anzor ToTaZeanzor ToTaZe

Zaladoba qalze?!

mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworuflebianoba sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis procesis aucilebeli pirobaa. gaerTianebuli

erebis organizacia genderul Tanasworobas Semdegnairad

ganmartavs: `Tanasworoba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris (gend-

eruli Tanasworoba) niSnavs qalisa da kacis, gogonasa da va-

Jis Tanabar uflebebs, pasuxismgeblobasa da SesaZleblobebs.

Tanasworoba ar gulisxmobs, rom qali da mamakaci identurni

unda gaxdnen, aramed is gulisxmobs, rom adamianis dabadeba

mamakacad an qalad ar gansazRvravs mis uflebebs, pasuxismge-

blobasa da SesaZleblobebs. genderuli Tanasworobis mixed-

viT rogorc qalebis, aseve mamakacebis interesebi, saWiroe-

bebi da prioritetebi ganixileba qalebisa da mamakacebis

jgufebis mravalferovnebis da arsebuli gansxvavebebis gaT-

valiswinebiT. ufro metic, genderuli Tanasworoba ar aris

mxolod `qalTa sakiTxi~, igi srulad moicavs mamakacebsac

da qalebsac, radgan Tanasworoba qalebsa da mamakacebs So-

ris ganixileba rogorc adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxi da, aseve, rogorc mdgradi da adamianze orientire-

buli ganviTarebis winapiroba da maCvenebeli~.1

saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi metad aq-

tualurad miaCniaT, radgan TiTqos arsebobs ojaxSi qalis

mimarT Zaladobis, adreul asakSi qorwinebis SemaSfoTebeli

monacemebi da sxv.2 ojaxSi qalis mimarT Zaladobis faqtebi

msoflios yvela qveyanaSi da maT Soris, metad ganviTarebul,

1 genderuli Tanasworobis Sefaseba saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2012, gv. 12.

2 iqve.

41Zaladoba qalze

civilizebul qveynebSic arsebobs da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro

metad, vidre saqarTveloSi. rac Seexeba adreul asakSi qor-

winebis faqtebs, es maCvenebeli marTlac gaizarda, magram ara

SemaSfoTeblad. SemaSfoTebeli is aris, rom dasavleTis qvey-

nebSi 13-15 wlis gogonebis sakmod didi nawili seqsualur

cxovrebas eweva da gogonebi uamrav problemas awydebian, maT

Soris janmrTelobisa da ganaTlebis miRebis uflebis real-

izaciis TvalsazrisiT. cnobilia, rom sqesobrivi cxovrebis

mxriv didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogor iRebs pirvel

sqesobriv gancdebs vaJi da gansakuTrebiT gogona. rodesac

gogona seqsualur kontaqts iRebs rogorc ZiriTads, ro-

gorc adamianis arsebobis umTavres mizans, maSin gogonebi

mTel axalgazrdul energias ver iyeneben TavianTi pirovnebis

srulyofisaTvis, viwrovdeba maTi interesebis sfero, isi-

ni interess kargaven cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mimarT da

yvelaferi adamianuri mxolod sqesobrivi cxovrebis garSemo

iyris Tavs. xSirad swored am movlenas aqvs adgili da amdenad

gamarTlebulia f. bukonis sityvebic: `TavaSvebuli axalgazr-

doba _ SeTqmulebaa siberis winaaRmdeg. Cven Zvirad vzRavT

saRamoTi diliT Cadenili celqobisaTvis~.3 SemaSfoTebeli

swored es aris, rac mTel dasavleT samyaros emuqreba. rac

Seexeba adreul asakSi gogonebis qorwinebis faqtebs, igi Cvens

qveyanaSi politikur, sulier da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi momx-

dari kataklizmebis Sedegia da garkveulwilad ukanasknel

wlebSi kidec Semcirda. albaT, isic saWiroa iTqvas, rom am

sakiTxSi vaJebisa da qalebis Tanasworoba kargs arafers moi-

tans. am mxriv Seqspiris, romlis epoqas 400 weli gvaSorebs

da am xnis ganmavlobaSi adamianis cxovrebis adaT-wesebSi bev-

ri ram dadebiTad Seicvala, gamonaTqvami `Tavisufleba kacs

meti aqvs, vidremde qalsa~, udaod yuradsaRebia. adreul

asakSi gogonebis mier sqesobrivi cxovrebis dawyeba uamrav

uaryofiT movlenas ukavSirdeba da es, zogierT faqtTan er-

Tad, kargad unda gaiTavison sruli genderuli Tanasworobis

apologetebma.

am sakiTxebs Cven qvemoT farTod SevexebiT, amJamad ki cota

ram istoriidanac gavixsenoT.

3 citirebulia: r. avaliani. ojaxis anatomia. Tb., 1989, gv. 34.

42 anzor ToTaZe

Tanamedrove epoqaSi qalze Zaladobis formebi zogierT

SemTxvevaSi ar Secvlila da dResac isini didad arafriT gan-

sxvavdeba, Tu ufro mZimec ar gaxda, Zvel samyaroSi Tu Sua

saukuneebSi arsebul formebTan SedarebiT. Zvel droSi samar-

Tali da morali gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo qalebis mimarT. qa-

lis qmris daukiTxavad saxlidan gasvla sakmarisi mizezi iyo

ganqorwinebisaTvis. aseTi dromoWmuli zneobrivi normebis

Secvlis aucileblobas maSinac kargad grZnobdnen. yovelive

es kidev ufro Soreul warsulSi iRebda saTaves, rodesac

qali sruliad uuflebo, qmris mona-morCili da misi yove-

li survilis uyoymano Semsrulebeli iyo. Semdeg saojaxo da

sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa sferoSi qalis autaneli md-

gomareoba mniSvnelovanwilad tradiciuli wes-CveulebiTi

normebis farglebSi moeqca, Rrmad gajda sazogadoebis gon-

ebaSi da xSirad adamianebs dResac uWirT aTeuli saukuneebis

winaT Camoyalibebuli qalze Seuracxmyofeli Sexedulebebi-

sagan Tavis ganTavisufleba.

Zvel romSi komediografi plavte erT-erT komediaSi mona

qals, romelic TanaugrZnobs Tavis qalbatons, romelsac

qmari Ralatobs, aTqmevinebs: kanonebi usamarTloa qalebis

mimarT. Tu qali saxlidan qmris daukiTxavad gava, qmrisaT-

vis es sakmarisi mizezia ganqorwinebisaTvis, mas ki SeuZlia

saxlSi sayvareli moiyvanos. marTlac, bevr romaels Seura-

cxyofilad miaCnda Tavi, Tu coli misi nebarTvis gareSe sax-

lidan gavidoda. cnobilia, rom Cvens welTaRricxvamde 304

wels konsuli sova cols imis gamo gaSorda, rom igi TeatrSi

misi nebarTvis gareSe wavida.4 ase iyo Zvel saqarTveloSic.

`SuSanikis wamebis~ mixedviT qals ar SeuZlia ojaxidan qm-

ris daukiTxavad wavides sadme da amiT qmris `xati daamxos~.

axlac, Tanamedrove civilizebul msoflioSi, bevr qveyanaSi

saxlidan qalis daukiTxavad gasvla miuReblad da ojaxis

Rirsebis Selaxvad miaCniaT. iordaniaSi mamam qaliSvili rki-

nis jaWvis cemiT mxolod imis gamo mokla, rom igi daukiTxa-

vad megobrebTan erTad saseirnod gavida quCaSi. amJamad yovel-

wliurad `ojaxis Rirsebis~ dacvis mizeziT msoflioSi 4

aTas qals uspoben sicocxles.

4 Л. Винничук. Люди, нрави и обычай древней Греции и Рима. М.,1988, с. 164.

