YSG Biotech Sdn Bhd in Sabah - Ciradagritrop.cirad.fr/552335/1/Goh&MonteuuisBFT2009.pdf · 2017. 4....

B O I S E T F O R Ê T S D E S T R O P I Q U E S , 2 0 0 9 , N ° 3 0 1 ( 3 ) 33AMÉLIORATION GÉNÉTIQUE / LE POINT SUR…

Status of the “YSG Biotech”program of building

teak genetic resources in Sabah

Photo 1.Converting the “Provenance-progeny” trial of Taliwas into a seed orchard.Photo V. Naudet.

Doreen K. S. Goh1

Olivier Monteuuis2

1 YSG Biotech Sdn BhdYayasan Sabah GroupVoluntary Association ComplexMile 2 ½, off Jalan TuaranPO Box 1162388817 Kota KinabaluSabahMalaysia

2 CIRADDépartement Systèmes biologiquesUnité mixte de rechercheDéveloppement et Amélioration des PlantesTA A-96/031098, avenue Agropolis 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5France

RÉSUMÉINVENTAIRE DES RESSOURCESGÉNÉTIQUES DE TECK DE LA FILIALE « YSG BIOTECH » AU SABAH

Depuis le début des années 1990, le PlantBiotechnology Laboratory, projet de colla-boration en recherche et développemententre la Division Forestière du YayasanSabah Group et le Centre de coopérationinternationale en recherche agronomiquepour le développement (Cirad), a œuvré àregrouper au Sabah, en Malaisie orientale,des origines génétiques de teck (Tectonagrandis) aussi diverses que possible. Outreson intérêt scientifique, le but de cettedémarche était d’établir au champ despopulations de base suffisamment richesgénétiquement pour l’amélioration de l’es-pèce et la sélection de clones en vue deplantations industrielles ou de leur diffusionà des fins commerciales. Durant cettemême période, Plant BiotechnologyLaboratory est devenu une filiale commer-ciale à part entière du Yayasan SabahGroup, sous l’appellation de « YSG BiotechSdn Bhd ». Un inventaire des ressourcesgénétiques de teck rassemblées dans cecadre à l’issue de deux décennies est pré-senté dans cet article. Les têtes de clone ori-ginelles ainsi que les parcelles de démons-trations mises en place pour examiner lecomportement et la conformité au champdes plants issus de bouturage, de micro-bouturage et de culture de méristèmes invitro sont décrites. Des semis d’originesgénétiques très diverses ont égalementservi à établir des essais de provenances-descendances, convertis par la suite enpeuplements semenciers et en vergers àgraines. L’article étaye l’intérêt d’utiliser,dans le cadre du projet, la culture in vitro etdes biotechnologies connexes pour gérer,micropropager à l’échelle industrielle, etexpédier au niveau international, la res-source génétique. L’ensemble de cesatouts devrait faciliter le développement,dans différentes régions du monde, deplantations de teck de qualité hautementproductives et ainsi permettre de faire faceaux difficultés croissantes d’approvisionne-ment en germplasme à partir de pays appli-quant une réglementation stricte de protec-tion de leurs ressources génétiques.

Mots-clés : Tectona grandis, améliora-tion, caractéristiques du bois, clones, invitro, marqueurs ADN, peuplementsemencier, ressources génétiques, sélec-tion, vergers à graines.

ABSTRACTSTATUS OF THE “YSG BIOTECH”PROGRAM OF BUILDING TEAK GENETIC RESOURCES IN SABAH

Since the early 1990’s, the PlantBiotechnology Laboratory, a collaborativeproject between the Forestry Division of theYayasan Sabah Group (YSG) and the Centrede Coopération Internationale enRecherche Agronomique pour leDéveloppement (CIRAD), has been gather-ing as many different teak (Tectona grandis)genetic resources as possible in Sabah,East Malaysia. Beside genetic assess-ments, the objective was to establishdiverse base populations that can be usedfor genetic improvement of the speciesincluding identification and commercialdistribution of superior clones for estab-lishment of plantations. Within that sameperiod, the Plant Biotechnology Laboratoryevolved from a full Research andDevelopment unit into a commercial sub-sidiary of Yayasan Sabah Group, and isnow known as YSG Biotech Sdn Bhd. Areview of the status of the teak geneticresources gathered since the beginning ofthis project, two decades ago, is detailed inthis paper. The teak “plus trees” fromwhich the first clonal rooted cuttings and invitro plants originated, as well as thedemonstration plots established forassessing the field conformity of the result-ing offspring propagated by different nurs-ery and in vitro vegetative propagationmethods are described. Seedlings fromhighly diverse genetic origins were alsoused for setting up provenance-progeny tri-als which were subsequently convertedinto seed stands and seed orchards. Theusefulness of the tissue culture facilitiesand related biotechnologies availablewithin the project for efficiently managingand mass propagating these fieldresources, or for international dispatch arepresented. All these assets are appealingfor establishing high yielding and qualityteak plantations locally and in various partsof the world, especially with the increasingdifficulty to access teak germplasm frommany countries applying strict geneticresource conservation policies.

Keywords: Tectona grandis, clones, DNAmarkers, genetic resources, improvement,in vitro, seed orchard, seed stand, selection,wood characteristics.

