamoyenebis sakiTxi: ruseTma vetosufleba 120-jer gamoiyena, gaerTianebulma samefom – 32-jer,safrangeTma – 18-jer, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma – 72-jer,xolo CineTma mxolod – 5-jer. yvelaze idealuri gamosavalivetos gauqmebaa.684

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yvela wevri dasaerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba Tanxmdeba, rom saWiroa uSiSroebissabWos reformireba, raTa is pasuxobdes Tanamedrove msoflioSimimdinare cvlilebebsa da warmoadgendes yvela wevr saxelmwifosTanasworobisa da samarTlianobis safuZvelze.685

Tanasworobisa da warmomadgenlobis principis sawinaaRmdegoduSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi upiratesobiT sargebloben. uSiSroebis sabWos efeqturad muSaobis erT-erTiSemaferxebeli faqtoria sabWos wevrTa piradi interesebi.uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebi, ZiriTadad, moqmedeben an ar moqmedebensakuTari interesebis mixedviT.686

uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebi mudmivad cdiloben,ganaxorcielon TavianTi miznebi, risTvisac isini iyeneben politikur da ekonomikur saSualebebs, raTa gavlena moaxdinon sabWoSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesze.687

amasTanave, mudmiv wevrebs ar uCndebaT survili, Tavi SeikavonkenWisyraSi monawileobisagan, rodesac isini Tavad warmoadgenendavis mxares. Tumca, gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmad, es ar vrceldebame-6 Tavisa (romelic exeba davis mSvidobian gadawyvetas) da 52-emuxlis me-3 punqtis safuZvelze miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. amSemTxvevaSi qveyanas, romelic davis mxarea, ar aqvs ufleba,monawileoba miiRos kenWisyraSi.688 rac Seexeba 52-e muxlis me-3punqts, igi exeba uSiSroebis sabWos mier dainteresebulsaxelmwifoTa an sakuTari iniciativiT iseTi gadawyvetilebismiRebas, romelic regionaluri SeTanxmebis an regionaluriorganoebis daxmarebiT xels Seuwyobs adgilobrivi davismSvidobian gadawyvetas.689

garda amisa, uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyvetilebebi argadaisinjeba gaeros nebismieri sxva organos mier.690

684 Fitzgerald Amber, Security Council Reform: Creating A More Representative Body of the Entire U.N. Membership, Pace International Law Review, Volume 12, 2000, p.333.685iqve, gv.322.686 iqve.687 iqve, gv.331.688gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.15.689 iqve, gv.22.690 Bedjaoui Mohammed, The New World Order And The Security Council: Testing The Legality of Its Acts, Boston, 1994, p. 35.

112

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos SeuZlia, miiRossarekomendacio daskvnebi, xolo generalur asambleas,imavdroulad, SeuZlia, gamoxatos Tavisi pozicia. magram arcerTi maTgani ar aris mavaldebulebeli an sawinaaRmdego Zalismqone.691

rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, uSiSroebis sabWos efeqturadmuSaobis yvelaze Semaferxebeli faqtoria mudmivi wevrebis miervetos uflebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. `civi omis~ dasrulebisSemdeg Semcirda vetos gamoyeneba. 1946 wlidan 1990 wlamdeuSiSroebis sabWos mudmivma wevrebma 194-jer mimarTes vetos,xolo bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mxolod cxrajergamoiyenes.692 miuxedavad misi raodenobis Semcirebisa, gaeroswevrebis umetesoba ewinaaRmdegeba vetos uflebis gamoyenebas.693

Tu romelime mudmivi wevri vetos daadebs gansaxilvelwinadadebas, uSiSroebis sabWo, praqtikulad, umoqmedo xdeba. amasTanave, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tu uSiSroebis sabWoganixilavs raime problemas, garda arasavaldebulorezoluciebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebisa, generalur asambleasar SeuZlia, Caerios. amdenad, Tu generaluri asamblea Seecdeba,ganixilos mudmivi wevris mier gamowveuli problema, esukanaskneli martivad Casvams am sakiTxs uSiSroebis sabWos dRiswesrigSi da generaluri asamblea ar iqneba uflebamosili,miiRos raime qmediTi zoma. mudmiv wevrebs SeuZliaT mokavSirewevri qveynebisTvisac igive taqtika gamoiyenon.694

gaeros wevri qveynebi ar monawileoben uSiSroebis sabWosmier gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi.695

gaeros wesdebisa da uSiSroebis sabWos droebiTisaproceduro wesebis Tanaxmad, uzrunvelyofilia gaeros wevriqveynebis monawileoba uSiSroebis sabWos mier gadawyvetilebismiRebis procesSi, rodesac amas gavlena aqvs maTze an isinidainteresebulni arian uSiSroebis sabWos mier Sesabamisi zomismiRebiT. ufro konkretulad, wesdebis sami muxli exebauSiSroebis sabWos mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi gaeroswevrebis monawileobis sakiTxs.696

wesdebis 31-e muxlis Tanaxmad, organizaciis nebismier wevrs,romelic ar aris uSiSroebis sabWos wevri, SeuZlia, xmisuflebis gareSe, monawileoba miiRos uSiSroebis sabWoSiSetanili nebismieri sakiTxis ganxilvaSi yvela im SemTxvevisas,roca uSiSroebis sabWo miiCnevs, rom organizaciis am wevrisuflebebs specialurad Seexnen.697 wesdebis 32-e muxlis mixedviT

691 Fitzgerald Amber, Security Council Reform: Creating A More Representative Body of the Entire U.N. Membership, Pace International Law Review, Volume 12, 2000, p.360.692 Fitzgerald Amber, Security Council Reform: Creating A More Representative Body of the Entire U.N. Membership, Pace International Law Review, Volume 12, 2000, p.333.693 iqve.694iqve, gv.334.695 iqve, gv.335.696iqve.697gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.16.

113

ki, organizaciis nebismier wevrs, Tu igi ar aris uSiSroebissabWos wevri, an nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic ar arisorganizaciis wevri, Tu isini uSiSroebis sabWos miergansaxilveli davis monawile mxareebi arian, am davis ganxilvazeiwveven xmis uflebis gareSe.698

wesdebis 50-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki, Tu uSiSroebis sabWoromelime saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg prevenciul an iZulebisRonisZiebebs axorcielebs, nebismier sxva saxelmwifos, miuxedavadimisa, aris Tu ara igi organizaciis wevri, romlis winaSecgansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri problemebi wamoiWreba zemoxsenebulRonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis Sedegad, ufleba aqvs,konsultaciebi moawyos uSiSroebis sabWosTan aseTi problemisgadasaWrelad.699

uSiSroebis sabWos droebiTi saproceduro wesebis Tanaxmad,gaeros nebismierma wevrma, romelic ar aris uSiSroebis sabWoswevri, SesaZlebelia, uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyvetilebis Sedegad,monawileoba miiRos xmis uflebis gareSe sabWos mier nebismierisakiTxis ganxilvaSi im SemTxvevisas, rodesac igi sabWos wesdebis35-e muxlis pirveli punqtis safuZvelze acnobs wesdebis 34-emuxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri davisa Tu situaciisSesaxeb.700 wesdebis 34-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki, uSiSroebis sabWouflebamosilia, gamoiZios nebismieri dava an nebismieri situacia,romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios saerTaSoriso uTanxmoeba an dava,imis gansasazRvravad, am davis an situaciis gagrZeleba xom ardaemuqreba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvas.701

miuxedavad amisa, praqtikaSi rezoluciebi xSirad miiRebauSiSroebis sabWos arawevri qveynebis monawileobisa da maTimosazrebis mosmenis gareSe.702

Tumca, rodesac uSiSroebis sabWo ismens gaeros wevriqveynebis argumentebs, mas SeuZlia, ar daeyrdnos maT da argaiTvaliswinos isini rezoluciis miRebisas. faqtobrivad ki,SesaZlebelia, sakiTxi gadawydes araformaluri konsultaciebisdros.703

gaeros wevri qveynebis armonawileoba uSiSroebis sabWosgadawyvetilebebSi warmoSobs uSiSroebis sabWos SexvedrebisgamWvirvalobis problemas. uSiSroebis sabWos droebiTisaproceduro wesebis Tanaxmad, sanam sabWo miiRebsgadawyvetilebas, igi sajarod unda Seikribos.704

698 iqve.699 iqve, gv.21700iqve, gv.16-17.701iqve.702 Aust Anthony, The Procedure and Practice of the Security Council Today, in Peace Keeping And Peace-Building: The Development of The Role Of The Security Council, Editor: Rene-Jean Dupuy, Boston, 1993, p. 366.703 iqve, gv. 336.704 iqve.

114

samwuxarod, dRes uSiSroebis sabWoSi normad iqcaaraformaluri konsultaciebis gamarTva,705 romelSic, rogorcwesi, gaeros dainteresebuli wevri qveynebi ar monawileoben dakonsultaciebi imarTeba mxolod uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebsSoris.706 magaliTad, bosnia-hercegovinasa da libiaSi arsebulsituaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi uSiSroebis sabWom TiTqmismTlianad araformalur sxdomebze gadawyvita;707 agreTve, sabWomrezolucia somalis sakiTxze miiRo yovelgvari sajaro debatebisgareSe.708

uSiSroebis sabWos daxuruli konsultaciebi imarTebasabWos mxolod garkveul wevrebs Sorisac, magaliTad, xuTimudmivi wevris Sexvedra.709

uSiSroebis sabWos reforma iqneboda warmatebuli, Tusrulad asaxavda wevri qveynebis Tanabaruflebianobis princips.ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi saTanadod unda iyvnenwarmodgenilni. miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, romuSiSroebis sabWos uflebamosilebis farglebSi ganxilulisakiTxebi metwilad swored maT exeboda, rasac sasicocxlomniSvneloba hqonda msoflios ganviTarebisaTvis.710

uSiSroebis sabWos reformam SeiZleba gamoiwvios gaerossiRrmiseuli gardaqmna da igi gaxados realurad efeqturiorganizacia saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisuzrunvelyofis procesSi.711

butros butros galim (gaeros generaluri mdivani 1992wlis pirveli ianvridan 1996 wlis 31 dekembramde) ganacxada:`wevri qveynebi Tanxmdebian, rom sabWos amJamindel wevrTaraodenoba da Semadgenloba ar asaxavs politikuri daekonomikuri cvlilebebiT gamowveul realobas da mTlianadarawarmomadgenlobiTia.~712

uSiSroebis sabWos reformirebis ramdenime modeligulisxmobs mudmivi wevrebis Semadgenlobisa da aramudmiviwevrebis struqturis Secvlas.713

705 Aust Anthony, The Procedure and Practice of the Security Council Today, in Peace Keeping And Peace-Building: The Development of The Role Of The Security Council, Editor: Rene-Jean Dupuy, Boston, 1993, p. 366.706iqve, gv.237.707 Kirgis Frederic, The Security Council's First Fifty Years, American Journal of International Law, Volume 89, 1995, p. 519.708 Ruth Gordan, United Nations Intervention in Internal Conflicts: Iraq, Somalia, and Beyond, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 15, 1994, p.554.709 Kirgis Frederic, The Security Council's First Fifty Years, American Journal of International Law, Volume 89, 1995, p. 519.710 Fitzgerald Amber, Security Council Reform: Creating A More Representative Body of the Entire U.N. Membership, Pace International Law Review, Volume 12, 2000, p.364.711 Hammer Craig, Reforming the U.N. Security Council: Open Letter to U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, Florida Journal of International Law, Volume 15, 2002-2003, p.262.712 Press Release, United Nations, Secretary-General Speaks of Security Council Reform in Lecture at Foreign Ministry of Mexico, March 4, 1996, http:// www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1996/19960304.sgsm5906.html (nanaxia: 7.05. 2009).713 Kelly Michael, U.N. Security Council Permanent Membership: A New Proposal for a Twenty-First Century Council, Seton Hall Law Review, Volume 31, 2000-2001, p. 328.

115

uSiSroebis sabWos reformireba, ZiriTadad, moicavs xuTmTavar sakiTxs: wevrTa Semadgenloba, vetos ufleba, regionaluriwarmomadgenloba, sabWos gafarToeba da misi saqmianobis wesi.wevrma qveynebma, regionalurma jgufebma SeimuSaves sxvadasxvawinadadeba aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.714

2005 wlis 26 ivliss gaeros xuTma wevrma qveyanam: argentinam,italiam, kanadam, kolumbiam da pakistanma generaluri asambleiswinaSe waradgines winadadeba sabWos reformirebasTandakavSirebiT.715

SeTavazebuli modelis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis sabWo undaSedgebodes 25 wevrisgan; safrangeTi, CineTi, ruseTi,gaerTianebuli samefo da amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiSeinarCuneben mudmivi wevrebis statuss. generaluri asambleaairCevs uSiSroebis sabWos 20 aramudmiv wevrs, Tanabarigeografiuli gadanawilebis safuZvelze. maT 2 wlis vadiTairCeven Semdegi sqemis safuZvelze: 6 _ afrikis saxelmwifoebidan,5 _ aziis qveynebidan, 4 _ laTinuri amerikisa da karibis zRvissaxelmwifoebidan, 3 _ dasavleT evropisa da sxva qveynebidan, 2 _aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebidan.716

2005 wlis martSi imJamindelma gaeros generalurmamdivanma kofi ananma mouwoda gaeros wevrebs, mieRwiaTkonsensusisTvis uSiSroebis sabWos gafarToebasTandakavSirebiT.717 man warmoadgina gegma `a~ da gegma `b~. pirveligegmis Tanaxmad, izrdeba sabWos mudmivi wevrebis raodenoba da 5mudmiv wevrs emateba 6 wevri, xolo 10 aramudmiv wevrs emateba 3wevri, mTlianobaSi ki sabWos wevrTa raodenoba aRwevs 24-s; gegma`b~ ki gulisxmobs axali 8 wevris Seyvanas uSiSroebis sabWosSemadgenlobaSi 4 wlis vadiT, aseve, aramudmiv wevrebs ematebaerTi wevri. gegma `b~-s mixedviT, gegma `a~-s msgavsad, sabolood,uSiSroebis sabWoSi 24 wevria.718

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom mxolod uSiSroebis sabWoSiwevrTa raodenobis gafarToeba ar SeiZleba gaxdes sabWoswarmatebuli reformirebis safuZveli. es procesi moiTxovsSemdegi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebas: vetosuflebisgan Tavis Sekavebas an saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, misgauqmebas; uSiSroebis sabWos mier iseTi saproceduro wesebisSemuSavebas, romlebic ufro gamWvirvales gaxdis mis saqmianobas;uSiSroebis sabWos arawevri qveynebisTvis realuri

714Letter from the Chairman, Zahir Tanin, of the intergovernmental negotiations on the question of equitable representation and increase in the membership of the Security Council and other matters related to the Council, http://www.reformtheun.org/index.php?module=uploads&func=download&fileId=4097, (nanaxia: 7.05. 2009).715 “Uniting for Consensus”, Press Release, July 26, 2005, General Assembly, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/ga10371.doc.htm (nanaxia: 7.05. 2009).716iqve.717 Statement of the Secretary General to the General Assembly, March 21, 2005, http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/sg-statement.html (nanaxia: 7.05. 2009).718 United Nations, Security Council Reform: Plan A or Plan B, 2005, http://stephenspillane.blogspot.com/2005/03/united-nations-security-council-reform.html (nanaxia: 7.05. 2009).

116

SesaZleblobis micemas, raTa maT monawileoba miiRongadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.

5. regionaluri organizaciebis roli koleqtiuri usafrTxoebisuzrunvelyofis procesSi

1990 wels uSiSroebis sabWom pragmatuli gza aRmoaCina. 43-emuxlidan gamomdinare, specialuri SeTanxmebis ararsebobisassabWo jer kidev Tavs ikavebda, wevri qveynisTvis daevalebina,samxedro RonisZiebisTvis miemarTa. nacvlad amisa, wevrma qveyanamSeiZleba uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciis safuZvelze imoqmedos anindividualurad, an regionaluri organizaciebis farglebSi, dagamoiyenos Zala, gansazRvrul situaciaSi nebayoflobiTobissafuZvelze.719 ramdenime mkvlevari erTguli rCeba im mosazrebisa,rom, ubralod, rekomendacia ar aris sakmarisi 42-e muxlisamoqmedebisTvis _ wevri qveynisTvis rwmunebulebis miniWebasamxedro moqmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis ki Sedis am muxlissferos farglebSi.720 es mosazreba safuZvels moklebulia.saboloo analizidan gamomdinare, ar arsebobs gansxvavebasanqcirebul samxedro moqmedebasa da rekomendacias Soris.sanqcireba iseve niSnavs nebis darTvas, rogorc rekomendacia.721

orive maTgans aqvs arasavaldebulo xasiaTi da, amdenad, arc erTiar moiazreba 42-e muxlis saTauris qveS. am muxlis mixedviT, iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi unda efuZnebodes uSiSroebis sabWossavaldebulo gadawyvetilebas. nebadarTuli iZulebiTi moqmedeba,gacxadebuli uSiSroebis sabWos rekomendaciis an sanqcirebissafuZvelze, kanonieria ara 42-e muxlidan gamomdinare, aramed 39-emuxlis safuZvelze.722

uSiSroebis sabWos mier Zalis gamoyenebis sanqcirebispolitikis yvelaze saintereso da damaintrigebeli aspeqti arisis, rom nebayoflobiTi iZulebiTi zomis ganxorcielebaregionaluri organizaciebis mier Zalis gamoyenebisxelSekrulebis elementia.723

swored wesdebis me-8 Tavi exeba zemoaRniSnul sakiTxs dauSvebs regionaluri SeTanxmebebisa da saagentoebis arsebobas,raTa maTi meSveobiT ganisazRvros saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa dausafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi da Sesabamisiregionaluri RonisZiebebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi da saagentoebi undaSeesabamebodes gaeros miznebsa da principebs.724

719 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.310.720iqve.721 Rostow Eugene, Until What? Enforcement Action or Collective Self-Defense?, American Journal of International Law, Volume 85, 1991, pp. 506- 509.722 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.310.723 iqve.724gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv. 22-23.

117

wesdebis 53-e muxlis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis sabWo gamoiyenebs,sadac es marTebuli iqneba, regionalur SeTanxmebebs anorganoebs iZulebiT RonisZiebaTa gansaxorcieleblad TavisixelmZRvanelobiT. magram araviTari iZulebiTi RonisZieba arganxorcieldeba am regionalur SeTanxmebaTa ZaliT anregionaluri organoebis mier, Tu amis uflebamosileba ar gascauSiSroebis sabWom.725

1964 wels uSiSroebis sabWom 199-e rezoluciaSi aRniSna, romafrikis kavSiris organizacia, wesdebis 52-e muxlidangamomdinare, unda daxmareboda kongos problemis mSvidobianmowesrigebaSi.726 uSiSroebis sabWom msgavsi rezolucia (#217)miiRo 1965 wels samxreT rodeziasTan dakavSirebiT da imaveorganizacias mouwoda, emoqmeda wesdebis me-8 Tavidangamomdinare.727

konteqstualuri interpretaciidan gamomdinare, 53-e muxlispirveli punqtis gamoyeneba SeiZleba, Tu saxelmwifo, sadac undaganxorcieldes Sesabamisi qmedeba, aris im regionaluriorganizaciis wevri, romelsac uSiSroebis sabWom misca amisuflebamosileba.728 miuxedavad amisa, sabWos SeuZlia,regionaluri organizacia iZulebiTi RonisZiebisgansaxorcieleblad gamoiyenos regionis sazRvrebs miRma,729 risimagaliTicaa natos mier samxedro operaciis xelmZRvanelobalibiaSi. Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciamgaeros #1973-e (miRebuli 2011 wlis 17 marts) rezoluciissafuZvelze uzrunvelyo mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvaaRniSnul regionSi. Ggaeros am rezoluciam wevr qveynebs mianiWaufleba, regionaluri organizaciebis meSveobiT gamoeyenebinaTyvela saWiro zoma, raTa daecvaT adgilobrivi mosaxleobaTavdasxmebisgan libiis arabul jamahiriaSi, maT SorisbengazSi.730 aRniSnuli rezoluciis miRebamde gaerom miiRo #1970rezolucia Semdegi saxelwodebiT: `mSvidoba da usafrTxoebaafrikaSi~. rezolucia mouwodebda libiis xelisuflebasZaladobis Sewyvetisa da adamianis uflebebis, saerTaSorisohumanitaruli samarTlis dacvisken. amasTanave, awesebda iaraRisembargos libiaSi.731

725 iqve.726Security Council Resolution 199, December 30, 1964, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/211/57/IMG/NR021157.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 23.07.2010).727 Security Council Resolution 217, November 20, 1965, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/222/88/IMG/NR022288.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 23.07.2010).728 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press 2005, p.311.729iqve.730Security Council Resolution N1973, March 17, 2011, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/268/39/PDF/N1126839.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.04.2011).731Security Council Resolution 1970, February 26, 2011, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/245/58/PDF/N1124558.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.04.2011).

