AP European History January 21 – 25 2019

See information below on the Industrialization and Economic Systems Unit Test MC and Essay sections

Your AP Fees are due February 1st https://aptestservice.com/wshs/ Begin new Unit on Romanticism and Revolution this week

MONDAY (MLK)

TUESDAY Unit Test Industrial Revolution and economic systems of the 19th century SP-1,3,4,7,9,11,17) (PP-8,10,14)

(OS-4,8,9,10,12) (IS-5,6,7,9,10)

Materials Strategy/FormatTest forms, scantrons Assessment and Review

Student Skills

CausationPeriodizationComparison/ContextInterpretationSynthesis

Instructions Today’s test will include 40 multiple choice questions all stimulus format covering the Industrial

Revolution through the economic systems of the 19th century. Your essay section will be due on Friday in class (no typing allowed). See below for your choice of

prompts (you will only write one LEQ):

1. “Analyze the political, economic, and social reasons why industrialization began first in Britain rather than on the Continent.” Hints: Be certain to explain the factors and give examples. Also, be sure that you are covering why not the rest of Europe.2. “To what extent did reformers in Britain respond to the problems of industrialization beginning in late 18th century-19th century.”Hint: Be sure to include acts of the British government, industrialists themselves, and the Chartist movement

3. “Analyze the evolution of utopian socialism, Marxism, and Anarchism. How did the classical economists attempt to save capitalism by the mid-19th century?”Hint: Be sure to include Marxist critiques of both capitalism and utopian socialists.

WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY Examine the socio-cultural development of Romanticism in the arts, music, and literature IOT pass quiz on

Friday (PP-14)(OS-10,12)

Materials Strategy/Formatppt, (maybe video??) Lecture-discussion/assessment SL.CCR.1

Student SkillsCausationPeriodizationComparison/ContextInterpretationSynthesis

Introduction After our heavy economics and political based discussions of the last couple of weeks, now we will turn

towards some cultural and intellectual topics for a while. However, nationalism and war are just around the corner…..moooo haaaaaa.

Romanticism is one of the richest cultural movements of the 19 th century. Romanticism like the Enlightenment has a rough start date but to some degree, it is hard to find an ending date because both are still popular. The Enlightenment found its start in the early 18th century and was seen in the Enlightened values espoused by both the American and French Revolutions. The Romantic Period is perhaps slightly later and for some Romanticists the start was in the turbulent post-moderate phase of the French Revolution. In fact, both movements see Rousseau as a founder. Not a surprise perhaps since he wrote both for and sometimes against the rights of the individual. As one of my students put it some years ago, “If you like science, robotics, math, and believe that the world can be explained rationally, then you are a nerd. If you also like Harry Potter, witches, werewolves, vampires, and ghosts, then you’re a super nerd.” In a sense this is the basic tension between the Enlightenment and the Romantic Period.

When we started our discussion of the Enlightenment, we began with a philosophical underpinning that really commenced during the Scientific Revolution. The scientists of this period focused upon empirical data, rational conclusions through experiments, and finally an attempt to generate universally accepted natural laws. This was the work of Bacon, Newton, and Galileo to name a few. We saw that the universal natural laws even extended into law, politics, and religion.

However, there was almost immediately a counter-tradition. Some stressed that there was another physical interpretation called metaphysics. This suggests that there are some explanations that transcend (hence transcendentalists) that defy normal conventions. Immanuel Kant expressed what he called the noumenal world. Modern philosophy has generally denied the possibility of knowledge independent of the senses, and Immanuel Kant gave this point of view its classical version, saying that the noumenal world may exist, but it is completely unknowable to humans. The idea that something is unknowable flies directly in the face of the Enlightenment tradition. Yet, this is a key hallmark of Romanticism, that human knowledge might have limits. The Romantic Tradition will also be a foundation for later philosophical movements such as existentialism in the late 19th -20th centuries.

One key theme of Romanticism is what can happen when man, through science, becomes too arrogant. Frankenstein for example.

Today we will begin our discussion with a comparison of the two traditions. Which one will you most identify with? Is it uncomfortable to think that we don’t know it all? What implications does this have for religion, sciences, and the arts?