43Zaladoba qalze

gamodis, rom qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis mxriv Taname-

drove msoflioSi araferi Secvlila? Seicvala da Tanac bev-

ri ram. qali sul ufro damoukidebeli xdeba, igi eswrafvis

srulad gamoiyenos Tavisi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi,

zrunavs Tavis karieraze, TandaTanobiT qreba diskriminacia

ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi. yovelive amis ganxor-

cielebaSi qals mraval qveyanaSi kanonmdeblobiT miniWebu-

li uflebebic exmareba. miuxedavad amisa, qalis mdgomareoba

mainc mZimea, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi. zogierT

SemTxvevaSi qalze Zaladoba aranaklebi uxeSi formebiT xor-

cieldeba, vidre es iyo kacobriobis gariJraJze, bevri kul-

tura uSvebs Zaladobas qalze da, raoden paradoqsuladac ar

unda mogveCvenos, amas TviT qalebic amarTleben. saukuneebis

manZilze wes-Cveulebas Sesisxlxorcebuli qalis mdgomareo-

bis damamcirebeli da Semlaxveli faqtebi dResac gvaxseneben

Tavs. esec rom ar iyos, TviT bunebam Sromis sqesobrivi dan-

awilebis Sedegad qals, rogorc dedas, diasaxliss garkveul-

wilad Seucvleli da auracxeli saqmianoba daakisra.

rogori iyo qalis uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi?

qarTuli sazogadoebrivi yofa, ra Tqma unda, ar viTarde-

boda Caketilad, mezobeli Tu Soreuli qveynebis kanonmde-

blobisagan damoukideblad. Zveli samyaros qveynebis kanon-

mdeblobaSi urTierTgavlenis uamrav magaliTs vxvdebiT. da es

arc aris gasakviri, radgan sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saerTo

kanonzomierebebi qveynis kanonmdeblobis msgavsebaSic pou-

lobda asaxvas, Tumca sxvadasxva kulturas maTSi Tavisi ko-

reqtivebi Sehqonda. es, upirveles yovlisa, iTqmis adaTobriv

normebze, romlebic warmoadgendnen ama Tu im gvarSi an TemSi

damkvidrebul qcevis saerTo wess. SemdegSi adaTobrivi norme-

bi Secvala adaTobrivma samarTalma da igi gamoxatavda ara

mTeli sazogadoebis, aramed misi gabatonebuli nawilis in-

teresebs. adaTobrivi samarTali moqmedebda kanonTa parale-

lurad da igi kanonmdeblobas ufro srulyofils xdida. bev-

ri Zveli adaTi sakanonmdeblo ZeglebSic iqna gamoyenebuli.

kanonmdeblebi sargeblobdnen mezobeli qveynebis samarT-

lebrivi ZeglebiT. uZvelesma Sumerulma da aqadurma kanon-

mdeblobam didi gavlena moaxdina babilonis mefis xamuri-

44 anzor ToTaZe

bis samarTalze, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, xeTebisa da ebraelTa

samefos kanonmdeblobaze iqonia gavlena. rogorc miuTiTe-

ben, aqaduri, Sumeruli, babilonuri da asiriuli kanone-

bi adastureben saerTo mesopotamur samarTlis arsebobas

III aTaswleulSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde, radgan yvela maTi

ZiriTadi principi zogadi azriT erTi da igivea. migvaCnia, rom

amas sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saerTo principebic uwyobda

xels, rac garkveulwilad sazogadoebis mier samarTlebrivi

moTxovnebis identurobasac ganapirobebda da, amdenad, erTi

qveynis kanonmdeblebis mier meore qveynis kanonebis gamoy-

enebis farTo SesaZleblobebs qmnida.

ojaxis metad myari da yovelmxriv Camoyalibebuli insti-

tuti gvqonda Zvel saqarTveloSic. amas naTlad mowmobs Cve-

namde moRweuli pirveli literaturuli Zegli `SuSanikis

wameba~. nawarmoebSi warmodgenilia saojaxo cxovrebis cocx-

ali suraTebi. marTalia, qalTa sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba

Zalian SezRudulia, magram, rogorc vnaxeT, es saerTod dam-

axasiaTebelia maSindeli civilizebuli samyarosaTvis. qmari

ojaxis ufrosia da qali uflebrivad mas emorCileba.

`SuSanikis wamebis~ mixedviT qals neba ar hqonda mamakacTan

erTad eWama puri. amave dros nawarmoebidan mainc ar Cans, rom

qali mTlianad qmris mona-morCili iyos, rogorc es zogjer

Cvens literaturul kritikaSia miCneuli. am mxriv isaa say-

uradRebo, rom SuSaniki arasodes ar uTmobs arafers Tavis

qmars da sakmaod uxeSad da gamomwvevadac iqceva masTan. gavix-

senoT Tundac is scena, rodesac SuSanikma qmris TandaswrebiT

sruliad mourideblad mazlis cols `Wiqa... pirsa Sealewa~.

nurc is dagvaviwydeba, rom misi Rrma rwmeniT, iq, saiqioSi

moeReba bolo mamakacisa da qalis uTanasworobas, sadac `ara

ars rCevaÁ mamakacisaÁ da dedakacisaÁ~. es ki imas niSnavs, rom

SuSaniks gaTviTcnobierebuli aqvs am uTanasworobis mTeli

arsi, am uTanasworobas amqveyniur cxovrebaSic ebrZvis da,

maSasadame, zogadad aseTi qali arc qmris mona-morCilad Sei-

Zleba gamovacxadoT. am mxriv aranakleb mniSvnelovania `qarT-

lis cxovrebaSi~ naTqvami sityvebi, romelic uflisagan mois-

mina qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelma nino kabadokielma mcxeTaSi

wasvlis win: `arca dedakacebaÁ ars, arca mamakacebaÁ, aramed

45Zaladoba qalze

Tqven yovelni erT xarT~.5 es ambavi qronologiurad IV sau-

kunis pirvel meoTxedSi xdeba.

Cveni winaprebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen

ojaxis siwmindes da aseT ojaxs erisa da qveynis safuZvlad

miiCnevdnen. amitom ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom qalis, rogorc

dedis, meojaxis, siwmindisa da namusis, rogorc sicocxlis

mudmivi da ganaxlebadi wyaros kulti agrerigad gamoikveTa

mTel qarTul mwerlobaSi. ZvelqarTul saero apofTegmur

literaturaSi SemTxveviT rodia naTqvami: `qalisa mziTevi

ars siwminde da namusi~. arc axalgazrdobisadmi Semdegi

darigebaa SemTxveviTi: ̀ coli Rirsi irCie... da mziTvad buneba

ikiTxe misi~.6

ojaxuri cxovrebis siwmindis aseTi morali damaxasiaTebe-

lia mTeli qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis. magaliTad, TvalsaCino

saxelmwifo moRvawisa da mweral-mwignobris ioane batoniS-

vilis `xumarswavlaSi~, romelic dawerilia XIX saukunis

pirvel mesamedSi, vkiTxulobT: `unda pirvelad SemrTvelman

colisaman gamoarCios da gamoikiTxos patiosnobaÁ da aRzr-

dilobaÁ, simSvide da gulmarTlobaÁ misi. da odes cnas yove-

live namdvilad, maSin miiyvanos igi Semwed Tvisad, vinaidan

gamorCevasa zeda missa ars damokidebul momavali bednierobaÁ

misi da ara kmara mxolod mSvenierebisa gamo miyuanebad coli-

sa Tvisisa da SerTvad... vinaidgan dRe yovel igi uwesobaTa

TvisiTa awuxebdes qmarsa Tvissa... gaZulebs ZmaTa da sxuaTa

keTilsmyofelTa SenTa... ganvals saxliT TvisiT da ara niadag

myofs mas Sina, arca iRwvis saxlis meurneobisaTvis~... amave

dros mamakacsac marTebs colisadmi pativiscema da patios-

nebis dacva: ̀ nu wina aRudgebi nebasa missa umizezod, vinaidgan

igi moziare ars SenTana mwuxarebisa da Seqcevisa Senisa. Seco-

debai misi ganmarTe myudroebiT da nu iTxov misgan, viTomc

rom Tanamdeb iyos igi pativiscemad Senisa uTavazobisaTvis...

iyav sarwmuno sawolisa qorwinebisasa, rameTu igi ars deda

SvilTa SenTa~.7 amdenad, ojaxur siwmindesa da erTgulebas

meuRleebi yovelTvis unda ufrTxildebodnen da icavdnen.

Zvel saqarTveloSi qalis uflebrivi mdgomareobis Ses-

5 qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., 2008, gv. 99.

6 swavlani da sibrZneni filosofosTani. Tb., 1969, gv. 74, 79.

7 ioane batoniSvili. xumarswavla, Tb., wigni I, 1990, gv. 506-507.