118

2011 wlis 27 marts natom miiRo gadawyvetileba, libiaSikoaliciuri Zalebis mier dagegmili samxedro operaciisxelmZRvaneloba sakuTar Tavze aeRo. Crdiloatlantikurmaaliansma gaeros rezoluciis yvela punqtis Sesrulebadauyovnebliv daiwyo.732

regionaluri organizaciis funqcionireba ar cvlis Zalisgamoyenebis fundamentur wesebs. saxelmwifoTa regionalurijgufis pozicia arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba individualurisaxelmwifos poziciisgan.733

wesdebis me-8 Tavi dakavSirebulia wesdebis me-7 TavTan da,Sesabamisad, SenarCunebulia uSiSroebis sabWos monopoliakoleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sferoze. 53-e muxlis formulirebanaTelia: regionaluri iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis kanonierebamTlianad damokidebulia uSiSroebis sabWoze.734

miuxedavad amisa, sainteresoa zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis sxvaaspeqtSi ganxilvac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SeiaraRebuliTavdasxmisas saxelmwifos an saxelmwifoTa jgufs, wesdebidangamomdinare, uSualod warmoeSoba koleqtiuri Tavdacvis ufleba.amdenad, ar arsebobs uSiSroebis sabWosgan winaswaruflebamosilebis miniWebis saWiroeba. Tumca TavdacviTi uflebisganxorcielebis nebismier SemTxvevas, sabolood, uSiSroebissabWo Seiswavlis. sabWos SeuZlia, koleqtiuri TavdacvisRonisZieba SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg moiwonos(rogorc es moxda sparseTis yuris omis pirvel periodSi).735

magram, aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifos an saxelmwifoTajgufis mier ganxorcielebuli iZulebiTi RonisZieba ar undaewinaaRmdegebodes gaeros wesdebiT dadgenil wesebs da unda iyosmasTan SesabamisobaSi. Tu ar arsebobs SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma,regionalur organizacias, individualuri saxelmwifos msgavsad,ar SeuZlia gamoiyenos Zala.736

732NATO and Libya - Operation Unified Protector, 2011, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_71652.htm? (nanaxia: 5.05.2011).733 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.311.734iqve.735 iqve, gv.312736iqve.

119

Tavi VI. ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTveloswinaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli agresiis samarTlebrivianalizi

1. samSvidobo formatis krizisi, SeiaraRebuli provokaciebi dasamxedro agresiis momzadeba

saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis aRdgenisa da sabWoTakavSiris daSlis Semdeg sabWoTa imperiis samarTalmemkvidrem –ruseTis federaciam _ ganagrZo SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisinspirireba saqarTvelos teritoriaze, saxeldobr, afxazeTisavtonomiuri respublikisa da yofili samxreT oseTisavtonomiuri olqis teritoriebze. ruseTis xelisuflebasistematurad aiaraRebda separatistebs, uwevda maT samxedro,finansur da politikur mxardaWeras. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ruseTma regularuli jarisa dadaqiravebuli pirebis meSveobiT ganaxorciela qarTvelebiseTnikuri wmenda. pirveli saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic imTaviTvegamoexmaura afxazeTSi mimdinare tragikul ambebs, iyo evropaSiuSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia (euTo). 1994 welsbudapeStis samitze monawile saxelmwifoebma gamoTqves RrmaSeSfoTeba afxazeTSi `eTnikuri wmendis, mosaxleobis,gansakuTrebiT qarTvelTa, TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidanmasobrivi gandevnisa da udanaSaulo moqalaqeTa didi raodenobiTdaRupvis gamo~. xolo lisabonis samitis deklaraciaSi (1996wlis 3 dekemberi) aRniSnulia: `Cven (euTos monawilesaxelmwifoebi) vgmobT `eTnikur wmendas~, romelic gamoixatebaafxazeTSi ZiriTadad qarTveli mosaxleobis masobriviganadgurebiTa da iZulebiTi gaZevebiT~.737

lisabonSi deklaraciis zemoaRniSnuli formulirebisganxilvisas ruseTis delegaciam kategoriuli uari ganacxada mismiRebaze, radganac masSi naxsenebi termini `gamoixateba~ awmyodroSi iyo gamoyenebuli. ruseTis mtkicebiT, 1994 wlidan engurzemaTi samSvidobo Zalebi idga da aranairi eTnikuri wmenda iq aRaryofila. amitom, maTi azriT, termini `gamoixateba~ undaSecvliliyo terminiT `gamoixata~. maTi pozicia Seicvala,rodesac gaacnes euTos misiis Sesabamisi moxseneba, romelSicmiTiTebuli iyo 1000-ze meti piris saxeli, romlebic daxocessamSvidoboebis galSi yofnis dros.738

1999 wlis noemberSi stambolSi mowveul euTos samitzemiRebul deklaraciaSi saxelmwifoebma `kvlav ganacxades~, rom

737 aleqsiZe levan, “afxazeTSi qarTveli mosaxleobis eTnikuri wmendis saerTaSoriso dagmobis saqmeSi euTos gadamwyveti rolis Sesaxeb”, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2008 weli, gv.34-35.738 iqve, gv.35.

120

`gadaWriT gmoben `eTnikur wmendas~, rogorc es formulirebuliabudapeStisa da lisabonis umaRlesi donis Sexvedrebze, ramacgamoiwvia afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo, ZiriTadad, qarTulimosaxleobis ganadgureba da iZulebiTi gaZeveba, da Zaladobisaqtebs, romlebic aRiniSna galis raionSi 1998 wlis maisSi iqdabrunebul pirebTan dakavSirebiT, rac miznad isaxavdadabrunebis survilis mqone adamianebSi SiSis danergvas.amasTanave, deklaracia iTvaliswinebda momdevno wlis dasawyisSigalis raionSi faqtebis damdgeni misiis gagzavnas, euTosa dagaeros monawileobiT, maT Soris mimdinare `eTnikuri wmendis~SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb cnobebis Sesafaseblad~. samwuxarod, aseTikomisia ar Seqmnila, magram euTos deklaraciaSi afxazeTSiarsebuli konfliqtisaTvis aseTi didi yuradRebis daTmoba da`eTnikuri wmendis~, separatistebis saSinel danaSaulTa kideverTxel dagmobas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqondasaerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis yuradRebis mobilizaciisaTvis.739

amasTanave, sagulisxmoa gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos pozicia. TugaviTvaliswinebT, rom am organoSi gadawyvetilebaTa miReba xdebaxmaTa umravlesobiT (15-idan 9 xma unda iyos dadebiTi), yvelamudmivi wevris dadebiTi xmis CaTvliT, xolo ruseTis mier vetosuflebis gamoyenebis saSiSroeba yovelTvis sufevda da sufevs,sabWos mier davebis mSvidobiani daregulirebis Sesaxeb Tavisa(gaeros wesdebis me-6 Tavi) da, gansakuTrebiT, agresiis aRkveTisada mSvidobis dacvis mizniT iZulebiTi RonisZiebis gatarebissaSualebebis (gaeros wesdebis me-7 Tavi) CarCoebSi moqmedebisas,vera da ver xerxdeba uSiSroebis sabWos mier afxazeTSi`erovnuli wmendis~ pirdapiri dafiqsireba. magram euTos miermiRebuli Sefasebebi imdenad Zlieri iyo da aris, rom sabWo 1995wlidan dawyebuli 2006 wlis CaTvliT yvela miRebulrezoluciaSi `imowmebs~ euTos jer budapeStis gadawyvetilebebs,xolo Semdgom lisabonisa da stambolis samitebis daskvnebs, damiuReblad miaCnia afxazeTSi konfliqtis Sedegad demografiulicvlilebebi.740

aRsaniSnavia, rom 2006 wlamde yvela rezolucia SeicavdamiTiTebas lisabonisa da stambolis samitTa gadawyvetilebebze,magaliTad, 2002 wels miRebul rezoluciaSi uSiSroebis sabWo`imowmebs~ lisabonisa da stambolis samitTa daskvnebs afxazeTSi,saqarTvelo, mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.741

Tumca 2006 wlis Semdgom sabWo aRar iyenebs am formulas,magram sistematiurad adasturebs im rezoluciebs, romlebicSeicaven am formulas.742

bolo wlebSi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo pasiurobsafxazeTSi konfliqtis mogvarebaSi, upasuxod tovebsseparatistTa sabotaJs da kategoriul uars acxadebs, ganixilonnebismieri saerTaSoriso organizaciis an saqarTvelos mier

739 iqve.740 iqve, gv.35-36.741 iqve, gv.36.742 iqve.

121

wamoyenebuli winadadebebi (erT-erTi maTgani gavrceldasaqarTvelos mier, rogorc uSiSroebis sabWos dokumenti 1999wels), radgan maTSi fiqsirdeba afxazeTis saqarTvelosSemadgenlobaSi arseboba da aRiarebulia saqarTvelosteritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis xelSeuxebloba.743

miuxedavad amisa, 2008 wlis 29 maiss gaeros generaluriasambleis 62-e sesiam miiRo istoriuli mniSvnelobis rezolucia –`afxazeTidan, saqarTvelo, qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebul pirTada ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb~, romelSic gaeros praqtikaSipirvelad dafiqsirda afxazeTSi qarTvelebis eTnikuri wmendisfaqti. rezolucia mxedvelobaSi iRebs evropaSi uSiSroebisa daTanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTo) budapeStis (1994),lisabonisa (1996) da stambolis (1999) samitebis daskvnebs, kerZod,moxsenebebs afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo, `eTnikuri wmendisa~ dasaerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis sxva seriozulidarRvevebis Sesaxeb. igi xazs usvams im mniSvnelobas, romelicaqvs afxazeTidan, saqarTvelo, ltolvilTa da qveynis SigniTgadaadgilebul pirTa sakuTrebis dacvas, `eTnikuri wmendis~msxverplTa CaTvliT, da mouwodebs yvela wevr saxelmwifos, ardauSvan maTs iurisdiqciaSi myofi pirebis mier afxazeTis,saqarTvelo, teritoriaze sakuTrebis SeZena, repatriantebisuflebaTa darRveviT~.744

gaeros generaluri asambleis rezoluciam, romelic miiResruseTis medgari winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, saxelmwifoTasaerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas kidev erTxel Seaxsena, rom,rodesac nebismier regionSi (rogori patara da mcirericxovanicar unda iyos igi) separatistebis zraxvebs ewireba asiaTasobiTudanaSaulo adamiani, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ar SeiZlebapasiurobdnen, saWiroa energiuli brZola adamianis RirebuluflebaTa dasacavad.745

ruseTis federacia kvlav awyobda provokaciebs da amwvavebdakonfliqtebs sakuTari survilis Sesabamisad e.w. samSvidoboZalebis meSveobiT. 2008 wlis 17 Tebervals kosovo damoukideblobas acxadebs,rasac mosdevs misi aRiareba sxvadasxva saxelmwifos mier. amfaqts ruseTi saqarTvelos konfliqtur zonebSi Tavisiqmedebebis gaaqtiurebis sababad iyenebs. rusebi ver axerxeben,damalon TavianTi ganzraxva, rom, kosovos damoukideblobisaRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, isini identur politikasganaxorcielebdnen separatistuli regionebis mimarT. ruseTisprezidenti vladimer putini acxadebs, rom maT aqvT winaswarmomzadebuli samoqmedo gegmebi, rac kosovos cnobisgadawyvetilebaze faqtobrivi pasuxi iqneba.746

743 iqve.744 iqve, gv.33.745 iqve, gv.36.746 saqarTvelosMmTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009 weli, gv. 40.

122

2008 wlis 6 marts ruseTi gamodis dsT-is saxelmwifomeTaurTa sabWos mier afxazeTisTvis dawesebuli embargodan,romelic, ZiriTadad, separatistuli reJimisaTvis SeiaraRebismiwodebas da, saerTod, afxazeTis militarizaciis SesaZleblobaszRudavda. rusebi am nabijs afxazeTSi darCenili mosaxleobishumanitaruli interesebis dacviT xsnian. 2008 wlis 16 aprilsvladimer putini gamoscems dekrets afxazeTsa da samxreToseTTan pirdapiri samarTlebrivi da diplomatiuriurTierTobebis damyarebis Sesaxeb. 20 aprils rusuli samxedroTviTmfrinavi, gaeros wesdebis principebis uxeSi darRveviT,galis raionis sofel gagidis Tavze anadgurebs qarTulupiloto safren aparat `hermes-450~-s, rac mogvianebiTdasturdeba gaeros sagangebo gamoZiebis Sedegad. 29 aprils,ruseTis Tavdacvisa da sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis gancxadebiT,konfliqtis zonaSi iwyeba rusuli samSvidobo Zalebiskontingentis gazrda. mniSvnelovania, rom es xdebaxelSekrulebis darRveviT da qarTul mxaresTan SeuTanxmeblad.samSvidoboebis egidiT ruseTs Semohyavs sadesanto Zalebi mZimeteqnikiTa da aRWurvilobiT. arc jaris saxeoba, arc SeiaraRebaar Seesabameba xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul formats. rusi`samSvidoboebi~ mZime saartilerio danadgarebs ise ganalageben,rom maT arealSi xvdeba kodoris xeobis strategiulimonakveTebi. paralelurad de faqto xelisuflebis mxridansajarod gaismis muqara kodoris mimarTulebiT SesaZlo`deokupaciis~ operaciis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb.747

aSkara xdeba ruseTis mcdeloba, Seqmnas separatistebiserTiani `fronti~ afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionSi.separatistebis poziciebi SeTanxmebuli da identuria; iwyebamoskovSi SemuSavebuli moTxovnebis gacxadeba. SeimCneva rusulidamatebiTi samxedro formirebebisa da teqnikis Semodineba,strategiuli punqtebis gamagreba, xSirdeba SeiaraRebuliprovokaciebi.748

moskovi wnexis gaZlierebas sxva mimarTulebiTac apirebda:maisis dasawyisSi briuselSi nato-ruseTis mimdinarekonsultaciebis farglebSi Sedga Sexvedra natosa da ruseTissamxedro uwyebebis xelmZRvanelTa Soris; armiis generalma iuribaluevskim saxtad datova natoeli kolegebi, roca gaafrTxila –am zafxuls saqarTveloSi SeiZleba omi atydes, Tu konfliqtisTavidan asacileblad saTanado nabijebi ar gadaidgmebao – danatos wevr qveynebs mosTxova, saqarTveloSi dagegmilierToblivi wvrTnebi gadaedoT, Tu ar surdaT, am konfliqtSiTavisdauneburad aRmoCeniliyvnen CaTreulni.749

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi SeSfoTebas gamoxataven ruseTisqmedebebis gamo. iwyeba sakiTxebis ganxilva yvela SesaZlosaerTaSoriso forumis farglebSi. dasavleTis liderebi da

747 iqve.748 iqve, gv.41.749 asmusi ronald, mcire omi, romelmac msoflio SeZra, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010 weli, gv.164.

123

maRali rangis diplomatebi rusebs mouwodeben, uari Tqvasprovokaciul moqmedebaze. saqarTveloSi arsebuli situacia didirvianisa da ruseT-evrokavSiris samitebis formaluri daaraformaluri ganxilvis Tema xdeba.750

2008 wlis 9 ivliss TbilisSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebissaxelmwifo mdivani kondoliza raisi Camodis. misi TviTmfrinavisaeroportSi daSvebisTanave oTxi rusuli aviagamanadgurebelierTxel kidev arRvevs saqarTvelos sahaero sivrces. amerikissaxelmwifo mdivani xazgasmiT adasturebs amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis mxardaWeras saqarTvelos teritoriulimTlianobisadmi.751

13 ivliss, TviTmxilvelTa monacemebiT, e.w. samxreT oseTisteritoriaze ruseTidan Semodis 100 erTeulamde rusuli armiistanki da TviTmavali qvemexi. 15 ivlisidan 2 agvistos CaTvliTruseTi saqarTvelos CrdiloeT sazRvarTan atarebsfarTomasStabian wvrTnebs `kavkasia _ 2008~.752

euTo da evrokavSiri cdiloben, qarTul-osuri Sexvedrisorganizebas briuselSi ivlisis bolos, magram, iseve rogorc sxvainiciativebis SemTxvevaSi, separatistebi uars acxadebendialogze.753

2008 wlis 29 ivliss e.w. samxreT oseTis separatistulmaZalebma qarTveli samSvidoboebis poziciebisa da qarTulisoflebis mimarTulebiT ramdenjerme gaxsnes cecxli. erTi kvirisSemdeg ruseTi da saqarTvelo ukve omis zRvarze idgnen.754

2. saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupacia

2007-2008 wlebSi saqarTvelosa da saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobis mier gadadgmul nabijebs, romlebic miznadisaxavda e.w. gayinuli konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi monawileobisada samSvidobo procesis internacionalizaciisaTvis realuripirobebis Seqmnas, rac dasturdeba gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 2007

750 saqarTvelosMmTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009 weli, gv.42. 751 asmusi ronald, mcire omi, romelmac msoflio SeZra, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010 weli, gv.178-179. 752saqarTvelosMmTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009 weli, gv.44. 753 iqve, gv. 45.754asmusi ronald, mcire omi, romelmac msoflio SeZra, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010 weli, gv.183.

124

wlis 1781-e daN1752-e rezoluciebiT,755 ruseTis federaciamsamxedro agresiiT upasuxa.756

miuxedavad saqarTvelos samSvidobo mcdelobebisa, 2008 wlis7 agvistos ruseTis federacia Riad Caeba konfliqtSi yofilisamxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze daganaxorciela masobrivi samxedro intervencia saqarTvelosteritoriaze. ruseTis regularulma samxedro nawilebma ieriSimiitanes ara mxolod saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebze, aramedaseve samoqalaqo obieqtebsa da mSvidobian mosaxleobaze, risSedegadac praqtikulad srulad iqna ganadgurebuli konfliqtiszonaSi arsebuli dasaxlebuli punqtebi. iqve. paralelurad,ruseTis samxedro nawilebma ganaxorcieles Tavdasxma zemoafxazeTis teritoriaze da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosrezoluciebisa da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis darRveviTdaikaves igi. amasTanave, dabombvebi saqarTvelos mTelteritoriaze mimdinareobda.757 amJamad saqarTvelos teritoriebis20% okupirebulia. F SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis provokacia ruseTis mxridan aSkaraiyo, rasac mohyva wuTebis ganmavlobaSi aTasobiT jariskacisa datankis, asobiT TviTmfrinavis mier saqarTvelozefarTomasStabiani Setevis ganxorcieleba, romlis drosacanadgurebdnen da wvavdnen mSvidobiani mosaxleobis saxlebssoflebsa Tu qalaqebSi, fizikurad uswordebodnen da xocavdnenmSvidobian qarTvelebs, risi damamtkicebeli masala moipovaorganizacia Human Right Watch-ma Tanamgzavridan miRebuli fotoebissafuZvelze. mimdinareobda da dResac grZeldeba eTnikuri wmenda:separatistulma reJimebma, ruseTis SeiaraRebuli ZalebisdaxmarebiT, gandevnes qarTvelebi sakuTari saxlebidan dayvelafers akeTeben imisaTvis, rom maT mSobliur adgilebSidabrunebis fizikuri SesaZlebloba waarTvan.758

moskovma 7-idan 12 agvistomde daaxloebiT 40 000 jariskacigadaisrola saqarTveloSi; maTgan 20 000 rokis gvirabis gavliTSevida e.w. samxreT oseTSi, da damatebiT imdenive SeiyvanesafxazeTSic. rusebis am regionebSi ganlagebuli saerTo samxedroZala samjer aRemateboda saqarTvelos armias. bazebisa darkinigzis modernizacia, rusuli da separatistuli Zalebisintensiuri aRWurva Tanamedrove iaraRiT Semosevidan ramdenimeTviT adre, Savi zRvis flotis momzadeba – yovelive esmiuTiTebs, rom operacia didi xniT adre daigegma.759

755 Security Council Resolution N1781, October 15, 2007; Security Council Resolution N1752, April 13, 2007, www.un.org (nanaxia: 27.03.2010).756saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba “ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupaciis Sesxaeb”, 2008 wlis 29 agvisto,www.parliament.ge (nanaxia: 27.03.2010).757iqve.758 aleqsiZe levan, “saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis SeiaraRebuli SemoWris saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi”, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2008 weli, gv.7.759 asmusi ronald, mcire omi, romelmac msoflio SeZra, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010 weli, gv.183-184.

