Yoshie noguchi ilo

1 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour

Children Workingon the Street

Yoshie NOGUCHI,

Senior legal officer, IPEC


ContentsContents

1. Children “working” on the street

2. General overview on child labour

3. What is child labour (CL), and its worst forms (WFCL)?

4. Challenges/lessons in addressing CL and WFCL on the street

5. Data collection: CL on the street

6. Eliminating WFCL by 2016 !


Children “Working” on the streetChildren “Working” on the streetEconomic activities

selling small objects, shoe-shining, portering

Sexual exploitation (prostitution)Illicit activities

scavenging, begging

Criminal acts drug dealing, pick-pocketing


Child labour statisticsChild labour statistics

215 million in child labour, globally

115 million of these children in hazardous work


ILO Global Report 2010ILO Global Report 2010

Child labour continues to decline, [3% decline between 2004-2008] but more modestly than previously

[10% decline between 2000-2004]On present trends, the goal of

eliminating the worst forms of child labour by 2016 will not be reached


Different trends: girls and boysDifferent trends: girls and boys

Fewer girls are now in child labour. declined by 15%.

Worrying trend for boys Increase by 20%

among older boys (15-17)in hazardous work


Regional trendsRegional trends

Asia and Pacific – significant reduction down to 96m (14.8 % of children)

Latin America and Caribbean – slight reduction down to 10m (9%)

Sub Saharan Africa – further increase to 58m (28.4%)

No separate figure for Europe or developed countries – lack of surveys


CRC and child labourCRC and child labourThe right to be protected from

economic exploitation (§32) = the protection from child labour (ILS)

The right to education, health …Non-discriminationTwo issues under the Op Protocols

(sexual exploitation, armed conflict)= Worst Forms of Child Labour


What is Child Labour?What is Child Labour?Child labour to be eliminated =Worst Forms of Child Labour (C182)

andWork done by a child below the

minimum age for that kind of work(specified by national law, in line with C138 and CRC article 32(2))

See: UN SG Report to GA 2009 [A/64/127]


What is child labour?What is child labour?

Work that is NOT hazardous or other WFCL

Hazardous work or other WFCL

Children above the minimum age but below 18y

4 2Children below the minimum working age

3 1

18y

14/15/16


Worst Forms of Child LabourWorst Forms of Child Labour

a)a) Children in slavery, forced or Children in slavery, forced or compulsory labour, child traffickingcompulsory labour, child trafficking

Including debt bondage, forced Including debt bondage, forced recruitment for use in armed conflictrecruitment for use in armed conflict

b)b) Children used in prostitution and Children used in prostitution and pornographypornography

c)c) Children used in illicit activitiesChildren used in illicit activitiesd)d) Children in hazardous workChildren in hazardous workSee : ILO C182, Article 3See : ILO C182, Article 3


C 182: coverageC 182: coverage

All sectors of economic activitywithout any exception

Girls and boys under 18 yearsSpecial attention for most vulnerable

e.g. minorities, girls, very young, and on the street !

Worst forms of child labour as urgent priority target for action


Child labour and its worst forms on the street

Child labour and its worst forms on the street

a) Forced labour, including in begging, child trafficking

b) Sexual exploitationc) The use of children in illicit

activities or crime (e.g. drugs) d) hazardous work

= “work likely to jeopardize/harm a child’s health, safety or morals”


Challenges in addressing child labour on the streetChallenges in addressing child labour on the street

Outside the scope of “child labour” legislation- absence of an employer, or formal relation- not considered in the “hazardous work” list

The children may be perceived as delinquents rather than victims of WFCL

Interest in / access to education ? “Decent Work” prospect for these children ? Social protection measures may focus adults

or families: e.g. Cash Transfer, income support Maybe lacking ID, birth certificate, legal status...


