You Are Your Memory
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Transcript of You Are Your Memory
You Are Your Memory
Your memory stores:• Your personal experiences• Emotions• Preferences/dislikes• Motor skills• World knowledge• Language
Fundamentally, you as a person are derived from experiences that have been stored in your nervous system.
This is possible only because your brain has developed the capacity to store information.
Figure 1.1 Learning and memory explain the fact that our past experience influences our behavior
Definition
“Learning is the process of acquiring new information, while memory refers to the persistence of learning in a state that can be revealed at a later time” (Squire, 1987).
Goal of Neurobiology
The goal of neurobiologists is to understand how the brain acquires, stores, and maintains representations of experience in a persistent state that permits the information contained in the representation to be retrieved and influence behavior.
Two Approaches to the Study of Memory:Psychological and Neurobiological
Study of memory used to be the sole territory of psychologists. However, today neurobiologists also have weighed in.
Psychological Approach:
The general goal of psychology is to (a) derive a set of empirical principles that describe how variation in experience influences behavior, and (b) provide a theoretical account that can explain the observed facts.
Ebbinghaus and Memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus developed the first scientific methods for assessing the acquisition and retention of a controlled experience. To study “pure memory” required a methodology that could separate what the subject already has learned from what the subject is now being asked to remember. So he invented the nonsense syllable.
Figure 1.2 Ebbinghaus documented the first forgetting curve
Figure 1.3 Single-trace and dual-trace theories of Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve
Psychologists Only Study Memory at a Single Level of Analysis
Psychologists study only the relationship between experience and behavior. This means they do not directly manipulate or measure brain processes.
Neurobiologists Are Motivated by the Belief that Memory Traces Have a Physical Basis in the Brain
To understand the physical basis of memory requires a multiple level approach. Not only is the brain manipulated, responses in the brain to experience and drugs are measured. Thus neurobiologists study brain systems, synapses, and molecules, as well as behavior.
Historical Foundations: The Golden Age
About 30 years ago Paul Rozin described the last decade of the 19th Century as the “Golden Age of Memory” because during that era many of the basic phenomena and ideas that still occupy researchers emerged.
Paul Rozin
Historical Foundations: The Golden Age
Théodule Ribot proposed that during disease of the brain, memories disappear in an orderly fashion.
The Dissolution of Memory
First Last
Historical Foundations: The Golden Age
Ribot’s Law: Ribot also proposed that old memories are more resistant to disease/disruption than new memories.
Historical Foundations: The Golden Age
Serge Korsakoff
Described the syndrome produced by alcohol now called Korsakoff’s Syndrome.
The syndrome is characterized by what we would now call anterograde amnesia—the inability to acquire new memories.
During the late stages there is also retrograde amnesia—the loss of memories acquired before the onset of the disease.
He also proposed that amnesia could be due to either storage failure or retrieval failure.
Historical Foundations: The Golden Age
William James proposed that memories emerge in stages. An after image is supported by a very short-lasting trace, then replaced by the primary trace that also decays. Secondary memory is viewed as the reservoir of enduring memory trace that with an appropriate retrieval cue can be recalled.
Figure 1.6 William James proposed that memories emerge in stages
Historical Foundations: The Golden Age
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
The Neuron Doctrine: The idea that the brain is made up of discrete cells called nerve cells, each delimited by an external membrane.
The Synaptic Plasticity hypothesis: The idea that the strength of a synaptic connection can be modified by experience.
Historical Foundations: The Golden Age
In the Pavlovian conditioning method, two events called the CS and US are presented together. Subsequently, the CS evokes the response called the CR. Psychologists assume that the CS evokes the CR because the CS gets associated with the US. Psychologists and neurobiologists continue to use this method to study associative learning in animals.
Ivan P. Pavlov
Developed the fundamental methodology for studying associative learning in animals.
Figure 1.8 Pavlovian conditioning is widely used to study learning and memory in animals
Historical Foundations: The Golden Age
Edward L. Thorndike
Developed the first methodology for studying how we learn about the consequences of our actions.
This methodology is called instrumental conditioning. Some people also call it Thorndikian conditioning.
The Law of Effect: The correct behavior was learned because the consequences of successful outcome (a satisfying state) strengthened connections between the stimulus (S) and correct response (R) and the consequence of unsuccessful responses (annoying state) weaken the competing and wrong S–R connections.
Figure 1.9 Edward L. Thorndike invented the methodology for studying instrumental learning
W. W. Norton
W. W. Norton
W. W. Norton
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W. W. Norton
W. W. Norton
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Memory & Brain
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Henry Gustav Molaison (1926 – 2008)
Patient H.M.“Right now I'm wondering, Have I done or said anything amiss? You see, at this moment everything looks unclear to me, but what happened just before? That's what worries me. It's like waking from a dream; I just don't remember.”
“Every day is alone in itself, whatever enjoyment I've had, and whatever sorrow I've had.”
-- H.M.
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Neuropsychologypatients
Memory Systems in the Brain
Medial temporal lobe amnesia• Inability to form new explicit memories
(anterograde amnesia)
• Good IQ, good implicit learning
• Loss of memories from before injury
(retrograde amnesia)
• Working/Short-term Memory– Can carry on a normal conversation– Normal memory span
• Intelligence and Language Normal– Note that some of these rely on spared
retrograde memory (vocabulary, math rules, etc)
• Skill Learning– “motor, perceptual, or cognitive operations or
procedures that are typically acquired through an incremental and slow process of repetition.
– Mirror reading– Rotary Pursuit– Artificial Grammar Learning– Perceptual Classification– Tower of Hanoi (not reliable!)
Memory Systems in the Brain
Memory activates hippocampus
Memory Systems in the Brain
Memory Systems in the Brain
Memory Systems in the Brain
Memory Systems in the Brain
Memory Systems in the Brain
W. W. Norton
Patient EP
Memory
Teng & Squire, 1999
Hippocampus & memory
But see patients like …
Long-term retrograde amnesia… the crucial role of the hippocampusLisa Cipolotti, Tim Shallice, Dennis Chan, Nick Fox, Rachel Scahill, Gail Harrison, John Stevens, Peter Rudge
Neuropsychologia 39 (2001) 151–172
Patient VC shows bilateral hippocampal loss with no involvement of entorhinal cortex or temporal neocortex
Hippocampus & memoryMemory for major public events
Hippocampus & memoryMemory for famous faces
Hippocampus & memory
Autobiographical and semantic memory
Hippocampus & memory
Anomalies for standard view
1. Variation in RA duration - 72 hr to 35 years
2. Examples of flat gradients - experimental and clinical
3. RA with no anterograde amnesia(less specificity in RA)
The Chemical Basis of LTP: Antagonizing NMDA receptors block the induction of LTP, not the expression of LTP
Long-Term Depression:The Polar Opposite of Long-Term Potentiation
Review: A Core Signaling Cascade
• Glutamate is released from the presynaptic or sending neuron.
• Glutamate binds to both AMPA and NMDA receptors.
• The cell is depolarized when enough Na+ enters the cell through AMPA receptors.
• The combination of binding glutamate to the NMDA receptor and depolarizing the cell removes the Mg+ plug from the NMDA channel.
• Calcium enters the dendritic spine through the NMDA channel.
• So what does calcium do? To answer this question, one must understand first and second messengers.
Figure 3.1 First messengers carry information between neurons; second messengers carry the signal into the neuron
Functional Endpoints: A General Framework
The Dynamic Life of AMPA Receptors
W. W. Norton
Unilateral cerebellar cortex lesion