Yokohari_M_Designing a sustainable future for suburban landscapes with rural greenspace
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Transcript of Yokohari_M_Designing a sustainable future for suburban landscapes with rural greenspace
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Designing a sustainable future for
East-Asian peri-urban areas through
integrating rural greenspace
Makoto YOKOHARI The University of Tokyo
LaTrobe University, Bundoora, October 2013
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Forest
(70%) Agricultural (12%)
Urban (8%)
370,000km2
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1
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10000
0
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30
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2.27
169.6
2970.4
14.1
55.8 52.6 78.6
12.2
41.0
52.8 43.5
47.3 53.3
71.1 % hectors
Proportion of the land area for
agricultural uses
Average farmland size per farm
household
Small and labor intensive Japanese agriculture
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Kanto, 70km N of Tokyo
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http://mainichi.jp/select/jiken/graph/20110311/43.html
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Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake
January 17, 1995
Dead: 6400
Injured: 44000
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September 1, 1923
Victims: 1,484,000
(58%)
Dead: 58,000
Burnt-down houses:
215,000(62%)
Burnt-down area:
3342ha(42%)
Great Kanto Earthquake
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SOURCE: Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program, United Nations Population Division
Seismic hazards and mega-cities
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Flood in Bangkok Bangkok (2011), Beijing (2012), Manila (2012)…..
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D
isast
er
risk
s
Comprehensive Risk index
by Munich Reinsurance Company
Paris
NYC
Tokyo
Paris 25
New York 42
Tokyo
710
30 London
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Need to develop a sustainable and resilient
planning concept suitable for areas prone
to natural disasters
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What kind of a planning concept?
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Cologne, Germany
16th century
Paris, France
16th century
Cities in medieval Europe
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Greater London Plan (1944) and the London Green Belt
by Patrick Abercrombie
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Urban Rural
Juxtaposition of homogeneous land units
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Urban Rural
Inter-unit functional relations
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SOURCE: Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program, United Nations Population Division
Seismic hazards and mega-cities
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Loss of inter-unit
functional relationships
No way to survive?
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Engawa Public? Private?
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Container plants placed along roji (paths) in shitamachi Public? Private?
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Agricultural lands in residential neighbor-hoods Urban? Rural?
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Edo
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Land use of Edo in the mid 19th century
More than 40% of the land area was for agricultural uses
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Mixture of urban and rural land uses in the mid 19th century Edo
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Night soil
Agricultural products Edo Farm
households
Edo: One of the most successful sustainable
cities based on the urban/rural land use mixture
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1906
Kichijoji Mitaka
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1937
Kichijoji Mitaka
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Kichijoji Mitaka
1956
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1998
Kichijoji Mitaka
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Rural
Urban
What modern urban planning aimed…
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Rural
Urban
What actually happened in Japan…
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Chaotic?
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Urban agricultural units providing food to neighboring urban land units
in emergency events
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intera-urban
peri-urban
rural
international
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intera-urban
peri-urban
rural
international
Food supply from intra- and peri-urban areas for redundant and thus resilient food supply
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Agricultural lands with prime soil found in and around the urban core
railroad station
urban land use top
mid
low
Soil quality
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Pe
rce
nta
ge
of a
gricu
ltu
ral la
nd
s w
ith
prim
e s
oil
an
d th
at o
f b
uilt
up
la
nd
s
Distance from the urban core (railroad station)
agricultural land with prime soil
built up land
R2 = 0.77
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Multi-functionality / ecosystem services of agricultural lands in peri-urban areas
Bio-diversity conservation
Microclimate control (Reduction of summer heat)
Scenery conservation
Water retention
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Heat
island
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Farmland patches as “cool spots” in a residential neighborhood
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Coverage ratio of paddy fields per unit (%)
Relationship between the coverage ratio of paddy fields and the
temperature differences between paddy fields and the urban core
2C
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Peri-urban landscapes with various agricultural greens
A suitable planning concept for East-Asia
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Who’s going to cultivate the lands?
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
1990 1995 2000 2005
Declining agriculture in Tokyo
household household
Subsistence
(46.3%) Minor
Sub-major
Major 15-29
30-49
50-59
60-64
Over 65
(52.8%)
Farm households (Tokyo Met) Farm households (23 wards)
Farm operation (Tokyo Met) MAFF (2006) Age of farmers (Tokyo Met) MAFF (2006)
2005 2005
MAFF (2006) Tokyo Met(2006)
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Estimated demographic transitions of Japan
More than 25% of the population become over 65 within 20 years
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Past Future (estimate)
Transitions in the population of Japan : 1955 to 2055
Shrinking population, shrinking cities, and shrinking
economy
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Urban residents retired at the age around 60 willing to practice agriculture as their second life
Let them come out from their backyard and collaborate with farmers
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Agriculture experience gardens
Nerima, Tokyo
Instructed by local farmers
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Local “urban” residents working, not volunteering, as
semi-professional farmers on suburban farmlands
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Group A Group B, Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Community
garden
Professional
farming
small large
Group A
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Community
garden
Professional
farming
Group B
Number of grown vegetables
small large
Size of farmland
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Urb
an h
obby farm
ers
Pro
fess
ional fa
rmers
9.1
kg/m2/year
6.2
kg/m2/year
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Peri-urban landscapes with a small-scaled mixture of fragmented urban and
agricultural land uses
May not be “beautiful” but “functional” to create sustainable and resilient cities
in East Asia
Thank you!