,yff; pa eak; - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t11tim157.pdf,yff; pa eak; Mrpupau ;; topfhlb; juk ; 11...

,yf;fpa eak;

Mrpupau;; topfhl;b

juk; 11

(2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ)

jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,yq;if

,izaj;jsk;; :www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

,yf;fpa eak;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk; - 11

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.

ISBN

Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2016

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

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nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

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,izaj;jsk;;; : www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

gjpg;G:

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ii

iii

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika> mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk;rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nju;r;rpikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2016Mk; Mz;bypUe;Jjuk; 1> 7> 11 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e; Nehf;fj;ij milAk;nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l NgWfisAk;Mu;tyu;fSila gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; gyjug;gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Jk;ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhU nrad;KiwiamwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gb juq;fSf;fhftpUj;jp nra;;Js;sJ.

,e;j epahag;gLj;jw; nrad;Kiwapw; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; NghJ epiyf;Fj;jhdxUq;fpizg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa mZFKiwapy;midj;Jg; ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Kiwikahf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.NkYk;> mbg;gil tplaq;fspypUe;J cau; kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; tifapy;mit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; $wpaJ $wy;kw;Wk; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rik vd;gtw;iw ,opepiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yTk; khztu;NeakhdJk; eilKiwf;Nfw;wJkhd fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;fw;gpf;fTk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfisNkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTKfkhf Mrpupau ; topfhl;bapw ; Gjpa tbtikg;GmwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; topfhl;ly;fs; Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; nkd;NkYk;cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk; tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.

Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw;ju cs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr;Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr; RikiatpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;mNjNtis fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fisAk;nghUj;jkhd tifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J khztu; ikaf; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fj;jskhw;wk; nra;tJk; NtiyAyfpw;F Vw;w tifapw; nghUj;jkhd kdpj tsq;fistpUj;jp nra;tJk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ghlrhiyapypUe;JntspNaWk; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fy;tpKiwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Nkw;gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk;Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Gjpa tbtikg;G vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpw; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iv

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.

kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ve;j xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;

mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg; gz;gLj;jpg;

Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;bfs;>

trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpj;Jiwapw; Nru;e;J

nfhs;fpd;wd.

,yq;if> etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika

kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUjlit ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;

fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bfs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk; gprfhJ

mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp

kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis mz;kpg;gjw;fhff;

fw;wy; Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;

trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. khztuJ milTr;

rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr;

nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $l

gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd

,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; md;W vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;>

Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;gpy;> Njrpa epiyg; guPl;rfu;fshy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;ngWk;

milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy;

trjp nra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; kjpg;gplg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd

gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b mika

Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

gPlhjpgjp> gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fiyj;jpl;lf; FO

MNyhridAk; topfhl;lYk; :fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghl tpla MNyhrid : Nguhrpupau;> fyhepjp t. kNf];tud;

jiytu;> jkpo;j;Jiw> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

Nguhrpupau;> fyhepjp Nf. tprhf&gd;

aho;.gy;fiyf;fofk;> aho;g;ghzk;.

jpU.f.,uFgud;

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> njd; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

xYtpy;.

fyhepjp. =. gpurhe;jd;

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;.

nry;tp. t. tp[anyl;Rkp

gzpg;ghsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

,izg;ghf;fk; : jpU. K.jahepjp

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

jpUkjp. eh.rPjud; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

tsg; gq;fspg;G :nry;tp. khfpwpj;jh Ntjehafk;

rpNu\;l Mrpupau;> gk;gyg;gpl;b ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G.

fyhepjp. e. ,utPe;jpud;

tpupTiuahsu;> Mrpupau; fyhrhiy> k`ufk.

jpUkjp. ,. ujp NjtRe;juk;

Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> fz;b.

jpUkjp. j. epiwkjp

Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;>

tTdpah njw;F> tTdpah.

jpU.e.mUshde;jk; gpujpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> khj;jis.

[dhg;. vk;. k/W}g;

Mrpupau;> Gj;/ nfhj;jhd;jPT k.tp> nfhj;jhd;jPT.jpU. e.Nahfypq;fk;Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> ,uj;jpdGup.

jpUkjp. j. khzpf;fuh[h

Mrpupia> nfh/ tpNtfhde;jh fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G - 13

v

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

2007 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ghlrhiyfspy; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; njhFjpg; ghlq;fSs;

xd;whf ,Ue;JtUk; ‘,yf;fpa eak;’ vDk; ghlk; 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd;

gpd;dUk; mNj tpjkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. 10 - 11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf>

thunkhd;Wf;F %d;W ghlNtisfs; xJf;fg;gl;;Ls;sd. f.ngh.j. rhjhuz jug;

guPl;irapy; 10 - 11 Mk; juq;fSf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

kjpg;gPl;il elj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

10 - 11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf> Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mZFKiwapd;

gb gpujhdkhd ehd;F Nju;r;rpfspd; fPo; ,yf;fpa eak; ghlj;Jf;fhd fiyj;jpl;lk;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ghlj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa

mwpTWj;jy;fs; vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.

‘,yf;fpa eak;’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj fl;bnaOg;g vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ> ghlq;fSk; mg;ghlq;fisg; gapYtjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapay;fSk; Kf;fpakhdit. ,J njhlu;ghf Mrpupaupd; gzp;fis

,yFgLj;Jk; nghUl;L> RUf;f tpsf;fq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. Mrpupau;fs; jkJ Mf;ftpay;

jpwikfisg; gad;gLj;jp> tFg;giwj; Njitapd;gb> mtw;iw NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;tNjhL> Gjpa nraw;ghLfisAk; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ‘,yf;fpa eak;’vDk; ,g;ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis milaj;jf;f tifapy; nraw;ghLfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L toq;Ftjd; %yk;

ghlq;fisg; gapy;tjpy; khztiu topg;gLj;JtNj ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

mjw;fika juk; - 11 ‘,yf;fpa eak;’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis epiwT

nra;jthW Nju;r;rpkpf;f> Gjpa cyFf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,sQ; re;jjpapdiu

cUthf;Ftjw;F topfhl;LtNj ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.