RESUMENINVENTARIO DE LOS RECURSOSGENÉTICOS DE TECA DE LA FILIAL “YSG BIOTECH” EN SABAH

Desde principios de los 90, el “Plant Bio-technology Laboratory”, proyecto de cola-boración de investigación y desarrolloentre la División forestal del YayasanSabah Group y (YSG) y el Centre de Coopé-ration Internationale en Recherche Agrono-mique pour le Développement (CIRAD), hatrabajado para agrupar en Sabah, Malasiaoriental, tantos orígenes genéticos de teca(Tectona grandis) como fuera posible. Ade-más de su interés científico, el objetivo deesta iniciativa consistía en establecerpoblaciones de base suficientemente ricasgenéticamente para poder aprovecharlasen la mejora de esta especie y la selecciónde clones para su uso en plantacionesindustriales o para su difusión comercial.Entre tanto Biotechnology Laboratory haido evolucionando para convertirse en unafilial al 100% de Yayasan Sabah Group, conla denominación de “YSG Biotech SdnBhd”. Se presenta un inventario de losrecursos genéticos de la teca reunidos enel ámbito de este proyecto en sus dosdécadas de existencia. Se describen losárboles élite que sirvieron para obtener losprimeros esquejes y plantas in vitro de tecaclonados así como las parcelas de demos-tración establecidas para examinar el com-portamiento y conformidad de estas plan-tas procedentes de distintos métodos depropagación vegetativa o in vitro. Seusaron también plantones de orígenesgenéticos muy diversos para establecerensayos de procedencia-progenie, queposteriormente fueron convertidos enrodales y huertos semilleros. Se expone elinterés de haber utilizado, durante el pro-yecto, el cultivo in vitro y las biotecnologíasrelacionadas para manejar, micropropagara escala industrial, e incluso enviar a nivelinternacional el conjunto de estos recursosgenéticos. Estas ventajas deberán facilitarel desarrollo de plantaciones de teca dealta calidad y productividad a nivel local yen distintas partes del mundo y así solucio-nar la creciente dificultad de suministro degermoplasma procedente de países queaplican una estricta política de protecciónde sus propios recursos genéticos.

Palabras claves: Tectona grandis, mejoragenética, características de la madera,clones, in vitro, marcadores ADN, rodalsemillero, recursos genéticos, selección,huerto semillero.

34 B O I S E T F O R Ê T S D E S T R O P I Q U E S , 2 0 0 9 , N ° 3 0 1 ( 3 )FOCUS / GENETIC IMPROVEMENT

D. K. S. Goh, O. Monteuuis

Introduction

Since the early 1970’s, theincreasing worldwide demand for teak(Tectona grandis) wood on the onehand and the alarming diminution ofthe resources available from naturalforests of the species on the otherhand have resulted in an intensifica-tion of teak planting. The aims of mostplantings are to produce within theshortest delays as much as possibleteak wood of the highest value and atthe lowest cost (Ball et al., 2000;Keogh 2000, 2001). Opting for themost suitable sources of teak plantingstock remains a crucial requisite toreach this goal, bearing in mind theprominent effects of genetic origin Xsite interactions on teak timber yieldand quality (Ball et al., 2000; Keogh,2001). Opting for the most suitablesources of teak planting stock remainsa crucial requisite to reach this goal,bearing in mind the prominent effectsof genetic origin X site interactions onteak timber yield and quality (Kaosa-ard, 1999, 2000; Keogh, 2001).

Being aware of this situation, thePlant Biotechnology Laboratory, a col-laborative project between the ForestryDivision of the Yayasan Sabah Groupand CIRAD1, has been gathering asmany different teak (Tectona grandis)genetic resources as possible in Sabah,East Malaysia. Beside genetic assess-ments, the objective was to establishdiverse base populations that can beused for genetic improvement of thespecies including identification andcommercial distribution of superiorclones for establishment of plantations.Within that same period, the PlantBiotechnology Laboratory evolved froma full R & D unit into a commercial sub-sidiary of the Yayasan Sabah Group, andis now known as YSG Biotech Sdn Bhd.

Two decades since the inceptionof the project, the status of the teakgenetic resources that have beengathered are described and benefi-cial results arising from the effortsmade to date are highlighted.

Projectbackground

Teak resource development inYayasan Sabah Group first started in1991 in LFC2 (figure 1), under thePISP3 collaborative program betweenICSB4 and CTFT5, which later becamethe Forestry Department of CIRAD.

The occurrence of a senescentteak tree (ortet) adjacent to LFC nurs-ery prompted us to test the efficiencyof vegetative propagation methodsthat had been previously developedand applied for the propagation oftrue-to- type mature selected Plustrees of different broadleaved as wellas coniferous species under temper-ate and tropical environments(Franclet, 1981; Monteuuis, 1989,1993). Adapting this cloning tech-nology to this old teak tree unexpect-edly yielded successful results(Monteuuis, 1995; Monteuuis etal., 1995). ). In 1992, the first rootedcuttings issued from this tree andreferred to as clone 9 were fieldplanted to assess their phenotypicconformity and soil stability. Theobservations were quite positive and

thereafter mass production of clone9 was pursued. Subsequent rootedcuttings of clone 9 were used toestablish the first monoclonal blockin 1995 on a slope in compartment311 (C311), 13 kilometers north ofLFC (photo 2). To our knowledge, thisis the oldest monoclonal block everestablished from rooted cuttings ofan old teak tree. As expected, allclone 9 trees of this block have beendisplaying the same phenotypic fea-tures and flowering synchronicity.Owing to the availability of tissueculture-issued plants, this clone wasalso used as buffer trees in otherfield experiments. The old ortet hadsince died in 1996, but its genotypehas been preserved as rooted cut-tings, and the clone is still propa-gated in nursery and tissue cultureconditions, thanks to the suitablecloning techniques developed.