125

sahaero, saxmeleTo da sazRvao dartymebs zed erTvodainternetsivrceSi ganxorcielebuli Setevebic: es iyo istoriaSipirveli SemTxveva, rodesac saxmeleTo, sahaero da sazRvaooperaciebi, Sewyvilebuli iyo kargad gaTvlil `kompiuterul~omTan, ramac zogierT analitikoss moskovis qmedebebTandakavSirebiT cneba `meoTxe frontic~ ki gamoayenebina.Tavdapirvelad epizoduri internetSetevebis msxverplisaqarTvelo ivlisis TveSi gaxda: 19 ivliss ganxorcielda Setevaqveynis prezidentis pirad vebgverdze, rac TiTqmis mTel dRe-Rames gagrZelda. Tumca Setevis namdvili talRa 8 agvistos,naSuadRevs agorda, roca rusebma ukve sruli seriozulobiTmohkides xeli qarTuli internetsivrcis blokirebasa dakontrols.760

e.w. hakerTa gansxvavebuli jgufebi gansxvavebuli xasiaTisSetevebs axorcielebdnen qarTul infrastruqturaze. magaliTad,prezidentis vebsaits sxva jgufi akontrolebda, xolo sabankoseqtorze sxvas mihqonda ieriSi.761

amgvari Setevebi, rogorc Cans, mravalmiznobrivi iyo:prezidentis vebgverdze Sesvla miznad isaxavda imis Cvenebas, Turamdenad daucveli iyo qveynis kibersivrce da infrastruqtura;politikur da sainformacio vebgverdebze mitanili Setevebiamcirebda xelisuflebis SesaZleblobas, dakavSirebodagaresamyaros da gaevrcelebina informacia; sabanko seqtori,rogorc Cans, imisTvis iyo mizanSi amoRebuli, rom ekonomikuriqaosi gamoewvia. poloneTma da estoneTma iniciativa gamoiCines dasaqarTvelos xelisuflebas SesaZlebloba misces, maTivebgverdebi gamoeyenebina rogorc komunikaciis alternatiulisaSualeba gare samyarosa da sazogadoebasTan dasakavSireblad.762

es kiberSetevebi masirebuli, koordinebuli da kargadgaTvlilic gaxldaT. Tumca, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, yvelazesaintereso da mravlismTqmeli mainc sabanko da finansurseqtorebze mitanili ieriSi gamodga – isini mraval qveyanaSimoqmedi sistemebis erTobliobas moicavda (maT Soris, TurqeTsada amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi) – Setevebis pirveladiwarmomavlobis SesaniRbavad. saamisod gamoyenebuli iqna uSualodSemsruleblisa da kompiuteruli sistemebis sul sxva qseli,vidre prezidentis vebgverdze mitanili ieriSis dros. yvela esoperacia naxevar-naxevari saaTis intervaliT xorcieldeboda.763

es araa rusuli kvalis erTaderTi magaliTi. dasavleli kiberomis eqspertebi aRniSnavdnen, rom rusi samxedroebi mzardyuradRebas uTmobdnen kiberSetevebs TavianT doqtrinasa dastrategiaSi. am SetevaTa erT-erTi sakvanZo monawile Stop Georgia.ruim tyviagaumtari qselis nawilad moCans, romelic rusulidazvervis kvalis SesaniRbavad fiqtiur kompaniebs eyrdnoboda.usafrTxoebis gamoyenebis formebis monacemebisa da sxva 760 iqve, gv.184.761 iqve.762 iqve, 185.763 iqve.

126

wyaroebis analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom SetevaTa koordinatorebiRrmad iyvnen Caxedulni politikur da samxedro TavdasxmaSic. TuSevadarebT saxmeleTo, sahaero da sazRvao Setevis drosa damasStabs kibersivrceSi mimdinare procesebs, naTeli gaxdeba, romkiberSeteva ufro didi kampaniis samxedro da politikuriamocanebis nawili iyo. am donis Setevebs imgvariprofesionalizmi da resursi sWirdeba, risi uzrunvelmyofelimxolod saxelmwifo SeiZleba iyos.764

arsebobs imis uamravi mtkicebuleba, rom ruseTis SetevasaqarTveloze, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis rigiT 66-esaxelmwifo mdivnis raisis sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT, `marTlacdidi xniT adre iyo Cafiqrebuli~.765 igi detaluri samxedrodagegmviTa da samzadisiT daiwyo da zemoaRniSnuli kiber-Setevebic saguldagulod gaxldaT gaTvlili. sagulisxmoa isfaqtic, rom 2008 wlis gazafxulidan moskovi sul ufro da ufrodaJinebiT moiTxovda israelisagan – SeezRuda samxedroveteranebisa da usafrTxoebis eqspertebis gagzavna TbilisSiTavdacviTi struqturebis modernizaciis uzrunvelsayofad dasaqarTvelosaTvis israelis mier warmoebuli teqnologiebisa dakompiuteruli programebis miwodebac Seewyvita. amave konteqstSiunda ganvixiloT brZolebis dawyebamde ramdenime dRiT adrecxinvalSi 50-amde rusi Jurnalistis mivlinebis faqtic.766

es suraTi saqarTvelosTan samxedro dapirispirebisaTvisxangrZliv, meTodur samzadisze miuTiTebs. moskovis am samxedro-politikuri kampaniis saboloo miznebis zusti detalebi sadRackremlis arqivebSi imaleba.767

pavel felgenhaueri, samxedro sakiTxebSi `novaia gazetas~ kargad informirebuli korespondenti, SemdgomSi werda: `cxadzeucxadesia, rom ruseTis SeWra saqarTveloSi winaswar iyodagegmili da agvistos omis dawyeba kremls jer kidev aprilSihqonda gadawyvetili~. misive TqmiT, gegma `osebis mierqarTvelebis provocirebas~ iTvaliswinebda da Semdeg `nebismieripasuxi masirebuli Setevis sababad iqneboda gamocxadebuli~.768

mere ki imasac amtkicebda, rom `omi nebismier SemTxvevaSigardauvali iyo – araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda, rasmoimoqmedebda Tbilisi: CaTrevas Cayolas amjobinebda Tu ara.mizani saqarTvelos xelisuflebis damxoba, qarTuli jarisdaSla-ganadgureba da, sabolood, natoSi Sesvlaze ocnebisdasamareba gaxldaT.769

11 agvistos ruseTis jarebi aqtiurad iwyeben qarTulisoflebis dakavebas rogorc cxinvalis regionsa da dasavleT

764 iqve, gv.185-186. 765 iqve, gv.186.766 iqve.767 iqve.768 iqve, gv.187.769 iqve.

127

saqarTveloSi, ise konfliqtis zonis gareT.770 12 agvistos ruseTikvlav ganagrZobda saqarTvelos teritoriebis dabombvas. daibomba qarelis raioni da qalaqi kaspi, gori, baqo-sufsis navTobsadenis mili, kaspisa da xaSuris raionebi. ruseTisvertmfrenma gorTan axlos gzatkecilze dabomba samgzavromikroavtobusi, ris Sedegadac daiRupa 9 mgzavri. ruseTissaaviacio-sadesanto danayofebma da afxazi separatistebisSeiaraRebulma jgufebma ieriSi miitanes zemo afxazeTze/kodoris xeobaze da mogvianebiT daikaves soflebi: zemo da qvemo aJara. ruseTis floti Tavs daesxa saqarTvelos da daaziana qarTulisanapiro dacvis xomaldebi.771

ruseTis prezidentma dimitri medvedevma ganacxada, rombrZaneba gasca saqarTveloSi samxedro operaciis SewyvetisSesaxeb. Tumca am brZanebis Semdeg ruseTma kidev ramdenjermedabomba saqarTvelos teritoria. mas Semdeg, rac rusebma daikavesgorisa da qarelis raionebis soflebi, separatistebisSeiaraRebulma bandebma da e.w. `moxaliseebma~ daiwyes amsoflebis Zarcva, marodioroba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobisdawiokeba.772

12 agvistos safrangeTis prezidentma nikola sarkozimiSuamdgomla saqarTvelosa da ruseTis prezidentebs Soris damaT 6-punqtiani samSvidobo gegma SesTavaza. imave dRes, rodesacruseTis jari calmxriv saomar moqmedebebs agrZelebda daqveynis teritoriebs ikavebda, dedaqalaqi realuri safrTxiswinaSe idga, aTiaTasobiT adamiani, miuxedavad politikuri,eTnikuri Tu religiuri kuTvnilebisa, erTsulovnad gamovidaTbilisis quCebSi ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg protestisgamosaxatavad. ruseTis qmedebebis fonze saqarTveloSi Camovidnenlitvis, poloneTis, ukrainisa da estoneTis prezidentebi dalatviis premier-ministri. maT quCaSi gamosul xalxs erTxmadganucxades, rom gamoxatavdnen solidarobas saqarTvelos mimarT,rom ruseTs ara aqvs ufleba, aseTi xerxebiT ebrZodesdamoukidebel qveyanas da yvelas, visac sjera Tavisuflebisa dademokratiisa, dRes ambobs, rom qarTvelia.773

13 agvistos TbilisSi, cecxlis Sewyvetisa da mSvidobisdamyarebis mizniT, safrangeTis prezidenti nikola sarkozi dasaqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili Tanxmdebian cecxlisSewyvetis 6-punqtian gegmaze. Tumca ruseTis aviacia kvlav bombavsgorisa da kaspis raionis soflebs, separatistebis SeiaraRebulibandebi Tavs esxmian da awiokeben mosaxleobas; damatebiTirusuli jarebi SeiaraRebiTa da aRWurvilobiT Sedian q. gorSi;maTi jariskacebi Zarcvaven da anadgureben gorTan arsebulartileriis samxedro bazas; grZeldeba qarTuli soflebis

770 saqarTvelosMmTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009 weli, gv.53.771 iqve.772 iqve, gv.53-54.773 iqve, gv.54.

128

dakaveba. qarelis raionSi Semosul rusul jars ukan mohyvebiangaurkveveli warmoSobis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi, romlebicarbeven da Zarcvaven sofel atocs.774

imavdroulad iwyeba Semoteva dasavleT saqarTvelosmimarTulebiT. kerZod, rusi jariskacebi Sedian walenjixisraionis sofel faxulanSi, xolo q. foTis navsadgurTanafeTqeben saqarTvelos sanapiro dacvis sam gems. 14 agvistosdamatebiTi rusuli jarebi SehyavT zugdidsa da foTSi; zugdidSisakontrolo gamSvebi punqtebis gaZlierebis paralelurad,anadgureben senakSi ganTavsebul qarTul samxedro bazas.775

Zaladoba xorcieldeba ara mxolod adgilobrivmosaxleobaze _ rusuli da separatistuli SeiaraRebuliSenaerTebi aviwroeben saqarTveloSi ruseTis mier warmoebuliomis gasaSuqeblad Camosul JurnalistTa korpussac.Jurnalistebi ara marto TavianTi profesiuli movaleobisSesrulebas ver axerxeben, aramed daufaravi agresiis msxverplnicxdebian.776

grZeldeba damatebiTi rusuli jarebis Seyvana qalaq gorSi.aRebuli soflebis marodiorebisTvis dasarbevad gadacemisSemdgom rusuli SenaerTebi agrZeleben moZraobas dasavleTismimarTulebiT, rasac gzadagza Tan sdevs adgilobrivimosaxleobis Seviwroeba, saxlebSi SeWra, sakvebisa da nivTebiswarTmeva.777

16 agvistosTvis rusuli armiis mZime teqnika gamodissenakidan da Sedis foTSi. satvirTo manqanebiTa dajavSanteqnikiT SeiaraRebuli separatistebi kvlav Zarcvavenqarelisa da goris raionebis soflebs da mosaxleobas arbeven.imavdroulad ruseTis aviacia kaspis raionis sofel xandakistyeebs cecxlgamCeni WurvebiT bombavs da anadgurebs.778

ruseTis prezidenti dimitri medvedevi xels awerssafrangeTis prezident nikola sarkozis mier SeTavazebul 6-punqtian gegmas, Tumca, amis miuxedavad, ruseTi isev ar uxsnissahaero sivrces TurqeTs da ukrainel mexanZre vertmfrenebs,raTa Caaqron xanZari borjomis tyeparkSi. piriqiT, cecxlgamCeniWurvebiT ibombeba tyeebi suramis garSemo, iqmneba xanZris axalikerebi.779

yvela am sakomunikacio blokadas emateba sofel grakalTanaxlos mdebare ZiriTadi sarkinigzo xidis afeTqeba, risSedegadac aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos SemaerTebelisarkinigzo kavSiric wydeba. axalgoris SesasvlelTanganTavsebulia damatebiTi javSantransporti. saqarTvelosteritoriis samxedro okupaciis paralelurad, cdiloben,ideologiur wnexSi moaqcion okupirebul teritoriaze darCenili

774 iqve.775 iqve.776 iqve, gv.55.777 iqve.778 iqve, gv.56.779 iqve.

129

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi. axalgorSi adgilobrivimosaxleobisaTvis Catanilia didi raodenobiT rusulipasportebi, raTa maT gamartivebuli wesiT SeZlon ruseTismoqalaqeobis miReba.780

17 agvistosTvis ukve naTeli xdeba, rom ruseTi 6-punqtianiSeTanxmebis srul ignorirebas axdens. amis dasturia senakissamxedro bazis gamagreba, senakis raionis soflebis dakaveba,axalgorSi e.w. samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli formirebebisSeyvana, mestiisken mimavali gzebisa da kaspTan axlos ori xidisdanaRmva, sufsis navTobterminalTan samxedro nawilebisganlageba. garda amisa, rogorc am qveynis Tavdacvis saministrosmier iyo gacxadebuli, ruseTs sruli kontroli aqvs mopovebulienguris hidroeleqtrosadgurzec. yovelive es cxadyofs, romruseTma calsaxad moaxdina saqarTvelos teritoriis okupireba,gamagrda am teritoriaze da aqac Cveuli, ormagi standartebisgamoyenebiT imoqmeda.781

ruseTis federaciis jarebi Sesuli iyvnen konfliqtis zonisgareT sxvadasxva regionSi, maT Soris zugdidSi, senakSi, foTSi,gorSi, xaSurSi da a.S. 18 agvistos, diliT, rusi samxedroebiganlagdnen sofel igoeTTan da gadaketes kaspisken mimavali gza.ruseTis jarebis mier centraluri saavtomobilo magistralisgadaketvis Sedegad TiTqmis mTlianad moswyda erTmaneTsdasavleTi da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo.782

18 agvistos ruseTis Tavdacvis saministro akeTebsgancxadebas saqarTvelos teritoriidan SeiaraRebuli jarebisgayvanis Taobaze, Tumca realurad es ar xdeba. SemdgomSi rusulimxare spekulirebs, rom 18 agvistos gakeTebul gancxadebaSilaparaki iyo jarebis ara gayvanaze, aramed `gadawevaze~.783

26 agvistos ruseTis prezidenti dimitri medvedevi, yvelasaerTaSoriso normisa da kanonmdeblobis darRveviT, xels awersbrZanebulebas afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTisdamoukideblobis aRiarebis Sesaxeb. imave dRes ruseTis samxedroxomaldebi saraketo kreiser `moskovis~ meTaurobiT soxumisportSi Sedian.784

28 agvistos saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdegruseTis mizanmimarTuli qmedebebis sapasuxod saqarTvelosparlamenti ruseTis samxedro Zalebs acxadebs saokupacioZalebad, xolo afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regions/samxreT oseTs –okupirebul teritoriebad. 3 seqtembers saqarTvelooficialurad wyvets diplomatiur kavSirebs ruseTTan.785

ruseTi ar daabrkola iman, rom afxazeTis a/r-isa da e.w.samxreT oseTis damoukideblobis de jure aRiarebam saxelmwifoTasaerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mxridan, romelmac uari ganacxada

780 iqve, gv.57.781 iqve.782 iqve, gv.58.783 iqve.784iqve, gv.59.785 iqve.

130

am reJimebis aRiarebaze, calsaxa gakicxva gamoiwvia. damoukidebelsaxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis wevrma saxelmwifoebmac ki armoaxdines reagireba mowodebaze, eRiarebinaT `saerTaSorisosamarTlis axali subieqtebi~ saqarTvelos teritoriulimTlianobis darRvevis pirobebSi.786 ruseTi kidev ufro Sorswavida – separatistul reJimebTan samxedro TanamSromlobisSesaxeb xelSekrulebebi gaaforma da am regionebis daCqarebulmilitarizacias axorcielebs, rac kvlav adasturebs imas, romruseTi omisTvis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi emzadeboda, da rom arapirvel etapze evrokavSiris gadamwyveti moqmedebebi, ramaccecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmeba gamoiRoSedegad, agresiis Sedegebi, SesaZloa, ufro tragikulicyofiliyo.787

3. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ruseTis federaciis mier Zalisgamoyeneba, rogorc agresiis aqti

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi samxedro Zalisgamoyenebis samarTlebrivi regulireba xdeba gaeros wesdebiTa damis bazaze Camoyalibebuli CveulebiTi samarTliT. ruseTisfederacias Zalis gamoyenebis uflebamosileba gaeros uSiSroebissabWos mier miniWebuli ar hqonda da aRniSnuli qmedeba ariTvleba kanonieri Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebad. amdenad,ruseTma ganaxorciela SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma saqarTveloze damisi okupacia yovelgvari saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi safuZvlisugulebelyofiT. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabiansaomar moqmedebas ruseTma e.w. ucxo qveyanaSi `sakuTarmoqalaqeTa~ dacvis uflebiT `humanitaruli intervencia~ uwoda,magram sinamdvileSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad,realurad tipuri agresiuli qmedeba iyo. amasTanave, calkesamarTlebriv Sefasebas eqvemdebareba afxazeTisa da cxinvalisregionis mkvidrTaTvis ruseTis moqalaqeTa pasportebis iZulebiTmasobrivi darigeba im fonze, rodesac konfliqtur regionebSiruseTi formalurad `samSvidobo misias asrulebda~, da am gziTsaqarTvelos moqalaqeebis ruseTis moqalaqeebad `gadawera~.garda amisa, Teoriuladac rom davuSvaT aseTi sakiTxisrealuroba, ruseTs mainc ar hqonda iuridiuli ufleba,saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi Careuliyo samxedro Zalis

786 aleqsiZe levan, “saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis SeiaraRebuli SemoWris saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi”, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2008 weli, gv.8.787 iqve.

131

gamoyenebiT. gaeros generaluri asambleis 1970 wlis 24 oqtombrisdeklaraciaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis SesaxebaRniSnulia: `arc erT saxelmwifos an saxelmwifoTa jgufs araaqvs ufleba, pirdapir Tu iribad, ra mizeziTac ar unda iyos,Caerios meore saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi.~788

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis Teoriasa dapraqtikaSi SemuSavebulia mTeli rigi winapirobebisa dakriteriumebisa, romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes intervenciuliaqti, raTa mas mieces humanitaruli intervenciis kvalifikacia(humanitaruli intervencia – adamianis uflebaTa uxeSi damasobrivi darRvevebis Camdeni saxelmwifos winaaRmdegsaerTaSoriso organizaciis (organizaciebis) mier samxedro,ekonomikuri Tu sxva saxis moqmedebiT Zalis gamoyeneba).789

pasuxi kiTxvaze _ gamoiCina Tu ara ruseTma Zalisxmeva,moegvarebina problema saerTaSoriso samarTliT daSvebulisaSualebebis meSveobiT da amowura Tu ara man es saSualebebi _aris calsaxa da erTmniSvnelovani `ara~.790

ruseTs ar aumoqmedebia saerTaSoriso samarTliTaRiarebuli arc erTi meqanizmi da berketi samxedro Zalisgamoyenebamde. rodesac 2008 wlis ivlisis bolosa da agvistosdasawyisSi konfliqtis regionSi viTareba daiZaba, qarTulmamxarem TxovniT mimarTa ruseTs, raTa mas uzrunveleyomolaparakebebis gamarTva osi separatistebis liderebTan,Seqmnili situaciis gansamuxtavad. Txovnis miuxedavad, rusulmamxarem araviTar zomas ar mimarTa, rom es molaparakebebiSemdgariyo.791 kerZod: 2008 wlis 29 ivliss separatistuli reJimisSeiaraRebulma formirebebma gaxsnes intensiuri saartileriocecxli eTnikurad qarTuli soflebisa da qarTuli samSvidoboZalebis sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebis mimarTulebiT.saartilerio srolebi grZeldeboda regularulad 7 agvistomde.osuri mxaris mxridan saartilerio srolebis faqtebi daadasturakonfliqtis zonaSi ganlagebuli ruseTis samSvidobo ZalebisxelmZRvanelma.792 2008 wlis 1 agvistos aafeTqes eredvi-xeiTisSemovliT gzaze mimavali saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTasaministros manqana, ris Sedegadac daiWra policiis 5 oficeri.qarTul mxares hqonda araerTi mcdeloba, situaciisdasaregulireblad da cecxlis Sesawyvetad gaemarTamolaparakebebi osi separatistebis liderebTan, Tumca uSedegod.molaparakebebis gamarTvas ver axerxebda osi separatistebisliderebTan saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministri reintegraciissakiTxebSi, ver xerxdeboda osi separatistebis molaparakebebSi

788 Resolution of General Assembly N2625, October 24, 1970, www.un.org (nanaxia: 25.04.2010).789 Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, pasuxismgebeli redaqtori levan aleqsiZe, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003 weli, gv. 415.790 ruxaZe n., humanitaruli intervencia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009, gv. 53.791 iqve.792 iqve.