E}yhf;ff; FO

vi

nghUslf;fk;

gf;fk;

01. gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii

02. gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iv

03. fiyj;jpl;lf; FO v

04. Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa

mwpTWj;jy;fs; vi

05. Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; viii

06. mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; ix - x

07. ghlj;jpl;lk; xi

08. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly; 1-33

vii

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ> jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd

Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk;

jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis

epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;

fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf> epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l

tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa

fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G>

Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;

%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy;

%yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij

Vw;gLj;jYk;.

2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL> Njrpa

ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.

3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T>

xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw

Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa

Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.

4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;

5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG>

Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis

tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

6. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Nghrpf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd;

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd

fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;

jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuhjJkhd

epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>

ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba

kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 jpnrk;gu;)

viii

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa

,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

1. njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;>fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;vOJjy;> gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;

vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;FKiwahf msj;jy;

rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;.tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why;ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;>nrhe ;j tho ;t py ; jfty ; njhlu ;ghly ;njhopDl;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;

2. MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>

EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;>

jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd

jpwikfs;

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa

tpOkpaq;fs;

- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT

3. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL (r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;) njhlu;GWfpd;wd.

r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu;elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;>cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;

mf;fiwAk;

capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;>

fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpjtho;T

ix

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk;

mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;>

nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;>

capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G

gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk;

Ntiy nra;tjw ;Fk ; tho ;tjw ;Fk ; fUtpfisAk ;

njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;

Nghrpg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.

- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;

- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;

- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;

- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;

5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk; ehshe;j

tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg;

nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk;

cs;thq;fYk;

6. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;Lg; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T

Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj

mDgtq;fs;

7. “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” ; njhlHghd Nju;r;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy;

xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw

Clhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba

czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 jpnrk;gu;)

x

ghlj;jpl;lk;

xi

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;wy; NgWfs;tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl

Ntis

1.0 ,yf;fpaq;

fis eae;J>

fUj;Jf;fis

ntspg;gLj;J

thu;.

• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;

• nra;As;

,yf;fpaq;fs;

1.1 ghlg;gFjpfis

<Lghl;LlDk;

Fuy; Vw;w ,wf;fj;

JlDk; thrpg;ghu;.

• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fis thrpj;J eae;jtw;iwf;

$Wthu;.

• gilg;Gf;fspd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; Mrpupau; $w te;j tplaq;

fisAk; $Wthu;.

• gilg;Gf;fis tpku;rdk; nra;thu;.

- ifahsg;gl;l nkhopeil

• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; Clhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;

fisg; gFj;J Nehf;Fthu;.

- gbg;gpid

- mwf;fUj;J

- tpOkpak;

- eifr;Rit

- r%fg; ghu;it

• nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fis thrpj;J eae;jtw;iwf; $Wthu;.

• Mf;fj;jpd; cUt>cs;slf;fg; nghUj;jg;ghl;bidf; $Wthu;.

• ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cs;s rpwg;Gf;fisf;; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

- mzpfs;

- fw;gid

- tu;zid

- nkhop

- Mrpupau; $w te;j tplak;

- ifahsg;gl;l nkhopeil

• nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Clhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;

fisg; gFj;J Nehf;Fthu;.

- gbg;gpid - mwf;fUj;J - tpOkpak;

- eifr;Rit - r%fg;ghu;it

04

ghlj;jpl;lk;

-

xii


Ntis

1.2 gilg;Gfiseae;J> mjd;Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wpf;fye;JiuahLthu;.

1.3 gilg;Gfs; %ykhfr%fj;ijAk; jhd;thOk; cyfj;ij -Ak; tpsq;fp> mitgw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisvLj;Jiug;ghu;.

1.4 tpku;rd Nehf;Fld;gilg;Gg; gw;wpafUj;Jf;fis Kd;

itg;ghu;.

• ciueil,yf;fpaq;fs;

• nra;As;,yf;fpaq;fs;


• nra;As;

,yf;fpaq;fs;



• gilg;Gf;fis eag;ghu;.• gilg;Gf;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

- gilg;ghspapd; mDgt ntspg;ghL- ,urid ntspg;ghL

- r%f Nehf;F - tpOkpaq;fs;

• gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisg; gpd;tUkhWgFj;J Nehf;Fthu;.

- jdpkdpj ,ay;Gfs;- FLk;g cwTfs;

- r%f Clhl;lk;- cyfg;Nghf;F

- tpOkpaq;fs;

• tpku;rd Nehf;Fld; gilg;Gg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;. - ,yf;fpak; $w KidAk; fUj;Jf;fs; - jdpkdpj ,ay;Gfs;;> FLk;gk;> r%fk; gw;wpa ghu;it - ifahsg;gl;l cj;jpfs; - ghj;jpuq;fs; - nkhopeil

-

06

06

-

07

-

xi i i


Ntis

2.1 gilg;Gf;fspy;

ntspg;gLk;

nkhopg; gpuNahfq;

fis ed;F

fpufpj;J tpil -

aspg;ghu;.

2.2 ghlg; gFjpapd;

Clhfg; ngw;w

nkhopahw;wiyg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

3.1 gy;NtWgl;l

gilg;Gf;fis

Mu;tj;Jld;

thrpg;ghu;.

2.0 ,yf;fpaq; -

fisf; fw;W

nkhopahw;wiy

ntspg;gLj;J

thu;.

3.0 gy;NtWgl;l

gilg;Gf;fis

thrpg;gjd;

%ykhf

,yf;fpaj;juk;

tha;e;j

Mf;fq;fisg;

gilg;ghu;.