The cloning procedure wasapplied to several mature selectedteak trees chosen within our localstands, starting in LFC, that werederived from seeds brought backfrom the Solomon Islands (photo 3).The first rooted cuttings, obtainedfrom these Solomon Islands teaks

Figure 1.Annual rainfall distribution map of Sabah, with LFC, Taliwas and Kota Maruduteak stand locations, as well as Kota Kinabalu, where YGS Biotech main officeand biotechnology laboratory are situated.

LFC

Kota Kinabalu

Taliwas

Kota Marudu

Tawau


1 Centre de Coopération Internationaleen Recherche Agronomique pour leDéveloppement.2 Luasong Forestry Center.3 Plant Improvement and SeedProduction.4 Innoprise corporation Sdn Bhd.5 Centre Technique Forestier Tropical.

were planted in 1994 in the LFCdemonstration plot (demoplot)(photo 4). As far as we are aware,together with clone 9 rooted cuttings,these are the oldest rooted cuttingsproduced from mature teak trees inthe world. These materials gave riseto the commercial clones TG1 to TG8.

The selection and cloning pro-cedures were then extended to everyteak Plus tree chosen in differentlocations of Malaysia, such as the70 yr-old Kota Marudu stand to thenorth of Sabah, and a 25-35 yr-oldteak trial in Perlis, PeninsularMalaysia. The ‘stick’ method wasused to “mobilize” vegetative mate-rial from these ortets in LFC nurseryfacilities for clonal propagation byrooted cuttings (Monteuuis, 1993;Monteuuis et al., 1995).

The establishment in late 1992of a tissue culture laboratory, theplant biotech laboratory (PBL) inTawau within the same collaborativeproject allowed us to develop a moreefficient mass-clonal micropropaga-tion method that complemented therooted cuttings technology (Bon,Monteuuis, 1996; Monteuuis et al.,1998; Monteuuis, 2000; Goh, Mon-teuuis, 2001). The first tissue-cul-tured teak plants obtained from invitro germinated seeds acquired fromMata Ayer, Perlis, PeninsularMalaysia, were planted together as amixture of genotypes or “bulk” in ablock in the LFC demoplot in 1995,again, primarily for conformity andsoil stability assessment.

From 1992 to 2004, the labora-tory produced one to two million tis-sue-cultured teak clonal plantlets,mainly from clones TG1 to TG8(Solomon Islands origin) and clone 9(initially called “MBo”, originunknown) for local plantings. Follow-ing the first international dispatch (toAustralia) in 2001 the laboratorybegan to focus even more strongly onthe propagation of teak on a commer-cial scale (Goh, Monteuuis, 2001;Goh et al., 2005; Goh et al., 2007).

Photo 2.The oldest monoclonal block (clone 9 or MBo) from rooted cuttings of an old teak ortet in LFC, 7 years after establishment in 1995.Photo O. Monteuuis.

Photo 3.The few remaining ortets from Solomon Islands seed after seventeen years in LFC demoplot, from which the commercial clones TG1 to TG8 originated.Photo V. Naudet.


In year 2003, in line with theachievements obtained from the workson teak as well as on other forestry andhorticultural species, giving rise to thepositive financial standing of the proj-ect, the Plant Biotechnology Labora-tory was converted into a new entityknown as the Biotechnology and Horti-culture Division. Two years later, thebusiness of tissue culture propagationwas fully operational under the com-mercial subsidiary known as YSGBiotech Sdn Bhd. All the teak activitieshave been subsequently regroupedunder the purview of the Company,and sited in a much bigger tissue cul-ture facility in Kota Kinabalu in May2005 (Goh et al., 2007).

LuasongForestry Center

resources

Luasong Forestry Center (LFC) islocated 120 km west of Tawau,Sabah, East Malaysia (lat 4°35’N,long117°40’E). Monthly tempera-tures are 26-28°C and annual rainfallaverages 2500 mm without a distinctdry season (figure 1).

LFC teak genetic resources arelocated exclusively in two sites, thedemo-plot and Compartment 311.

The demo plot

Located on a flat piece of landadjacent to the Luasong river, thedemo plot land is 1 to 2 ha in area andprone to flooding. It encompasses thefollowing teak genetic resources:

▪ Seedling stands (from SolomonIslands seed) planted in 1989 and1990 (photo 3). As mentioned,screening for superior trees gaveselects named TG1 to TG8 from whichcommercial clones have been mass-produced by rooted cuttings andmicropropagation. Some of theseortets have attained heights of morethan 30m and girths of around 150 cmat 14 years after planting.▪ Rooted cuttings of TG1 to TG8 plantedas mixed clones without retained iden-tities (“bulk”) in 1994. These treesexhibit striking phenotypic features, asexpected from cloned plant materials,with the largest individuals havingattained heights of around 26 m andgirths of 120 cm at age 10 years (pho-tos 4 and 5).


Photos 4.The first rooted cuttings from teak mature tree shown at ten years (left) and 12 years after planting in LFC demoplot.Photo O. Monteuuis.