46 anzor ToTaZe

axeb mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom sacolis yidva `sruliad

ucxo iyo qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis, Tumc mezobel somxeTSi

sacole iyideboda da bizantiis imperators iustinianes sa-

gangebo novelis gamocemac ki dasWirda somxeTSi am Cveulebis

aRmosafxvrelad. somxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac gasaTxovari

qali memkvidreobiT uflebebs moklebuli iyo da mSoblebis

qonebaSi wili ar edo, saqarTveloSi qals gaTxovebisas mSo-

blebis ojaxidan mziTvi mihqonda. mziTvis institutis gaCe-

nasTan erTad ojaxis saerTo qonebaSi qalis wili gamoikveTa,

rasac misi mdgomareoba qmris ojaxSi sruliad Secvala~.8

1881 wels akaki wereTeli werda: `am ramdenime wlis wi-

neT erTs qarTvel TavadisSvils Seswames, rom colsa scemso,

Caagdes samarTalSi da sul vai aZaxes. bevri iyvira damna-

Savem... magram ara eSvela-ra: aukres bargi da gaistumres iq-

iTken, sadac colebis cema-tyepa cxovrebis kanonia~.9 am mov-

lenam mTel saqarTveloSi didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia da igi

sazogadoebis farTo msjelobis sagani gaxda. isev akakis Tu

davesesxebiT, yvela aRniSnavda: `axia magazed... Seuracxyo qa-

rTvelobao! rogor Tu deda-kacs, im saTuTsa da sust-qmnile-

bas, scemso?! amiT eg mTels qarTvelobas arcxvens da saxels

utexso!..~

zemoT motanili faqti imaze metyvelebs, rom me-19 sau-

kuneSi saqarTveloSi qalis cema da, rogorc Cans, ojaxSi

Zaladobis sxva formebi, sazogadoebis problema naklebad

iyo. ufro adre adaT-wesebi, Cveulebebi, tradiciebi mkacrad

gansazRvravda qalis adgils sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi, misi

roli da Tavisufleba mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli iyo, Tum-

ca qarTuli samarTali qalis uflebrivi mdgomareobis Ses-

axeb bevrad ufro loialuri iyo, vidre mezobel da evropis

qveynebSi. maSin, rodesac evropaSi me-16 saukuneSi kudianebis

devnam apogeas miaRwia da zogierTi gaangariSebiT milionze

meti `kudiani~ sicocxles saSineli wamebiT gamoasalmes da,

amasTan, msxverplTa 85 procents qalebi Seadgenden, saqarT-

veloSi arc erTi qali sikvdiliT ar dausjiaT da amas arc

samarTali iTvaliswinebda. amasTan, sazogadoebis ganviTa-

8 saqarTvelos istoria, t. I, Tb., 2006, gv. 335.

9 a. wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, TxuTmet tomad, t. XII, Tb., 1960, gv. 30.

47Zaladoba qalze

rebis sxvadasxva periodSi saberZneTSi, somxeTsa da sxva qveya-

naSi qmars SeeZlo moekla coli, Svilic ki da igi amisTvis

pasuxs ar agebda. somxeTSi axali welTaRricxvis meore sau-

kuneSi patriarqaluri ojaxis ufross ojaxuri koleqtivis

wevrebis mimarT sikvdil-sicocxlis ufleba gaaCnda. ojaxis

ufross, mamakacs, SeeZlo colis, Svilisa da uSvilo Zmis an

dis mokvlac ki. amis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs sirieli gnostiko-

si _ vardesani.10 qalis mdgomareoba imdenad dakninebuli Cans,

rom sankristSi qalisa da saqonlis aRmniSvneli sityva erTi

da igivea _ daragavam.11 zemoT aRniSnulis msgavsi qarTul

enasa da qarTul literaturul da samarTlebriv ZeglebSi

araferi gvxvdeba. qarTuli feodaluri samarTlis Zeglebis

mixedviT qalis pativi da Rirseba Tu ufro metad ara, aranak-

leb daculia, vidre Tundac ruseTsa da evropis qveynebSi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom feodalizmis arsebobis mTeli isto-

riis ganmavlobaSi es sakiTxi uSualod ukavSirdeba adamianis

wodebriv kuTvnilebas, rodesac wodebrivi kuTvnilebis ier-

arqiis Sesabamisad sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosagan miniWe-

buli pativi da Rirsebac matulobda. miuxedavad amisa, rig

SemTxvevaSi qalis Rirsebisa da pativis dasacavad qarTuli

samarTali wodebriv kuTvnilebas mxedvelobaSi TiTqmis ar

iRebs. batoniSvili vaxtangis samarTalSi aRniSnulia: `Tu

batonma ymis cols uaSiyos, an RamiT da an dRisiT, da colTan

sawolad daaxelos, da man kacman moklas, didi iyos Tu mcire,

sisxli ar gauCndebis~,12 e. i. faqtobrivad pasuxs ar agebso.

samarTlis normebiT ikrZaleboda adamianis sityvieri Seura-

cxyofac _ gineba, lanZRva da a. S.

beqa mandaturTuxucesis samarTali, romelic Sedgenilia

XIII saukunis bolos an XIV saukunis damdegs, icavs qalis

Rirsebas. beqas samarTlis 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu col-

Svilianma kacma qmar-Sviliani qali Searcxvinos da pativic

axados nebiT Tu uneburad da gamJRavndes, colis qmars sru-

li sisxlis safasuri unda gadauxados, xolo mTavarma da pa-

10 g. nadareiSvili. adamianis pativsa da Rirsebis dacva qarTveli feodaluri samar-

Tlis Zeglebisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis masalebis mixedviT. qarTuli samarTlis

istoriis sakiTxebi, almanaxi, 14, Tb., 2000, gv. 54.

11 Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria. Tb., 1971, gv. 573.

12 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963, gv. 493.

48 anzor ToTaZe

tronma es kaci nifxvis amara da yelze Tokmobmuli ubanSi

unda Camoataros. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli samarTali qa-

lis mimarT bevrad ufro lmobieria im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu

mruSoba qalis nebiT moxda. kanonmdebloba colSvilian kacs

met pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs qmarSvilian qalTan Sedare-

biT. cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebSi evropis zogierT qveyanaSi

mruS qals sruliad gaaSiSvlebdnen da aiZulebdnen mruSo-

baSi Tanamonawile SiSveli mamakaci sasqeso organoze Tokmob-

muli quCaSi Camoetarebina. magaliTad, aseTi sasjeli dauwe-

sebia lui IX-s (XIII saukune) mruSi qalisa da mruSobaSi

Tanamonawile raindisTvis. igive Cveuleba cnobili iyo daniis

qalaqebSi XIII-XV saukuneebSi.13 kidev kargi, rom es Cveuleba

istorias Cabarda, Torem Tbilisis quCebi aivseboda SiSveli

mamakacebis sasqeso organoze Tokmobmuli aseve SiSveli qa-

lebiT, gansakuTrebiT `rusTavi 2~-is, `imedis~, `maestros~,

`tabulasa~ da maTi msgavsi sxva televiziebis saeWvo reputa-

ciis mqone Jurnalisti gogo-biWebis sakmao nawiliTa da maTi

stumrebiT, romlebmac Tavze wamoicves saqarTvelos zneoba.

feodalur saqarTveloSi samarTlis normebis meSveobiT

ikrZaleboda qalis Seuracxyofa, qalze fizikuri Zaladoba,

misi lanZRva da gineba. vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis 64-e

muxli swored am faqtebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: `kaci rom

cols stanjvides da upatiurad epyrobodes, da urigos uSu-

rebodes, mefem is kaci daabas, datuqsos, avad moepyras. da kaTa-

likozmac asre iyos~.14 samagierod, `Tu colman qmars an sces,

an daWras, didi gvema da tanjva uyos kaTalikozman~.15 saerTod,

`diacis ginebisaTvis~ mkacri sasjeli iyo dawesebuli.

feodaluri urTierTobebis epoqisaTvis, vfiqrobT, metis-

metad liberalurad Cans qalis mruSobisaTvis dawesebuli

qarTuli samarTlebrivi normebi. am SemTxvevaSic ki kanonmde-

beli cdilobs qalis Rirseba da pativi ar Selaxos. aseTi

samarTlebrivi normebis mqone qveyanaSi Znelia, visaubroT qa-

lebis mimarT raime masobriv Zaladobaze. am mxriv metad sagu-

lisxmoa vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis 67-e muxli: qmars,

`Tu qals bozoba SeemTxvios, Tu unda, gauSvebs, rome arcara

13 g. nadareiSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 127.

14 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963, gv. 498.

15 iqve, gv. 499.

49Zaladoba qalze

am sofels ekiTxvis da arcara im sofelsa; da Tu unda, ar

gauSvebs, orive kacis xeliT aris. magrame, Tu gauSva, rac mz-

iTevi mohyolia, isica da bozobiT Seqmnili Svilica Tan unda

gaatanos.

magram, Tu am marTals qmarTan Svili hyavs, ziTevi mTlac

ar miecemis, amitom rom Svilsac wili aqus, naxevari anu um-

crosi; an ara, ramdenic Svili yuandes, Svilebsa da dedas

TviTo-TviTo wilad miscen yvelas swored.

romelic ziTevi avis qnamdis TviTon dauxarjavs Tavisis

nebiT, imas veRar iTxovs~.16

vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTali aseve, SeiZleba iTq-

vas, uzadoa samarTlebrivi normebis mowesrigebis Tvalsaz-

risiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mamakacisa da qalis ojaxuri

Tanacxovrebis pirobebSi ojaxs Svili ar uCndeba an kidev kaci

cvedani amoCndeba. vaxtangis samarTlis 67-e muxlis mixed-

viT, `uSvilobisaTvis kaci Zalad da mis uneburad cols ver

daagdebs, da Tu daagdebs, sruli sisxli unda misces.

iqnebis kaci asre Wani (kaci, romelsac Svilis Seqmna ar

SeuZlia _ a. T.) iyos, rome colTan wola ki SeeZlos da Svi-

lis Seqna ki ar SeeZlos, amisTvinac ar gaiyrebian. da Tu sul

asre mcvedani aris, rom qalTan wola ar SeuZlia, unda kacman

cols dasturi misces sxvis qmris SerTvisa.

