Stronger together – Children's and Youth Resilience Programmes
Youth Focussed Programmes
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Transcript of Youth Focussed Programmes
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Mrs. Anshu ShuklaAssitant Professor
VKM PG College
Kamachha, Varanasi
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Age Distribution of Population(India)
Age
group
1991
Male Female
2001
Male Female
0-14 37.73 37.79 35.6 35.07
15-34 33.25 34.14 33.67 33.94
35-59 22.35 21.39 23.33 22.91
60 + 6.67 6.66 7.39 8.08
No substantial difference in age distribution between1991 and 2001even for those in the age group 15-34.
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EMPLOYMENT , UNEMPLOYMENT
AND TRAINING ISSUES
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Employment and Unemployment Scenario in
the World
Almost all countries in the world have employment andunemployment problem.
A total number of 191.8 million persons were unemployed in the
year 2005 in the world.The unemployment rate was around 6.3% of the
labour force 1.37 billion people though employed were earning less than
US$2 a day.
520.1 million people though employed were earning less
than US$ 1 a day.
The problem therefore is of the order of 711.9 million if at least one
dollar a day is considered.
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S
S.No. Item 2004-2005
1. Total Population as on Jan. 2005 1092.96Million
2. Total Labour Force 469.94 Million
3. Total Employed person 459.10 Million
4. Total number of open employment 10.84 Million
5. Unemployment rate as percentage Around
of total labour force 2. 3 %
6. Employment in Organised Sector
(2004) 26.4 Million
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT
SCENARIO IN INDIA
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S.No. Item 1999-2000
1) Employment in Unorganized 432.7 Million
Sector
2) No. of Jobseekers Registered with 39.3 Million
Employment Exchanges (as on 31-12-2005)
3) No. of youth registered with Employment 28.8 MillionExchange as on 31-12-2004
4) Working Poor i.e. Persons working but Around 130 Million
living below poverty line (1999-2000)
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Labour Force participation rates (LFPR), Work Force participation rates
(WFPR) and Unemployment rates: International Comparison
Country LFPR WFPR UnemploymentRate
India 43.0 42.0 2.3
China 77.0 - -
Japan 62.9 58.3 4.9
Australia 63.9 59.8 7.0
Malaysia 60.6 58.6 3.4
France 54.7 48.2 12.0
Germany 57.7 52.7 8.7
U.K 62.9 62.9 6.0
U.S.A. 67.7 67.7 4.2
Pakistan 49.9 49.9 5.9
Sri Lanka 57.3 57.3 10.6
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STRUCTUREOF WORKFORCE
Sector World India
Agriculture 40.1% 58.5%
Industry 21.0% 18.1%
Services 38.9% 23.4% Vast majority of workers in Agriculture
A significant proportion of them are below poverty line
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Approach by various Countries
Various countries are trying to address the problem ofunemployment through various means.
Developed countries are trying to have separate employment
policies.
Developing countries are relying on economic growth as
well as special employment generation programme.
Export of labour force to other countries will not be easy
unless labour force in developing countries can claim better skills.
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Approach to Employment in Economic Planning-India
Planning in India focused on economic growth.
Generation of employment was viewed as part of the
process of development and not as a goal in
conflict with, or to be pursued independently ofeconomic development
Thus there is no employment policy as such and
additional employment generation is attempted
through growth process and through special
employment generation programme
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Productivity, Employment Growth and Development(India)
Labour productivity (in terms of per capita output) is quitelow($3.05), compared to the advanced countries like
USA($40.72),UK($30.92), Even China ($4.39) has better labour
productivity than that of India.
Economic development, productivity and employment growthare still positively correlated.The extent of correlation varies
from sector to sector.
While in services sector these have high correlation,the
industrial and agriculture sector the correlation is low.
(Continued)
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Productivity, Employment Growth and Development(Continued)
Unlike in developed countries, in developingcountries like India where demand has not yet
reached the saturation point Productivity increase
had no retarding effect on employment.
Technological development in various sector has not
yet reached to that level which leads to Economic
growth without any employment growth.
(Continued)
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PROBLEMS
Population growth and consequential increase in thelabour force. 10 to 12 million persons are entering the
labour force every year.
Productivity and income generation from employment are low.
Though, open unemployment is only2.3%(11 million)
the percentage of the population below the poverty line ishigh. The fact of being employed is obviously no guarantee ofescaping from poverty,which in our situation refers to a verybasic level of subsistence.
Out of around 470 million work force as many as 130millionare working poor. Therefore the problem is of the order of130+11=141 million.
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MAIN ISSUES
There are primarily two main issues namely:-Issue no-1
How to provide employment to the new entrant to the
labour force and to the unemployed. That is how to
create additional employment opportunities needed.
Issue no-2
How to improve quality of employment so that
productivity and income level of the workforceincreases.
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Basic Assumption
Economy has the capacity to provide gainful
employment to all the persons in the labour force
The workforce is not able to get decent work
because of non availability of skill required in the
labour market
i k kl
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Action taken to tackle Issue No-1
Planned Initiative. Tenth Plan envisages creation of
around 10 million jobs each year, around 6 million fromnormal growth process and around 4 million
through special employment generation
programme proposed for sectors.
Economic growth and employment growth beingcorrelated attempts are made to achieve 8%
growth rate of the economy so that anticipated
employment generation takes place.
As against a target of 10 million per year around12
million persons per year were provided
employment during 2000-2005
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Action taken to tackle Issue No-2
Provide skill training to the new entrants to thelabour force
Improving skill level of the work force.
Organize Skill training as per the market demand. That
is, it should cater to the needs of both organized and
unorganized sector.
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Skill with the Labour Force
Skill is acquired by the new entrants to the labour force through two
channels namely:-
1. Formal skill training through various institutions run by Government and
Private. Around 2.5 million through Government Institutions and few
hundred thousand through private institutions(exact estimates are notavailable for private sector).
2. Informal means i.e through on the job training, learn while working,
apprenticeship training, helping the master craftsman,etc. Majority of the
work force acquire skill through this channel . Such skills are not certified
and their skill level not known and hence such workers suffer frommobility for betterment, up gradation of their skill and consequential
improvement in their living.
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Formal Skill Training
Training is imparted in various trades designedprimarily to suit organized sector
Around 2.5 million get training each year through
various ministries/ departments of central
government. Industries are associated with training through
institute management committee.
Formal test conducted and certificate issued.
Continued
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Skill Training Addressed to Informal Sector
Skill acquisitions through informal means can not be
avoided.
Skills thus obtained require testing and certification.( for construction industry it has been taken up. Forother industry it is being worked out)
For those skills which are required and normally notobtained through informal channels/ not available insufficient number special efforts are made to organisemodular practical oriented course by utilizingexisting infrastructure( i.e ITI, polytechnics, schools etc)and master craftsman.
Continued
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Skill Training Addressed to Informal Sector (Continued)
In the Institute of Excellence being developed it isaimed that side by side with production of world class
workman modular course will help them in self
employment and engagement in informal sector.
Various Ministries and Departments also are
addressing the needs of informal sector while
designing skill training for the sector dealt by them.
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THANK YOU