You’re in the Army, Now: Military Organization And Military Labor.
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Transcript of You’re in the Army, Now: Military Organization And Military Labor.
You’re in the Army, Now:You’re in the Army, Now:
Military Organization Military Organization
AndAnd
Military LaborMilitary Labor
Building blocks of political systems: Building blocks of political systems: reviewreview
Rulership: the institution of kingship: Rulership: the institution of kingship: • Divine kingship and intervention with the Divine kingship and intervention with the
supernaturalsupernatural• Linked by kinship to competing elites: Linked by kinship to competing elites:
patronage, coercionpatronage, coercion Administrative systems: bureaucratic vs. Administrative systems: bureaucratic vs.
delegationaldelegational• Bureacrats as specialized laborBureacrats as specialized labor• Linkages to tax systems, labor distribution, Linkages to tax systems, labor distribution,
landholding systemslandholding systems
Political ProcessesPolitical Processes Highly dynamic: Highly dynamic:
competive, strategiccompetive, strategic Tensions between Tensions between
recruitment vs. controlrecruitment vs. control Tensions between central Tensions between central
authority and lesser elitesauthority and lesser elites Responding to changes, Responding to changes,
negative and positive: negative and positive: how flexible were early how flexible were early civilizations? How stable?civilizations? How stable?
Legal SystemsLegal Systems Grew out of the pre-existing Grew out of the pre-existing
legal/moral systems of earlier, legal/moral systems of earlier, kin-based societieskin-based societies
Functioned to maintain status Functioned to maintain status quo, especially in terms of quo, especially in terms of social order (hierarchy)social order (hierarchy)
Legal courts or adjudicating Legal courts or adjudicating bodies present in all these bodies present in all these societiessocieties
Hierarchically arranged (ie, Hierarchically arranged (ie, lower level institutions passed lower level institutions passed judgements on to higher level judgements on to higher level ones)ones)
Definitions of both crime and Definitions of both crime and sanction (punishment), and sanction (punishment), and how formally codified either how formally codified either was, highly variable across was, highly variable across culturescultures
Also highly variable across Also highly variable across classes within a single cultureclasses within a single culture
Aztec Courts Aztec Courts
“There was a system of lesser courts, whose “There was a system of lesser courts, whose verdicts could be appealed to a supreme verdicts could be appealed to a supreme judicial council. This council had 80 days in judicial council. This council had 80 days in which to resolve appeals, and would consult which to resolve appeals, and would consult with the ruler before handing down its with the ruler before handing down its judgment. The ruler was the final arbiter of judgment. The ruler was the final arbiter of appeals. He appointed all judges and held appeals. He appointed all judges and held them to high standards of conduct. them to high standards of conduct.
Before the reign of Moctezuma the Before the reign of Moctezuma the administration of public affairs had not been administration of public affairs had not been done systematically until he, being a prudent done systematically until he, being a prudent and able ruler, drew up a code of common and able ruler, drew up a code of common law; those who disobeyed were severely law; those who disobeyed were severely punished. This did not interfere with the punished. This did not interfere with the restricted liberty which his subjects had, on restricted liberty which his subjects had, on condition that they minded their own condition that they minded their own business. “business. “—Codex Mendoza —Codex Mendoza
Legal RecordsLegal Records Legal decisions often Legal decisions often
involved precedent, involved precedent, testimony, and invocation testimony, and invocation of the supernaturalof the supernatural
Even without written Even without written records, scribes and other records, scribes and other specialists could produce specialists could produce recorded evidence, records recorded evidence, records of precedent, and could of precedent, and could document new decisionsdocument new decisions
Less familiar aspects: Less familiar aspects: trials by ordeal, oracles, trials by ordeal, oracles, interventions of interventions of supernatural forcessupernatural forces
Law and Social HierarchyLaw and Social Hierarchy No concept of equality No concept of equality
before the law; many before the law; many law codes set up law codes set up explicitly to reinforce explicitly to reinforce inequalityinequality
Definitions of crimes Definitions of crimes and of appropriate and of appropriate punishment directly punishment directly reflected the reflected the hierarchical social hierarchical social orderorder
In most societies, In most societies, commoners did not commoners did not (or could not) take (or could not) take members of higher members of higher ranks to courtranks to court
Taking the show on the road: tools Taking the show on the road: tools of political expansionof political expansion
Increasing militarismIncreasing militarism• A form of specialized A form of specialized
labor within the statelabor within the state• A tool for territorial A tool for territorial
expansion beyond the expansion beyond the statestate
• In territorial states, the In territorial states, the major mechanism for major mechanism for social mobility for social mobility for commonerscommoners
• Dependent on Dependent on infrastructure infrastructure developmentdevelopment
Functions of the Military:Functions of the Military:
Secured and defended frontiersSecured and defended frontiers Enriched powerful rulers (access to new resources Enriched powerful rulers (access to new resources
in expanding territory, or tribute extraction)in expanding territory, or tribute extraction) Maintained internal orderMaintained internal order
Mass ArmiesMass Armies
““Conscript” status: Conscript” status: commoner commoner enlistees, not full-enlistees, not full-time specialiststime specialists
Lead by elite Lead by elite officers who were officers who were otherwise otherwise administrative administrative bureaucrats (ie., bureaucrats (ie., not military not military specialists, either)specialists, either)
Reasons for Warfare: ExternalReasons for Warfare: External
For territory (extension, or control)For territory (extension, or control) For military competition and alliances (eg. Aztec For military competition and alliances (eg. Aztec
“Flowery Wars”)“Flowery Wars”) For wealth acquisition(raid/trade strategies)For wealth acquisition(raid/trade strategies)
Sources of Conflict: InternalSources of Conflict: Internal
Internal ethnic Internal ethnic minorities minorities (especially in (especially in expanding states)expanding states)
Elite competitionElite competition Class ConflictClass Conflict
Professional Militaries and MilitarizationProfessional Militaries and Militarization
Recruitment from Recruitment from ranks of elites, from ranks of elites, from internal minoritiesinternal minorities
Often attached Often attached personally to the ruler personally to the ruler or elite or elite families/lineagesfamilies/lineages
Professionalized roles Professionalized roles developed along with developed along with increased emphasis on increased emphasis on military technologies, military technologies, increased frequency, increased frequency, scale of conflictscale of conflict