Tu, vin icis, qorwilzed kaci yofila, da an qorwilis

uwinac, da merme qorwilzed damcvednebula, ar gaiyrebian~.17

motanili samarTlebrivi norma meti sicxadisaTvis komen-

tars saWiroebs. danaSaulisaTvis sasjelad ZiriTadad sisx-

lis sxvadasxva raodenobiT gadaxda iyo dawesebuli. Cvens

SemTxvevaSi Tu kaci qals gaSordeboda (ubralod daagdebda)

qalisaTvis sruli sisxli unda gadaexada. amdenad sisxlis

fasSi aisaxeboda adamianis pativi da Rirseba. sisxlis fasi an

samarTlis wignSi an saTanado sigelSi iyo dafiqsirebuli. ro-

gorc profesori giorgi nadareiSvili ganmartavs, es pativi da

Rirseba miT ufro maRali iyo, rac ufro didi `sisxli sdio-

da~ ama Tu im feodaluri sagvareulos warmomadgenels. `sisx-

lis fasze~ gavlenas axdenda qoneba, Tanamdeboba, moyvarul-

16 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963, gv. 499.

17 iqve, gv. 523.

50 anzor ToTaZe

naTesauri kavSirebi da sxv. vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis

(Sedgenilia XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi) zemoT aRniS-

nul muxlSi colis ubralo dagdebaze bevrad ufro mkacri

sasjelia gaTvaliswinebuli (`sruli sisxlis micema~), vidre

gacilebiT adre Sedgenili beqa mandaturTuxucesisa (XIII sau-

kunis dasasruli _ XIV saukunis dasawyisi) da giorgi brwy-

invalis (1335 weli) samarTlis ZeglebSi, romlebSidac colis

ubralod dagdebisaTvis sisxlis naxevris gadaxdaa dadgenili.

kanonmdeblebi qalis pativisa da Rirsebis dacvisaTvis sul

ufro liberalur samarTlis normebs awesebdnen.

zemoT motanili faqtebis analizis Sedegad, ra Tqma unda,

iseTi daskvna ar SeiZleba gamovitanoT, rom genderuli Tanas-

woroba saqarTveloSi idealuri iyo. qalis uflebrivi mdgo-

mareoba, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, damcirebulad ganixileboda

da sazogadoebrivi Segneba jer kidev ar iyo mzad Tamamad em-

sjela am metad mtkivneul problemaze. miuxedavad amisa, ver

vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi qali qmris mona-morCili, misi

yovelgvari survilis usityvo aRmsrulebeli iyo. samarT-

lebrivi normebis garda, amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs hagio-

grafiuli da saero literatura, italieli misionerebisa da

evropeli mogzaurebis naSromebi. magaliTad, frangi konsuli

gamba, romelmac 1820-ian wlebSi imogzaura saqarTveloSi,

aRniSnavs: `Cveni maspinZlis gvari iyo jorjikia. man Tavisi

meuRle warmogvidgina _ maRali, tanwerweta da metad mS-

venieri qali... ocdaeqvsi wlisa Zlivs iqneboda... igi Zalze

Tavazianad mogvesalma da mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, rac maT-

Tan davrCiT, Tamamad eWira Tavi, ramac metismetad gagvaoca~.18

aseTive azrisaa qarTveli qalebis Sesaxeb italieli misio-

neri kasteli da sxv. rusTavelma ki dagvixata `uTvalavi fer-

iT~ Semkuli mSvenieri samyaro, sadac qali yovelmxriv sru-

lyofil adamianad aris miCneuli, rac uprecedento SemTxveva

iyo Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi.

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, amJamad, erTxel kidev, arasamTav-

robo organizaciebma, `rusTavma 2~-ma da misma msgavsma tele-

viziebma erTi ambavi atexes _ saqarTveloSi qalTa mimarT

Zaladoba mZvinvarebs, samarTaldamcavi organoebi ki am mZime

18 Jak fransua gamba. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi. Tb., 1987. gv. 120.

51Zaladoba qalze

problemis mosagvareblad arafers akeTebeno. isini gansa-

kuTrebiT tragikuli SemTxvevebis Semdeg aqtiurdebian. ram-

denime Tvis winaT yofilma qmarma ilias universitetSi le-

qtor meuRles miakiTxa, leqciidan gamoiyvana, iqve iaraRis

gasroliT mokla da TviTonac Tavi moikla. axlaxan kidev

TelavSi Semzaravi faqti moxda: mamakacma qali sasikvdilod

daWra, xolo Semdeg Tavi moikla. orive SemTxvevaSi fsiqi-

kur darRvevasTan gvaqvs saqme da samarTaldamcavi orga-

noebi arafer SuaSia. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da maTi

xelmZRvanelebi, gansakuTrebiT eka gigauri, nino lomjaria

da kaxa koJoriZe, rodesac mZime erovnuli problemebia gada-

sawyveti, xmas ar iReben, aseT SemTxvevaSi ki kakans mohyvebian

da yvelafers mTavrobas abraleben. da rodesac Cven jiutad

vnergavT genderuli sruli Tanasworobis ideas, imazec unda

davfiqrdeT, es yvelaferi ojaxis kriziss xom ar gamoiwvevs,

romlis niSnebi Tanamedrove ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi sul

ufro aSkarad ikveTeba. bunebam qals sicocxlis gagrZelebis

yvelaze didi misia daakisra. bavSvis dabadeba, `bunebis umS-

venieresi aqti~, rogorc mas osi xalxis didma Svilma kosta

xeTagurovma uwoda, arsTa gamrigem qals daakisra da Cvilis

movlis prioritetic masve arguna wilad. goeTes sityvebi _

`marad qaluri gvizidavs Cven~, _ sulac ar niSnavs qalis

mTavar daniSnulebasa da funqciebSi uceremoniod SeWras.

Cvens winaprebs ojaxi eris, qveynis burjad, xolo qalebi Cve-

ni cxovrebis Waxrakebad, erovnuli sulieri cxovrebis dam-

cvelebad, axalgazrdebis erovnuli suliskveTebiT aRzrdis

mTavar Zalad miaCndaT da maTdami udides pativiscemas gamox-

atavdnen, magram amavdroulad isini arc ase uTavbolo gend-

eruli Tanasworobis momxreni iyvnen.

cxovreba ise rodia mowyobili, rom meuRleTa SesaZle-

blobebi idealurad daemTxves erTmaneTs. bunebam meti Ses-

aZleblobebi mamakacebs uboZa da isic unda SevZloT, rom

am upiratesobebisadmi pativiscema viswavloT, upirvelesad

ojaxSi, raTa ojaxuri cxovrebis harmonia disharmoniad ar

gadagveqces. ufalma RmerTma am cxovrebaSi qalsa da mamakacs

Tav-Tavisi roli daakisra da nu vecdebiT am rolebis Ses-

rulebaSi xelovnurad Carevas. Tavis droze cnobili rusi

52 anzor ToTaZe

mecnieri ivane miCurini ambobda: Cvem ar unda davelodoT wya-

lobas bunebisagan, Cven unda wavarTvaT igi mas. am warTmevam ra

Sedegic moitana, araerTxel davinaxeT da vigemeT.

mamakacisa da qalis Sromas Soris didi gansxvavebaa. mamaka-

cis fsiqika isea moywobili, rom igi ufro metad SemoqmedebiTi

SromisaTvis aris mowodebuli, xolo qali monotonur Sroma-

sac siamovnebiT asrulebs. mamakacisa da qalis damokidebule-

ba sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva Sromisadmi. xSirad mkveTrad gami-

jnulia profesiebi sqesis mixedviT. versad naxavT konveierze

momuSave mamakacs, sadac Sroma erTferovania da monotonuri.

sabavSvo baga-baRSic mxolod qalebia dasaqmebuli, medicinis

debadac mxolod qalebi muSaoben, magram samagierod versad

naxavT televizoris, sxvadasxva teqnikis SekeTebaze dasaqme-

bul qals, Tumca es samuSaoebi kargad anazRaurebadia da arc

maincdamainc mZime. qirurgebis didi umravlesobac mamakacebi

arian da a. S.