Romanticism Characteristics

Maybe we should start by saying that Romanticism has nothing really to do with candlelight dinners, smooching, and opening a door for a lady. Romanticism is a school of thought that does not blindly except sensory experiences, natural law, and the concept of universally accepted ideas.

In the arts and literature there is a distinct focus upon the darker side of man (“Sturm und drang”) tradition of German poetry and literature. There is a return to painting away from the neo-classical style of Jacques Louis David and to a more gothic look. There is also an awareness of the power of nature and its superiority to us. This goes against a more scientific trend to master nature. We will see some examples of this next week. The transcendentalists in American history (Thoreau, Emerson, and Whitman among others) all were heavily influenced by the spiritual side. Poe was influenced by the darker side.

In music, there were more nationalistic themes focusing on unique cultural sounds and themes. Dvorak and Chopin wrote compositions that compromised elements of folk music (Slovanic Danses and polonaise respectively). There was a huge influence of Russian composers (Tchaikovsky for example), and of Germans especially Richard Wagner.

The teaching and writing of history is also impacted by Romanticism. This is known as historicism. In early Greco-Roman traditions, liberalism, and Marxism history is linear. It had a beginning and it will have an end. This is called a meta-narrative. It is also characterized by stages of historical developmenta. Greco-Romans and religious historians see gods or gods influence as a prime mover of history. As a

result, the process begins with God and ends with Judgment or some sort or perhaps some apocalyptic event that ends time.

b. Liberals see the start as the renaissance-Enlightenment understanding of individualism and natural rights/natural laws. The end will come when liberalism becomes to only system.

c. Similarly, Marxism as you will discover, uses stage theories of development called the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. History will end here when the proletariat rises up in world revolution ending bourgeoisie control and inaugurating one world government.

In the Romantic Tradition, there is a different interpretation. Herder who we have already mentioned with German nationalism stressed that while some universal constants might exist, culture is unique to all nations and peoples and should be studied and appreciated. This cultural nationalism did not necessarily stress that one is better than others. Rousseau’s attacks on “civilization” and glorification of the “noble savage” are good examples of how yet again; he is seen as a founder of Romanticism. Most important was JG Hegel’s cyclical stage theory also known as the Hegelian Dialectic. Thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Here an idea forms and becomes accepted only to be attacked as old, outdated, unjust. It is overthrown and replaced. Once done, it synthesizes elements of the old ideas with the new.

Romanticism in Literature

NationalismIn Germany, it's easy to see the influence of nationalism. The new romantic taste favored simplicity and naturalness; and these were thought to flow most clearly and abundantly from the "spontaneous" outpourings of the untutored common people. In Germany in particular, the idea of a collective Volk (people) dominated a good deal of thinking about literature and the arts. Rather than paying attention to the individual authors of popular works, these scholars celebrated the anonymous masses who invented these works as if from their very souls. All this fantasizing about the creative folk process reflected precious little knowledge about the actual processes by which songs and stories are created and passed on and created as well as an ideology. The result of dwelling on creative folk genius was a good deal of nationalism. Probably the most famous German Romantic (though he despised the term) was Johann Wolfgang Goethe deliberately places German folkloric themes and images on a par with Classical ones in Faust. This is an example of showing how German mythology was equal to anything that "Latin Culture."

Gothic MedievalismIt is perhaps not surprising that Romantics would look to the distant past as inspiration, a time before the influence of the classicism of the late 18th century. Another quite distinct contribution to the Romantic movement was the Gothic romance. The first was Horace Walpole's Castle of Otranto (1765), set in a haunted castle and containing various mysterious apparitions such as a gigantic mailed fist. This sort of thing was popularized by writers like Edgar Allan Poe in the U.S.). In fact, the transcendental movement in American Literature was at the same time as Romanticism in Europe. Rejecting the Enlightenment ideal of balance and rationalism, readers eagerly sought out the hysterical, mystical, passionate adventures of terrified heroes and heroines in the clutches of frightening, mysterious forces. The modern horror novel and woman's romance are both descendants of the Gothic romance, as transmuted through such masterworks as Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre and her sister Emily's Wuthering Heights. Another classic Gothic work, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, is often cited as a forerunner of modern science fiction. Bram Stoker's Dracula also stems from the same period. The Gothic novel embraced the Medieval ("Gothic") culture so disdained by the early 18th century.