• gilg;Gf;fspd; Kf;fpa nkhopg; gpuNahfq;fisj;

njhFj;Jf; $Wthu;.

- nrhy;yhl;rpfs;

- ghj;jpu kdTzu;Tfs;;

- mUk;gjq;fs;

- mzp;fs;

- Ngr;R tof;F> vOj;J tof;F

- fpis nkhop

• ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W> mtw;wpy; cs;s

nkhopeilia ,dq;fz;L gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

- nra;As; eil / trd eil

- Ngr;R tof;F> vOj;J tof;F

- fpis nkhop

- ghj;jpu kdTzu;Tfs;;

- mUk;gjq;fs;

- mzp;fs;

• gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw thrpg;ghu;.

- ftpij / nra;As;;- fij> rpWfij

- fl;Liu

- ehlfq;fs;






• ftpij / nra;As;;;

02

02

-

04

10

-

xiv


Ntis

4.0 ,yf;fpa

mDgtj;jpd;

%yk; tho;it

Nkk;gLj;Jthu;.

3.2 gilg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J

rpe;jpj;J> fye;Jiu-

ahb> jkJ Mu;tj; -

jpw;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fk;

fw;gidj; jpwDf;Fk;;

Vw;Gila NtWgl;l

Mf;fq;fisg;

gilg;ghu;.

4.1 ,yf;fpaq;fspD}lhf

ntspg;gLk;

fUj;Jf;fisg;

gFj;J Nehf;Fthu;.

4.2 ,yf;fpaq;fs;

eilKiw

tho;f;ifNahL

njhlu;GgLkhw;iw

tpsf;Fthu;.


• ftpij / nra;As;;;





• NtWgl;l Gjpa Mf;fq;fisg; gilf;f Kd;tUthu;.

- ftpij / nra;As;;;- fij / rpWfij

- fl;Liu

- ehlfq;fs;

• ,yf;fpaq;fspD}lhf ntspg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gFj;J

Nehf;Fthu;.

- mwf; fUj;Jf;fs; - gbg;gpidfs;

- tpOkpaq;fs; - r%fg; ghu;it

- eifr;Rit czu;T - tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;

- jj;Jtq;fs;

• ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fis

,dq;fz;L gpd;gw;Wthu;.

- mwf; fUj;Jf;fs; - gbg;gpidfs;

- tpOkpaq;fs; - r%fg; ghu;it

- eifr;Rit czu;T - tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;

- khDlNeak; - Gupe;Jzu;T

- nghWg;Gzu;T

-

07

05

-

08

65

04

xv

tpla cs;slf;fk;

01. nra;Al;;; gFjp - rpyg;gjpfhuk;: fhdy;tup - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

02. ciueilg; gFjp (rpWfij) njspT - [dhg;.K.g\Pu;

03. ciueilg;;; gFjp - fhye;NjhWk; mfk;

1. rq;f fhyk;

FWe;njhif - fgpyu;

2. rq;fkUtpa fhyk;

fhu; ehw;gJ - kJiuf; fz;zq; $j;jdhu;

3. gy;ytu; fhyk;

ehr;rpahu; jpUnkhop -Mz;lhs;

4. Nrhou; fhyk;

esntz;gh - GfNoe;jpg;Gytu;

5. ehaf;fu; fhyk;

jdpg;;ghly; jpul;L - fhsNkfg;Gytu;

04. ciueilg; gFjp (fl;Liu) - Gfo;Ntl;il - m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd;

05. nra;Al;;; gFjp (ftpij) - NaR fpwp];J - kfhftp ghujpahu ;;

06. ciueilg; gFjp (fl;Liu) - kpd;kpdpfshy; xU Njhuzk;

ghl E}y; vOj;jhsu; FO

07. ciueilg; gFjp (rpWfij) - jPTkdpjd; - ghu;j;jpgd ;

08. nra;Al;; gFjp - jw;fhyf; ftpij:

m. ehisa Gul;rp

gpukps; (ju;kypq;fk; rptuhkypq;fk;)

M. ,Ug;G - jpUkhtstd;

,. J}u; - eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhu;

<. xU fij- fp\;tu; e`Pj ;

(jkpohf;fk;: v];.tP.uh[Jiu)

09. ciueilg; gFjp (fl;Liu) - ngUkukhfpg; NghdnjhU tho;T

(ghYkNfe;jpuh gw;wpaJ)- m[ad; ghyh

10. nra;Al;; gFjp - nky;ypirg; ghly;:

m. X...tz;bf;fhuh... - ePyhtzd;

M. mofhd xU Nrhbf;fz;fs;

g]Py; fhupag;gu;

11. ciueilg; gFjp (ehlfk;) - etPd ehlfk;: tQ;rpau; fhz;lk;

gpusad; (rz;KfRe;juk; re;jpuNrfud;)

xvi

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw;

nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly;

xvii

1

,y. Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; gf;.

kl;lk;

Kjyhe; jtiz

01. 1.0 1.2 nra;Al;;; gFjp - fhdy;tup 03

02. 2.0 2.2 ciueilg; gFjp

(rpWfij) - njspT 05

03. 4.0 4.2 ciueilg;;; gFjp - fhye;NjhWk; mfk; 07


(fl;Liu) - Gfo;Ntl;il 11

,uz;lhk;; jtiz

01. 2.0 2.1 nra;Al;;; gFjp - ghujpahu; ftpij 14

(ftpij)

02. 1.0 1.3 ciueilg; gFjp - kpd;kpdpfshy; xU Njhuzk; 16

(fl;Liu)

03. 1.0 1.4 ciueilg; gFjp - jPT kdpjd; 18

(rpWfij)