amasTan, arsebobs sxvadasxva profesia, sxvadasxva xasiaTis

Sroma, romlebic moiTxoven did fizikur Zalas da amtanobas.

aseT profesiebs, rogorc wesi, mxolod mamakacebi euflebi-

an, mZime fizikur Sromasac mamakacebi asruleben. samagierod,

SedarebiT monotonuri, magaliTad, operatoris da molaris,

Sroma, romelsac gansakuTrebiT farTod iyeneben sabanko seq-

torSi, ase vTqvaT, qalebis mieraa dajavSnuli. istoriulad

qsovac mxolod qalebis saqme iyo. SemTxveviT ar uTqvams did

rusTavels: `kaci jabani riTa sjobs diacsa qslisa mbeWvel-

sa~. aseTi magaliTebis moyvana Sors wagviyvans, magram is ki

unda aRvniSnoT, rom mamakaci bunebis mier ufro Semoqmedeb-

iTi, axlis Ziebis unariT aris dajildoebuli. msoflioSi

cnobili konstruqtorebi, romlebmac gadatrialeba moax-

dines teqnikaSi, mamakacebia. aq imis aRniSvnac Rirs, rom

moazrovne adamianis formirebidan moyolebuli, rac sulieri

cxovrebis saganZuri Seiqmna, mamakacis Wkuisa da gonebis nayo-

fia. didi teqnikuri miRwevebi, kacobriobis mier sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli literaturis, musikis, mxatvrobis nawarmoebebi,

xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, uklebliv mamakacebis Seqmnilia,

maTi damsaxurebaa da iq uSualod qalis xeli saerTod ar

urevia, Tumca qalis Tanadgomis, maTi rogorc STagonebis wy-

53Zaladoba qalze

aros gareSec, Rirebuli araferi Seqmnila.

rac zemoT aRvniSneT, amiT sulac ar gvinda imis Tqma, rom

genderuli Tanasworobis momxre ar viyoT, sqesTa Tanasworu-

flebianobas pativs ar vcemdeT. Cven migvaCnia, rom Tanasworo-

ba yoveldRiuri sadilis damzadebaze, WurWlis recxvaze,

saxlis dalagebaze, produqtebis yidvaze, CvilisaTvis pam-

persis gamocvlaze ar unda daviyvanoT. ganaTlebuli sazoga-

doeba am sferoSi meuRleTa urTierTobas xmauris gareSec

miaRwevs. is rom, magaliTad, gamokvlevis Sedegad safrangeT-

Tan SedarebiT saqarTveloSi kvlav bevria iseTi ojaxi, sadac

met-naklebad SenarCunebulia tradiciuli genderuli urT-

ierTobebi yoveldRiur ojaxur cxovrebaSi (saqarTveloSi

yovel mexuTe SinameurneobaSi mamakaci dominirebs saojaxo

sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, maSin, rodesac

safrangeTSi aseTi ojaxebis wili ar aRemateba 7 procents19),

amiT qveyana ar iqceva. aq, albaT, Rirs gavixsenoT Zveli sa-

berZneTis filosofos-moralistis, istorikosis plutarqes

mier dawerili sparteli kanonmdeblis likurges biografi-

idan erTi adgili: `erTi kaci likurges urCevda, spartaSi

demokratia daamyareo~. likurgem am kacs upasuxa: `jer Sen

scade, Sens ojaxSi daamyaro demokratiao~.20 Tu saojaxo

sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi umetesad mamakaci dominirebs, miT

umetes meuRleTa Soris asakobrivi sxvaobisa da ganaTlebis

donis pirobebSi (rodesac mamakaci meuRleze asakiT SesamCne-

vad ufrosia da ganaTlebis doniT maRali), es ojaxis norm-

aluri formirebis, ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebisaTvisac

ukeTesia.

Cven davaxasiaTeT da gavaanalizeT qalebze meuRlis mxri-

dan ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis faqtebi. magram Zaladobas

mamakacebic ganicdian qalebis mxridan da amis momswrenic

varT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, Tumca am problemas aravin

ikvlevs. Cven mier zemoT aRniSnul gamokvlevebSi mamakacebze

Zaladobis faqtebs gverdi aqvs avlili, arada SeiZleba zo-

gierTi Zaladobis saxeoba, kerZod, fsiqologiuri Zalado-

ba, romelic moicavs lanZRva-ginebas, muqaras, fsiqologiur

19 ojaxuri urTierTobebi da TaobaTa urTierTdamokidebuleba saqarTveloSi, Tb.,

2010, gv. 28.

20 plutarqe. rCeuli paraleluri biografiebi, t. I, Tb., 1957, gv. 33.

54 anzor ToTaZe

daSinebas da fizikuri angariSsworebis mimaniSnebel Jesti-

kulacias, aranakleb gavrcelebuli iyos. es gansakuTrebiT

Seexeba bolo wlebs, rodesac bevri ojaxi siduxWireSi cxov-

robs da, amasTan, ojaxSi ZiriTadi Semomtani qali gaxda,

romelsac qangamcleli Sroma uxdeba dilidan saRamomde.

amasTan, televiziis arxebi xSirad aCveneben iseT filmebsa da

programebs, romelSic qalebi ewevian aRviraxsnil cxovrebas

da qmrebisa Tu partniorebis mimarT araviTar uSver ginebasa

da lanZRvas ar eridebian fizikuri Zaladobis CaTvliTac ki.

zogjer ojaxSi qalis dabali ganaTlebis donec sakmarisia

aseTi scenebis mosawyobad, kerZod, maSin rodesac, vaJa-fSave-

las Tqmisa ar iyos, `diacs Wkva enaze akravs, fiqri TmebSia

wasuli~.

ukanasknel xans beWdviTi da gansakuTrebiT eleqtronuli

mediasaSualebebi erTxmad aRniSnaven saqarTveloSi gender-

uli uTanasworobisa da saerTod qalebis mimarT gazrdili

Zaladobis Sesaxeb. gansakurebiT am mimarTulebiT, rogorc

aRvniSneT, aqtiuroben arasamTarobo organizaciebi, radgan

Tu maT problema mwvaved ar warmoaCines, ise arasamTavrobo

organizaciebs aravin daafinansebs. amis Sedegad Cven gviqmnian

araswor, xSirad metad uaRresad mZime warmodgenas qveyanaSi

qalebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb _ TiTqos msoflioSi qalebis

mdgomareoba CvenTan yvela qveyanaze warmoudgenlad mZime

iyos. am sakiTxSi Znelia, ar daveTanxmoT baton levan vasaZes:

`ojaxuri Zaladobis Tematikis pedalireba arasamTavroebisa

da mediis mier aris winapiroba imisaTvis, rom gaaZlieron

faSisturi iuvenaluri iusticia da socsamsaxuris roli

da daasuston ojaxebi. ojaxuri Zaladoba xdeba, magram misi

pedalireba da propagandis rolSi ayvana da amis Sedegad soc-

muSakebis rolis gaZliereba, aris Zalian cbieri saerTaSori-

so programis nawili~.21 aRsaniSnavia, rom CvenTan Catarebuli

fundamenturi gamokvlevebi arasamTavrebo organizaciebis

mier jiutad ganzrax daCemebuli mosazrebebis sawinaaRmdego

viTarebas gviCvenebs. kerZod, 2006 wels mosaxleobis kvle-

vis erovnulma centrma safrangeTis demografiuli kvlevis

erovnuli institutis da gaeros mosaxleobis fondis saqa-

21 gaz. `asaval-dasavali~, #8, 2015.

55Zaladoba qalze

rTvelos ofisis mxardaWeriT Caatara gamokvlevis `ojaxuri

urTierTobebi da TaobaTa urTierTdamokidebuleba~ pirveli

talRa. saqarTvelos yvela administraciul regionSi gamok-

iTxul iqna 18-79 wlis aTi aTasi respodenti, maT Soris 4405

mamakaci da 5595 qali. 2009 wels Catarda gamokvlevis meore

talRa. 2006 wels gamokiTxuli aTi aTasi respondentidan

moiZebna da ganmeorebiT gamoikiTxa 8303 respondenti. es imas

niSnavs, rom gamokvleva paneluri xasiaTis iyo _ msgavsi pro-

gramiT gamoikiTxa erTi da igive respondentebi.

gamokvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT ver vityviT, rom saqarT-

veloSi genderuli Tanasworobis mxriv katastrofuli an

ramdenadme mZime viTarebaa, rogorc es surT warmoaCinon na-

cionaluri moZraobis liderebma, maTi jibis televiziebma

da nacionalebis mxardamWerma arasamTavrobo organizacieb-

ma, romelTa mizania arev-dareva gamoiwvion da gaurkvevloba

daTeson sazogadoebaSi.