▪ Microcuttings derived from in vitrogerminated seeds supplied fromMata-Ayer, Perlis, PeninsularMalaysia, also planted as “bulk” in ablock in 1995. Despite some flooddamages, some of these treesreached 29.5m in height and 110cmin girth at 9 yr-old (photos 5).

The distinctive feature of thisdemoplot is its inclusion of the oldestrooted cuttings and microcuttings ofteak produced so far in Sabah. Thesetrees have been very useful forassessing phenotypic variation ofvarious traits, as well as root confor-mation, and for confirming that teakrooted cuttings and microcuttings arenot prone to strong within clone vari-ations or “C effects” (Frampton,Foster, 1993; White et al., 2007),unlike many tree species propagatedby cuttings. In all likelihood, this ishighly possible if a suitable cloningtechnique such as the one developedin this project, is applied (Goh,Monteuuis, 2005).

The C311 seed orchard

C311, situated 13 km north ofLFC, comprises several experimentalplots of teak from rooted cuttings ormicrocuttings of clones TG1 to TG8(Solomon Islands), of clone 9 (includ-ing the monoclonal block establishedin 1995 mentioned previously) andthe seedling seed orchard. The seedorchard is derived from a “prove-nance/progeny” trial although accord-ing to Zobel and Talbert (1984),seed-source would have been a moreappropriate terminology than prove-nance. This trial was establishedtowards the end of 1997 on a site, at130-170 m above sea level, with ahilly slope of about 15° gradient, andmudstone-minor sandstone soils withpH ranging between 4.8 - 5.6. In all,42 diverse seedlots mainly of Indianorigin, are represented (Table I),including 15 bulks and 27 open-polli-nated families from individual clonesestablished in a seed orchard in IvoryCoast as described by Dupuy and

Verhaegen (1993). The design con-sisted of contiguous randomized com-plete blocks with 3 replications (takinginto account the variation of topogra-phy), each elementary plot comprising3 rows of 5 trees, and each row beingseparated from the other by a bufferrow that was also used to fill theravines. The trees were planted at 4 m x 2 m and covered a total area of 45 x 42 x 2 x 4 x 2 = 30,240 m2.

The buffers consisted of teak cut-tings and microcuttings of the clone 9(same as that in the monoclonal blockMBo mentioned previously), and thatof TG1 to TG8 Solomon Islands com-mercial clones. All the buffer treeswere felled after 2 years, halving theoverall density from 1250 trees/ha to625/ha. Ten years after establish-ment, and from annual individual dataand observations, the between-treecompetition was becoming noticeablystronger. Thereafter, it was decided toconvert this trial into a seed orchardby selective thinning (photo 6).

Photos 5.Trees from rooted cuttings from mature teak individuals (left) and from microcuttings from in vitro seedlings shown at 15 years and 14 years respectively after planting in LFC demoplot.Photo O. Monteuuis.


1111

2222

4314

5212

8367*

8668*

8669

8822

8823*

8824*

8831*

8832*

8833*

8839

8844*

9411*

9412*

9415

9418*

9420

9424

Ss1 Malaysia, Mata Ayer,Perlis

Ss MalaysiaSegama River, Sabah

Ss Solomon Islands,Arara

Ss Solomon Islands Viru

Prov IndiaChandrapur Maharastra

Prov3 Thailand Mae HuatLampang (natural stand)

Prov Thailand Mae HuatLampang (planted stand)

Prov IndiaSakrebail Kamataka

Prov. IndiaSakrebail Kamataka

Prov IndiaVimoli Vir. Kamataka

Prov IndiaKaradibetta Kamataka

Prov IndiaGialegundi Kamataka


Prov IndiaMaukal Kamataka


CSO5 Ivory CoastProv India Nilambur

CSO Ivory CoastSs Tanzania Kihuhwi

CSO Ivory CoastSs Senegal Djbelor

CSO Ivory CoastPro India Nilambur

CSO Ivory CoastProv India Nilambur

CSO Ivory CoastSs Tanzania Mtibwa

(Morogoro)

na2

na

na

na

na

na

na

Mixture from100 OP4 families

Mixture from100 OP families


Mixture from 100 OP families



A single OP family


A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

100°16’E

118°18’E

156°30’E

157°46’E

78°46’E

99°54’E

99°54’E

75°29’E

75°29’E

74°37’E

75°02’E

75°17’E

74°37’E

76°00’E

74°37’E

5°03’W76°21’E

5°03’W38°39’E

5°03’W12°35’N

5°03’Wna

5°03’Wna

5°03’W37°39’E

6°39'N

5°6’N

6°40’S

8°28’S

19°30’N20°45’N

18°39’N

18°39’N

13°48’N

13°48’N

15°11’N

14°05’N

14°05’N

15°11’N

12°15’N

15°09’N

6°06’N11°21’N

6°16’N5°12’S

6°16’N16°6’W

6°16’Nna

6°16’Nna

6°16’N6°00’S

50-100

300

80

50-100

na

350

350

600

600

600

650

700

600

850

600

20049

200260

20010

200na

200na

200460

2 000-2 500

2 500

3 000

3 000

1 420

900

900

898

1 000

1 500

912

1 000

1 500

1 532

1 500

1 4702 565

1 4701 880

1 4701 640

1 4702 900

1470na

1 4701 160

27

27

27

27

na

27

na

24

24

26

24

24

26

22

26

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

6

6

6

6

6

6

4

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

5

5

Table I. Characteristics of the 42 teak seedlots and the associated number of trees remaining after thinning in the C111 seed orchard.

