Youth Focussed Programmes

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    Mrs. Anshu ShuklaAssitant Professor

    VKM PG College

    Kamachha, Varanasi

    [email protected]

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    Age Distribution of Population(India)

    Age

    group

    1991

    Male Female

    2001

    Male Female

    0-14 37.73 37.79 35.6 35.07

    15-34 33.25 34.14 33.67 33.94

    35-59 22.35 21.39 23.33 22.91

    60 + 6.67 6.66 7.39 8.08

    No substantial difference in age distribution between1991 and 2001even for those in the age group 15-34.

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    EMPLOYMENT , UNEMPLOYMENT

    AND TRAINING ISSUES

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    Employment and Unemployment Scenario in

    the World

    Almost all countries in the world have employment andunemployment problem.

    A total number of 191.8 million persons were unemployed in the

    year 2005 in the world.The unemployment rate was around 6.3% of the

    labour force 1.37 billion people though employed were earning less than

    US$2 a day.

    520.1 million people though employed were earning less

    than US$ 1 a day.

    The problem therefore is of the order of 711.9 million if at least one

    dollar a day is considered.

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    S

    S.No. Item 2004-2005

    1. Total Population as on Jan. 2005 1092.96Million

    2. Total Labour Force 469.94 Million

    3. Total Employed person 459.10 Million

    4. Total number of open employment 10.84 Million

    5. Unemployment rate as percentage Around

    of total labour force 2. 3 %

    6. Employment in Organised Sector

    (2004) 26.4 Million

    EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT

    SCENARIO IN INDIA

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    S.No. Item 1999-2000

    1) Employment in Unorganized 432.7 Million

    Sector

    2) No. of Jobseekers Registered with 39.3 Million

    Employment Exchanges (as on 31-12-2005)

    3) No. of youth registered with Employment 28.8 MillionExchange as on 31-12-2004

    4) Working Poor i.e. Persons working but Around 130 Million

    living below poverty line (1999-2000)

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    Labour Force participation rates (LFPR), Work Force participation rates

    (WFPR) and Unemployment rates: International Comparison

    Country LFPR WFPR UnemploymentRate

    India 43.0 42.0 2.3

    China 77.0 - -

    Japan 62.9 58.3 4.9

    Australia 63.9 59.8 7.0

    Malaysia 60.6 58.6 3.4

    France 54.7 48.2 12.0

    Germany 57.7 52.7 8.7

    U.K 62.9 62.9 6.0

    U.S.A. 67.7 67.7 4.2

    Pakistan 49.9 49.9 5.9

    Sri Lanka 57.3 57.3 10.6

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    STRUCTUREOF WORKFORCE

    Sector World India

    Agriculture 40.1% 58.5%

    Industry 21.0% 18.1%

    Services 38.9% 23.4% Vast majority of workers in Agriculture

    A significant proportion of them are below poverty line

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    Approach by various Countries

    Various countries are trying to address the problem ofunemployment through various means.

    Developed countries are trying to have separate employment

    policies.

    Developing countries are relying on economic growth as

    well as special employment generation programme.

    Export of labour force to other countries will not be easy

    unless labour force in developing countries can claim better skills.

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    Approach to Employment in Economic Planning-India

    Planning in India focused on economic growth.

    Generation of employment was viewed as part of the

    process of development and not as a goal in

    conflict with, or to be pursued independently ofeconomic development

    Thus there is no employment policy as such and

    additional employment generation is attempted

    through growth process and through special

    employment generation programme

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    Productivity, Employment Growth and Development(India)

    Labour productivity (in terms of per capita output) is quitelow($3.05), compared to the advanced countries like

    USA($40.72),UK($30.92), Even China ($4.39) has better labour

    productivity than that of India.

    Economic development, productivity and employment growthare still positively correlated.The extent of correlation varies

    from sector to sector.

    While in services sector these have high correlation,the

    industrial and agriculture sector the correlation is low.

    (Continued)

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    Productivity, Employment Growth and Development(Continued)

    Unlike in developed countries, in developingcountries like India where demand has not yet

    reached the saturation point Productivity increase

    had no retarding effect on employment.

    Technological development in various sector has not

    yet reached to that level which leads to Economic

    growth without any employment growth.

    (Continued)

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    PROBLEMS

    Population growth and consequential increase in thelabour force. 10 to 12 million persons are entering the

    labour force every year.

    Productivity and income generation from employment are low.

    Though, open unemployment is only2.3%(11 million)

    the percentage of the population below the poverty line ishigh. The fact of being employed is obviously no guarantee ofescaping from poverty,which in our situation refers to a verybasic level of subsistence.

    Out of around 470 million work force as many as 130millionare working poor. Therefore the problem is of the order of130+11=141 million.

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    MAIN ISSUES

    There are primarily two main issues namely:-Issue no-1

    How to provide employment to the new entrant to the

    labour force and to the unemployed. That is how to

    create additional employment opportunities needed.

    Issue no-2

    How to improve quality of employment so that

    productivity and income level of the workforceincreases.

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    Basic Assumption

    Economy has the capacity to provide gainful

    employment to all the persons in the labour force

    The workforce is not able to get decent work

    because of non availability of skill required in the

    labour market

    i k kl

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    Action taken to tackle Issue No-1

    Planned Initiative. Tenth Plan envisages creation of

    around 10 million jobs each year, around 6 million fromnormal growth process and around 4 million

    through special employment generation

    programme proposed for sectors.

    Economic growth and employment growth beingcorrelated attempts are made to achieve 8%

    growth rate of the economy so that anticipated

    employment generation takes place.

    As against a target of 10 million per year around12

    million persons per year were provided

    employment during 2000-2005

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    Action taken to tackle Issue No-2

    Provide skill training to the new entrants to thelabour force

    Improving skill level of the work force.

    Organize Skill training as per the market demand. That

    is, it should cater to the needs of both organized and

    unorganized sector.

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    Skill with the Labour Force

    Skill is acquired by the new entrants to the labour force through two

    channels namely:-

    1. Formal skill training through various institutions run by Government and

    Private. Around 2.5 million through Government Institutions and few

    hundred thousand through private institutions(exact estimates are notavailable for private sector).

    2. Informal means i.e through on the job training, learn while working,

    apprenticeship training, helping the master craftsman,etc. Majority of the

    work force acquire skill through this channel . Such skills are not certified

    and their skill level not known and hence such workers suffer frommobility for betterment, up gradation of their skill and consequential

    improvement in their living.

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    Formal Skill Training

    Training is imparted in various trades designedprimarily to suit organized sector

    Around 2.5 million get training each year through

    various ministries/ departments of central

    government. Industries are associated with training through

    institute management committee.

    Formal test conducted and certificate issued.

    Continued

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    Skill Training Addressed to Informal Sector

    Skill acquisitions through informal means can not be

    avoided.

    Skills thus obtained require testing and certification.( for construction industry it has been taken up. Forother industry it is being worked out)

    For those skills which are required and normally notobtained through informal channels/ not available insufficient number special efforts are made to organisemodular practical oriented course by utilizingexisting infrastructure( i.e ITI, polytechnics, schools etc)and master craftsman.

    Continued

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    Skill Training Addressed to Informal Sector (Continued)

    In the Institute of Excellence being developed it isaimed that side by side with production of world class

    workman modular course will help them in self

    employment and engagement in informal sector.

    Various Ministries and Departments also are

    addressing the needs of informal sector while

    designing skill training for the sector dealt by them.

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    THANK YOU