ojaxSi genderuli Tanasworobis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTe-

belia mamakacisa da qalis Tanabari monawileoba biujetis

marTvaSi. aRniSnuli gamokvlevis mixedviT, Tanabari ufle-

bebiT sargebloben saqarTveloSi naxevarze met ojaxebSi

meuRleebi ojaxis biujetis xarjvaSi, Tumca qveynis yoveli

mexuTe ojaxSi mTel fulad Semosavals qmari ganagebs.

genderuli Tanasworobis xasrisxs SesamCnevad gansazRvravs,

agreTve, saojaxo sakiTxebSi mamakacisa da qalis monawileoba.

am SemTxvevaSic ver vityviT, rom genderuli uTanasworobis

problemebi SesamCnevad iCens Tavs gansakuTrebiT saojaxo say-

idlebis, bavSvebis aRzrdisa da Tavisufali drois gatarebis

sferoebSi. magaliTad, saojaxo sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis

miRebis procesSi, gamokiTxul respodentTa 36,4 procentis

azriT, qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris sruli Tanasworuflebi-

anobaa, analogiuri gamokvlevis mixedviT, safrangeTSi igive

mdgomareobaa (36,6 procenti). amasTan saqarTveloSi ojaxSi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas dominirebs qalebi _ 41,3 procen-

ti, xolo safrangeTSi _ 56,0 procenti, mamakacebis domini-

reba saojaxo sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi

Sesabamisad 22,3 da 7,4 procentiT gamoixateba.22 amrigad, 22 ojaxuri urTierTobebi da TaobaTa urTierTdamokidebuleba saqarTveloSi Tb.,

2010, gv. 6, 27.

56 anzor ToTaZe

gamokvlevis mixedviT, `gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qa-

lis rolis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo didad ar CamorCeba

safrangeTs. orive qveyanaSi yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebu-

li iseTi ojaxebi, sadac qali dominirebs saojaxo sakiTxe-

bze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, an partniorebi erTo-

blivad iReben gadawyvetilebas yvela saojaxo sakiTxze~.23

saqarTvelosa da safrangeTSi SedarebiT sagrZnobia gansx-

vaveba saojaxo saqmianobis SesrulebaSi qalisa da mamakacis

monawileobis mixedviT. kerZod, saqarTveloSi yoveldRiur

sadils amzadebs gamokiTxul respodent qalTa 97,9 procenti,

WurWels recxavs 98,7 procenti, xolo saxls alagebs 98,0

procenti. analogiuri maCveneblebi safrangeTSi Sesabamisad

71,0; 43,0 da 54,0 procents udris. samagierod, saqarTveloSi

produqtebs yidulobs qalebis 43,4 procenti, safrangeTSi

_ 53,0 procenti, gadasaxadebs ixdis saqarTveloSi qalebis

22,5 procenti, safrangeTSi _ 45,0 procenti, ojaxis gar-

Toba-dasvenebas organizacias ukeTebs saqarTveloSi qalebis

13,4 procenti da safrangeTSi _ 27,0 procenti.24 miuxedavad

amisa, ara gvgonia zemoT aRniSnuli uTanasworobebi did cod-

vad iTvlebodes saqarTvelosa da safrangeTSi.

genderuli Tanasworobis xarisxze mniSvnelovan gavlenas

axdens meuRleTa da, an rogorc amJamad amboben, partniorTa

(rac ojaxis krizisis momaswavebelia) Soris asakobrivi gan-

sxvaveba. rodesac mamakaci gacilebiT ufrosia qalze, maSin

igi ufro xSirad erTpirovnulad wyvets saojaxo biujetis

marTvis sakiTxebs da iRebs ojaxis yoveldRiur sakiTxe-

bze gadawyvetilebebs, rac, Cveni azriT, sruliad bunebrivi

da marTebulia. cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba ufro swori

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. aseT SemTx-

vevaSi ar SeiZleba genderul uTanasworobaze visaubroT. aq

iqneb molieris sityvebis gaxsenebac Rirdes: `qalebs Zalian

uyvarT, roca maT bevrs axarjaven~. meuRleTa sxvadasxva gana-

Tlebis donis pirobebSic SeiZleba igive iTqvas. ase rom, gen-

deruli uTanasworoba zogierT SemTxvevaSi ufro misaRebic

aris. amdenad, yovelTvis rodia mosaxerxebeli da misaRebi

23 iqve, gv. 27.

24 iqve, gv. 31,33.

57Zaladoba qalze

sruli genderuli Tanasworoba. aseTi sxva faqtebic sakmaod

arsebobs. meuRleebsa da saerTod, ojaxis wevrebs Soris ga-

naTlebis donisa da inteleqtis sagrZnobi gansxvavebis piro-

bebSi genderuli Tanasworuflebianobaze, saojaxo saqmiano-

bis SesrulebaSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanabrad monawileobaze

SeiZleba absurdamdec migviyvanos. mtkiceba ar sWirdeba im

faqts, rom, rodesac qmari sakmaod ufrosia colze, rac arc

ise iSviaTi movlenaa, ojaxuri Sromis mTeli simZime qals

awveba kiserze.

qalTa Zaladobaze dabali maCveneblebi gamoavlina qalTa

reproduqciuli janmrTelobis fundamenturma kvlevam, ro-

melic Catarda saqarTveloSi 2010 wels 15-44 wlis asako-

brivi jgufis qalebSi. interviu aRebul iqna 6292 qalisagan

qveynis yvela regionSi. kvleva Caatara saqarTvelos Sromis,

janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministrom daavade-

baTa kontrolisa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis erovnul

centrTan erTad. kvlevisas teqnikuri daxmareba kvlevis

dizainis, SerCevis, kiTxvaris SemuSavebis, treningis, monace-

mebis damuSavebisa da analizis sakiTxebSi amerikis SeerTebu-

li Statebis davadebaTa kontrolisa da prevenciis centrma

gawia. `kvlevam gamoavlina fizikuri da sqesobrivi Zaladobis

dabali maCveneblebi... ukanaskneli 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi~.25

kerZod, gamokiTxuli qalebis mxolod 1,4 procentma aRniSna

partniorisagan fizikuri Zaladobis, xolo 0,5 procentma sqe-

sobrivi Zaladobis SemTxvevebi. sityvieri Zaladobis maCvene-

beli 8,4 procents udrida, qarTvelebSi ki _ 7,7 procents,

rac genderuli Tanasworobis statusis mixedviT maRali gen-

deruli Tanasworobis maCvenebelia.26

2010 wlis qalTa reproduqciuli janmrTelobis kvlevam

gamoavlina, agreTve, colisa da qmris roli da pasuxismge-

bloba ojaxSi. respondentTa didma umravlesobam _ 71,5 pro-

centma aRniSna, rom meuRleebi erTad inawileben ojaxur mov-

aleobebs (eTnikuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT: qarTveli _ 73,5

procenti), gamokiTxul qalebis naxevarma _ 49,6 procentma ki

ganacxada, rom ojaxSi saboloo gadawvetilebas qmari iRebs

25 qalTa reproduqciuli janmrTelobis kvleva saqarTveloSi, 2000. Tb., 2012, gv.

357.

26 iqve, gv. 362, 365.

58 anzor ToTaZe

(qarTveli _ 47,8 procenti, sxva _ 60,3 procenti), qmars

surs yovelTvis icodes sad aris misi meuRle _ 31,8 procen-

ti (qarTveli _ 30,0 procenti, sxva _ 43,0 procenti), qmari

eWvianobs, rom coli sxvasTan Ralatobs _ 4,2 procenti (qa-

rTveli _ 3,5 procenti, sxva _ 8,1 procenti).

qalTa mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxebi TiTqmis yvela kvl-

evaSi ganxilulia metad dawvrilebiT. uamravi da xSirad

TviT statistikosebisaTvisac ki Znelad gasagebi cxrilebi

abrkoleben mis gamoyenebas. amitom aris, rom kvlevis Sede-

gad miRebul monacemebs TiTqmis aravin iyenebs. analizic ar

aris srulyofili. erT-erT kvlevaSi aRniSnulia, rom saqa-

rTveloSi `7-17 wlis asakis bavSvebis 59 procenti swavlasa

da muSaobas erTmaneTs uTavsebs. maTi umravlesoba miCveulia

sakuTar saxlSi yovelgvari anazRaurebis gareSe muSaobas~.27

gaugebaria, ras niSnavs sakuTar saxlSi anazRaurebis gareSe

muSaoba. Tu bavSvi soflad mSoblebs exmareba, vTqvaT, bost-

neulis dargvasa da moyvanaSi, es Cveulebrivi movlenaa, bavSvis

moTxovnilebacaa, igi iZens SromiT Cvevebs da gaugebaria, ra

miCvevaze da anazRaurebazea saubari. rac mTavaria, es imasac

niSnavs, rom qveyanaSi 7-17 wlis asakis bavSvebis 59 procenti

sulac ar uTavsebs erTmaneTs swavlasa da muSaobas.

ojaxSi qalTa mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxebis Seswavlis Sede-

gad, yvela mkvlevari aRiarebs, rom `saqarTveloSi SedarebiT

dabali raodenoba aRiarebs maT mimarT fizikuri an sqeso-

brivi Zaladobis ganxorcielebis faqts~,28 es imasac niSnavs,

rom sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT Zaladobis maCveneblebi qveyana-

Si dabalia, radgan imave gamokvlevebSi sworadaa miTiTebuli,

rom `msoflios masStabiT ganxorcielebuli mravali kvleva

adasturebs, rom Zaladobis msxverpli adamianebi informa-

ciis gamJRavnebas eridebian~,29 e. i. informaciis srulad mop-

oveba sqesobrivi Zaladobis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia. saerTod

adamians, da miT umetes qals, ar epitnaveba mis cxovrebaSi

vinmes Caxedva (Tundac es anonimurad xdebodes), yvelafris

gamomzeureba da gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saqme intimuri

cxovrebis sferos, an Ralats Seexeba. colqmruli cxovreba

27 qalebi da bavSvebi saqarTveloSi: situaciuri analizi. Tb., 2000, gv. 109.