1 Ss: seed source, in accordance with Zobel and Talbert (1984). 2 na: information not available. 3 Prov: provenance, in accordance with Zobel and Talbert (1984). 4 OP: open pollinated. 5 CSO: clonal seed orchard. * Origins common to C111 and Taliwas seed orchards.


Origin Composition of the seed

acquired

Longitude Latitude Elevation(m abovesea level)

AverageAnnual

rainfall (mm)

Average annualtemperature

(°C)

No oftrees left

SeedlotN°

Table I (continued).

9426*

9430*

9433

9435*

9436

9437*

9440*

9443*

9444

9446*

9447

9449

9450*

9451

9452*

9454*

9456

9457*

9459*

9463*

9999*


(Morogoro)

CSO Ivory CoastProv Thailand Mae Huat


CSO Ivory CoastProv India Nellicutha




CSO Ivory CoastProv India Vernoli Range




CSO Ivory CoastProv Thailand Pong Salee


CSO Ivory CoastSs Tanzania Bigwa

CSO Ivory CoastProv India Masale Valley

CSO Ivory CoastProv Laos Paklay

CSO Ivory CoastProv.India Purunakote

CSO Ivory CoastProv India Purunakote


CSO Ivory CoastSs source Ivory Coast

Bamoro

Ss Papua New Guinea(PNG) Ex Brown River

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

na

5°03’W37°39’E

5°03’W99°00’E

5°03’W38°39’E

5°03’Wna

5°03’Wna

5°03’Wna

5°03’Wna

5°03’W74°35’E

5°03’W99°00’E

5°03’W74°35’E

5°03’Wna

5°03’W101°01’E

5°03’W74°35’E

5°03’W38°39’E

5°03’W76°10’E

5°03’W106°00’E

5°03’W84°00’E

5°03’W84°00’E

5°03’W76°10’E

5°03’W5°07’W

147°14’E

6°16’N6°00’S

6°16’N18°06’N

6°16’N5°12’S

6°16’Nna

6°16’Nna

6°16’Nna

6°16’Nna

6°16’N15°10’N

6°16’N18°06’N

6°16’N15°10’N

6°16’Nna

6°16’N19°08’N

6°16’N15°10’N

6°16’N6°50’S

6°16’N11°55’N

6°16’N15°00’N

6°16’N20°00’N

6°16’N20°00’N

6°16’N11°55’N

6°16’N7°48’N

9°20’S

200460

200350

200280

200na

200na

200na

200na

200573

200350

200573

200na

200350

200573

200580

200820

200120

200133

200133

200820

200330

400

1 4701 160

1 4701 300

1 4701 860

1 470na

1 470na

1 470na

1 470na

1 4702 032

1 4701 300

1 4702 032

1 470na

1 4701 500

1 4702 032

1 470900

1 4701 270

1 470200

1 4701 200-1 500

1 4701 200-1 500

1 4701 270

1 4701 100

2 100

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

2626

26

6

6

4

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

5

6

6

6

6

6

* Origins common to C111 and Taliwas seed orchards.



acquired


AverageAnnual

rainfall (mm)


(°C)

No oftrees left

SeedlotN°

Thinning was done based onthe selection criteria traditionallyused for teak, i.e. clear bole diameterand length, bole shape (straightness,circularity, taper, with minimal knots,buttresses or flutes at the bottom ofthe tree), and, frequency and size oflateral branches that are responsiblefor nodes affecting wood qualityespecially for veneer end-use.

The following factors were alsotaken into consideration:▪ the initial density of 625 trees/ha;▪ the number of trees of the samegenetic origin – half sib for some ofthem (see table I) that must remain

out of the 15 (3 x 5) trees per elemen-tary plot, in order to avoid possiblerisks of inbreeding depression; ▪ the respective location of these trees,avoiding those that are planted tooclose from the others, which may ham-per good pollen exchange while limit-ing crown development, and hence,the number of seeds produced;▪ the benefits of maintaining an overallhigh genetic diversity within the stand,keeping at least one or two best repre-sentatives for the worst origins.

At the end of the thinning exer-cise, a total of 249 trees were left,corresponding to a selection ratio of1 in 7.6, with numbers per originranging between 4 and 6, resulting ina stocking of 82.3 trees/ha (table I fordetailed information by seed source).Overall, the trees retained, somereaching 31 m in height and 34.5 cmin DBHOB at less than 9 years afterplanting, are evenly distributed.Hence, the need to consider infillingusing genotypes of different geneticorigins as practiced for the Perlisseed production area and the Taliwasseed orchard described hereinafter isnot as strong.


Photo 6.Converting the “Provenance-progeny” trial of LFC C311 into a seed orchard.Photo O. Monteuuis.

Taliwas geneticresources

The place called Taliwas islocated inland at 18 km on the mainroad from Silam to Danum Valley,Sabah, East Malaysia (latitude 4°58’N, longitude 118°13’ E). The climaticconditions are similar to LFC (figure 1).As in C311, several teak stands havebeen planted in Taliwas, mainly fromcuttings and microcuttings derivedfrom the Solomon Island selectedcommercial clones, TG1 to TG8, andthe other Sabah clone 9 (originunknown). Various clonal trials anddemonstration plots were also estab-lished, as well as the two seedling-derived stands detailed below.