04. 3.0 3.2 nra;Al;; gFjp - jw;fhyf; ftpij:

m. ehisa Gul;rp 20

M. ,Ug;G> J}u; 21

,. xU fij 23

%d;whe;; ; jtiz

01. 4.0 4.1 ciueilg; gFjp - ngUkukhfpg; NghdnjhU

(fl;Liu) tho;T 26

02. 4.0 4.2 nra;Al;; gFjp - nky;ypirg; ghly;:

m. X...tz;bf;fhuh... 28

M. mofhd xU Nrhbf;fz;fs; 30

03. 3.0 3.1 ciueilg; gFjp - etPd ehlfk;: tQ;rpau; fhz;lk; 32

(ehlfk;)

2

Kjyhe;; ; jtiz

,y. Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl gf;.

kl;lk; Ntis

01. 1.0 1.2 nra;Al;;; gFjp - fhdy;tup 06 03


(rpWfij) - njspT 04 05

03. 4.0 4.2 ciueilg;;; gFjp - fhye;NjhWk; mfk; 08 07

04. 1.0 1.1 ciueilg; gFjp - Gfo;Ntl;il 04 11

(fl;Liu)

nkhj;jk; 22

3

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fis eae;J> fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 1.2 : gilg;Gf;fis eae;J> mjd; Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: rpyg;gjpfhuk;: fhdy;tup

1. Nfhtyd; fhtpupia Nehf;fpg; ghbait

2. khjtp fhtpupia Nehf;fpg; ghbait

ghlNtis: 06

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

rpyg;gjpfhu fhtpak; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nra;As;fisr; re;jpgpupj;J> nfhz;L$l;b thrpg;ghu;.

jug;gl;l nra;Al; gFjpia eae;J thrpg;ghu;.

fhdy;tup gw;wpAk; ,g;ghly;fs; ghlg;gl;l re;ju;g;gk; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.

,r; nra;Al;fs; ghlg;gl;l fhuzq;fis ,dq;fz;L Kd;itg;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:

rpyg;gjpfhu fhg;gpak; gw;wpAk; mjd; cs;slf;fk; gw;wpAk; fye;Jiuahb

tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

fhdy;tup ghlg;gl;l re;ju;g;gj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

nra;Al;fisr; re;jpgpupj;J> nfhz;L$l;b thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

nra;Al;fspd; nghUis tpsf;Fjy;;.

nra;Al;fspd; nghUisr; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOjr; nra;jy;.

nra;Al;fspy; gapd;Ws;s mzpfis eae;J> mit gw;wp tpsf;fr; nra;jy;.

nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

rpyg;gjpfhuk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;- rq;fkUtpa fhy mw ,yf;fpak;.

- Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W.

- ,sq;Nfh mbfshy; ghlg;gl;lJ.

(,tu; Nruyhjd; kfd;> nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; jk;gp)

- rpyg;gjpfhuk; %d;W fhz;lq;fisAk;; Kg;gJ fhijfisAk; nfhz;lJ.

Gfhu;f; fhz;lk; - gj;Jf; fhijfs;

kJiuf; fhz;lk; - gjpd;%d;W fhijfs;

tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; - VO fhijfs;

jug;gl;l nra;As;fs; Gfhu;f; fhz;lj;jpy; fhdy; tupf; fhijapy;Mw;Wtupapy;

tUfpd;wd.

nrd;dp - Nrhod; - fupfhyd;.

4

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:

ghlE}y;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;

Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP) bikd; jhs;fs;> vOJfUtpfs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:

nra;As;fisr; re;jp gpupj;Jk; nfhz;L$l;bAk; thrpg;ghu;;.

nra;As;fspd; nghUis jw;fhy ciueilapy; vOJthu;.

nra;As;fs; ghlg;gl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpid vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

nra;As;;fis eae;J vOJthu;.

,r;nra;As;fs; ghlg;gl;l Nehf;fq;;fis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

5

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W> nkhopahw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : ghlg; gFjpapD}lhfg; ngw;w nkhopahw;wiyg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: rpWfij: njspT

ghlNtis: 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

Vw;nfdNt mwpe;j tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> rpWfij xd;wpd;

mikg;G> mjd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

rpWfijapy; fhzg;gLk; gpuNjr tof;fpid ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

rpWfijapd;; ghj;jpuq;fs;> fijf;fsk; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

ghj;jpuq;fspd; kdTzu;Tfs;> Fztpay;Gfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;;.

kuGuPjpahd fij $wypy; ,Ue;J> rpWfij vt;tifapy; NtWgLfpwJ vd;gijj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

fijf; fUit tsu;f;f> fjhrpupau; ifahz;l cj;jp gw;wp njspTgLj;Jthu;.

rpWfij Clhfg; ngw;w nkhopahw;wiyj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

rpWfij xd;iw vOJthu;.


rpWfij xd;wpd; mikg;G> mjd; gz;G gw;wp Vw;nfdNt fw;w tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLjy;.

,r;rpWfijapd; fijf;fsk;> ghj;jpu thu;g;G gw;wpa tplaq;fis MjhuG+u;tkhf

Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.

rpWfijapy; tUk; gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L> gl;baw;gLj;jr;

nra;jy;.

khztiuj; jdpj;jdpahf rpWfijia thrpf;fr; nra;J> mjpy; tUk;

ghj;jpuq;fs;> ghj;jpuq;fspd; kdTzu;Tfs;> Fzhk;rq;fs;> mg;ghj;jpuq;fspd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;jy;.

jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis toq;fr; nra;jy;.

rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; mzpfis ,dq;fz;L fye;JiuahLjy;.



rpWfijahrpupau; K.g\Pu; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; mtuJ Mf;fq;fisAk;;

Njbawpjy;.

gpd;tUk; mUQ;nrhw;fspd; nghUisj; Njbawpjy;:

mtruf; FLf;if

gu;jh

ajhu;j;jk;

6

[dpj;jy;

K`g;gj;

g P̀yd;

Y`u;

ypfpju;

tu;\pg;G

kTj;J

upahy;

fy;G

<f;fpah

mkhdpjk;


ghl E}y;> rpWfij - njspT

mfuhjp

vOJjhs;> vOJfUtpfs;

Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)


rpWfijapd; fU> fsk; gw;wp tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.

rpWfijapy; tUk; ghj;jpuq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jp> mtw;wpd; Fzg;gz;Gfis

tpgupj;J vOJthu;.

rpWfijapy; tUk; gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;b> nghUs; $Wthu;.

rpWfij Clhfg; ngw;w nkhopahw;wiyj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

jhKk; ,t;thwhd rpWfijia vOJthu;.