132

CarTva verc ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis xelmZRvanelisa da vercruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros sagangebo saqmeTarwmunebulis meSveobiT. ruseTis samSvidobo ZalebisxelmZRvanelis gancxadebiT, is saerTod ver ukavSirdeboda osiseparatistebis liderebs. molaparakebebis gamarTvis molodinSigrZeldeboda qarTuli soflebis mimarTulebiT intensiurisrolebi.793

ruseTs araviTari zomebi ar miuRia imisaTvis, raTa Tavidanaecilebina mdgomareobis garTuleba da konfliqtis eskalacia.Cndeba safuZvliani eWvi, rom ruseTs araTu ar surda da arcdilobda, Tavidan aecilebina samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba, aramedelodeboda moments, raTa mTeli ZaliT aemoqmedebina Tavisisamxedro manqana saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. aqedan gamomdinare,zedmetia saubari imaze, rom ruseTma amowura konfliqtismogvarebis yvela sxva alternatiuli saSualeba.794

saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTa,rom ruseTis samxedro qmedebebi ar akmayofilebs arc erT imwinapirobasa da kriteriums, romlebic unda iyos gamokveTili,raTa samxedro qmedebas humanitaruli intervenciis kvalifikaciamieces. saerTaSoriso samarTlis profesoris, akademikos levanaleqsiZis, mosazrebiT, ruseTis mier saqarTveloSiganxorcielebuli samxedro intervencia aSkarad gamokveTil`revanSistul~ xasiaTs atarebda.795 akademikosi aleqsiZe xazsusvams im faqts, rom ruseTis politika, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisperiodidan moyolebuli, mimarTulia iqiTken, rom nebismieri gziTSeinarCunos Tavisi gavlena postsabWoTa sivrceSi da, Sesabamisad,ar dauSvas axalSeqmnili saxelmwifoebis integracia evropulsivrcesa da struqturebSi.796 ruseTis umTavresi mizani ara `maTimoqalaqeebis dacva~, aramed saqarTvelos teritoriazefarTomasStabiani samxedro operaciis Catareba da saqarTvelossuverenitetis xelyofa iyo. ruseTis yofili prezidenti da amJamindeli premier-ministriiyo absoluturad gulwrfeli, rodesac ganacxada, rom, misiazriT, `sabWoTa kavSiris daSla me-20 saukunis yvelaze didiubedureba iyo~. `saqarTvelo da ukraina putinis reJimisTvis arianara mxolod istoriuli anomaliebi, aramed warmoadgenenpirdapir politikur safrTxes~. saqarTvelos, rogorc yvelaze`urCi~ saxelmwifos, mimarT, romelic daufaravad cdilobs, TavidaaRwios ruseTis gavlenas da dgams qmediT nabijebs evropasTanintegraciis gzaze, ruseTis mxridan araerTxel ganxorcielebulaprovokaciuli da agresiuli aqtebi, romelTa kulminaciac 2008wlis agvistos omi gaxda. agvistos omi unda ganvixiloT ruseTispolitikuri liderebis araerTgzis gakeTebuli gancxadebebis

793 iqve.794 iqve.795 Алексидзе Л., И Снова Агрессия, Интервенция и Оккупация Грузии с Целью Ликвидации Суверенитета и Территориальной Целостности Страны, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2008, gv.185.796 iqve.

133

konteqstSi, kerZod, rom `ruseTi ar dauSvebs saqarTvelos

gawevrianebas natoSi~.797

ruseTis agresiulobis gaaqtiureba yovelTvisukavSirdeboda saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis procesisgaaqtiurebas. Aamdenad, SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, romruseTis agresia axali ZaliT gamovlinda mas Semdeg, rac 2008wlis aprilSi natos buqarestis samitze miRebul deklaraciaSiCaiwera, rom saqarTvelo `gaxdeba natos wevri qveyana~.798

profesori aleqsiZe ruseTis qmedebebis kidev erTmniSvnelovan motivze miuTiTebs, saxeldobr: ruseTmasaqarTveloSi intervenciiT ganaxorciela didi xnis winCafiqrebuli `домашняя заготовка~: aRiara e.w. samxreToseTisa da afxazeTis damoukidebloba.799

ruseTis intervenciis politikur sarCulze saubroben ruseT-saqarTvelos samxedro krizisis Semswavleli evropis sabWos adhoc komitetis wevrebic. luk van de brandisa da maTias iorSismier momzadebul moxsenebiT memorandumSi xazgasmiT arisnaTqvami, rom saqarTvelosTvis natos wevrobis samoqmedo gegmis(e.w. MAP-is) miniWebis perspeqtivam arcTu ise mcire roliSeasrula ruseTis gadawyvetilebaSi, ganexorcielebina samxedrointervencia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. garda amisa, memorandumSidafiqsirebulia, rom ruseTis samxedro qmedebebis agresiulobismaRali xarisxisa da saqarTveloSi reJimis Secvlis Sesaxebrusuli mxaris gamudmebuli sajaro mowodebebisgaTvaliswinebiT, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom ruseTs am qmedebiTsurda, `aRedgina Tavisi pirdapiri da gadamwyveti gavlenasaqarTveloze...~. aqve naxsenebia, rom intervenciis ganxorcielebisSesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi ukanaskneli ar aris afxazeTisada e.w. samxreT oseTis faqtori.800

komitetis kidev erTi wevri, goran lindbladi TavismoxsenebiT memorandumSi afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTiscnobasTan dakavSirebiT wers: `is operatiuloba, romliTacgamocxadda aRiareba, mafiqrebinebs, rom scenari karga xniT adreiyo dawerili~. lindblads mohyavs ruseTis sagareo saqmeTaministris gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom `kosovos damoukideblobisgamocxadeba da aRiareba aiZulebs ruseTs, gadaxedos Tavispolitikas afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis mimarT, sadacmosaxleobis umravlesoba arian ruseTis moqalaqeebi~.801

797 Brzezinski Z., Staring Down the Russians, Time, August 14, 2008, http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1832294_1832295_1832699,00.html (nanaxia: 07.04.2010).798 ruxaZe n., humanitaruli intervencia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009, gv. 54.799 Алексидзе Л., И Снова Агрессия, Интервенция и Оккупация Грузии с ЦельюЛиквидации Суверенитета и Территориальной Целостности Страны, saerTaSorisosamarTlis Jurnali, 2, 2008, 185.800 ruxaZe n., humanitaruli intervencia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009, gv. 54-55.801 iqve, gv.55.

134

memorandumSi lindbladi wers, rom, misi azriT, ruseTmakonfliqtis zonaSi saqarTvelos qmedebebs uwoda genocidismcdeloba mxolod erTi mizniT – gamoeyenebina SesaZlebloba,`gaetarebina Tavisi politikuri interesebi~. 802

memorandumSi lindbladi aRniSnavs agreTve imas, rom Tavisi qmedebiT ruseTi sakuTar politikur miznebs axorcielebda aramxolod saqarTvelosTan, aramed yofil sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebTan mimarTebiTac. saxeldobr, misi azriT, `...ruseTsa

da saqarTvelos Soris bolo omis erT–erTi Sedegi iyo isic, rom yofili sabWoTa kavSiris wevrebma miiRes mkacri gafrTxileba –maT pativi unda scen ruseTs da mis strategiul interesebs~.803

lindbladis memorandumSi xazgasmulia, rom saqarTvelo aris ZiriTadi satranzito qveyana, romelic ruseTis gverdis avliT,msoflio bazrebze axorcielebs kaspiis navTobis

transportirebas. ruseTis samxedro qmedebebs SeeZloT, seriozuli vneba mieyenebinaT regionSi stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebisTvis, rasac SesaZloa gamoewvia saqarTvelos, rogorc sando satranzito qveynis mimarT ndobis dakargva, xolo ruseTs ukonkurento garemos Seuqmnida kaspiis navTobis transportirebaSi.804 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ruseTis mxridan atexil aJiotaJs, rodesac wydeboda saqarTvelos teritoriaze baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis gayvanis sakiTxi, da im Zalisxmevas, romelsac mimarTavda ruseTi am proeqtis CasaSlelad, agreTve im faqts, rom agvistos omis dros ruseTis ieriSis erT-erTi obieqti iyo navTobsadeni, Cndeba samarTliani eWvi, rom ruseTis agresiis erT-erTi mizani iyo saqarTvelos, rogorc dasavleTisaTvis stabiluri da usafrTxo ekonomikuri da strategiuli partnioris, reputaciis Selaxva.805

ruseTma Camoayaliba ramdenime mizezi, raTa gaemarTlebina samxedro intervencia saqarTveloSi, sadac afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis separatistuli regionebi kvlavac saqarTvelos suverenitetis qveS imyofebian. ruseTi cdilobs, daasabuTos, rom misi intervencia miznad isaxavda: 1) SeeCerebina saqarTvelos agresia samxreT osebis winaaRmdeg; 2) aRekveTa saqarTvelos mier iq Cadenili eTnikuri wmendis, genocidisa da omis danaSaulebi; 3) daecva ruseTis moqalaqeebi; 4) daecva e.w. samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebi osebi.806

verc erTi aRniSnuli iuridiuli argumenti ver uZlebs kritikas. saqarTvelos ar daurRvevia arc erTi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi norma. mis qmedebebSi arc genocidis, arc eTnikuri wmendis niSnebi ar ikveTeba. e.w. samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebi osebis

802 iqve.803 iqve.804 iqve.805 iqve.806 aleqsiZe levan, saqarTveloSi konfliqtTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis damdgeni saerTaSoriso damoukidebeli misiis moxsenebis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2009, #1, 2010, gv.7-8.

135

winaaRmdeg omis danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSic ki, SeiaraRebuli SeWra ar aris gamarTlebuli. ufro metic, e.w. samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebi osebs aqvT ruseTis moqalaqeoba mxolod imitom, rom ruseTma ramdenime xnis win calmxrivad mianiWa maT Tavisi moqalaqeoba.807

garda amisa, ruseTs ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos cxinvalisregionSi/samxreT oseTSi ganlagebuli mSvidobismyofelebisdacvis safuZvels, radgan ar arsebobs Zalis gamoyenebis zogadiufleba erovnuli samSvidobo kontingentis dasacavad andasaxmareblad. mSvidobismyofelTa statusi da dacva, rac maTgarantirebuli aqvT saerTaSoriso samarTliT, amave samarTlisTanaxmad, moqmedebs manam, sanam mSvidobismyofelebi neitralurebirCebian; sabrZolo qmedebebSi CarTvis SemTxvevaSi isiniavtomaturad kargaven statussa da dacvas. mSvidobismyofelTadacvis mizniT Zalis gamoyenebis arguments asustebs is faqti,rom saqarTvelom TavdacviTi operacia daiwyo ruseTis miersamxedro Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebidan ramdenime saaTis Semdeg,manamde ki saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da samSvidoboZalebs Soris raime Setakeba ar momxdara. piriqiT, ruseTisfarTomasStabian samxedro Tavdasxmamde, 7 agvistomde, erTikviris ganmavlobaSi, grZeldeboda Tavdasxma cxinvalisregionSi/samxreT oseTSi samoqalaqo mosaxleobasa da qarTulsamSvidobo Zalebze.808

rac Seexeba agresiis ganmartebas, gaeros generaluriasambleis 1974 wlis 14 dekembris `agresiis definiciis Sesaxeb~rezoluciis mesame muxlis Tanaxmad, agresia aris `erTi qveynisSeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier meore qveynis teritoriaze SeWra anTavdasxma, an samxedro operacia, Tundac droebiT, romelic amSeWris an Tavdasxmis Sedegia... erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuliZalebis mier meore saxelmwifos teritoriis dabombva, annebismieri iaraRis gamoyeneba meore saxelmwifos teritoriiswinaaRmdeg; sazRvao portebisa da sanapiroebis blokada sxvasaxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier~. amave rezoluciis me-5muxli miuTiTebs, rom `aranairi nebismieri xasiaTis mosazreba,iqneba es politikuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro Tu sxva xasiaTis, aramarTlebs agresias; agresiuli omi aris saerTaSoriso mSvidobiswinaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli, rac iwvevssaerTaSorisosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas”.809 ruseTis qmedebapasuxobs yvela im niSans, rac damaxasiaTebelia agresiulimoqmedebisaTvis. ruseTma xelyo saqarTvelos suvereniteti,teritoriuli mTlianoba, dabomba saqarTvelos qalaqebi, sxvadasaxlebuli punqtebi da saqarTvelos teritoria aqcia`okupaciis obieqtad~. garda amisa, gaeros generaluri asambleis

807 iqve, gv.8.808 saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi ruseTi federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009 weli, gv.105.809Resolutiion on the Definition of Agrression, #3314, adopted by General Assembly on 14 December1974, http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml (nanaxia: 25.02.2010).

136

1974 wlis 14 dekembris `agresiis definiciis Sesaxeb~ rezoluciisme-5 muxlis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, agresiis gamarTlebagamoricxulia. amdenad, oficialuri moskovis gancxadeba, romsaqarTveloSi samxedro ZaliT SeWra, qarTuli qalaqebisa dadasaxlebuli punqtebis dabombva iZulebiTi RonisZieba iyo damiznad mxolod osi xalxis `gadarCenas~ isaxavda, aranairsaerTaSorisosamarTlebriv normebs ar efuZneba. amasTanave,ruseTis samxedro qmedeba ar Seesabameboda Zalis gamoyenebisaucileblobisa da proporciulobis kriteriumebs. ruseTs arcucdia samxedro Zalis gamoyenebis nacvlad sxva alternatiulisaSualebebisaTvis miemarTa, piriqiT, is xels uSlida nebismierisamSvidobo iniciativis ganxorcielebas, garda amisa, mis miergamoyenebuli Zala iyo araTanazomieri, araproporciuli, racdadasturebulia saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier.810 ruseTmaTavdasxmis samizned gaxada samoqalaqo Tu samxedrodaniSnulebis praqtikulad yvela sakvanZo obieqti, xelovnuradgaafarTova sabrZolo moqmedebebis areali da moicvateritoriebi, romlebsac araviTari Sexeba konfliqtis zonasTanar hqonia. amdenad, `sakuTari moqalaqeebis dacvis~ sababiTdawyebuli ruseTis samxedro moqmedebebi sadamsjelo operaciadiqca, romelic miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriisokupacias. es omi mimarTuli iyo ara mxolod saqarTvelos, aramed, zogad konteqstSi, ufro dasavleTis winaaRmdeg. Tbilisi iqca gantevebis vacad ruseTis sayvedurebisa da ganrisxebis gamosavlenad, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi grovdeboda SeerTebuli Statebis, natos da im saxelmwifoebis mimarT, romlebic, moskovis azriT, exmarebodnen saqarTvelos. es damokidebuleba gamovlinda yvelaferSi, Tundac: rogor gaaSuqa rusulma mediam omi, rogor Seafases rusma oficrebma sakuTari “misia” okupaciis periodSi.E es gaRizianeba, upirvelesad, mimarTuli iyo SeerTebuli Statebisa da natos mimarT, magram amiT ar dasrulebula. rusma jariskacebma iseTive siamovnebiT gaanadgures evrokavSiris droSebi, rogoriTac aSS-isa da natos nebismieri simbolo.811

dasavleTSi bevrma scada, ukan daexia, TiTqos ruseT-saqarTvelos omi mxolod adgilobrivi konfliqti iyo, romlis monawileebic isini ar iyvnen. magram mainc naklebad saeWvoa, rom ruseTisTvis es omi ar iyo axali politikis dasawyisi, romelic gulisxmobda dasavleTis zegavlenis dasustebas da ruseTis sazRvrebTan dasavluri institutebis miaxloebis nebismieri

810 Statement of North Atlantic Council at the Level of Foreign Ministers, August 19, 2008, www.nato.int, saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis miersaqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTandakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009 weli.811 aleqsiZe levan, saqarTveloSi konfliqtTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis damdgeni saerTaSoriso damoukidebeli misiis moxsenebis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2009, #1, 2010, gv.12.

137

mcdelobis daregulirebas. moskovi acxadebda, rom ukan daxevis periodi dasrulda. amgvarad, is atyobinebda mTlianad dasavleTs, rom saqarTvelo misi gavlenis farglebSi gaxldaT. es iyogzavnili, rom ruseTi namdvilad mzad iyo brZolisTvis, raTa ar daeSva Tavis sazRvrebTan dasavleTis Semdgomi miaxloeba, gansakuTrebiT ki natos saxiT.812

dRes ki ruseTi gulmodgined cdilobs, gaamarTlossakuTari qmedebebi saerTaSoriso samarTalze miTiTebiT, ardauSvas afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis teritoriebzeevrokavSirisa da euTos damkvirveblebi, uars acxadebsSeiaraRebuli Zalebis im punqtebamde gadayvanaze, sadac isiniganlagebulni iyvnen konfliqtis dawyebamde, anu 6 agvistomde.813

gazeT `gardianSi~ 2008 wlis 1 seqtembers gamoqveynebulstatiaSi – `mgeli, romelmac saqarTvelo SeWama~ – saerTaSorisosamarTlis cnobili eqsperti, yofili iugoslaviisaTvis SeqmnilisaerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis tribunalis pirveliprezidenti antonio kasese aRniSnavs, rom ruseTis yvelamcdeloba, brali dasdos saqarTvelos, kritikas ver uZlebs. igimiuTiTebs, rom ruseTma daarRvia gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis wesdebis me-2 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, gaeros yvelawevri Tavs ikavebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ZaliT muqarisaan misi gamoyenebisagan nebismieri saxelmwifos teritoriulixelSeuxeblobisa da politikuri damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg.814

2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omma mTelimsoflio SeZra... evropuli usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, isudides krizisad iqca mas mere, rac serbma diqtatorma slobodanmiloSeviCma XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolos Tavisi `nagazebi~auSva da eTnikuri wmenda Caatara balkaneTSi, ramac ruseTi dadasavleTi lamis axal `civ omamde~ miiyvana. avRaneTSi 1979 wels,sabWoTa jarebis Sesvlis Semdeg pirvelad, moskovi ara martoZaliT SeiWra mezobel qveyanaSi, aramed `civi omis~ Semdgomievropis usafrTxoebis umTavresi kanonic arad Caagdo, romlisTanaxmadac, iaraRis ZaliT evropaSi sazRvrebi aRarasodes undaSecvliliyo. 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTma sakuTari politikis ismaxinji, neoimperialisturi mxare warmoaCina, rac bevrs evropaSisabolood uaryofili egona. am konfliqtis Semdeg vladimerputinis ruseTisaTvis, wesiT, aRaravis unda Seexeda im TvaliT, raTvaliTac manamde uyurebdnen: ukve naTlad gamoCnda, rommezoblisTvis sakuTari nebis Tavs mosaxvevad ruseTi kvlavacaraferze daixevda ukan.815

812 iqve.813 aleqsiZe levan, “saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis SeiaraRebuli SemoWrissaerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi”, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2008 weli, gv.8.814 Cassese Antonio, The Wolf That Ate Georgia, September 1, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/sep/01/georgia.russia1 (nanaxia: 20.05.2009).815 asmusi ronald, mcire omi, romelmac msoflio SeZra, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010 weli, gv.5.

138

is, rac 7 agvistos moxda, gacilebiT ufro xangrZlivi darTulsiuJetiani dramis mxolod bolo moqmedeba iyo. rocamoskovi sabolood darwmunda – Tbilisi arCeuli gzidan argadauxvevso, saqarTvelos omi de faqto jer kidev manamdegamoucxada, vidre 2008 wlis zafxulis saomari moqmedebebidaiwyeboda: omi ruseTisaTvis Zveli kursisaken dabrunebis ufrozogadi strategiuli Canafiqris mxolod nawili iyo, imstrategiisa, romelsac mzardi nacionalizmi kvebavda, misisaboloo mizani ki mezoblebze xelaxali batonobis surviligaxldaT. yalyze Semdgari ruseTi wuTiTac ar fiqrobdasaqarTvelos `xelidan gaSvebas~ da amierkavkasiaSi sakuTarpretenziebze uaris Tqmas. amitomac iyo kremlisTvismniSvnelovani is, rac Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze mdebaream patara, sul raRac 4-5-milionian qveyanaSi moxda. amitomacgamoiwvia kremlis esodeni risxva Tbilisis gulacruebamruseTisadmi.816

4. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis reaqcia ruseTis agresiaze

2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdegganxorcielebulma agresiam farda axada ruseTis e.w.mSvidobismyofelobasa da mediatorobas. saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom saqarTveloSi xdeboda ara`Sida konfliqtebi~, aramed es iyo ruseTis federaciis mierqveynis teritoriebis okupacia da aneqsia. evrosabWos #1633 (2008)rezoluciaSi aRiniSna, rom 2008 wlis agvistoSi moxda `ruseTisfederaciis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovaninawilebis okupireba, iseve rogorc qveynis ekonomikur dastrategiul infrastruqturaze Tavdasxma, rac aRiqmebasaqarTvelos suverenitetis xelyofad da, Sesabamisad, evrosabWosstatutis darRvevad~.817

omis dawyebis dRidan saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebs24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi aSuqebda saerTaSoriso media. ardarCenila TiTqmis arc erTi demokratiuli saxelmwifosumaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri, rom ar daegmo ruseTis qmedebebi, armoewodebina misTvis cecxlis Sewyvetisa da jarebis gayvanisaken.metic, ar wydeboda TbilisSi evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis stumroba, romlebicsaqarTvelos mxardasaWerad Camodiodnen. Tbiliss agreTveewvivnen evrokomisiis prezidenti Joze manuel barozu daevrokavSiris sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis umaRlesiwarmomadgeneli havier solana.818

816 iqve.817 saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009 weli, gv.62.818 iqve.

