YOUNG & HARDEN DISCOVERIES By: Nafisa, Isabel and Vesa.
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Transcript of YOUNG & HARDEN DISCOVERIES By: Nafisa, Isabel and Vesa.
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YOUNG & HARDEN DISCOVERIES
By: Nafisa, Isabel and Vesa
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Fermentation•Anaerobic cellular process
•Organic foods converted into simpler compounds
•ATP is produced•Seen in yeast
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Buchner DiscoveriesFermentation does not require intact yeast cells
Caused by an enzyme called zymase.
Fermentation could occur in the presence of oxygen, a finding that disproved a theory held by Louis Pasteur.
Whenever zymase is present as well as sugar, fermentation will occur
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Young and Harden• Heat Stable substances
were necessary as well as zymase (and cozymase)
• Added boiled yeast extract to unboiled yeast extract
Rate of alcoholic
fermentation increased
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Young and Harden
•Developed an apparatus to collect and measure gases created during alcohol fermentation
•Used a volumetric measurement of CO2
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Young and Harden
• Using this apparatus, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate was found
• Led to the description of fermentation in terms of molecular intermediates
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Young and Harden
Can be summarized through these equations:1. 2C6H12O6 + 2Na2HPO4 = C6H10O4(PO4Na2)+2H2O + CO2 +2C2H6O;
2. C6H10O4(PO4Na2)2 + H2O = C6H12O6 + 2Na2HPO4
Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36Energy (as ATP)
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Cellular Respiration• Begins with glucose• Harden and Young were able to find the third molecule in
the process• Proved Pasteur’s theory that microorganisms caused
fermentation• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nIDGG0sYcg• After this reaction, an alcohol and CO2 is created
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Cellular Respiration• By building on this information, the complete glycolytic pathway was found in 1940
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References• “Alcoholic Fermentation.” Yobrew - Home brew wine, cider, beer, drinks, kits and recipes. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://www.yobrew.co.uk/fermentation.php
• “Cofactor Engineering.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_Engineering
• “Eduard Buchner Wiki.” Jungle Key. N.p., 1 May, 2010. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://www.junglekey.com/wiki/definition.php?terme=Eduard_Buchner
• Arthur Harden and William John Young. “The Enzymatic Formation of Polysaccharides by Yeast Preparations.” Biochem. J., Dec. 7 (1913): 630–0. Biochemical Department, Lister Institute, 17 Nov, 1913. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.
• http://www.biochemj.org/bj/007/0630/bj0070630_browse.htm#
• Nicole Kresge, Robert D. Simoni, and Robert L. Hill. “Otto Fritz Meyerhof and the Elucidation of the Glycolytic Pathway.” T he Journal of Biological Chemistry ,January 28 (2005 ): 280, e3. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.
• http://www.jbc.org/content/280/4/e3
• “Nobel Lectures: Chemistry 1922-1941.” Nobel Prize. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1966. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/harden-bio.html
• Kazuna Tyo. “What Are the Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion?” Gadget Health News. N.p., 2011. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://www.gadgethealth.com/what-are-the-symptoms-of-heat-exhaustion.html
• “William John Young.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Young