7

Nju;r;rp 4.0: ,yf;fpa mDgtj;jpd; %yk; tho;it Nkk;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ;; 4.2: ,yf;fpaq;fs; eilKiw tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;GWkhw;wpid

tpsf;Fthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; ;: mfNehf;F - fhye;NjhWk; mfk;

ghlNtis: 08

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyfl;lq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; vOe;j fhjy; gw;wpf; $wg;gLk; ,yf;fpaq;fis

tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

fhye;NjhWk; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhjy; czu;T ntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhw;wpid

eae;J $Wthu;.

xt;nthU fhyfl;lg; gilg;Gfspd; nkhopeil gw;wp vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

nra;Al;fspd; fUj;jpidj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; njspthf vOJthu;.

fhjy; czu;tpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; jw;fhyg; ghly;fSld;> Fwpj;j ghly;fis

xg;G Nehf;fpf; $Wthu;.

fhye;NjhWk; fhjy; czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; ftpQu;fsJ ntspg;ghl;Lj;

jpwid> xg;gpl;L tpsf;Fthu;.


jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W fhyfl;lq;fs;> mt;tf; fhyj;Jr; r%fg; gpd;dzp

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wp tpgupj;jy;.

(nghUswpT> czu;j;Jk; Kiw> cj;jpfs;.)

rq;ffhyj;jpd; ,yf;fpag; gz;ghfj; Jyq;fpait mfk; - Gwk; vd;gdthFk;.

Vida fhyfl;lq;fspy; NtW rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs; NkNyhq;fpa NghjpYk;> mq;F

mfk; - Gwk; vt;thW ntspg;gl;lnjd;gij czu;j;jy;.

fhjy; czu;tpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

mfTzu;thdJ Mz;> ngz; epiyfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fkhw;wpid

tpsf;Fjy;.

gy;ytu; fhy Mz;lhs; ghly;fspy; cyfpaw; fhjypD}lhf> nja;tPff;

fhjy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwikapid tpgupj;jy;.

khztu;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp Fwpj;j ghly;fisr; re;jpgpupj;J>

nfhz;L$l;b thrpf;fr; nra;jy;; nghUis tpsf;fpf; $wr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> xt;nthU fhy fl;lj;jpw;Fkhd nra;As;fis

toq;fp> mtw;wpd; nghUs;> mit $Wk; fhjy; czu;Tepiy> tho;tpay;

mk;rq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L fye;Jiuahlr; nra;jy;.


8


jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW gw;wpa mwpKfk;

rq;f fhyk;

rq;fkUtpa fhyk;

gy;ytu; fhyk;

Nrhou; fhyk;

ehaf;fu; fhyk;

INuhg;gpau; fhyk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyk;> xy;yhe;ju; fhyk;> Mq;fpNyau;

fhyk;)

jw;fhyk;

Kjyhk; ghly;

rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

- vl;Lj; njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; Nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; vdg;gLk;.

mit:

- mfk; rhu;e;jit

- Gwk; rhu;e;jit

- vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fspy; mfk; rhu;e;j E}y;fSs; FWe;njhifAk;

xd;whFk;.

,g; ghliyg; ghbatu; - fgpyu;

jpiz - FwpQ;rp

jiytd; $w;whf mike;j ghly;

- mUk;gj tpsf;fk;

G+f;Fw;W - G+itf; nfha;J

njhliy - khiy

ij, - njhLj;J

fbAk; - tpul;Lk;

capu;j;J - ngU%r;R tpl;L

,uz;lhk; ghly;

rq;fkUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

- ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; vdg;gLk;.

- mfk; rhu;e;jit

- Gwk; rhu;e;jit

- mwk; rhu;e;jit

- fhu;ehw;gJ - mfg;nghUs; gw;wpaJ.

jiytd; ghq;fDf;Ff; $wpaJ.

9

mUk;gj tpsf;fk;

rpuy; - rpf;rpypf; FUtp

tdg;G - moF

epuy; - tupir

jife;jd - mUk;gpd

rPu;j;jf;f - rpwe;j

rpy; - rpythfpa

%d;whk; ghly;

gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

- gf;jp rhu;e;jit

- gf;jp rhuhjit

gy;ytu;fhy gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehr;rpahu; jpUnkhopAk; xd;whFk;.

jiytp ghq;fpf;Ff; $wpaJ.

Mz;lhs; jd; fhjiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; ghly;fs;.

iff;fpis - xUjiyf; fhjy;.

ngz;zpd; epiyapy; epd;W> fhjy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

eilKiw tho;tpay; mk;rq;fSld; njhlu;GgLj;jp> rk;gpujha Kiwg;gb>

jdf;Fk;; ehuhazDf;Fk; jpUkzk; eilngWtjhff; fz;l fdtpidf;

$Wtjd; %yk; Mz;lhs;> ehuazd; Nky; nfhz;l fhjiy

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whs;.

mftpjpf;F Gwk;ghd kughf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mUk;gj tpsf;fk;

Kj;Jilj; jhkk; - Kj;Jf;fshyhd khiy

epiu jho;e;j - tupir tupirahfj; njhq;ftplg;gl;l khiy

ehd;fhk; ghly;

Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSs; xd;whd esntz;gh gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

fhjy; tag;gl;l ngz;zpd; kdTzu;T epiyiag; GfNoe;jpg;Gytu;

vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whu;.

mUk;gj tpsf;fk;

gps;is kPd; - kPd;FQ;R

epiu jho;e;j - tupir tupirahfj; njhq;ftplg;gl;l khiy

10

Ie;jhk; ghly;

ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSs; xd;whd fhsNkfg; Gytupd; nra;As;fs;

gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

jiytp Vfhk;guehjuplk; nfhz;l fhjiy> jd; Njhopkhu;fSf;F $Wjy;.

fdtpNy te;j mtd; if gw;wpaJ> kiwe;J NghdJ gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wjy;.

nra;As;fspy; ifahsg;gLk; rpNyilfs;.