139

2008 wlis 19 agvistos Crdiloatlantikuri sabWos sagareosaqmeTa ministerialis sagangebo sxdoma Catarda, sadac sxdomismonawileebma saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebTandakavSirebiT SeSfoTeba gamoxates da ganixiles misi savaraudoSedegebi evroatlantikuri stabilurobisa dausafrTxoebisaTvis.819

`Cven gamovxatavT sinanuls daRupulebis, ubeduriSemTxvevebisa da im zianis gamo, romelic samoqalaqoinfrastruqturas konfliqtis Sedegad miadga, dazaralebulebshumanitarul daxmarebas vuwevT, aseve, SevxvdiT euTos moqmedTavmjdomares, fineTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs, aleqsandrestubs da ganvixileT mTavari sakiTxebi, romelTa ganxorcielebaaucilebelia~ – miTiTebulia natos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebisoficialur gancxadebaSi.820

zemoaRniSnuli dokumentis Tanaxmad, Crdiloatlantikurialiansi humanitaruli situaciiT ukiduresad SeSfoTebulebi iyo.natos wevri qveynebis mTavrobebi muSaobdnen saerTaSorisoorganizaciebisa da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis sxvawarmomadgenlebTan, raTa konfliqtis Sedegad dazaralebulimosaxleoba saWiro humanitaruli daxmarebiT dauyovneblivuzrunveleyoT.821

aliansis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi SeTanxmdnen, mxaridaeWiraT saqarTvelosTvis sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. damatebiTTanxmdebodnen, rom Crdiloatlantikuri sabWo swrafaduzrunvelyofda nato-saqarTvelos komisiis formirebas. es komisiazedamxedvelobas gauwevda buqarestis samitze miRebulgadawyvetilebebs, maT Soris aRniSnul Sexvedraze SeTanxmebulmxardamWer RonisZiebebs, romlebic miznad isaxaven saqarTvelos,rogorc natos Rirebuli da grZelvadiani partnioris, daxmarebas,agreTve, samxedro moqmedebebiT gamowveuli zianis Sefasebasa daaucilebeli samsaxurebis aRdgenas, rac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisnormalizebisa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis saTanadodganxorcielebisaTvisaa saWiro.822

`saqarTvelos usafrTxoeba da stabiluroba aliansisTvismniSvnelovania. konfliqti saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Sorisregionaluri stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvisSemaSfoTebelia. Cven Rrma sinanuls gamovxatavT saqarTvelo-ruseTis konfliqtSi Zalis gamoyenebis gamo. kvlav vadasturebT,rom samxedro gziT konfliqti ar gadawydeba. am krizisulviTarebaSi ruseTis moqmedeba gvaSfoTebs. ruseTs Tavispasuxismgeblobas vaxsenebT, raTa usafrTxoeba da wesrigiSeinarCunos mis mier kontrolirebad adgilebSi, gansakuTrebiTmaSin, roca gamudmebiT iuwyebian ruseTis mxridan samoqalaqo

819 natos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis oficialuri gancxadeba, 2008 wlis 19agvisto, gazeT `24 saaTis~ damateba – `nato saqarTveloSi~, #9, 2008 wlis 15seqtemberi, gv. 2. 820 iqve.821 iqve.822 iqve.

140

infrastruqturis gamiznul ganadgurebaze. ruseTis samxedroqmedeba mSvidobismyofelTa rolTan araTanazomieri dawinaaRmdegobrivi iyo, xolo Seusabamo – helsinkis daskvniT aqtSimocemul konfliqtis mSvidobiani gziT mowesrigebis principebTan,nato-ruseTis damfuZnebel aqtsa da romis deklaraciasTan.aliansi seriozulad miiRebs mxedvelobaSi ruseTis mierganxorcielebul qmedebebs nato-ruseTis urTierTobebisgagrZelebis TvalsazrisiT... Cven gadavwyviteT, rom ar SegviZliagavagrZeloT saqmianoba Cveulebriv~ – aRniSnulia dokumentSi.823

Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis wevri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTaministrebi mouwodebdnen ruseTs, dauyovnebliv ganexorcielebinaruseTis jarebis gayvana mxaridan, rasac iTvaliswinebda 6-punqtiani SeTanxmeba. nato xelaxla adasturebda Tavisvaldebulebebs im gadawyvetilebebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic aiResaliansis saxelmwifoTa da mTavrobaTa meTaurebma buqarestissamitze 2008 wlis aprilSi, maT Soris saqarTvelosevroatlantikur miswrafebebTan dakavSirebiT.824

euTos mudmivmoqmedi sabWo iRebs gadawyvetilebas cxinvalis regionis mimdebare “usafrTxoebis zonaSi” 20 damkvirveblis dauyovnebliv gagzavnis Taobaze. ruseTi kvlav ar dgams raime qmediT nabijebs nakisri valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad. Mmetic, senaksa da foTSi gamalebiT awyoben sangrebs. qarTvel xalxs usafrTxoebis SegrZneba mxolod maSin uCndeba, rodesac 24 agvistos amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis humanitaruli tvirTiT datvirTuli xomaldi “makfouli” (USS McFaul) Semodis baTumis navsadgurSi.825 29 agvistosTvis Savi zRvis akvatoriaSi ukve imyofeba natos aTi gemi: sami amerikuli xomaldi, espanuri fregati “admirali xuan de borboni”, polonuri fregati “general pulaski”, germanuli fregati “liubeki” da oTxi Turquli gemi.826

2008 wlis 1 seqtembers briuselSi sagangebod SeikribaevrokavSiris ministeriali, romelmac mouwoda evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs, ar ecnoT separatistuli regionebi da dagmo ruseTisgadawyvetileba afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTisdamoukideblobis aRiarebis Taobaze, amasTan, ruseTis qmedebebsdisproporciuli uwoda. garda amisa, evrokavSirma evropisusafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis egidiT miiRogadawyvetileba saqarTveloSi damoukidebeli samoqalaqodamkvirveblebis gamogzavnis Sesaxeb.827

823 iqve.824 iqve.825 saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009 weli, gv.64.826 iqve.827 Extraordinary European Council, Brussels, September 1, 2008, Presidency Conclusions, pp.2-3, http://www.report.smr.gov.ge/GoG_WarRep_Ch9/GoG_WarRep_Ch9.Att221.pdf (nanaxia: 20.05.2009).

141

2008 wlis 3 seqtembers saqarTveloSi arsebul viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT briuselSi evroparlamenti iRebs rezolucias, romelSic dadasturebuli da xazgasmulia saqarTvelos damoukideblobis, suverenitetisa da saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli sazRvrebis farglebSi teritoriuli mTlianobis upirobo mxardaWera. rezoluciaSi dagmobilia samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis rusuli pasportebis darigeba, gaZlierebuli samxedro aqtivoba qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi, rusebis samxedro manevrebi saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan axlos; aRniSnulia 158 000 adamianis iZulebiT gadaadgilebis faqti, aseve dagmobilia ruseTis federaciis mier separatistuli regionebis damoukideblobis cnoba.828

2008 wlis 18 seqtembers euTos mudmivmoqmedma sabWom miiRo gadawyvetileba saqarTveloSi euTos misiis samxedro monitorebis raodenobis 100-mde gazrdis Sesaxeb. maTi nawili e.w. samxreT oseTis mimdebare teritoriaze unda ganTavsebuliyo. Mmonitorebis funqciebSi Sedioda cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis srulad ganxorcielebis, humanitaruli derefnis uzrunvelyofisa da iZulebiT adgilnacval pirTa usafrTxo gadaadgilebis uzrunvelyofa. Mmagram, ruseTis federaciam vetos ufleba gamoiyena da proeqti dabloka. xolo 2008 wlis 4 dekembers qalaq helsinkSi gamarTul euTos ministerialze ruseTis federaciam vetos uflebis gamoyenebiT kidev erTxel dabloka saerTod saqarTveloSi euTos misiis mandatis gagrZeleba. rac Seexeba UNOMIG-is mandats, igi ruseTis mier vetos gamoyenebis Sedegad Sewyvetilia. 2009 wlis 15 ivniss ruseTis federaciam vetos uflebiT SeaCera gaeros sadamkvirveblo misiis 16-wliani muSaoba saqarTveloSi, ris mizezadac dasaxelda adgilze arsebuli axali realoba da is faqti, rom Tavad aRar uWers mxars saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisa da saqarTvelosTvis samwuxarod, regionaluri stabilurobis sazianod, UNOMIG-ma Sewyvita funqcionireba.829

evrokavSiris 2008 wlis 1 seqtembris sagangebo samitze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad, am organizaciis damkvirvebelTa pirveli nakadi saqarTveloSi 24 seqtembers Camodis. 1 oqtombers ki 22 wevri saxelmwifo 200-ze met damkvirvebels gzavnis.830

2008 wlis dekemberSi evrokavSiri `konfliqtis dawyebisa damimdinareobis~ sakiTxTa Seswavlis mizniT qmnis misias, romlisxelmZRvanelad iniSneba Sveicarieli diplomati haiditaliavini.831

e.w. samxreT oseTis okupirebul da mimdebare teritoriebzeadamianis uflebebis totaluri darRvevis faqtebi asaxulia

828 saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009 weli, gv.63-64.829 iqve, gv.66-67.830 iqve, gv.67.831 iqve, gv.65.

142

evrosabWos adamianis uflebaTa komisris, Tomas hamerbergis,moxsenebebSic. igi xazs usvams adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mizniTregionSi saerTaSoriso Zalebis yofnisa da monitoringisganxorcielebis mniSvnelobas.832

2009 wlis 4 marts evropulma komisiam _ `demokratiisaTvissamarTlis meSveobiT (veneciis komisia)~ _ daadastura, rom:`nebismieri saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis yofnasaqarTvelos teritoriaze, saqarTvelos mkafio danebayoflobiTi Tanxmobis gareSe, miCneul unda iqnes suverenulisaxelmwifos teritoriul okupaciad~.833

euTos umaRlesma komisarma erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxebSi 2009 wlis 14 aprils haagaSi mwvave gancxadeba gaakeTa. Mman mouwoda afxazeTis de faqto xelisuflebas, Sewyvitos galis regionSi qarTul mosaxleobaze zewola. kerZod, maTi ganaTlebis uflebis SezRudva, iZulebiTi “pasportizacia”, afxazur armiaSi qarTvelebis iZulebiT gawveva da Tavisufali gadaadgilebis SezRudva”.834

2010 wlis 1 ivniss litvis respublikis seimma miiRorezolucia `saqarTveloSi Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb~, romlisTanaxmad, litvis parlamenti ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebisyofnas saqarTvelos teritoriaze da marionetuli reJimebisqmedebebs afxazeTsa da e.w. samxreT oseTSi afasebs saqarTvelosteritoriebis nawilebis ukanono okupaciad da saerTaSorisosamarTlis normebis uxeS darRvevad.835

rezolucia gmobs SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas da sxvasaxelmwifos teritoriaze SeWras, sxva saxelmwifos teritoriisdabombvas, mis okupaciasa da aneqsias, aseve okupirebulteritoriaze moqalaqeobis masobrivad ukanono miniWebasa dacrusaxelmwifoebrivi marionetuli warmonaqmnebis Seqmnas,adamianis uflebaTa mZime da sistematur darRvevebs, eTnikuriwmendis CaTvliT, adamianobis winaSe Cadenil sxva, maT Sorissamxedro, danaSaulebs.836

zemoaRniSnuli rezolucia xazs usvams im faqts, rom erTaTviTgamorkvevis uflebis subieqti ar SeiZleba iyos garkveuliteritoriis mosaxleoba, Tu am teritoriaze ucxo saxelmwifosxelSewyobiT eTnikuri wmendis Sedegad arsebiTad Secvliliademografiuli mdgomareoba da iq darCenil macxovreblebsmasobrivad mieniWaT im ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba.837

832 Human Rights in Areas Affected by the South Ossetia Conflict, Thomas Hammarberg , Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Strasbourg, September 8, 2008, pp.18-19,http://www.report.smr.gov.ge/GoG_WarRep_Ch9/GoG_WarRep_Ch9.Att222.doc (nanaxia: 20.05.2010).833saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabian agresiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009 weli, gv.67-68.834 iqve, gv.66.835 litvis respublikis seimis rezolucia “saqarTveloSi Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb”, 2010 wlis 1 ivnisi, www.mfa.gov.ge (nanaxia: 02.06.2010).836 iqve.837 iqve.

143

litvis respublikis seimis rezoluciaSi miTiTebulia, romruseTis federacia ar asrulebs 2008 wlis 12 agvistossamSvidobo SeTanxmebis valdebulebebs, ar gahyavs Tavisisamxedro Zalebi saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriidankonfliqtamde arsebul poziciebze da ukanonod aRiara mis miermxardaWerili marionetuli warmonaqmnebi saqarTvelosokupirebul teritoriaze, aseve dabloka gaerTianebuli erebisada evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciebisdamkvirvebelTa misiebis vadis gagrZeleba da xels uSlisevrokavSiris damkvirvebelTa misiis saqmianobas saqarTvelosokupirebul teritoriaze.838

litvis seimi pirveli erovnuli parlamentia, romelmacsaqarTvelos okupacia, rogorc termini, daakanona. metic, seimmalitvis respublikis prezidentsa da mTavrobas mouwoda,ixelmZRvanelon am rezoluciis principebiT sagareo politikissakiTxebis mogvarebisa da ganxorcielebisas. 2010 wlis noemberSi natos saparlamento asambleis miermiRebul rezoluciaSi afxazeTi da e.w. samxreT oseTimoxseniebulia okupirebul teritoriebad. rezoluciaSiaRniSnulia, rom asamblea Rrma SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamssaqarTvelos okupirebul teritoriebze arsebuli humanitarulisituaciis gamo da mouwodebs moskovs, cxinvalsa da soxums,Secvalon Sedegi imisa, rac saqarTvelos konfliqtze faqtebisdamdgenma damoukidebelma saerTaSoriso misiam da sxvasaerTaSoriso dokumentebma aRweres rogorc eTnikuri wmenda.839

amdenad, rezolucia iyenebs termin `okupacias~ da miuTiTebseTnikuri wmendis arsebobaze.

2011 wlis 29 ivliss amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis zeda palatam - senatma miiRo rezolucia, romelic mxars uWers saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas da afxazeTs da e.w. samxreT oseTs ruseTis mier okupirebul regionebad aRiarebs. rezolucia adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos suverenitetis, damoukideblobis, teritoriuli mTlianobisa da sazRvrebis urRvevobisadmi mxardaWera, aseve afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis ruseTis federaciis mier okupirebul saqarTvelos regionebad aRiareba SeerTebuli Statebis politikis nawilia.840 dokumenti mniSvnelovania separatistuli regionebis xelisuflebaTa mimarT gamoyenebuli terminebis TvalsazrisiTac, rezoluciaSi gamoyenebulia termini “makontrolebeli Zalaufleba”841 – swored am terminiT ixsenebs

838 iqve.839NATO Parliamentary Assembly, Resolution N382 on the Situation in Georgia, adopted by thePlenary Assembly on 16 November 2010, Warsaw, Poland, p.1,http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=63&info_id=29792 (nanaxia: 15.01.2011).840 Resolution 175, Expressing the sense of the Senate with respect to ongoing violations of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Georgia and the importance of a peaceful and just resolution to the conflict within Georgia’s internationally recognized borders, the Senate of the United States, 2011, p.5.841 iqve, gv.6.

144

soxumisa da cxinvalis xelisuflebebs saqarTvelos mTavrobis saxelmwifo strategia okupirebuli teritoriebis mimarT.

2011 wlis 17 noembers evroparlamentis mier miRebul rezoluciaSi afxazeTi da e.w. samxreT oseTi okupirebul teritoriebad aris moxsenebuli. amasTanave, rezoluciaSi aRiarebulia saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli eTnikuri wmenda.842

zemoaRniSnuli dokumentebi warmoadgenen saqarTvelos teritoriebis deokupaciis myar safuZvels. ruseTis mimarT braldebebis nusxa yovlismomcvelia, rasac seriozuli politikuri Sedegebi unda moyves. samwuxarod, qarTul-rusuli konfliqtis Sedegad naTeligaxda is naklovanebebic, romlebic saerTaSoriso organizaciebsxels uSlis situaciaze efeqturad da swrafad reagirebaSi,gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac konfliqtSi gaerTianebuli erebisorganizaciis uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivmoqmedi wevria Careuli.swored vetos uflebis arsebobis pirobebSi ver moaxerxa gaerosuSiSroebis sabWom adekvaturi zomebis miReba agresiisSesaCereblad; euTos ki swored im wesma SeuSala xeli maszedakisrebuli misiis ganxorcielebaSi, romelic gadawyvetilebiskonsensusis wesiT miRebas gulisxmobs, radgan ruseTma dablokagadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba.843

2008 wlis 12 agvistos saqarTvelom marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos saregistracio ganyofilebaSiwaradgina sarCeli ruseTis federaciis winaaRmdeg rasobrividiskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saerTaSorisokonvenciis darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT. sakuTar sarCelSisaqarTvelo acxadebs, rom: ruseTis federacia cdilobsafxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis teritoriebze mcxovrebieTnikuri jgufebis Semadgenlobis Secvlis konsolidirebas,romelic gamowveuli iyo misi qmedebebiT, `ar dauSvas iZulebiTgadaadgilebul qarTvel moqalaqeTa dabruneba e.w. samxreToseTsa da afxazeTSi da xeli SeuSalos saqarTvelos,ganaxorcielos iurisdiqcia misi teritoriis am nawilSi~.844

amasTanave, saqarTvelo acxadebs, rom 2008 wlis 8 agvistosruseTis federaciam `daiwyo saqarTveloSi farTomasStabianisamxedro SemoWra samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi eTnikuriseparatistebis mxardaWeriT~, ris Sedegad `daiRupa asobiTmoqalaqe, moxda moqalaqeTa sakuTrebis sastiki ganadgureba da 842 European Parliament Resolution of 17 November, 2011, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2011-0514&format=XML&language=EN (gadmotvirTulia: 18.11.2011).843 l. aleqsiZe, “saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis SeiaraRebuli SemoWris saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi”, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2008 weli, gv.8.844marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba droebiTi RonisZiebebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Taobaze saerTaSoriso konvenciis gamoyenebis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT (saqarTvelo ruseTis federaciis winaaRmdeg), 2008 wlis 15 oqtomberi, gv.2, http://www.justice.gov.ge/files/Documents/GG-ORDER.doc (nanaxia: 02.06.2010).