Clonal tr ials and demonstration plots

The purpose of these clonal tri-als and demonstration plots (photos7) that were established in 1997 and2000 was to assess between andwithin clone variation in field per-formances, phenotypic features andpossibly wood properties (Goh et al.,2007). Certain clones were producedby different vegetative propagationmethods i.e rooted cuttings, micro-cuttings from nodal explants or from

meristem culture (photo 8), distin-guishing the lines according to thesingle meristem from which theyderived from (Monteuuis et al.,1998; Monteuuis, 2000). This infor-mation was also taken into consider-ation in the assessments. A total of25 clones, all obtained from matureselected Plus trees have been com-pared. These include the 8 SolomonIsland clones TG1 to TG8, clone 9,five clones derived from Indian originPlus trees planted between 1979and 1982 in Mata Ayer, Perlis, Penin-sular Malaysia, 3 clones from theKota Marudu, Sabah stand men-tioned above, and others of moreuncertain origins.

The Per lis seedproduction area

From seeds supplied from theMata Ayer plantation of the ForestResearch Institute of Malaysia (FRIM),in the state of Perlis, PeninsularMalaysia,1028 teak seedlings wereproduced and planted in a mixture withcocoa plants on a flat piece of land ofabout 4 ha on the YSG concessionknown as “km 13”, Taliwas, in 1993.These seeds, presumably originatingfrom Indian provenances, werereceived as a bulk. Unfortunately, itwas not possible to obtain more accu-

rate information from FRIM on thegenetic pedigree of these seedsalthough various teak seed sourceswere known to be represented in MataAyer (India, Vietnam, Thailand, PapuaNew Guinea, Trinidad, Myanmar,Indonesia). Selective thinning of thisplot, based mainly on growth and formwas carried out in 2008, leaving onlythe best 245 phenotypes, unevenlydistributed over the site, correspondingto approximately 61 trees/ha (photo9). Abundant natural regeneration hasbeen observed, attesting that the treescan produce numerous and fertileseeds under the local conditions.

Infilling the empty spaces of thisplot with teak trees of different ori-gins such as those from the tissueculture gene pool is currently under-way. The intention of using suchinfills is to increase seed yield of thestand while enhancing the geneticdiversity and quality of the seeds pro-duced and, at the same time, to faci -litate the maintenance of this area.

The teak trees in the vicinity arefrom a very different genetic back-ground, consisting mostly of the com-mercial clones TG1 to TG8, which dis-play the superior phenotypic featuresgenerally observed for these clones.This is also the case in the Taliwasseed orchard described below.

Photos 7.Tests of teak clones produced from rooted cuttings of mature selected ortets in Taliwas.Photo O. Monteuuis.


The Taliwas seed orchard

The Taliwas “provenance-prog-eny trial” was established in 1997 onflat land about 40m above sea level.This area was prone to short periodsof flooding, which necessitated thecreation of ditches within and in theperiphery of the trial. The greyish soilwas more fertile and less acidic (6.0<pH < 6.3) than that of C311. The trialconsisted of seedlings from 41 differ-ent seedlots, including 10 bulks and31 open pollinated families from indi-vidual clones in the Ivory Coast seedorchard mentioned above (table II). Itwas established according to thesame randomized complete blockdesign as in C311. These seedorchards have 26 seedlots in common(tables I and II). The total area coveredwas 45 x 41 x 2 x 4 x2 = 29,520 m2.The initial density was halved to625 trees/ha two years after plantingby removing all the buffer trees fol-lowed by a selective thinning inNovember 2006 (photo 10). The

selection was done according to thesame rules as detailed for C311,although less conservatively. Thelower maximal height of 22.3 m andDBH of 31.4 cm at age 8.5 years pre-sumably reflects site differencesbetween C311 and the Taliwasorchard. Only 200 selected trees outof the 1 845 initially planted, fillersexcluded, were retained correspon-ding to a selection ratio of approxi-mately 1 in 9, with representatives perseed lot varying from 1 to 10 (table IIfor more detailed information). Thisresulted in an average number of4.9 trees kept by origin andin an aver-age density of 66.6 trees/ha. Due tothe uneven distribution of the remain-ing trees, this intensive selective thin-ning resulted in a few large emptyplaces, which are now to be infilledwith trees of different and presumablygood genetic background. In the eventthat these infills do not performaccording to expectation, they will berogued before flowering.

Photo 9.The recently thinned 16 yr-old Perlis seed production area in Taliwas.Photo O. Monteuuis.


Photo 8.A 9 yr-old teak tree produced bymeristem culture from a matureselected ortet in Taliwas demoplot;no pruning was undertaken.Photo O. Monteuuis.

