8/11/2019 zafar 14.pdf

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Answers and Explanations

1. (E) The vertebral column forms the main partof the axial skeleton (Moore, p 432).

2. (D) The articular processes contain superiorfacets directed superoposteriorly (Moore, p 439).

3. (B)The vertebral foramen is circular and smallerthan the foramina of cervical and lumbar verte-

brae (Moore, p 441).

4. (A) The body is massive and kidney-shapedwhen viewed superiorly. The vertebral foramenis triangular and larger than the foramina in tho-racic vertebrae and smaller than those in cervi-cal vertebrae. The transverse processes are longand slender and contain accessory processes.The articular processes contain mammillary pro-

cesses. The spinous processes are short, thick,and broad (Moore, p 442).

5. (E) There is no intervertebral disc between theC1 and C2 vertebrae (Moore, p 451).

6. (D) The posterior longitudinal ligament helpsprevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column(Moore, p 451).

7. (A) Spinal arteries supplying the vertebrae are

branches of the vertebral and ascending cervicalarteries in the neck, posterior intercostal arteriesin the thorax, subcostal and lumbar arteries inthe lumbar region, and iliolumbar and lateraland medial sacral arteries in the pelvis (Moore,p 467).

8. (E) The longissimus, a deep or intrinsic backmuscle, is innervated by dorsal rami. All super-ficial or extrinsic back muscles except the trape-

zius, which is innervated by the accessory nerve,are innervated by ventral rami (Moore, p 467).

9. (A) The serratus posterior inferior is an inter-mediate extrinsic back muscle (Moore, p 467).

10. (A)The splenius capitis and cervicis, when act-ing together, extend the head and neck (Moore,

p 468).

11. (C) The erector spinae muscles extend the ver-tebral column and head when acting bilaterally,control flexion of the back by gradually length-ening their fibers, and bend the vertebral columnlaterally when acting unilaterally (Moore, p 470).

12. (C) The spinalis is a member of the erector spinae

muscles, which comprise the intermediate mus-cle layer of the back (Moore, p 470).

13. (C) The transversospinalis muscles do not ele-vate the ribs to assist inspiration (Moore, p 470).

14. (E) The spinalis inserts on spinous processesnot transverse processes. The semispinalis, multi-fidus, rotatores, and intertransversarii all attach totransverse processes of vertebrae (Moore, p 470).

15. (A) The longus colli flexes the cervical inter-vertebral joints but does not bend them laterally(Moore, p 473).

16. (C) Because of their small size and lack ofmechanical advantage, it has been proposedthat the rotatores are likely to be organs of pro-prioception instead of producers of motion(Moore, p 474).

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