145

e.w. samxreT oseTis eTnikuri qarTuli mosaxleobis faqtobrivadmTlianad gadaadgileba~; da miuxedavad saqarTvelosSeiaraRebuli Zalebis gayvanisa da cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxebcalmxrivi gancxadebisa, ruseTi agrZelebda samxedro operaciebisganxorcielebas e.w. samxreT oseTis farglebs gareTac,saqarTvelos mTavrobis kontrolis qveS arsebul teritoriebze.845

saqarTvelo uTiTebs, rom e.w. samxreT oseTSi pirveliintervenciis faza mimdinareobda 1990-1992 wlebSi, xoloafxazeTSi 1991-1994 wlebSi; sadac saqarTvelo amtkicebs, rom ampirveli fazis ganmavlobaSi `ruseTis federaciam e.w. samxreToseTisa da afxazeTis separatistul Zalebs arsebiTi daxmarebagauwia eTnikuri qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebulTavdasxmebsa da maT masobriv gaZevebaSi~ da, rom daxmarebaruseTis federaciis mxridan aisaxeboda `iaraRiT momaragebaSi,meomrebis daqiravebasa da aRWurvaSi, afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi ki,aseve rusuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier separatistebissamxedro moqmedebebisaTvis pirdapir mxardaWeraSi~.846

1992 wlis 24 ivniss samxreT oseTSi saomari moqmedebebiformalurad dasrulda qarTul-osuri konfliqtis mogvarebisprincipebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze xelmoweriT saqarTvelos, e.w.samxreT oseTis `separatistuli Zalebisa~ da ruseTis federaciismier; xolo afxazeTSi 1994 wlis 14 maiss saqarTvelom, afxazeTis`separatistebma~ da ruseTis federaciam xeli moaweres moskovisSeTanxmebas cecxlis Sewyvetisa da Zalebis gancalkevebisTaobaze. orive SeTanxmeba uzrunvelyofda erToblivi samSvidoboZalebis Seqmnas, romelic, qarTuli mxaris sityvebiT, `marTuliiyo moCvenebiTad neitraluri rusi mSvidobismyofelebis mier~.847

`moCvenebiTi mSvidobismyofelis mandatis gamoyenebiT ruseTisfederacias, e.w. samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi rasobrividiskriminaciis politikis implementaciiT, surda,ganexorcielebina eTnikuri qarTvelebisa da sxva jgufebisiZulebiT gadaadgilebis konsolidireba, ramac gamoiwvia`eTnikuri wmenda~ 1991-1994 wlebSi~.848

ruseTis federacia sistematiurad cdilobda, daerRviasaqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba e.w. samxreT oseTisa daafxazeTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis gziT. am qmedebebmasagrZnoblad daZaba mdgomareoba da xeli Seuwyo konfliqtiskidev ufro farTod eskalacias.849

2011 wlis pirvel aprils marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlom ruseTis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos sarCelisarsebiTad ganxilvaze uari ganacxada. sasamarTlos wevrebi,romlebmac mxari dauWires aRniSnul gadawyvetilebas, daeyrdnen`rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris~ konvenciis 22-e muxls. ammuxlis mixedviT, qveynebs Soris davas sasamarTlo ganixilavs

845iqve, gv.11.846 iqve, gv.3.847 iqve, gv.4.848 iqve.849 iqve, gv.5.

146

mxolod maSin, Tu mxareebma misi gadaWra molaparakebebis ankonvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebis gziT ver SeZles.amave gadawyvetilebaSi marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omisSedegad SeuZlia, eTnikur wmendasTan dakavSirebiT pretenziebiwauyenos ruseTs,850 Sesabamisad sasamarTlom ruseTi aRiarakonfliqtis mxared. Zalis gamoyeneba, am Zalis mimarTva gaeros wevri suverenulisaxelmwifos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawilis gamosayofad,separatistuli reJimebis de jure damoukideblobis aRiareba da maTmier kontrolirebuli teritoriebis ruseTis samxedroplacdarmebad gadaqceva absoluturad ewinaaRmdegebasaerTaSoriso samarTlis minimalur principebs.851

faqtia, rom ruseTi aris mxare, rac dadasturebulia aramarto evrosabWos, evrokavSirisa da natos farglebSi miRebulidokumentebiT, romlebic moiTxoven, uari iTqvas saqarTvelosregionebis ukanono aRiarebaze,852 aramed marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier. amdenad, saerTaSorisoTanamegobroba aRiarebs ruseTis rolis transformaciasdeklarirebuli konfliqtis momrigeblidan konfliqtis mxared.

850Case Concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Judgement, April 1, 2011, p.4, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/140/16398.pdf?PHPSESSID=cc948820e4706ee5373c5b0a8a4e4ff2 (nanaxia: 20.04.2011). 851 aleqsiZe levan, “saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis SeiaraRebuli SemoWris saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi”, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2008 weli, gv.8.852 Alexidze Levan, The Failure of the UN Security Council in Settlment of the Conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia, Undermines the Fundamentals of the International Legal Order, Journal of International Law, N1, 2009, p. 117.

147

daskvna

naSromSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gaanalizebis Sedegad gamoikveTaSemdegi daskvniTi debulebebi:

1. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba ar iTvaliswinebsmudmivi saerTaSoriso Zalebis dafuZnebas, romelTa formirebasuSualod Tavad gaero ganaxorcielebs. nacvlad amisa, gaeroswesdebis 42-e muxli uTiTebs, rom samxedro operaciaganxorcieldeba uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelzewevri qveynebis Zalebis meSveobiT. xolo amave wesdebis 43-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gaeros wevri qveyana valdebulia, uSiSroebissabWos, misi moTxovniT da sagangebo SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad,gadasces aucilebeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. swored aseTiSeTanxmeba Tu SeTanxmebebi gansazRvraven jarebis raodenobas,maTi mzadyofnis xarisxs, daxmarebis xasiaTs.853 uSiSroebis sabWoar moiTxovs specialuri SeTanxmebis dadebas gaeros yvelawevrTan, arc sabWos mudmivi wevrebisagan.854 magram sainteresoa, uSiSroebis sabWos kontrolis qveS wevri qveyana ramdenadaaSezRuduli, Secvalos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi iZulebiTiRonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisas, rodesac ar dadebulaspecialuri SeTanxmeba. arsebobs wesdebis oriurTierTsawinaaRmdego interpretacia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.erTi midgoma aseTia: uSiSroebis sabWom SeiZleba daJinebiTmoiTxovos wevri qveynis samxedro Zalebis gagzavna, miuxedavadspecialuri SeTanxmebis ardadebisa;855 meore interpretaciisTanaxmad ki, wesdebis mixedviT, wevri qveynis wvlili uSiSroebissabWos mier warmoebul koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis operaciaSiaris abstraqtuli, ganyenebuli manam, sanam ar moxdeba misikonkretizacia specialuri SeTanxmebiT.856 wesdebis 43-e muxlimiuTiTebs, rom molaparakebebi uSiSroebis sabWos iniciativiT specialuri SeTanxmebebis Taobaze unda gaimarTos, rogorc ki esSesaZlebeli iqneba. Tumca eqvs aTwleulze metia, rac msgavsiSeTanxmebebi ar dadebula. amdenad, 43-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulispecialuri SeTanxmebebis dadebis SesaZleblobam praqtikaSimarcxi ganicada, ar arsebobs raime meqanizmi imisaTvis, romdauyovnebliv ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi moqmedeba mSvidobisxelyofis SemTxvevaSi da ar arsebobs mudmivi samxedro

853gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.19.854 Goodrich Leland and Simons Anne, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security, Washington D. C., The Brooking Institution, 1955, pp. 395–396.855 Kelsen H., The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental Problems, London: Stevens and Sons, 1951, p. 756.856 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.305.

148

SenaerTebi, romlebic arian mzad ise, rogorc amas uSiSroebissabWo gvTavazobs.857

2. gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxli zustad moiTxovs SeiaraRebulTavdasxmas, rogorc winare pirobas TavdacviTi Zalis

gamoyenebisaTvis. saxelmwifoeბs aqvT ufleba, gamoiyenonindividualuri an koleqtiuri Tavdacvis ufleba, TuSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma xorcieldeba. aseTi interpretaciaSesabamisobaSia gaeros wesdebis SemqmnelTa miznebTan, romlebsacsurdaT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Zalis calmxrivadgamoyenebis maqsimalurad Semcireba.858

3. rac Seexeba SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisas Tavdacvis uflebisuSiSroebis sabWos winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe warmoSobissakiTxs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisassaxelmwifos an saxelmwifoTa jgufs, wesdebidan gamomdinare,uSualod warmoeSoba Tavdacvis ufleba. amdenad, ar arsebobsuSiSroebis sabWosgan winaswar uflebamosilebis miniWebissaWiroeba. Tumca TavdacviTi uflebis ganxorcielebis nebismierSemTxvevas sabolood uSiSroebis sabWo Seiswavlis.4. gaeros wesdebis 39-e muxlis Tanaxmad, koleqtiuriusafrTxoebis sistema amoqmeddeba maSin, rodesac uSiSroebissabWo daadgens, rom Seiqmna safrTxe mSvidobisTvis, xelyofiliamSvidoba, an ganxorcielda agresia. erTi mxriv, nebismierisaxelmwifo an saxelmwifoTa jgufi uflebamosilia, gamoiyenosZala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi mxolod gamonaklisSemTxvevebSi TavdacviTi mizniT SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisas damisi gamoyenebis kanonierebas sabolood uSiSroebis sabWoikvlevs; meore mxriv uSiSroebis sabWos SeuZlia gamoiyenos Zalakoleqtiuri usafrTxoebis saxeliT.5. gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis sabWos diskreciuliuflebamosileba Zalian farToa. wesdebam uSiSroebis sabWosmisca moqmedebis sruli Tavisufleba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebisganxorcielebisas. sabWo ara marto Tavisufalia, gadawyvitos, Tura SemTxvevebSi da rogor gamoiyenos Zala, aramed zustad rodisganaxorcielos es da vis winaaRmdeg. naTelia, rom sabWosSeuZlia prevenciuli omis inicireba, Tu arsebobs mSvidobisxelyofis molodini (magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu essafrTxe ukve moqmedebis zRvarzea).859 sabWos es uflebawarmoeSoba ara marto wesdebis me-7 Tavidan gamomdinare, aramedamaze miuTiTebs wesdebis pirveli muxli, sadac CamoTvliliagaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis miznebi da maT Soris erT-erTi umTavresi mizania, gaerom ganaxorcielos efeqturi

857iqve, gv. 306.858 Glennon Michael, The Fog of Law: Self- Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Volume 25, 2002, p. 546.859 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.283.

149

koleqtiuri RonisZiebani mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Tavidanasacileblad da aRmosafxvrelad.860

6. 1995 wels yofili iugoslaviis sakiTxebze saerTaSorisosisxlis samarTlis tribunalis saapelacio palatam tadiCissaqmeze aRniSna, rom mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis ganmartebisas sabWoar aris srulad SeuboWavi, radgan mas mouwevs wesdebis miznebisada principebis farglebSi moqmedeba.861 amdenad, rogorc wesi,warmoudgenelia, uSiSroebis sabWom miiCnios mSvidobisaTvissafrTxis Semcvelad is, rac ar iqneba winaaRmdegobaSi gaerosmiznebTan da principebTan. Sesabamisad, sabWos farTodiskreciuli uflebamosileba, Cveulebriv, TanxvedraSi unda iyoswesdebis miznebTan da principebTan, rac zRudavs konkretuliRonisZiebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebas.862

7. mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmna, Sedegidan gamomdinare,gansxvavdeba SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisgan. maSin, rodesacmSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi Tavad uSiSroebissabWo wyvets koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs,SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisas nebismier saxelmwifos ansaxelmwifoTa jgufs uSualod SeuZlia, mimarTos individualuran koleqtiur Tavdacvas. amdenad, mSvidobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnaufro farTo cnebaa, vidre SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma.8. gaeros wesdebis Sesabamisi muxlebis (25-e, 48-e, 49-e muxlebi)interpretaciidan gamomdinare, uSiSroebis sabWos me-7 TaviTgaTvaliswinebuli gadawyvetilebebi savaldebuloa gaeros wevriqveynebisTvis. saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvismizniT uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyvetilebaTa Sesruleba evalebaorganizaciis yvela wevrs an zogierT maTgans, rogorc amasuSiSroebis sabWo gansazRvravs. 9. saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebzegeneraluri asambleis mier miRebuli rekomendaciebi kimoklebulia politikur mniSvnelobas. isini ar iwveven gaeroswevri qveynebis mimarT samarTlebrivi valdebulebis warmoSobas.rodesac generaluri asamblea rekomendaciaSi uTiTebs Zalisgamoyenebaze, es interpretirebuli unda iqnes rogorc Segoneba,darwmuneba wevri qveynebisa, imoqmedon erToblivad.863

10. uSiSroebis sabWo aris politikuri organo. amdenad, igi araris saTanado dawesebuleba, romelsac SeuZlia miiRossasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, gansxvavebiT marTlmsajulebissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlosgan, romelic qmedebis kvalifikaciisassamarTlebriv kriteriumebs emyareba. erTi organo exeba erTi daimave movlenis politikur aspeqtebs, xolo meore – samarTlebrivsakiTxebs. rogorc wesi, potenciuri uTanxmoebis scenari

860gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.6.861 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p. 284.862iqve, gv. 285.863 Thomas Ann Van Wynen and Thomas Aaron Joshua, Non-Intervention: The Law and Its Import in the Americas, Dallas, 1956, pp. 175–176.

150

uSiSroebis sabWosa da marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlos Soris maqsimalurad gamoiricxeba. uSiSroebissabWos rezoluciebi unda iyos kanonieri da ar unda scdebodesgaeros wesdebiT sabWosTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebisfarglebs. amasTanave, ar aris marTebuli, rom igiewinaaRmdegebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis imperatiul normebs.amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu uSiSroebis sabWos miermiRebuli mavaldebulebeli gadawyvetileba ar Seesabamebawesdebas an saerTaSoriso samarTlis imperatiul normebs,marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos SeuZlia,aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba Zaladakargulad gamoacxados.11. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mTavari organoebispraqtikam warmoSva axali kriteriumebi da procedurebi ZalisgamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT wesdebiT gauTvaliswinebelramdenime SemTxvevaSi:864

a) agresiis dros nebayoflobiT koaliciebs SesaZlebloba miecaT,CaenacvlebinaT wesdebis 43-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli, magramarasdros Seqmnili koaliciuri Zalebi. amis magaliTia korea (1950weli),865 quveiTi (1990 weli),866 somali (1992 da 1993 wlebi),867 haiti(1994 weli)868; b) zogierT SemTxvevaSi wesdebis sistemam dauSva saxelmwifoebismier sapasuxo qmedebis ganxorcieleba teroristebis anmeamboxeebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic mezobeli an sxvasaxelmwifodan momdinareobda. amis magaliTebia: israelis

moqmedeba sinaSi (1956 weli),869 TurqeTisa – eraySi (1995 weli);870

g) zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki gaTvaliswinebul iqna saxelmwifosmier Zalis gamoyenebis faqti sazRvargareT misi moqalaqeebissafrTxis qveS yofnisas. magaliTad, israelis ieriSi ugandisqalaq entebeze (1976 weli)871 da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebismoqmedeba italiur gem `aCile lauros~ gamtaceblebis winaaRmdeg(1985 weli);872

d) calkeul SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifom Zala gamoiyena moaxloebuliTavdasxmis dros, risi magaliTicaa israeli egviptis winaaRmdeg(1967 weli);873

e) zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki gaTvaliswinebul iqna saxelmwifos ansaxelmwifoebis mier Zalis gamoyenebis faqti adamianis uflebaTa masobrivi darRvevebis dros ganxorcielebuli calkeulimTavrobis mier sakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg. amis erT-erTi

864Thomas M. Franck, The Use of Force in International Law, Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, Volume 11, 2003, p.11.865 iqve.866 iqve.867 iqve.868iqve.

869 iqve, gv.12.870iqve.871 iqve.872 iqve.873iqve.

151

magaliTia intervencia libiasa da siera-leoneSi (1989-1999wlebi).874

12. qveyanas ar aqvs prevenciuli Tavdacvis ufleba im safrTxiswinaaRmdeg, romelic jer kidev gaurkvevelia da, savaraudod,mosalodnelia momavalSi. uSiSroebis sabWos pasuxismgeblobaa,ganixilos saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvissafrTxis Semqmneli SemTxvevebi da saxelmwifos ar aqvs ufleba,Tavad ganaxorcielos msgavsi funqcia damatebiT an paralelurad.13. gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxli, zogadad, saubrobs SeiaraRebulTavdasxmaze da ar miuTiTebs Tavdasxmis subieqtze, Sesabamisad,gaCnda kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara saxelmwifos Tavdacvis gamoyenebisufleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is uSualod sxva saxelmwifosgan ar momdinareobs? saerTaSoriso reaqcia 11 seqtembris Semdegadasturebs, rom SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis koncefcia ar arisSezRuduli saxelmwifos qmedebebiT. Tavdacvis uflebaseqvemdebareba iseTi Tavdasxmac, romelic warmoiSvaarasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mier. Tumca Tavdacvis uflebiszusti regulirebisTvis umjobesia am muxlis SemdegnairadCamoyalibeba: `es wesdeba ar exeba individualuri an koleqtiuriTavdacvis xelSeuval uflebas, Tu organizaciis wevrzeSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma ganxorcielda saxelmwifos anarasaxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis mier im SemTxvevaSi, rodesacTavdasxma momzadebulia ucxo qveynis teritoriaze...~14. miuxedavad imisa, rom aucilebloba da proporciuloba Zalisgamoyenebis nebismieri SemTxvevis mimarT moqmedebs, gaeroswesdebis 51-e muxlSi aRniSnuli kriteriumebi miTiTebuli ar arisda es sakiTxi saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTliT regulirdeba.garda amisa, arsebobs mesame kriteriumic _ drouloba, romelicvebsteris formulidan momdinareobs da gulisxmobs, yovelgvarifiqrisa da yoymanis gareSe, Tavdasxmis SeCerebis mizniT aqtiurmoqmedebaze gadasvlas.15. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebis pirobebSiganxorcielebuli kiberSetevebi SeiZleba gaxdes SeiaraRebulikonfliqtis Semadgeneli nawili. 2007 wels estoneTsa da 2008wels saqarTveloze ganxorcielebuli kiberTavdasxma aCvenebs,rom igi omis warmoebis Tanamedrove formaa. Saapi iyenebsspecialur termins _ `kiberomis operaciebi~, romlebic moicavskibersivrceSi ganxorcielebul yvela samxedro operacias dagulisxmobs erTi saxelmwifos mier kompiuteruli qselebisSesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas meore saxelmwifos kompiuterSi ankompiuterebSi arsebuli informaciis gasanadgureblad,Sesacvlelad an sxvagvari manipulaciebis Sesasruleblad.875

gaeros wesdeba daiwera maSin, rodesac interneti ar arsebobda.amdenad, kiberomi aris gamowveva Zalis gamoyenebis tradiciuliganmartebisTvis. miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobasmouwevs, miaRwios konsensuss rogorc kiberomis gansazRvrebis

874iqve, gv.13.875 Major Schaap Arie, Cyberlaw Edition: Cyber Warfare Operations: Development and Use Under International Law, The Air Force Law Review, Volume 64, 2009, pp.126-127.

152

Taobaze, ise im zomebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gamoyenebis uflebaunda hqondes saxelmwifos kiberSetevis dros.876 16. zogadad, Tavdacvis uflebis ganxorcieleba uflebaa da aramovaleoba. erTi mxriv, erTi saxelmwifo ar aris valdebuli,moigerios msxverpli qveynis winaaRmdeg meore saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma manam, sanam Tavdacvisuflebis ganxorcielebis valdebuleba ar ganisazRvreba Sesabamismxareebs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT; meore mxriv, erTisaxelmwifo ver aiZulebs meore saxelmwifos, miiRos misidaxmareba am ukanasknelis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, Tuki maT Sorisar arsebobs savaldebulo xasiaTis SeTanxmeba koleqtiuriTavdacvis Sesaxeb.877 saTanado xelSekrulebis arsebobis gareSeerTi saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifos teritoriaze sakuTariiniciativiT jarebis Seyvana SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas utoldeba.amdenad, saxelmwifo unda daelodos msxverpli qveynis Txovnasdaxmarebis aRmoCenis Taobaze.878

17. rac Seexeba Zalis gamoyenebas humanitaruli safuZvlebiT,zogierTi mecnieri humanitaruli intervenciis doqtrinisdamkvidrebisTvis iSveliebs adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSorisosamarTals. maTi mosazrebiT, radgan adamianis uflebaTa dacvisvaldebuleba gaeros sistemisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvissaerTaSoriso dokumentebis safuZvelia, intervencia aRniSnulivaldebulebis dacvis mizniT kanonieri unda iyos. Tumca esargumenti humanitaruli intervenciis gasamarTleblad bundovania.adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sistema miznad isaxavs saxelmwifoTawaxalisebasa da darwmunebas, gaaumjobeson TavianT moqalaqeebsada ucxo pirebTan mopyroba, miuxedavad amisa, adamianis uflebaTadacvis saerTaSoriso dokumentebi ar Seicavs aseTi valdebulebisganxorcielebis mizniT calmxrivad Zalis gamoyenebisnagulisxmev uflebas. imavdroulad, unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorcadamianis uflebaTa pativiscemaa gaeros erT-erTi mTavari mizani,mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCuneba, calmxrivi,arasanqcirebuli Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalva aseve arisumniSvnelovanesi Rirebuleba.879 amJamad humanitaruli intervenciajer kidev bolomde ar aris argumentirebuli da mas ar gaaCniagaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mandatirebuli safuZveli.miuxedavad amisa, ukve mravalma SemTxvevam daadastura, romiZulebiTi humanitaruli intervenciis koncefcia legitimurobaspoulobs. Sesabamisad, axali saerTaSoriso wesebi SeiZlebauneblieT Seiqmnas.880

876 Hoisington Matthew, Cyber Warfare and the Use of Force Giving Rise to the Right of Self-Defense, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Volume 32, 2009, p.454.877 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.269.878iqve, gv. 270.879 Cassese Antonio, International Law, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.373.880 Guicherd Catherine, International Law and the War in Kosovo, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Survival, Volume 41, 1999, pp.19-34.