8367*

8668*

8823*

8824*

8831*

8832*

8833*

8835

8836

8838

8839

8841

8842

8844*

9411*

9412*

9416

9417

9418*

9426*

9429

9430*

9431

Prov1 IndiaChandrapur Maharastra

Prov Thailand Mae HuatLampang (natural stand)

Prov IndiaSakrebail Kamataka


Prov IndiaKaradibetta Kamataka

Prov IndiaGialegundi Kamataka









CSO4 Ivory CoastProv India Nilambur

CSO Ivory CoastSs5 Tanzania Kihuhwi

CSO Ivory CoastSs Ivory CoastKokondekro




(Morogoro)

CSO Ivory CoastProv. India Nellicutha



na2

na

Mixture from100 OP3 families





A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family



A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

78°46’E

99°54’E

75°29’E

74°37’E

75°02’E

75°17’E

74°37’E

76°00’E

76°00’E

76°00’E

76°00’E

76°00’E

76°00’E

74°37’E

5°03’W76°21’E

5°03’W38°39’E

5°03’Wna

5°03’W76°21’E

5°03’W76°21’E

5°03’W37°39’E

5°03’Wna

5°03’W99°00’E

5°03’Wna

19°30’N20°45’N

18°39’N

13°48’N

15°11’N

14°05’N

14°05’N

15°11’N

12°15’N

12°15’N

12°15’N

12°15’N

12°15’N

12°15’N

15°09’N

6°06’N11°21’N

6°16’N5°12’S

6°16’Nna

6°06’N11°21’N

6°16’N11°21’N

6°16’N6°00’S

6°16’Nna

6°16’N18°06’N

6°16’Nna

na

350

600

600

650

700

600

850

850

850

850

850

850

600

20049

200260

200na

20049

20049

200460

200

200350

200na

1 420

900

1 000

1 500

912

1 000

1 500

1 532

1 532

1 532

1 532

1 532

1 532

1 500

1 4702 565

1 4701 880

1 470na

1 4702 900

1 4702 900

1 4701 160

1 470

1 4701 300

1 470na

na

27

24

26

24

24

26

22

22

22

22

22

22

26

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26

26na

26na

1

3

3

3

4

4

3

3

3

4

1

2

3

4

5

6

4

6

8

7

5

10

7

Table II.Characteristics of the 41 teak seedlots and the associated number of trees remaining after thinning in Taliwas seed orchard.

1 Prov: provenance, in accordance with Zobel and Talbert (1984). 2 na: information not available. 3 OP: open pollinated. 4 CSO: clonal seed orchard. 5 Ss: seed source, in accordance with Zobel and and Talbert (1984). * Origins common to C111 and Taliwas seed orchards.



acquired


AverageAnnual

rainfall (mm)


(°C)

No oftrees left

SeedlotN°

9432

9434

9435*

9437*

9439

9440*

9442

9443*

9445

9446*

9450*

9452*

9454*

9457*

9458

9459*

9463*

9999*

CSO Ivory CoastProv Thailand Pong Salee




CSO Ivory CoastProv Thailand Huoi-Nam-

Oon








CSO Ivory CoastProv Laos Paklay

CSO Ivory CoastProv India Purunakote

CSO Ivory CoastProv Thailand Ban Pha

Lay


CSO Ivory CoastSs Ivory Coast Bamoro

Ss Papua New Guinea(PNG) Ex Brown River

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

A single OP family

na

5°03’Wna

5°03’Wna

5°03’Wna

5°03’Wna

5°03’Wna

5°03’Wna

5°03’Wna

5°03’W74°35’E

5°03’Wna

5°03’W74°35’E

5°03’W74°35’E

5°03’W76°10’E

5°03’W106°00’E

5°03’W84°00’E

5°03’W99°59’E

5°03’W76°10’E

5°03’W5°07’W

na

6°16’Nna

6°16’Nna

6°16’Nna

6°16’Nna

6°16’Nna

6°16’Nna

6°16’Nna

6°16’N15°10’N

6°16’Nna

6°16’N15°10’N

6°16’N15°10’N

6°16’N11°55’N

6°16’N15°00’N

6°16’N20°00’N

6°16’N18°13’N

6°16’N11°55’N

6°16’N7°48’N

na

200na

200na

200na

200na

200na

200na

200na

200573

200na

200573

200573

200820

200120

200133

200200

200820

200330

na

1 470na

1 470na

1 470na

1 470na

1 470na

1 470na

1 470na

1 4702 032

1 470na

1 4702 032

1 4702 032

1 4701 270

1 470200

1 4701 200-1 500

1 4701 100

1 4701 270

1 4701 100

2 100

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

26na

2626

26

5

9

5

6

3

7

7

8

6

8

4

2

6

3

7

4

6

5

Table II (continued).

* Origins common to C111 and Taliwas seed orchards.



acquired


AverageAnnual

rainfall (mm)


(°C)

No oftrees left

SeedlotN°

Photo 10.The Taliwas seed orchard two years after the selective thinning in 2006 of the initial “Provenance-progeny” trial.Photo D. K. S. Goh.

Photo 11.YSG Biotech laboratory in Kota Kinabalu: a valuable asset for in vitro conservation of teak genotypes and rapid mass production of superior clones for efficient transfer and safe entry to foreign countries.Photo D. K. S. Goh.


In vitroresources

In addition to the geneticresources in the field as describedabove, YSG Biotech has been intro-ducing and maintaining under invitro conditions several teak clonesobtained from different sources: newmature selected Plus trees and alsogerminants from very restricted num-bers of seeds of presumably highgenetic value from various countries

(photo 11). This has been possiblethanks to the appropriate in vitrotechnologies developed, with spe-cial mention of meristem culture thatallows the possibility to clone anyteak Plus trees regardless of age,from a low number of availablebuds, while preserving its genotypicand phenotypic conformity (Mon-teuuis et al.,1998). To date, this in

vitro clone bank has amounted tosome 50 genotypes, some of whichare being field tested or used forinfilling some of the empty spacesleft by the intensive thinning. Furtherenriching this gene pool has beenand remains a major aim as part ofthe Company’s endeavors to stayahead of potential competitors.