28 qalTa mimarT ojaxSi Zaladobis... gv. 39.

29 iqve, gv. 48.

59Zaladoba qalze

da, miT umetes, intimuri iseTi faqizi sferoa, rom saCoTiroa

yvelafris Tqma da yvelaferze laparaki, rac zogjer piradi

Tavmoyvareobis Selaxvasac gulisxmobs. aq, albaT, Rirs Zveli

berZeni istorikosis plutarqes monaTxrobic gavixsenoT erTi

romaelis Sesaxeb, romelic sayvedurebiT aavses yovelgvari

RirsebiT Semkul, ganaTlebul, lamaz da mdidar meuRles-

Tan gayris gamo. romaelma amis sapasuxod fexi, romelzedac

lamazi da moxdenili fexsacmeli ecva, gamoswia da garSemo

myofT mimarTa: es fexsacmelic axali da kargia, magram aravin

icis sad miWerso.

qalTa mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxebis Seswavlis dros zogi-

erTi kiTxva sruliad uadgilod da arafris momcemad migvaC-

nia. erT-erTi kiTxva iTvaliswinebda im mizezebis Seswavlas,

romelTa gamoc qals SeuZlia meuRles uari uTxras sqeso-

briv kavSirze, magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu cols ar surs.

gavbedav da vityvi, rom saqme swored isea, rogorc daviT gu-

ramiSvili aRniSnavs `qacvia mwyemsSi~: `qmars rom undodes

masTan mideba, etyvis: damexsen, me ar mindeba~.30 magram daviT

guramiSvilTan iseT colzea saubari, romelic `malviTa,

farviTa, qurdulad parviTa ucxos ki misces~, mTavari aq isaa,

Tu ratom uvardebiT respondents loginSi. qarTuli sibrZne

ambobs: `col-qmris ambavi mxolod loginma unda icodeso~.

da Tu qmarma mravlismomswre loginSi meuRle mravaljer nac-

nob sakiTxze cota daJinebiTac Seawuxa, miT umetes, `roca

sisxli duRs, ena ficiT ar iRleba~ da Tundac survilis ga-

reSe daiTanxma, es ukve colis gaupatiurebad iTvleba. sain-

teresoa, ras daarqmeven am gamokvlevis avtorebi sapirispiro

SemTxvevas.

`colis gaupatiurebasTan~ dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi

faqti, romelic dakavSirebulia kosmonavt nil armstrong-

Tan, romelmac msoflioSi pirvelma daadga fexi mTvareze.

didi xnis winaT wakiTxuli es faqti Cems mexsierebas dRemde

SemorCa. nil armstrongis axlo nacnobi SemTxveviT farulad

Seeswro misi mezobeli volskis colTan saubars. volski cdi-

lobda coli sqesobriv kavSirze daeyolebina, magram meuRlis

mxridan mtkice uari miiRo: sanam kacs fexi mTvareze ar daud-

30 qarTuli mwerloba. ocdaaT tomad, t. VII, Tb., 1989, gv. 556.

60 anzor ToTaZe

gams, amaze arc ki iocneboo. nil armstrongma es ambavi nac-

nobis mxridan icoda da rodesac igi mTvaridan dedamiwaze

dabrunda, misi pirveli sityvebi iyo: warmatebas gisurvebT,

batono volski!

is, ris Sesaxebac zemoT vismjeleT, uSualod ukavSirdeba

sqessa da seqsualurobas. mamakaci da saerTod mamri ufro me-

tad avlens iniciativas seqsSi. cnobil amerikel fsiqologs

devid maiers moyavs amis damadasturebeli faqtebi. 177 gamokv-

levaSi, romelmac moicva 130 000 kaci, gairkva, rom mamakacebs,

qalebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT xSirad aqvT SemTxveviTi sqe-

sobrivi kavSirebi da aseve xSirad ewevian masturbacias.

amerikaSi 1996 wels Catarebuli gamokvlevis mixedviT 251

000 pirvelkurselidan vaJebis 54 da gogonebis mxolod 32

procentis azriT, `Tu or adamians erTmaneTi namdvilad mo-

swonT, maSin maTTvis ar aris problema daamyaron sqesobrivi

urTierToba, Tundac isini erTmaneTs Zalian cota xani ic-

nobdnen~. amasTan, 18-59 wlebis asakis 3432 amerikelis gamok-

iTxvam aCvena, rom qalebis 19 procenti da mamakacebis 54 pro-

centi ̀ yovel dRe~ an ̀ ramdenjerme dReSi~ fiqrobs sqesobriv

urTierTobebze.31

genderuli sxvaoba seqsualur ganwyobaSi gavlenas axdens

maT qcevazec. mamakacebi, maT Soris daojaxebulebic, gacile-

biT xSirad arian sqesobrivi urTierTobebis iniciatorebi,

vidre qalebi. rogorc miuTiTeben, cxovelTa samyaroSic

mamri ufro aqtiuria seqsualuri planiT da naklebad mom-

Txovni partnioris arCevaSi.32 saerTod, seqsualur ganwyobaze

uamravi faqtori moqmedebs da mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsua-

luri ganwyoba SeuZlebelia yovelTvis idealurad daemTxves

erTmaneTs. Tavi rom davaneboT mamakacisaTvis bunebiT miniWe-

bul seqsualur aqtiurobas, sul ufro daZabuli cxovrebis

ritmic aRar iZleva amis saSualebas. amitomaa, rom seqsolo-

gebs seqsualuri urTierTobebisaTvis drois yvelaze ukeTes

monakveTad dila miaCniaT.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom istoriulad

saqarTveloSi samarTlebrivi normebi, adaTebi, tradiciebi

31 Давид Майерс. Психология, Минск, 2001,с. 512.32 Давид Майерс. Социальная психология, Санкт-Петербург, 2001, с. 237.

61Zaladoba qalze

da TviT cxovrebis wesi bevrad ufro icavda qalis Rirsebasa

da pativs, vidre rig mezobel Tu evropis qveynebSi, ra Tqma

unda, imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis farglebSi.

ukanasknel periodSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebic gviCvenebs,

rom qalebze Zaladobis maCveneblebi dabalia. miuxedavad ami-

sa saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi ar cxrebian da

movlenas ise warmoaCenen, TiTqos qalebis Cagvrisa da maTze

Zaladobis meti saqarTveloSi araferi xdeba, raTa problema

Seqmnan da msuye dafinansebac miiRon. marTlac, asiaTasobiT

Rirebulebis, Tu milionobiT ara, grantebs Rebuloben da sa-

magierod isini damfinanseblebis interesebs kbilebiT icaven

erovnuli interesebis sazianod. amitom aris, rom aseTi or-

ganizaciebis xelmZRvanelebi, magaliTad, gigaurebi, lomja-

riebi, koJoriZeebi, erovnuli satkivaris Sesaxeb krints ar

Zraven, pirSi wyals igubeben da mxolod gareSe Zalis intere-

sebis yurmokrul damcvelebad gvevlinebian. isini yovel-

dRiurad televiziis erTi arxidan meore arxze darbian da

cdiloben, yuri gauxednon mayurebels qarTuli sulierebis,

qarTuli cxovrebis wesis dakninebis mizniT. maTi aseTi sir-

bili waagavs erT ambavs, romelic gamoCenil inglisel mec-

niers ernesT rezerfords gadaxda Tavs. igi ̀ saRamo xans Tavis

laboratoriaSi mibrunda da iq erTi mowafe daxvda.