153

18. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis klasikuri ganmartebisTanaxmad, masSi gaerTianebul saxelmwifoTa mizania safrTxeebisSemcireba da Tanxmobis miRweva imis Taobaze, rom, Tu romelimewevri qveyana daarRvevs koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis normebs, mismimarT danarCeni wevrebi ganaxorcieleben SesabamisRonisZiebebs.881 aRniSnuli sistema gansxvavdeba samxedroaliansebis safuZvelze Seqmnili sistemisgan, romelic, ZiriTadad,orientirebulia ara wevri qveynebis SigniT arsebul safrTxeze,aramed gareSe gamowvevebze.882 miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan izrdebasaerTo safrTxeebis albaToba, Sida da gareSe safrTxeebsSeuZlia msgavsi gavlena moaxdinos koleqtiuri usafrTxoebissistemaze.883

19. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis avtorebs surdaT,SeeqmnaT koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis efeqturi sistema. gaeroswesdebis 24-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, gaerTianebulierebis organizaciis swrafi da efeqturi moqmedebisuzrunvelsayofad misi wevrebi uSiSroebis sabWos akisrebenmTavar pasuxismgeblobas saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis dasacavad da Tanxmdebian imaSi, rom ampasuxismgeblobidan gamomdinare movaleobaTa SesrulebisasuSiSroebis sabWos saxeliT imoqmedeben.884 miuxedavad gaeroswesdebis SemqmnelTa survilisa, aRniSnuli sistema ar aRmoCndaqmediTi saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvisprocesSi. uSiSroebis sabWoSi mudmivi wevrebis interesebisSesabamisad, saTanado gadawyvetilebebis miuReblobamsaerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebelimTavari organo uunaro gaxada.20. gaeros wesdebis me-8 Tavi uSvebs regionaluri SeTanxmebebisada organoebis arsebobas, raTa maTi meSveobiT ganisazRvrossaerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebulisakiTxebi da ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi regionaluri RonisZiebebi.aseTi SeTanxmebebi da organoebi unda Seesabamebodes gaerosmiznebsa da principebs.885 wesdebis 53-e muxlis Tanaxmad,uSiSroebis sabWo gamoiyenebs, sadac es marTebuli iqneba, regionalur SeTanxmebebs an organoebs iZulebiT RonisZiebaTagansaxorcieleblad Tavisi xelmZRvanelobiT. magram araviTariiZulebiTi RonisZieba ar ganxorcieldeba am regionalurSeTanxmebaTa ZaliT an regionaluri organoebis mier, Tu amisuflebamosileba ar gasca uSiSroebis sabWom.886 aRniSnulimuxlis formulireba naTelia: regionaluri iZulebiTiRonisZiebebis kanoniereba mTlianad damokidebulia uSiSroebis

881 Downs George, Collective Security beyond the Cold War, the University of Michigan Press, 1994, p.18.882 iqve.883 iqve, gv.29. 884 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.279.885 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008, gv.22-23.886 iqve.

154

sabWoze.887 amasTanave, dasaSvebia, uSiSroebis sabWom gamoiyenosregionaluri organizacia iZulebiTi RonisZiebebisgansaxorcieleblad regionis sazRvrebs miRma. magaliTad,Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciam libiaSisamxedro operacias uxelmZRvanela da gaeros #1973-erezoluciis safuZvelze uzrunvelyo mSvidobis dacva aRniSnulregionSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdebaregionaluri organizaciebis roli saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis procesSi.21. rac Seexeba 2008 wlis agvistos oms, ruseTma ganaxorcielaSeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma saqarTveloze saerTaSoriso samarTlisfundamenturi principebis darRveviT. saerTaSoriso samarTlisTanaxmad, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebulisrulmasStabiani saomari moqmedeba iyo tipuri agresiuli qmedeba.miuxedavad amisa, ruseTma suverenuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdegganxorcielebul sadamsjelo operacias e.w. ucxo qveyanaSi`sakuTar moqalaqeTa~ dacvis uflebiT `humanitaruliintervencia~ uwoda. saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobamerTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTa, rom ruseTis samxedro qmedebebi arakmayofilebs arc erT im winapirobasa da kriteriumebs, romlebicunda iyos gamokveTili, raTa samxedro qmedebas humanitaruliintervenciis kvalifikacia mieces. saerTaSoriso samarTlismixedviT, erT saxelmwifos ar aqvs ufleba, Caerios meoresaxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi. rogorc SvedeTissagareo saqmeTa ministrma karl bildtma oficialurgancxadebaSi aRniSna: `arc erT saxelmwifos ara aqvs ufleba,samxedro ZaliT SeiWras sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze mxolodimitom, rom iq misi pasportis mqone pirebi saxloben an eTnikuradmisi erovnebisani arian. amgvari doqtrinis gamoyenebismcdelobebma adrec CaiTria evropa omSi da swored amitomaamniSvnelovani masze erTxel da samudamod uaris Tqma. igivedoqtrina Tanabrad saxifaTo SeiZleba aRmoCndes sxvaviTarebebSic... Cven aseve unda gvaxsovdes, am 70-iode wlis winrogor gamoiyena swored es doqtrina hitlermac centralurievropis mniSvnelovani nawilis dasapyrobad!~888

kvlevis Sedegebis Sejamebis Sedegad SeiZleba iTqvas, romZalis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivma regulirebam uzarmazaritransformacia ganicada; dawyebuli `samarTliani omis~doqtrinis Teoriidan, gagrZelebuli Zalis gamoyenebis sruliTavisuflebiT me-17 saukunidan me-20 saukunemde, da damTavrebuligaeros wesdebaSi Zalis gamoyenebis zogadi akrZalviT. Tumca amukanasknelma dauSva Zalis gamoyeneba individualuri da

887 Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press,2005, p.311.888 asmusi ronald, mcire omi, romelmac msoflio SeZra, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010 weli, gv.46-47.

155

koleqtiuri Tavdacvis dros, aseve uSiSroebis sabWos mianiWaprerogativa, miiRos gadawyvetileba iZulebiTi RonisZiebebisganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. uSiSroebis sabWos uunaroba ki, uzrunvelyos saerTaSorisomSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacva, zrdis regionaluriorganizaciebisa da koleqtiuri TavdacviTi xelSekrulebebismniSvnelobas. ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi TavdacviTi daxmarebisxelSekrulebebi aris instrumenti, romlis safuZvelze mxareebsSeuZliaT, SeTanxmdnen, rom SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma TiToeulmaTganze ganixileba Tavdasxmad yvela maTganze da am SemTxvevaSiisini daxmarebas uweven safrTxeSi myof mxares an mxareebs.gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlis Tanaxmad, individualuri Tavdacvisuflebis msgavsad, koleqtiuri Tavdacvis ufleba warmoiSobaTavdasxmisTanave da grZeldeba manam, sanam uSiSroebis sabWo armiiRebs Sesabamis zomebs. dabolos, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Tanaxmad,saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis mZime darRvevebis SemTxvevebSi,rogorc es 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis mier saqarTvelosokupaciisas moxda da dRemde grZeldeba, saxelmwifoebivaldebulni arian, iTanamSromlon, raTa kanonieri saSualebebiTaRkveTon mZime darRvevebi, ar cnon kanonierad am darRvevisSedegad Seqmnili viTareba da xeli Seuwyon, gansakuTrebiT, patara saxelmwifoebis mimarT saerTaSoriso samarTlisa dasamarTlianobis principebTan SeuTavsebeli Zaladobis, zewolispolitikis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT erTiani, principulipoziciis Camoyalibebas.

156

gamoyenebuli literatura

Mmonografiebi da wignebi:

aleqsiZe levan, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 2006.

asmusi ronald, mcire omi, romelmac msoflio SeZra, Tb., 2010.

burkaZe xaTuna, korepanovi anatoli, es natoa, Tb., 2010.

Akehurst Michael, Enforcement Action by Regional Agencies, with Special Referenceto the Organization of American States, British Year Book of International Law, 1967.

Akehurst Michael, The Use of Force to Protect Nationals Abroad, London, 1977.

Alexandrov S. A., Self-defence Against the Use of Force in International Law, Hague,1996.

Alston Ph. and Macdonald E., Sovereignty, Human Rights, Security: ArmedIntervention and the Foundational Problems of International Law in Human Rights,Intervention and the Use of Force, Oxford University Press, 2008.

Aust Anthony, The Procedure and Practice of the Security Council Today, in PeaceKeeping And Peace-Building: The Development of The Role of The Security Council,Editor: Rene-Jean Dupuy, Boston, 1993.

Bailey S.D. and Daws S., The Procedure of the UN Security Council, 3rd Edition,Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.

Bedjaoui Mohammed, The New World Order And The Security Council: Testing TheLegality of Its Acts, Boston, 1994.

Broms Bengt, The United Nations, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia (FinnishAcademy of Science and Letters), 1990.

Brownlie Ian, Humanitarian Intervention, Law and Civil War in the Modern World,Editor: Moore. J.N., USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.

Brownlie Ian, Principles of Public International Law, Sixth edition, Oxford UniversityPress, 2003.

Bowett D. W., Self-Defense in International Law, New York, 1958.

Cassese Antonio, International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Dinstein Yoram, The International Legal Response to Terrorism, in International Lawat the Time of Its Codification: Essays in Honour of Robert Ago, Editor: P. L. Zanardi,Milan, 1987.

157

Dinstein Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Fourth edition, CambridgeUniversity Press, 2005.

Brownlie Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford: ClarendonPress, 1963.

Falk R. A., The Vietnam War and International Law, Volume 3, Princeton UniversityPress, 1972.

Fawcett J. E. S., Security Council Resolutions on Rhodesia, British Year Book ofInternational Law, Volume 41, 1965–6.

Fletcher George, Basic Concepts of Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Franck Thomas, Nation Against Nation, Oxford University Press, 1985.

Franck T.M., Recourse to Force: State Action against Threats and Armed Attacks, Cambridge, 2002.

Frowein Jochen and Krisch Nico, “Article 40”, The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I, Editor: Bruno Simma, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2002.

Gardam Judith, Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States, Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Garwood-Gowers A., Pre-Emptive Self-Defence: A Necessary Development or the Road to International Anarchy, Australian Year Book of International Law , Volume 23, 2002.

Gill T. D., Legal and Some Political Limitations on the Power of the UN SecurityCouncil to Exercise Its Enforcement Powers under Chapter VII of the Charter, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, Volume 26, 1995.

Goodrich L. M., Hambro E. and Simons A. P., Charter of the United Nations, 3rd ed., New York, Columbia University Press, 1969.

Goodrich Leland and Simons Anne, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security, Washington D. C., The Brooking Institution, 1955.

Gray Christine, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Civil War or Inter-State Conflict: Characterisation and Consequences, British Yearbook of International Law, Volume 67, 1996.

Gray Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004.

Gray Christine, The Use of Force and International Legal Order, Editor: Malcolm D. Evans, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2006.

158

Green Leslie, The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict, 2nd ed., Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.

Geiger R., “Article 106”, The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Editor: Bruno Simma, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2002.

Hall W.E., A Treatise on International Law, 4th ed., London, 1895.

Henkin Louis, How Nations Behave, New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.

Henkin Louis, Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy, Second Edition, New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.

Higgins Rosalyn, Intervention and International Law, Editor: Hedley Bull, Intervention in World Politics, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1984.

Higgins Rosalyn, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994.

Janse Daniel, International Terrorism and Self-Defence, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 36, 2006.

Jessup P. C., A Modern Law of Nations, Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada, 1948.

Kelsen H., General Theory of Law and State, Harvard, 1945.

Kelsen H., The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental Problems, London, 1951.

Klare Michael, The Deadly Connection: Paramilitary Bands, Small Arms Diffusion and State Failure, in When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, Editor: Robert I. Rotberg, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Kooijmans P. H., The Security Council and Non-State Entities as Parties to Conflicts, International Law: Theory and Practice (Essays in Honour of Eric Suy), editor: Karel Wellens, Kluwer Law International, Hague, 1998.

Luard Evan, A History of the United Nations: The Years of Western Domination (1945-1955), London: Macmillan, 1982.

Macdonald Ronald St. John, The Nicaragua Case: New Answers to Old Questions, Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 24, University of British Columbia Press, 1986-1988.

Maogoto Jackson Nyamuya, Battling Terrorism: Legal Perspectives on the Use of Force and the War on Terror, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005.

Martin Andrew, Collective Security, New York: Columbia University Press, 1952.

159

Mcdougal Myres S. and Feliciano Florentino, Law and Minimum World Public Order, Yale University Press, 1961.

Mearsheimer John, The False Promise of International Institutions, in Theories of War and Peace, Editor: Michael E. Brown, Cambridge, 1998.

Merrills J. G., International Dispute Settlement, 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Oppenheim L., International Law: A Treatise, Editor: H. Lauterpacht , 8th ed., New York, 1955.

Osterdahl Inger, Threat to the Peace: The Interpretation by the Security Council of Article 39 of the UN Charter, Publisher: Uppsala: Iustus Förlag, 1998.

Ramsbotham Oliver and Woodhouse Tom, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Crisis, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996.

Randelzhofer A., “Article 51”, the Charter of the United Nations - A Commentary, Volume I, Editor: Bruno Simma, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Rothgeb John, Defining Power: Influence and Force in the Contemporary International System, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1993.

Sen B., A Diplomat’s Handbook of International Law and Practice, 3rd ed., Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1988.

Schachter Oscar, International Law in Theory and Practice, Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1991.

Schachter O., International Law in the Hostage Crisis: Implications for Future Cases, Editor: W. Christopher, Yale University Press, 1985.

Schachter O., Legal Aspects of the Gulf War of 1991 and Its Aftermath, Law, Policy, and International Justice (Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen), Editors: W. Kaplan and D. McRae, 1993.

Schmitt Michael, Counter-Terrorism and the Use of Force in International Law, The Marshall Centre Papers, November, 2002.

Schwarzenberger G., International Constitutional Law (International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals, III), 1967.

Schwarzenberger G. and Brown E. D., A Manual of International Law, Milton, 1976.

Schweisfurth T., Operations to Rescue Nationals in Third States Involving the Use of Force in Relation to the Protection of Human Rights, German Yearbook of International Law, Volume 23, 1980.

Simpson Gerry, Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereign in the International Legal Order, Cambridge University Press, 2004.

160

Sharp Walter Gary, Cyberspace and the Use of Force, Aegis Research Corporation, 1999.

Shaw M., International Law, Cambridge University Press, 5th edition, 2003.

Shaw M., The Security Council and the International Court of Justice: Judicial Drift and Judicial Function, The International Court of Justice: Its Future Role after Fifty Years, Hague, 1997.

Stone J., Legal Controls of International Conflict: A Treatise on the Dynamics of Disputes and War – Law , London, 1954.

Svanberg-Torpman K., The Security Council as a Law Enforcer and Legislator, Peace and Security: Current Challenges in International Law, Editors: D. Amne´us and K. Svanberg-Torpman, Lund, Suecia: Studentlitteratur, 2004.

Thomas Ann Van Wynen and Thomas Aaron Joshua, Non-Intervention: The Law andIts Import in the Americas, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1956

Triggs Gillian, International Law: Contemporary Principles and Practices, Sydney, 2006.

Vattel Emmerich, The Law of Nations or the Principles of Natural Law, Book III, (Classics of International Law ), Editor: C. G. Fenwick, 1916.

Vetschera H., International Law and International Security: The Case of Force Control, German Yearbook of International Law, Volume 24, 1981.

Wet E., The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2004.

Williams J. F., Some Aspects of the Covenant of the League of Nations, Oxford University Press, London, 1934.

White N. D., Keeping the Peace: The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security, Second Edition, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.

Jurnalebi:

aleqsiZe levan, `afxazeTSi qarTveli mosaxleobis eTnikuriwmendis saerTaSoriso dagmobis saqmeSi euTos gadamwyveti rolisSesaxeb~, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2008, gv. 33-46.

aleqsiZe levan, saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis SeiaraRebuliSemoWris saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, saerTaSorisosamarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2008, gv. 7-8.

ruxaZe Nn., humanitaruli intervencia Tanamedrove saerTaSorisosamarTalSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009, gv. 44-64.

161

sanikiZe z., Tavdacvis, rogorc Zalis gamoyenebis kanonieriuflebis, ganmartebis problemebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlisJurnali, #2, 2010, gv. 33-58.

Alexidze Levan, The Failure of the UN Security Council in Settlment of the Conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia, Undermines the Fundamentals of the International Legal Order, Journal of International Law, N1, 2009, pp. 101-118.

Akande D., The International Court of Justice and the Security Council: Is There Room for Judicial Control of Decisions of the Political Organs of the United Nations? International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 46, 1997, pp. 309-343.

Andrassy Juraj, “Uniting for Peace”, American Journal of International Law, Volume 50, 1956, pp. 563-582.

Bakircioglu Onder, The Right to Self-defence in National and International Law: The Role of the Imminence Requirement, Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, 2009, pp.1-48.

Barkham Jason, Information Warfare and International Law on the Use of Force, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Volume 34, 2001-2002, pp.79-113.

Barry Benjamin, Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention: Legalizing the Use of Force to Prevent Human Rights Atrocities, Fordham International Law Journal, Volume 16, 1992-1993, pp. 120-158.

Bazyler Michael, Re-examining the Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention in Light of the Atrocities in Kampuchea and Ethiopia, Stanford Journal of International Law, Volume 23, 1987, pp. 547-619.

Beveridge Fiona, The Lockerbie Affair, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 41, 1992, pp. 907–920.

Bilder R.B., Judicial Procedures Relating to the Use of Force, Virginia Journal of International Law, Volume 31, 1990-1991, pp. 249-279.

Bothe Michael, Terrorism and the Legality of Pre-emptive Force, European Journal of International Law, Volume 14, 2003, pp. 227-240.

Bowett D., The Impact of Security Council Decisions on Dispute Settlement Procedures, European Journal of International Law, Volume 5, 1994, pp. 89-96.

Bruno Simma, NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects, European Journal of International Law, Volume 10, 1999, pp.1-22.

Charney Jonathan, NATO’s Kosovo Intervention: Anticipatory Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo, American Journal of International Law, Volume 93, 1999, pp. 834-841.

162

Chimni B.S., The International Court and the Maintenance of Peace and Security: The Nicaragua Decision and the United States Response, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 35, 1986, pp.960-970.

Chinkin Christine, The Legality of NATO's Action in the Former Republic of Yugoslavia under International Law, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 49, 2000, pp. 910-925.

Craig Hammer, Reforming the U.N. Security Council: Open Letter to U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, Florida Journal of International Law, Volume 15, 2002-2003, pp.261-271.

Delahunty Robert J., Symposium on Re-examine the law of War: Paper Charter: Self-Defense and the Failure of the United Nations Collective Security System, Catholic University Law Review, Volume 56, 2006-2007, pp. 871-957.

Dinstein Yoram, International Law as a Primitive Legal System, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Volume 19, 1986–1987, pp.1-32.

Farer Tom, Human Rights in Law's Empire: The Jurisprudence War, American Journal of International Law , Volume 85, 1991, pp.117-127.

Farer Tom, Drowing the Right Line, American Journal of International Law, Volume 81, 1987, pp. 112-116.

Fitzgerald Amber, Security Council Reform: Creating A More Representative Body of the Entire U.N. Membership, Pace International Law Review, Volume 12, 2000, pp. 319-365.

Fitzmaurice G.G., The Foundations of the Authority of International Law and the Problem of Enforcement, Modern Law Review, Volume 19, 1956, pp.1-13.

Franck Thomas, The Use of Force in International Law, Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, Volume 11, 2003, pp.7-19.

Franck Thomas, When, If Ever, May States Deploy Military Force Without Prior Security Council Authorization?, Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, Volume 5, 2001, pp. 51-68.

Gardam Judith Gail, Proportionality and Force in International Law, American Journal of International Law, Volume 87, 1993, pp.391-413.

Geissler L., The Law of Humanitarian Intervention and the Kosovo Crisis, Hamline Law Review, Volume 23, 1999-2000, pp.323-347.

Glennon Michael, The Fog of Law: Self- Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Volume 25, 2002, pp. 539-558.

163

Gowlland-Debbas V., Security Council Enforcement Action and Issues of State Responsibility, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 43, 1994, pp. 55-98.

Gray Christine, The British Position in regard to the Gulf Conflict, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 37, 1998, pp. 420-428.

Green James A., Docking the Caroline: Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Contemporary Customary International Law Concerning Self-Defense, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, Volume 14, 2006, pp.430-481.

Greenwood Christopher, International Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan, Al-Qaida and Iraq, San Diego International Law Journal, Volume 4, 2003, pp.7-37.

Greenwood Christopher, International Law and the NATO Intervention in Kosovo, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 49, 2000, pp. 926-934.

Hargrove John Lawrence, The Nicaragua Judgment and the Future of the Law of Force and Self-Defense, American Journal of International Law, Volume 81, 1987, pp.135-143.