Mw;wpNa fQ;rp Fb

- Nfhgj;ij Mw;wp (jzpj;J)> fhQ;rpapy; FbapUg;gtd;.

- fQ;rpia Mw;wpf; Fb

fspj;jpd;W Ngh

- ,d;W fspj;Jg; Ngh - vd;Dld; ,d;W kfpo;thf ,Ue;Jtpl;Lg; Ngh.

- fspj;jpd;W Ngh - fspia cz;Ltpl;Lg; Ngh.

mUk;gj tpsf;fk;

tplha; vd;Nwd; - tpL vd;Nwd;

tQ;rpau; - tQ;rpf; nfhb Nghd;w ,ilAila ngz;fs;


ghlE}y;

mfuhjp

vOJ jhs;> vOJ fUtpfs;


ghly;fisr; re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L$l;bk; thrpg;ghu;.

ghly;fspd; nghUisr; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.

ghlypD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; czu;tpid tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

fhye;NjhWk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fspy; fhjy; czu;T ntspg;gLj;Jk;

Kiwikapid tpgupg;ghu;.

goe;jkpo;r; nra;Al;fis> jw;fhy ghly;fSld; xg;G Nehf;fpf; $Wthu;.

11

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fis eae;J> fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : ghlg; gFjpfis <Lghl;LlDk; Fuy; Vw;w> ,wf;fj;JlDk;

thrpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: fl;Liu: Gfo;Ntl;il

ghlNtis: 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

ghlg;; gFjpapidf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpg;ghu;.

fl;Liuapd; nghUis tpsq;fp thrpg;ghu;.

fl;Liuahrpupau; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.

fl;Liuapd; ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

Jizf; fUj;Jf;fis tpgupg;ghu;.

fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;As;fspy; cs;s rpwg;Gf;fis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

Gfo;Ntl;il - gw;wpa MrpupauJ fUj;ij vOJthu;.

ghlg; gFjpapD}lhfg; ngw;w fUj;Jf;fis eae;J ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Gfo;Ntl;il vd;Dk; fl;LiuapypUe;J> jhk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gbg;gpidfisg;

gl;baw;gLj;jp vOJthu;.


fl;Liu gw;wpAk; fl;Liuahrpupau; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

FOepiyapy; khztiu mkur; nra;J> fl;Liuiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpf;fr;

nra;jy;.

jkf;Fs; fye;Jiuahb ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L vOj

topgLj;jy;.

fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nra;As;fisf; nfhz;L$l;b thrpf;f topgLj;jy;.

fl;Liuapy; cs;s nra;Al;fspd; nghUisj; njspthf vOj Cf;fkspj;jy;.

mfuhjpapd; Jiznfhz;L mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUs;fisf; $wr; nra;jy; /vOjr; nra;jy;.

fl;Liuia thrpg;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba gz;Gfs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

fl;Liu gw;wpa> Fwpg;Gfis vLf;f topg;gLj;jy;.

fl;LiuapypUe;J vLj;j fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;J vOjr; nra;jy;.


12


fl;Liu Mrpupau; m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd; gw;wpa tplaq;fisj; Njbawpjy;.

fl;Liuapy; fhzg;gLk; mUQ; nrhw;fspd; nghUisj; Njbawpjy;.

mUk;gj tpsf;fk;

cio ,Ug;Nghu; - $l ,Ug;Nghu;

G+ry; - rz;il> Nghu;

ntwp - Nghij


ghl E}y;

fhfpjhjpfs;

mfuhjp

GwehD}W> kJiuf; fhQ;rp> jpUf;Fws;


ikaf; fUj;jpid ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;Al;fisf; nfhz;L$l;b thrpg;ghu;.

fl;Liuapy; ntspg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;J vOJthu;.

fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;As; mbfspd; rpwg;Gf;fis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

fl;Liuapd; jiyg;gpw;Fk; cs;slf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd nghUj;jg;ghL

njhlu;ghfj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

rpwe;j tpOkpag; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w kdg;ghq;Fld;

nraw;gLthu;.

13

,uz;lhe;; ; jtiz

,y. Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; ghlNtis gf;.

kl;lk;

01. 2.0 2.1 nra;Al;;; gFjp - ghujpahu; ftpij 04 14

(ftpij)

02. 1.0 1.3 ciueilg; gFjp - kpd;kpdpfshy; 06 16

(fl;Liu) xU Njhuzk;

03. 1.0 1.4 ciueilg; gFjp - jPT kdpjd; 07 18

(rpWfij)

04. 3.0 3.2 nra;Al;; gFjp - jw;fhyf; ftpij: 07 20

m. ehisa Gul;rp

M. ,Ug;G> J}u;

,. xU fij

nkhj;jk; 24

14

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W nkhopahw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : gilg;Gf;fspy; ntspg;gLk; nkhopg;gpuNahfq;fis

ed;F fpufpj;J> tpilaspg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ghujpahu; ftpij: NaR fpwp];J

ghlNtis : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

ftpijiag; gjk;gpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

ftpijapd; nghUisj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; $Wthu;.

ftpijapy; eae;j gFjpfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

ftpijapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzpfis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

ghujpahupd; gilg;ghw;wy; jpwid tpku;rdk; nra;thu;.

ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; nkhopg;gpuNahfj;ijf; fpufpj;J> rupahf tpilaspg;ghu;.

ftpijapy; jhk; eae;j ghly; tupapidAk; mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; vOJthu;.


ghujpahu; ftpijfs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;.

ftpijiag; gjk;gpupj;J thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

mUQ;nrhw;fSf;fhd nghUisf; $wr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisfSf;Fr; nraw;ghLfis toq;fp> FOr;nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jp>

tpilfis Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.

,f;ftpijA+lhf> ghujpahu; Kd;itf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

mzpfs; gw;wpAk; eae;j gFjpfs; gw;wpAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

ftpijapd; nkhopg;gpuNahfk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.



ghujpahu; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.

- mtuJ r%f> rka Nehf;Ffs;

- ftpijfspd; jd;ikfs;

- mtuJ ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gf;fs;

NaR fpwp];Jtpd; rpYit kuzk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

mtu; capu;j;J> kupahs; kf;jNydhTf;F $wpa nra;jp gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

(NaR fpwp];Jtpd; jhahd Nkup kupahs; NtW; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLk; kupahs; kf;jNydh NtW.)


ghujpahu; ftpij

Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP) gpd;dpizg;G - 1


ghujpahu; ftpijfisg; gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

‘NaR fpwp];J’ vd;w ftpijapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; nra;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

,f;ftpijapy; cs;s mzpfs; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; tpsf;fj;ijAk; $Wthu;.

15

gpd;dpizg;G -

(11.12.1882 - 11.09.1921)

Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; vl;ilaGuj;jpy; rpd;dr;rhkp

IaUf;Fk; ,yl;Rkp mk;ikahUf;Fk; Gjy;tdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. jdJ gd;dpuz;lhtJ

taJf;Fs;shfNt> vl;laGuk; rk];jhdj;J mwpQu;fshy;> ‘ghujp’ vd;w gl;lk;toq;fpf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

jkpo;g; Gytu;fs;> Gutyu;fisg; Gfo;e;Jk; fhjy; Kjyhd fw;gdhjPj tplaq;fis

tpae;Jk; fw;Nwhu;fisNa kdq;nfhz;Lk; ftpGide;J te;j fhyj;jpy; vspa

gjq;fs;> vspa eil> vspa re;jk;> nghJ rdq;fs; tpUk;Gk; nkl;L ,tw;wpid

cila ftpijfshy; jkpopyf;fpag; Nghf;if kilkhw;wk; nra;jtu;.

kf;fs; kdjpy; Njrpa czu;tpidAk; jkpo;g; gw;wpidAk; ,iw ek;gpf;ifiaAk;

rhjpNgjk;> ngz;zbikj;jdk; Kjyhdtw;Wf;F vjpuhd rKjha ePjpiaAk;

Cl;Ltdthf ghujpahupd; ftpijfs; mike;jd. jkpo; kugpNy fhY}d;wp Mq;fpyk;>

rk];fpUjk; Kjyhd gpw ,yf;fpa kuGfspy; cs;s ey;ytw;iwAk;

cs;thq;fpadtha; mike;j mtuJ ftpijfs;> mtiug; GJikf; ftpQdhff;

fhl;bepd;wd. mtuJ ftpijfs;> Njrpa czu;r;rpapid Cl;ba tifapy; NjrPa

ftpahfTk; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpa tifahy;

mtiu> kfhftpahfTk; jpfor; nra;jd. mtupaw;wpa ‘trd ftpijfs;’ jkpopd;GJf;ftpijj; Jiwf;F Kd;Ndhbahapd.

ftpijj; Jiwapy; khj;jpukd;wp rpWfij> fl;Liu Kjyhd trd ,yf;fpaj;

JiwapYk; mtu; Mw;wNyhL <Lgl;lhu;. jkpo; ,jopay; Jiwapd; Kd;NdhbfSs;

xUtu; vd;w ngUikAk; mtUf;F cz;L. vy;yhtw;iwAk;tpl Gul;rpfukhd

fUj;Jf;fisr; nrhd;dtu; vd;gNjhL> Gul;rpfukhd tho;f;if tho;e;jhu; vd;gNj

mtUf;Fupa jiyaha ngUikahFk;.

16

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fis eae;J fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : gilg;Gf;fs; %ykhf r%fj;ijAk; jhd; thOk; cyfj;ijAk;

tpsq;fp> mit gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: fl;Liu:

“kpd; kpdpfshy; xU Njhuzk;”

ghlNtis : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

fl;Liuapd; nghUs; tpsf;fj;ij thrpj;J mwpthu;.

tof;fpYs;s ftpijf;Fk; i`f;$ ftpijf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis ,dq;fz;L

$Wthu;.

i`f;$ ftpij tbtj;jpid tpsf;fp> mjd; nghUis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;

Kiwapid tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

khztu;fs; jhKk; i`f;$ ftpij vOJtjpy; gapw;rp ngWthu;.


fhye;NjhWk; jkpopy; toq;fptUk; ftpijf;Fk; i`f;$ ftpijf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghLfis khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fpf; $Wjy;.

i`f;$ ftpijapd; mikg;gpid tpsf;fp> mtw;iw khztu;fis ,urpf;fr; nra;jy;.

fl;Liuapy; jug;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fis thrpf;fr; nra;tJld; mf;ftpijfis ,urpf;f

topg;gLj;;jy;.

jhk; thOk; r%fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ftpijfis> khztu; FOf;fshfTk;

jdpahfTk; Mf;f topg;gLj;jy;.