Some good practice examplesSome good practice examples Listing “street vending” among the hazardous

work and prohibit for children (Lebanon) Comprehensive rehabilitation for girls on the

street and/or at risk of sexual exploitation (Russian Federation)

Mobile schools: facilitating the transition from street to school (Romania)

Mobilizing public action by raising awareness among teachers and students (Paraguay) – SCREAM (Supporting Children’s Rights through Education, the Arts and the Media) methods


Some lessons learnedSome lessons learned Clearly define “what is not acceptable” in labour,

criminal, or children’s rights or other laws; Consider and address difficulties of enforcement Raise awareness among stakeholders of the specific

risks [of working street girls]; thus help raise the issue higher on the political agenda

Gradually prepare the children for social / family integration

Involve government entities from the beginning, giving them ownership

Mobilize children and young people; conveying the message to the public (families, community and institutions) and also the business community

Respect and adapt to the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of each country and each community


Child labour statisticsChild labour statistics

SIMPOC* (Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour) help countries in :

household-based surveys,establishment-based surveys,baseline surveys, and rapid assessments [* www.ilo.org/ipec/ChildlabourstatisticsSIMPOC ]

http://www.ilo.org/ipec/ChildlabourstatisticsSIMPOC


Child labour statistics (2)Child labour statistics (2)

Need to develop methodologiesNeed to define concepts for

statistical operation < legal definitionsResolution by the 18th International

Conference of Labour Statisticians concerning statistics of child labour (ICLS Resolution) - 2008


Challenges in collecting data on child labour on the street

Challenges in collecting data on child labour on the street

Household-based surveys can gather information only on children living with their family and working on the street

Establishment-based surveys may not cover any child labour on the street

Children’s accessibility, availability and interest in the data collection


Rapid AssessmentRapid Assessment

Methodology jointly developed by ILO and UNICEF

Especially useful for some WFCLQualitative information obtained

through a rapid assessment will apply with certainty only to the limited sample population and context

[See: manuals available on SIMPOC website]


Capture-Recapture methodCapture-Recapture method

See the UCW example (Study on child beggars in Dakar)

Previously used (2002 Global Report on Child Labour) in estimating the scale of the WFCL other than hazardous work – a huge challenge for us all in CL statistics


Ethical considerations in child labour data collectionEthical considerations in

child labour data collectionThe best interest of the childPre-research issuesAssess the safety risk to the child of

participating in the survey (and to the researchers): especially for children exploited in / by organize crime

Informed consent for all interviews; in a child-sensitive way; with the right to say “No” at any time


Ethical considerations in child labour data collection (2)

Ethical considerations in child labour data collection (2)

Issues during research Language and logic: to avoid jargon and

adapted to each child (age, sex, culture…)Trust: to be built patiently on relationshipConditions of listening: carefully, with

positive and neutral expressionPay and promises: consider carefullyPost –research issuesRight to privacy / sharing info & outcome


Accelerating action against child labourAccelerating action against child labour

an increased global effort to tackle child labour and

enhanced Government commitment

reach out to children at special risk: e.g. on the street !


Further measuresFurther measuresinternational cooperation

social dialogue and cooperation= Partnership with business and trade unions

advocacy and mobilisation

decent work for youth/adults


The Global Action PlanThe Global Action Plan

Eliminating the worst forms of child labour by 2016 !Roadmap 2010 (The Hague)Attention: children on the street


International Programme on the International Programme on the Elimination of Child LabourElimination of Child Labour

4, Route des Morillons4, Route des MorillonsCH-1211 Geneva 22CH-1211 Geneva 22

SwitzerlandSwitzerland

Tel.: (+41 - 22) 799 81 81Tel.: (+41 - 22) 799 81 81Fax: (+41 - 22) 799 87 71Fax: (+41 - 22) 799 87 71

E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]@ilo.org

Child labour website:Child labour website:http://www.ilo.org/ipechttp://www.ilo.org/ipec

Thank you for your attention !Thank you for your attention !

Yoshie noguchi ilo

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