OrientalismGiven the interest in assaulting classicism it's probably not a surprise that some Romantics became influenced by non-European themes. Think about the image that we saw of Lord Byron. Another important aspect of Romanticism is the exotic. Just as Romantics responded to the longing of people for a distant past, so they provided images of distant places. The distances need not be terribly great: Spain was a favorite "exotic" setting for French Romantics, for instance. North Africa and the Middle East provided images of "Asia" to Europeans. Generally anywhere south of the country where one was resided was considered more relaxed, more colorful, more sensual. Such exoticism consisted largely of simple stereotypes endlessly repeated, but the Romantic age was also a period in which Europeans were launching a new wave of imperialism but also traveling. Sometimes the view mirrored Rousseau and Montainge before him that "civilization" was not as great as people made it out to be and they glorified the idea of the "noble savage." Many male travelers viewed the women of almost any foreign land one could name as more sexually desirable and available than the women at home, and so they are depicted in fiction, drama, art, and opera. Just as Scott was the most influential force in popularizing the romantic historical novel, exoticism in literature was inspired more by Lord Byron--especially his Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-1818)--than by any other single writer. Whereas the Romantic lyric poetry of Coleridge, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth had a negligible influence outside of their native tongue, the sweep of Byron's longer poems translated well into other languages and other artistic media

The Power of Nature and TranscendentalismThe attitudes toward nature common in the Western world today emerged mostly during the Romantic period. The Enlightenment had talked of "natural law" as the source of truth, but such law was manifest in human society and related principally to civic behavior. As we saw from artistic works of the Italian Renaissance, Europeans had traditionally had little interest in natural landscapes for their own sake. Particularly in England with the works of painters like John Constable, paintings of rural settings were usually extremely idealized: either well-tended gardens or views of the countryside that offered serenity. A similar movement could be found in America with the Hudson River School of artists.Here again, Rousseau is a formative important figure. He loved to go for long walks, climb mountains, and generally "commune with nature." (Reveries of a Solitary Walker). In the U.S. transcendentalism emphasized the calming influence of breaking with "civilization" (Henry David Thoreau and Walt Whitman to name a couple). Another common break with the Enlightenment is the implication that man can control nature. The Romantics disagreed

wholeheartedly. The violence of ocean storms came to be appreciated as an esthetic object in any number of paintings, musical tone poems, and written descriptions, as in the opening of Goethe's Faust.. The Romantics, just as they cultivated sensitivity to emotion generally, especially cultivated sensitivity to nature. It came to be felt that to muse by a stream, to view a thundering waterfall or even confront a rolling desert could be morally improving. Much of the nature writing of the 19th century has a religious quality to it absent in the previous period. Some of you might remember from U.S. history that James Fennimore Cooper became a respected writer in Europe because people there loved his frontier stories like The Last of the Mohicans.

ConclusionThe Romantic Movement was an important cultural period that, like the Enlightenment, captured a certain mood of the period or what is sometimes called the zeitgeist, or "spirit of the age." Romanticism to some degree embodied the nationalism of the era as the art, music, and literature often adopted characteristics of a given country, region, or people. It rebelled from a sense of classicism or cosmopolitan ideas of beauty. Though some texts (like McKay) claim that the movement died out by mid-19th century, there is plenty of evidence to so that it has never died. Much of the philosophic ideas of the movement can be seen into the early 20th century existentialist period and beyond. The artistic assault on classicism can be seen in modern arts. And in the realm of literature (especially as it became adapted to film in the early 20th century) we see an interest in psycho-thrillers and horror films, not to mention a continued growth in fantasy subjects.

HomeworkBe sure and read pp: 695 – 699 on Romanticism before the Friday QuizAlso, the Short answer section will be due in class.

FRIDAY (Turn in LEQ from the last Unit) Quiz on Romantic Movement (PP-14) (OS-10,12)

Materials Strategy/FormatQuiz forms assessment and review

Student SkillsCausationPeriodizationInterpretationSynthesis

Instructions Today, quiz will cover the cultural aspects of the Romantic Movement of the 19th century. The questions

will be mostly stimulus based questions. This will include a few questions from the reading also. You will need to write on your own paper for this assignment but attach the questions when completed.

HomeworkRead the Communist Manifesto. The paper will be due soon so don’t delay.