Hoisington Matthew, Cyber Warfare and the Use of Force Giving Rise to the Right of Self-Defense, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Volume 32, 2009, pp.439-454.

Karsten Nowrot and Emily W. Schabacker, The Use of Force to Restore Democracy: International Legal Implications of the ECOWAS Intervention in Sierra Leone, American University International Law Review, Volume 14, 1998-1999, pp. 321-412

Kearley Timothy, Raising the Caroline, Wisconsin International Law Journal, Volume 17, 1999, pp.325-346.

Kelly Michael, U.N. Security Council Permanent Membership: A New Proposal for a Twenty-First Century Council, Seton Hall Law Review, Volume 31, 2000-2001, pp. 319-399.

Kelsen H., Collective Security and Collective Self- defence under the Charter of the United States, American Journal of International Law, Volume 42, 1948, pp.783- 796.

Kirgis Frederic L., The Security Council’s First Fifty Years, Volume 89, American Journal of International Law, 1995, pp. 506-539.

Krift T. R., Self-Defence and Self-Help: The Israeli Raid on Entebbe, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, Volume 4, 1977–8, pp. 43-62.

Kunz Josef L., The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, American Journal of International Law, Volume 42, 1948, pp. 111-120.

164

Lieutenant Colonel Patrick W. Franzese, Cyber Law Edition: Sovereignty in Cyberspace: Can It Exist? The Air Force Law Review, Volume 64, 2009, pp.1-42.

Major Arie J. Schaap, Cyber Law Edition: Cyber Warfare Operations: Development and Use Under International Law, The Air Force Law Review, Volume 64, 2009, pp.121-173.

Major Todd Graham H., Cyber Law Edition: Armed Attack in Cyberspace: Deterring Asymmetric Warfare Within An Asymmetric Definition, Air Force Law Review, Volume 64, 2009, pp.65-102.

Martenczuk B., The Security Council, the International Court and Judicial Review: What Lessons from Lockerbie?, European Journal of International Law, Volume 10, 1999, pp. 517-532.

Merriam John, Kosovo and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention, The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 33, 2001, pp.111-154.

Moore John Norton, The Secret War in Central America and the Future of World Order, American Journal of International Law, Volume 80, 1986, pp. 104–105.

Murphy Sean D. , Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law, American Journal of International Law, Volume 96, 2002, pp. 237-263.

Murphy Sean D., Libyan Payment to Families of Pan Am Flight 103 Victims, American Journal of International Law, Volume 97, 2003, pp. 987-991.

Nourse V. F., Self-Defense and Subjectivity, University of Chicago Law Review, Volume 68, 2001, pp. 1235-1308.

Orakhelashvili Alexander, The Legal Basis of the United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations, Virginia Journal of International Law, Volume 43, Winter, 2003, pp.485-524.

Quigley John, The Afghanistan War and Self-Defense, Valparaiso University Law Review, Volume 37, 2002-2003, pp. 541-562.

Rostow Eugene, Until What? Enforcement Action or Collective Self-Defense?, American Journal of International Law, Volume 85, 1991, pp. 506- 516.

Ruth Gordon, Humanitarian Intervention by the United Nations: Iraq, Somalia, and Haiti, Texas International Law Journal, Volume 31, 1996, pp. 43-56.

Ruth Gordon, United Nations Intervention in Internal Conflicts: Iraq, Somalia, and Beyond, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 15, 1994, pp. 519-589.

Schachter O., United Nations Law in the Gulf Conflict, American Journal of International Law, Volume 85, 199, pp. 452–473.

165

Schacter O., The Right of States to Use Armed Force, Michigan Law Review, Volume 82 , 1983-1984, pp. 1620-1646.

Schachter O., The Quasi-Judicial Role of the Security Council and the General Assembly, American Journal of International Law, Volume 58, 1964, pp.960-967.

Schachter O., Self-Defense and the Rule of Law, American Journal of International Law, Volume 83, 1989, pp. 259-277.

Scheffer David, Toward a Modern Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention, University of Toledo Law Review, Volume 23, 1991-1992, pp. 253-293.

Schmitt Michael, Computer Network Attack and the Use of Force in International Law: Thoughts on a Normative Framework, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Volume 37, 1998-1999, pp.885-937.

Schmitt Michael, International Law and the Use of Force: The Jus Ad Bellum, Volume II, Quarterly Journal, September, 2003, pp. 89-97.

Schmitt Michael, Pre-emptive Strategies in International Law, Michigan Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 2002-2003, pp. 513-548.

Spaid Brian, Collective Security v. Constitutional Sovereignty: Can the President Commit U.S. Troops Under the Sanction of the United Nations Security Council Without Congressional Approval? University of Dayton Law Review, Volume 17, 1991-1992, pp. 1055-1088.

Stavropoulos Constantin, The Practice of Voluntary Abstentions by Permanent Members of the Security Council under Article 27, Paragraph 3, of the Charter of the United Nations, American Journal of International Law, Volume 61, 1967, pp. 737-752.

Stone Julius, Hopes and Loopholes in the 1974 Definition of Aggression, American Journal of International Law, Volume 71, 1977, pp. 224-246.

Stromseth Jane, Future Implication of the Iraq Conflict: Law and Force after Iraq: A Transitional Moment, American Journal of International Law, Volume 97, 2003, pp.628-642.

Tams Christian, The Use of Force Against Terrorists, European Journal of International Law, Volume 20, 2009, pp. 359-398.

Värk René, The Use of Force in the Modern World: Recent Developments and Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, Baltic Defense Review, Volume 10, November, 2003, pp. 27-44.

Ved Nanda, The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait: The U.N. Response, Southern Illinois University Law Journal, Volume 15, 1990–1, pp. 431-453.

166

Walker George, The Crisis over Kuwait, August 1990 – February 1991, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, Volume I, 1991, pp. 25-56.

Walker George, Anticipatory Collective Self-Defence in the Charter Era: What the Treaties Have Said, Cornell International Law Journal, Volume 31, 1998, pp.321-376.

Wedgwood Ruth, Responding to Terrorism: The Strikes against Bin Laden, Yale Journal of International Law, Volume 24, 1999, pp. 559-576.

Wedgwood Ruth, NATO’s Campaign in Yugoslavia, American Journal of International Law, Volume 93, 1999, pp. 828-834.

Wilmshurst Elizabeth, The Chatham House Principles of International Law on the Use of Force in Self-Defence, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 55, 2006, pp. 963-972.

Woolsey L. H., The ‘‘Uniting for Peace’’ Resolution of the United Nations, American Journal of International Law, Volume 45, 1951, pp. 129-145.

Zacklin R., Beyond Kosovo: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention, Virginia Journal of International Law Association ,Volume 41, 2001, pp. 923-940.

Ziyad Motala and ButleRitchie David, Self-Defence in International Law, The United Nations and the Bosnia Conflict, University of Pittsburgh Law Review, Volume 57, 1995-1996, pp.1-34.

Yoxall Thomas, Iraq and Article 51: A Correct Use of Limited Authority, International Lawyer, Volume 25, 1991, pp. 967- 994.

Алексидзе Л., И Снова Агрессия, Интервенция и Оккупация Грузии с Целью Ликвидации Суверенитета и Территориальной Целостности Страны, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, #2, 2008, 185-194.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis dokumentebi:

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, Tb., gamomcemeli: “bona kauza”, 2008.

Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention and Interference in the Internal Affairs of States, 91st plenary meeting, December 9, 1981, General Assembly, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/36/a36r103.htm (nanaxia: 10.09.2010).

General Assembly Resolution - “Uniting for Peace”, N377, November 3, 1950, http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml (nanaxia: 25.02.2010).

General Assembly Resolution on the Definition of Aggression, #3314, December 14, 1974, http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml (nanaxia: 25.05.2010).

167

Security Council Resolution on Israel-Tunisia, October 4, 1985, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/489/10/IMG/NR048910.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 10.10.2010).

Security Council Resolution N669, September 24, 1990, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/19/IMG/NR057519.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 25.05.2010).

Security Council Resolutions about Threats to International Peace and Security caused by terrorist acts (N1368, N1373, adopted on September 12 and September 28, 2001), http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm (nanaxia: 10.02.2010).

Security Council Resolution N386, March 17, 1976, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/294/74/IMG/NR029474.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 25.05.2010).

Security Council Resolution N748, March 31, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/07/IMG/NR001107.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 25.05.2010).

Security Council Resolution N665, August 25, 1990, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/15/IMG/NR057515.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 24.06.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1368, September 12, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/533/82/PDF/N0153382.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1373, September 28, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/533/82/PDF/N0153382.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1377, November 12, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/633/01/PDF/N0163301.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1438, October 14, 2002, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/638/47/PDF/N0263847.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1450, December 13, 2002, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/740/29/PDF/N0274029.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1465, February 13, 2003, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/247/96/PDF/N0324796.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.07.2010).

168

Security Council Resolution N1127, August 28, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/226/93/PDF/N9722693.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.05.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1540, April 28, 2004, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/328/43/PDF/N0432843.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 24.05.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1192, August 27, 1998, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/251/64/PDF/N9825164.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 21.03.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1506, September 12, 2003, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/498/81/PDF/N0349881.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 21.03.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1368, September 12, 2001, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm (nanaxia: 21.03.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1373, September 28, 2001, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm (nanaxia: 21.03.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1378, November 14, 2001, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm (nanaxia: 25.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1386, December 20, 2001, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm (nanaxia: 25.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1199, September 23, 1998, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/279/96/PDF/N9827996.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 05.05.2009).

Security Council Resolution N82, June 25, 1950, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/064/95/IMG/NR006495.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 27.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N502, April 3, 1982, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/435/26/IMG/NR043526.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 27.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N598, July 20, 1987, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/524/70/IMG/NR052470.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 27.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N83, June 27, 1950, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/064/96/IMG/NR006496.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 27.07.2010).

169

Security Council Resolution N84, July 7, 1950, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/064/97/IMG/NR006497.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 27.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N598, July 20, 1987, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/524/70/IMG/NR052470.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 27.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N546, January 6, 1984, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/487/76/IMG/NR048776.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 27.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N54, July 15, 1948, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/047/79/IMG/NR004779.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 2.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N232, December 16, 1966, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/227/55/IMG/NR022755.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 2.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N418, November 4, 1977, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/297/01/IMG/NR029701.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 2.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N353, July 20, 1974, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/289/72/IMG/NR028972.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 2.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N161, February 21, 1961, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/171/68/IMG/NR017168.pdf?OpenElemen(nanaxia: 2.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N661, August 6, 1990, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/11/IMG/NR057511.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 2.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N665, August 25, 1990, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/15/IMG/NR057515.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 2.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N678, November 29, 1990, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/28/IMG/NR057528.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 2.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N687, April 3, 1991, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/23/IMG/NR059623.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

170

Security Council Resolution N733, January 23, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/010/92/IMG/NR001092.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N757, May 30, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/16/IMG/NR001116.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N788, November 19, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/010/46/IMG/N9301046.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N807, February 19, 1993, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/095/42/IMG/N9309542.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N841, June 16, 1993, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/354/58/IMG/N9335458.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N918, May 17, 1994, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/218/36/PDF/N9421836.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1101, March 28, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/084/37/PDF/N9708437.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1125, August 6, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/211/81/PDF/N9721181.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1127, August 28, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/226/93/PDF/N9722693.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1132, October 8, 1997, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/267/13/PDF/N9726713.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1199, September 23, 1998, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/279/96/PDF/N9827996.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 10.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1264, September 15, 1999, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/264/81/PDF/N9926481.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).

171

Security Council Resolution N1267, October 15, 1999, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/300/44/PDF/N9930044.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1343, March 7, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/276/08/PDF/N0127608.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1363, July 30, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/473/97/PDF/N0147397.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1529, February 29, 2004, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/254/10/PDF/N0425410.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1556, July 30, 2004, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/446/02/PDF/N0444602.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 15.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N713, September 25, 1991, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/49/IMG/NR059649.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 15.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N733, January 23, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/010/92/IMG/NR001092.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 15.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N748, March 31, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/07/IMG/NR001107.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 15.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N757, May 30, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/16/IMG/NR001116.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 20.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N781, October 9, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/491/64/IMG/N9249164.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N788, November 19, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/010/46/IMG/N9301046.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N841, June 16, 1993, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/354/58/IMG/N9335458.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).

172

Security Council Resolution N918, May 17, 1994, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/218/36/PDF/N9421836.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia:20.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N942, September 23, 1994, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/372/72/PDF/N9437272.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1160, March 31, 1998, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/090/23/PDF/N9809023.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1267, October 15, 1999, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/300/44/PDF/N9930044.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N794, December 3, 1992, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/772/11/PDF/N9277211.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 25.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N816, March 31, 1993, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1993/scres93.htm (nanaxia: 29.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N929, June 22, 1994, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/260/27/PDF/N9426027.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 30.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N940, July 31, 1994, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/312/22/PDF/N9431222.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 30.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1386, December 20, 2001, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/708/55/PDF/N0170855.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 30.08.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1510, 13 October, 2003, http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions03.html (nanaxia: 1.09.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1483, May 22, 2003, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/368/53/PDF/N0336853.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 5.09.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1511, October 16, 2003, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/563/91/PDF/N0356391.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 5.09.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1546, June 8, 2004, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/381/16/PDF/N0438116.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 5.09.2010).

173

Security Council Resolution N199, December 30, 1964, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/211/57/IMG/NR021157.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 23.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N217, November 20, 1965, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/222/88/IMG/NR022288.pdf?OpenElement(nanaxia: 23.07.2010).

Security Council Resolution N1973, March 17, 2011, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/268/39/PDF/N1126839.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.04.2011).

Security Council Resolution N1970, February 26, 2011, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/245/58/PDF/N1124558.pdf?OpenElement (nanaxia: 20.04.2011).

Security Council Resolution N1781, October 15, 2007, Security Council Resolution N1752, April 13, 2007, www.un.org (nanaxia: 27.03.2010).

periodika:

burkaZe xaTuna, me-5 muxli – koleqtiuri Tavdacva, gazeT `24 saaTis~ damateba `nato saqarTveloSi~, 2008 wlis 6 ivnisi.

nato-antivirusi: interviu saqarTvelos samecniero-saganmanaTleblo kompiuteruli qselebis asociacia `grena~-s aRmasrulebel direqtorTan,A ramaz qvaTaZesTan, gazeT `24 saaTis~ damateba `nato saqarTveloSi~, 2009 wlis 1 ivlisi, #16.

Cassese Antonio, The Wolf That Ate Georgia, Guardian, September 1, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/sep/01/georgia.russia1 (nanaxia: 20.05.2009).

Craig R. Whitney, Hands Off: The No Man's Land in the Fight for Human Rights, New York Times, December 12, 1999.

Markoff J., Before the Gunfire Cyber attacks, New York Times, August 12, 2008,www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/technology/13cyber.html?_r=1&em (nanaxia: 20.05.2010).

Simon Houston, War is Over; Surrender: Milosevic Agrees to Pull Out of Kosovo, Scottish Daily Record, June 10, 1999.

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos dokumentebi:

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebadroebiTi RonisZiebebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb rasobrivi

174

diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Taobaze saerTaSorisokonvenciis gamoyenebis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT (saqarTveloruseTis federaciis winaaRmdeg), 2008 wlis 15 oqtomberi,http://www.justice.gov.ge/files/Documents/GG-ORDER.doc.

Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, International Court of Justice, 1996, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/95/7495.pdf(nanaxia: 25.01. 2010).

Advisory Opinion on Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, Paragraph 2, of the Charter), International Court of Justice, 1962, http://www. icj-cij.org/docket/index.php (nanaxia: 25.02.2010).

Case Concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Judgement, April 1, 2011.

Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic Congo v. Uganda), International Court of Justice, December 19, 2005, Separate opinion of Judge Simma.

Case Concerning Oil Platforms, 2003, International Legal Materials, Volume 42, 2003.

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, International Court of Justice, July 9, 2004, Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans.

Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua . v. U.S.), International Court of Justice, Report 14, June 27, 1986.

yofili iugoslaviisTvis Seqmnili sisxlis samarTlis saer-TaSoriso tribunali:

Prosecutor v. Tadic, Judgment, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case No. IT-94–1-AR72 (Jurisdiction), Appeals Chamber, 1995, International Legal Materials, Volume 35, 1996.

internetresursebi:

interviu stiven bidlTan: ramdenad mniSvnelovaniakiberusafrTxoeba? Aana kalandaZe, 2009 wlis 24 dekemberi, http://www.voanews.com/georgian/news/a-54-2009-12-24-voa17-93135159.html.

175

litvis respublikis seimis rezolucia `saqarTveloSi SeqmniliviTarebis Sesaxeb~, 2010 wlis 1 ivnisi,http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=30&info_id=12150.

teroristebma SeiZleba bombebi kiberSetevebiT Secvalon,saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministroskavSirgabmulobisa da informaciuli teqnologiebis departamenti,2010 wlis 9 marti, http://ictgov.wordpress.com/category/.

Cassese Antonio, Terrorism is also Disrupting Some Crucial Legal Categories of International Law, 2001, European Journal of International Law Discussion Forum, http://www.ejil.org/forum_WTC/ny.cassese.html.

Coleman Kevin, Cyber threats worsen every second, stronger measures necessary to address more frequent and sophisticated attacks, April 22, 2010, http://www.defensesystems.com/Articles/2010/04/26/Digital-Conflict-Cyber-Defense.aspx.

Coleman Kevin, Cyber Weapons and E-Bombs, March 13, 2008, http://www.defensetech.org/archives/cat_cyberwarfare.html. .

Coleman Kevin, The Cyber Arms Race Has Begun, January 28, 2008, http://www2.csoonline.com/exclusives/column.html?CID=33496.

Cyber Attacks Ranked 3rd Danger Behind Nuclear War, ARY One World, January 8, 2009, http://www.thearynews.com/english/newsdetail.asp?nid=19868.N

Extraordinary European Council, Brussels, September 1, 2008, Presidency Conclusions,http://www.report.smr.gov.ge/GoG_WarRep_Ch9/GoG_WarRep_Ch9.Att221.pdf.

Giorgio Gaja, In What Sense Was There an .Armed Attack.?, 2001, European Journal of International Law Discussion Forum, http://www.ejil.org/forum_WTC/ny.gaja.html>.M.

Human Rights in Areas Affected by the South Ossetia Conflict, Thomas Hammarberg, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Strasbourg, September 8, 2008, http://www.report.smr.gov.ge/GoG_WarRep_Ch9/GoG_WarRep_Ch9.Att222.doc.

Letter from the Chairman, Zahir Tanin, of the intergovernmental negotiations on the question of equitable representation and increase in the membership of the Security Council and other matters related to the Council, http://www.reformtheun.org/index.php?module=uploads&func=download&fileId=4097.

Lieutenant Colonel Paul Berg, Air Force Works to Defend Cyberspace, June 30, 2008, http://www.afcyber.af.mil/news/commentaries/story.asp?id=123104768.

Ministerial Declaration of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77, September 24, 1999, http://www.g77.org/doc/Decl1999.html.

176

Myers Steven Lee, Estonia Accuses Russia of Computer Attacks, New York Times,May 18, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/18/world/europe/18cnd-russia.html?h.

National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, February, 2003, http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/National_Cyberspace_Strategy.pdf.

NATO and Libya - Operation Unified Protector, 2011,http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_71652.htm?.

NATO Parliamentary Assembly, Resolution N382 on the Situation in Georgia, adopted by the Plenary Assembly on Tuesday 16 November 2010, Warsaw, Poland, http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=63&info_id=29792.

Press Release, United Nations, Secretary-General Speaks of Security Council Reform in Lecture at Foreign Ministry of Mexico, March 4, 1996, http:// www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1996/19960304.sgsm5906.html.

Ruiz Maricelle, Internet Law - Should We Go to War Over a Massive Cyber-Attack?, Internet Business Law Services, May 23, 2007, http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1762.

Ryan Johnny, Growing Dangers: Emerging and Developing Security Threats, NATO Review, Winter, 2007, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2007/issue4/english/analysis2.html.

Statement of the Secretary General to the General Assembly, March 21, 2005, http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/sg-statement.html.

“Uniting for Consensus”, Press Release, July 26, 2005, General Assembly, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/ga10371.doc.htm.

United Nations, Security Council Reform: Plan A or Plan B, 2005, http://stephenspillane.blogspot.com/2005/03/united-nations-security-council-reform.html.

U.S. Department of State, Erasing History: Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo, 2000,http://www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/rpt9905ethinicksvo2.html.

European Parliament Resolution of 17 November, 2011, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2011-0514&format=XML&language=EN.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi:

saqarTvelosMmTavrobis angariSi ruseTis federaciis miersaqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srulmasStabianagresiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tb., 2009.

177

saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba da mimarTva:

saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba `ruseTis federaciis miersaqarTvelos teritoriebis okupaciis Sesaxeb~, 2008 wlis 29agvisto.

saqarTvelos parlamentis mimarTva saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobisadmi, 2008 wlis 14 agvisto.