Year of plantation and type of stock

1989, 1990,Seedlings (S)

1993, Rooted cuttings (RCs)

1995, Tissue-cultured-(TC)

RCs

1997, S

TC

2000, TC

Luasong Forestry Center

Solomon Is seed source, bulk; gavesome Tectona grandis “TG”selects.

Bulked RCs from the SolomonIslands TG selects planted for

observations in PISP demoplot .

Trees from micro cuttings ex Perlisseedlings germinated in vitro for

field observation.

“Provenance-progeny” trial.

Taliwas

Bulked seedlings ex Perlis, MataAyer, Peninsular Malaysia seed

source of unknown origin.

First monoclonal block MBo of RCsex one very old teak tree no. 9

planted in LFC.

“Provenance-progeny” trial

Clonal tests and tissue culturepropagation methods (microcuttings,meristem culture) field assessment

Clonal tests (25 clones) and tissueculture propagation methods

(microcuttings, meristem culture)field assessment

Remarks

Presumably fromMyanmar, ex Burma,

provenance. Thinned.

Some thinning was donein 2006.

Thinned for the last timein 2006.

Thinned for the last timein 2006.

Converted after selectivethinning into seed

orchards. See text andtables I and II for details.

Thinned once

Table III.Summary of the teak genetic resources in YSG Biotech, Sabah.

Overview,Prospects and

Conclusions

During a period of about 20 years,YSG Biotech has been gathering teakgenetic resources in Sabah from a widerange of different origins. As far as weare aware, the Company currently ownsthe world’s richest teak genetic base,as described in the previous sectionsand summarized in Table III, that isbeing managed for improvement andfor international use. We are aware thatthe one surviving provenance trial inthe international series with a largenumber of diverse sources (IP038 with25 different sources from 7 of the8 regions described) (Keiding et al.,1986) may comprise a richer geneticbase; however, to our knowledge it isnot being managed for improvementand international use.

These genetic resources can beutilized according to two basic deploy-ment methods: via seedlings or throughthe clonal option, as detailed in Gohand Monteuuis (2005). Grower’schoice of option depends on many fac-tors including facilities and expertise,with efficiency, cost-saving and shorttem returns remaining the over-ridingconcerns in the case of commercialenterprises. Other factors must be con-sidered when taking cognizance of thelong-term future of teak germplasm. Forexample, the retention of a broadgenetic base in gene pools such asthose of the C311 and Taliwas seedorchards, and their proposed enhance-ment, is conducive to their utility forinternational use such as establishingbreeding bases elsewhere.

In the cases of the seed orchardsand seed production areas describedhere, a detailed report on the resultsobtained, including Genotype XEnvironment interactions across theLFC and Taliwas orchard sites, is inpreparation. Substantial genetic varia-tion has been found, giving confidencethat genetic improvement of the origi-nal populations can be expected toresult from the intensive selective thin-

nings made, aiming at promoting theopen mating of the best trees thatremain, for each of the highly diversegenetic resources within the LFC andTaliwas seed orchards. In the cases ofthe Taliwas seed orchard and Perlisseed production area, this might befurther enhanced by the breeding con-tribution of the infills planted in theempty spaces created by thinning.Seed collected (separately or bulked)from the best trees retained in theseed production area or seed orchardscan be used to establish the nextbreeding cycle or generation of seedorchard (Goh, Monteuuis, 2005).

Another option would be toestablish progeny tests to evaluatecombining abilities, and then to selectthe best combiners for further use inclonal seed orchard, notwithstandingthe relevant time, space, manpowerand of course, economical constraints.

As already developed (Goh,Monteuuis, 2005; Goh et al., 2007;Chaix et al., 2008), , advanced tech-nologies for characterizing woodproperties with special mention forthe non-destructive core samplingmethod can be used for refining theinitial selection on external traits,bearing in mind the overriding impor-tance of wood quality for teak.

Resorting to adapted DNA mark-ers (Goh, Monteuuis, 2005; Goh etal., 2007) allows a better identifica-tion of the genotypes and of theiroriginal provenances, in particular, fortrees derived from seed lots of uncer-tain origins. These DNA investigationscan also provide information on thegenetic relatedness of the selectedtrees for wiser clonal deployment andseed orchard establishment, thusreducing risks of inbreeding.

Another interest of DNA finger-printing is the genotypic identificationof clones which may enable assertionof property rights associated with com-mercial transactions of these clones.

To sum up, YSG Biotech Bhd Sdn,in maintaining and enhancing its teakgenetic resources, is presently able tofulfill most international requests forsamples of Sabah’s teak geneticresources via seeds from selected trees,in mixture or separate progenies/fami-lies, or via in vitro clonal propagules.Another option is to seek YSG Biotech’sexpertise for cloning in in vitro or innursery conditions any teak trees ofnoteworthy interest for local mass clonalpropagation or international dispatch,taking advantage of the possibility tomeet phytosanitary requirement speci-fied by the destination country.

All these assets are obviouslyquite appealing for establishing highyielding and quality teak plantationsin various parts of the world, by allow-ing the introduction of new genotypesvia seeds or clones, either directly foroperational planting or through localbreeding programs. The increasingdifficulty to access teak germplasmfrom many countries applying strictgenetic resource conservation poli-cies reinforces this statement.

AcknowledgementsThe authors are very grateful toDr Garth Nikles for his valuablereview of an early draft of this paper.


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