_ ase gvian aq ras akeTebT? _ gaikvirva mecnierma.

_ vmuSaob.

_ dRisiT riTa xarT dakavebuli?

_ vmuSaob.

_ diliTac muSaobT?

_ rasakvirvelia!

_ erTi es miTxariT, ymawvilo, _ hkiTxa profesorma, _

rodisRa fiqrobT?~33

gigaurebi, lomjariebi, koJoriZeebi da maTi msgavsnic

ar fiqroben, isini mxolod televiziis erTi arxidan meore

arxze darbian da TavianTi qveynis interesebis sawinaaRmde-

god moqmedeben _ TuTiyuSiviT TavianTi patronebis azrebs

imeoreben, ris Sesaxebac araerTxel daiwera qarTul presaSi.

isini amisTvis sakmaod did gasamrjelos iReben. sul axlaxan

33 Rimili. Tb., 2013, gv. 92.

62 anzor ToTaZe

eka gigaurs televiziaSi kidevac wamocda _ ucxoelebi ori

milioniT gvafinansebeno, oRond ar dauzustebia. _ lariT

Tu dolariT. am dros Cveni erisaTvis, marTlac, sasicocx-

lo fondebs erTi TeTriTac aravin afinansebs _ arc Sinauri

da arc gareuli (magaliTad, demografiuli aRorZinebisa da

demografiuli ganviTarebis fondebs. maT mxolod sakuTari

ZalebiT uwevT muSaoba). Sors rom ar wavideT, rusTavelis

fondSi metad saWiro Temis _ `Tanamedrove demografiuli

viTareba saqarTveloSi da misi gaumjobesebis gzebi~ _ da-

finanseba wlebia ar moxerxda, kategoriulad ar afinanseben.

dasasrul, migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi qalTa Zaladobis

SemaSfoTebel viTarebaze saubari zedmetia. Cveni es mosazreba

gamyarebulia statistikuri monacemebiTac. alisa deltu-

vis wignSi `ojaxuri Zaladoba~ moyvanilia qalebis mimarT

Cadenili, marTlac, SemaSfoTebeli monacemebi. jer kidev

1967-1973 wlebSi moZalade mamakacebis mier mokluli iyo 17

500 amerikeli qali da bavSvi. aSS-Si moklul qalTa samoci

procenti moklulia sakuTari qmris an megobari mamakacis

mier. ramdenime wlis winaT rusuli gazeTi `argumentebi da

faqtebi~ ityobineboda: `ruseTSi yovelwliurad qmris mier

cemis Sedegad 12 aTasi qali iRupeba, xolo 54 aTasi sxeu-

lis dazianebas iRebs~. SvedeTSi partnioris msxverplia 16

qali, rac wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadenili mkvlelobis erT me-

eqvseds Seadgens. am monacemebis mixedviT qalebze Zaladobis

done (magaliTad, mosaxleobis yovel 100 aTas kacze moZalade

mamakacebis mier mokluli qalebis raodenoba) Seudareblad

ufro maRalia dasavleTis qveynebsa da ruseTSi, vidre saqa-

rTveloSi. amave dros qalze Zaladoba ukanasknel wlebSi

saqarTveloSi ramdenadme gaizarda, magram am movlenaSi, ze-

moT aRniSnul faqtorebTan erTad, gadamwyvet rols asru-

lebs satelevizio arxebi `rusTavi-2~-is meTaurobiT. tele-

vizia wlebia ganagrZobs uSinaarso, mxatvruli da SemecnebiT

Rirebulebas moklebuli filmebis Cvenebas, romlebSidac wina

planzea wamoweuli aRviraxsnili da gaukuRmarTebuli seqsi,

uazro mkvlelobebi da sxva saSineleba. ̀ rusTavi-2~-is Zmacua

(Zveli qarTuli sityvaa, verags niSnavs) ufrosma da umrav-

lesma TanamSromelma msuqani jamagiris gamo kuWs zeviT veRar

63Zaladoba qalze

aixedes, yofil prezidents saflavSi yvebian da mosaxleoba

fsiqikurad daavades. vano javaxiSvilisa da komedi Sous ms-

gavsma gadacemebma, iqs faqtorma da aseve sxva gadacemebis Ji-

uris wevrebis uaRresad provinciulma donem axalgazrdoba

xelidan gamogvacala. Zveli berZeni filosofosi demokrite

seqss droebiT gabruebas uwodebda, Cveni televiziebis ekrane-

bidan ki sul gabruebulebi imzirebian. nuTu gaSiSvlebuli

seqsis Semdeg Cvens msaxiobebs ar rcxveniaT, ar hyavT deda,

mama, debi, Zmebi, Svilebi, megobrebi, mezoblebi... ase xom namd-

vilad ar moiqceodnen wina Taobis msaxiobebi. cnobili fran-

gi msaxiobi lino ventura filmSi kocnasac ki erideboda,

radgan, rogorc TviTon ambobda, mas ojaxi, coli da Svilebi

hyavda. jer kidev leonardo da vinCi aRniSnavda: adamians rom

SeeZlos Tavisi Tavis danaxva udidesi aRtyinebis Jams, adami-

anTa modgma daiRupebodao. bevri Cveni viTom msaxiobi kidev,

romelTa ekranze gamoCenac ki samarcxvinoa, qarTuli suli-

erebis, qarTuli ojaxis daRupvas emsaxureba. swored erovnu-

li gadagvarebis asacileblad batonma levan vasaZem mimarTa

badri patarkaciSvilis ojaxs: `mivmarTav badri patarkaciS-

vilis ojaxis wevrebs, mis meuRles, qalbaton ina gudavaZes,

mis das, qalbaton nana patarkaciSvils, aseve badris ojaxis

qonebis mmarTvel mouravebs, _ Tqveni ojaxis mier kontro-

lirebulma televizia `imedma~ am bolo dros yvela rekor-

di moxsna uzneobisa da umsgavsobis qadagebaSi. am saqmeSi man

saakaSvilis `rusTavi-2~-sac ajoba, Cveni sazogadoebis bevri

wevri gaognebuli usmens im bakqanalias, romelic teleimedis

eTerSi mimdinareobs. rCeba STabeWdileba, rom Tqven ar gesmiT

da am formiT arcxvenT badri patarkaciSvilis saxels.

imedi gvaqvs, rom SeismenT Cveni sazogadoebis wevrebis da,

maT Soris, Cems araerT Segonebas da gamoasworebT mdgomareo-

bas Tqvens televiziaSi~.34 am cota xnis winaT mis uwmindeso-

basTan, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqTan ilia

II-sTan mqonda saubari qveyanaSi Seqmnil umZimes demografiul

problemebze. es problemebi misive iniciativiT wminda sinod-

sac moxsenda. patriarqis mosazrebiT, umZimesi demografi-

uli viTarebis gamo saWiroa Seiqmnas mTavrobasTan mudmiv-

34 gaz. `asaval-dasavali~, #21, 2015.

64 anzor ToTaZe

moqmedi sabWo, xolo axalgazrdobis sulieri da zneobrivi

aRzrdisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, unda izrunon mTavrobam,

eklesiam da ojaxma. Cveni brZeni patriarqis am did erovnul

mowodebas saWiroa televiziebmac realurad auban mxari. pa-

triarqTan saubarSi gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa, agreTve, mt-

kice ojaxebis Seqmnis mniSvneloba qarTveli xalxis cxovre-

baSi. amasTan, qalis rolze ojaxsa da saerTod sazogadoebaSi,

saWirod miviCnieT mogvetana akademikos paata guguSvilis Ta-

visTavad saintereso citata, romelic mkiTxvelis mier erT-

mniSvnelovnad SeiZleba arc iqnes aRqmuli: `qali, rogorc

qali yovelTvis darCeba ara mxolod rogorc meuRle da deda,

aramed rogorc diasaxlisi, da ara mxolod Svilebis, aramed

saerTod saxlis deda _ rogorc ojaxis siTbos, sitkboebis,

mSvenierebis, myudroebis, meuRlis (qmris) yoveldRiuri simS-

vidis, kmayofilebis, imedis, humanurobis da davanebis dRe-

niadag ganaxlebadi wyaro. am uaRresad aucilebeli, umaRle-

si, udidesi da marad naTeli movaleobisagan, rac qals Sromis

sqesobrivi danawilebis ZaliT TviT bunebam da sazogadoebam

daakisra, misi emansipacia imavdroulad adamianTa suliT da

xorciT jansaRi modgmis aRwarmoebis degradaciis momaswave-

beli iqneboda~.35 am fonze SeiZleba mkiTxvels inglisuri

xalxuri sibrZnec SevaxsenoT: `saxli, romelSic mamali dums

da dedali yivis, ubeduri saxlia~.

35 p. guguSvili. saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1973,

gv. 73.