,t;thwhd NtW ftpijfisj; Njbg;ngw;W thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.



i`f;$ ftpij gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

nra;As; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

etPd ftpij gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

GJf;ftpij gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

17


ghlE}y; - i`f;$ ftpijfs;

tiyj;jsj; Njly;fs;

vOJ jhs;> vOJ fUtpfs;


i`f;$ ftpij vd;gjd; tpsf;fj;ijAk; mJ Vida ftpij tbtq; -

fspypUe;J NtWgLk; tpjj;jpidAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

i`f;$ ftpijapd; nghUis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

i`f;$ tbtf; ftpijfis ,uridAld; thrpg;ghu;.

jkJ czu;Tfisf; i`f;$ ftpijahfg; gilg;ghu;.

18

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fis eae;J fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.4 : tpku;rd Nehf;Fld; gilg;Gg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: rpWfij: “jPT kdpjd;”

ghlNtis : 07

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

rpWfijia eae;J thrpg;ghu;.

“jPT kdpjd;” vd;w rpWfijapd; fUg;nghUs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

fijf;fUTf;Fk; fijNahl;lj;jpw;Fk; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,iaG gw;wp

tpgupg;ghu;.

fij gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp jkJ tpku;rdj;ijf; $Wthu;.

rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzhk;rq;fis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; gpujhd ghj;jpuj;jpd; kdg;Nghuhl;lk;> fijia tsu;j;Jr;

nry;y vt;tifapy; cjTfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

rpWfijapd; mikg;G> mjd; nkhopeil gw;wp vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

NtW Mf;fq;fis eae;J thrpg;gjd; Clhf> juk; tha;e;j Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

rpWfij jUk; gbg;gpidia Vw;W elg;ghu;.


rpWfij Mrpupau;> rpWfijapd; mikg;G> mjd; nkhopeil gw;wp fye;JiuahLjy;.

“jPT kdpjd;” vd;w rpWfijapid xt;nthU khztiuAk; thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> fijapd; fUg;nghUs;> eae;j gFjp> fjhghj;jpuq;fspd;

gz;G> nkhopeil Kjypa tplaq;fisf; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;jy;.

fijapd; Nehf;fk; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy;.

fye;Jiuahba tplaq;fisAk; rpWfijapy; jhk; eae;j gFjpiaAk; vOjr;

nra;jy;.



“jPT kdpjd;” Mrpupau; gw;wpa tpguk;

- ghu;j;jpgd;

- jdpikj; Jau;

- Raey tho;f;if

- $btho;jy; Fwpj;j tpisT

rpWfijapd; mikg;G

- Fiwe;jstpyhd fjhghj;jpuq;fs;

- fijf;fUTk; fijf;fsKk;

- vspikahd nkhop eil

- ajhu;j;jg; gz;G

mUk;gjq;fis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;fk; $Wjy;

19


ghlE}y; - jPT kdpjd; rpWfij

mfuhjp

vOJjhs;> vOJfUtpfs;

xypehlh my;yJ ,Wtl;L


rpWfijiaf; fUj;J}d;wp eae;J thrpg;ghu;.

fijf;fU> jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; Fz ,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.

fijapd; gbg;gpidfisf; fye;Jiuahb> mtw;iw Kd;itg;ghu;.

fij gw;wp tpku;rpj;Jf; $Wthu;.

kdijf; ftUk; tifapyhd rpWfijfisg; gilg;ghu;.

20

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf;fis thrpg;gjd; %ykhf

,yf;fpaj;juk; tha;e;j Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : gilg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpj;J> fye;Jiuahb> jkJ

Mu;tj;jpw;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fk; fw;gidj; jpwDf;Fk; Vw;Gila

NtWgl;l Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: jw;fhyf; ftpijfs;:

m. ehisa Gul;rp

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

ftpijiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpg;ghu;.

ftpijapd; jiyg;Gfs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; nghUs; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

ftpijapd; nkhopeil gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

ftpijapd; fUg;nghUs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

jkJ Mu;tj;jpw;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fk; fw;gidj; jpwDf;Fk; Vw;Gila NtWgl;l

Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

jdpr; nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ftpij tPr;R gw;wp tpku;rpg;ghu;.


ftpijfisg; gw;wpAk; ftpijfspd; nkhopeil gw;wpAk; fye;Jiuahly;.

khztu; xt;nthUtiuAk; ftpijia nksdkhf thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> ftpijapd; fUg;nghUs;> eae;j gFjp> ftpijg;Nghf;F

vd;gtw;iwf; fye;Jiuahb Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.

,J Nghd;w NtW ftpijia vOJtjw;F khztu;fis topg;gLj;jy;.



ehisa Gul;rp ftpij Mrpupau; gpukps; gw;wpa tpguk;:

,aw;ngau;: ju;kypq;fk; rptuhkypq;fk;

Gidngau;fs;: ju;K rptuhk;> gpukps;

- jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. jkpofj;ij thoplkhff; nfhz;ltu;.

- rpwe;j gilg;ghspAk; tpku;rfUkhf tpsq;fpatu;.


ghl E}y; fhfpjhjpfs;


ftpijiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;J> fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

ftpijapd; jiyg;G> fUg;nghUs;> nkhop eil gw;wp vOJthu;.

,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fisj; Njb thrpg;;ghu;.

ftpijapd; fbd gjq;fs;> eaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.

jhKk; ,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

21






tpla cs;slf;fk;: jw;fhyf; ftpijfs;:

M. ,Ug;G> J}u;

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

ftpijfis fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;Jf; fpufpg;ghu;.

ftpijapd; fbd gjq;fSf;F tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.

ftpijapd; FwpaPl;lk;rq;fs;> eaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.

xt;nthU ftpijapdJk; jiyg;G> ikaf;fUj;J gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fisj; Njb thrpg;ghu;.

jhKk; ,J Nghd;w> NtWgl;l Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.


jw;fhyf; ftpijfspd; Nghf;Ffs;> fUg;nghUl;fs; gw;wp khztu;fSld;

fye;Jiuahly;.

khztu; xt;nthUtiuAk; ftpijfis nksdkhf thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> ftpijapd; fUg;nghUs;> eaq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;

vd;gtw;iwf; fye;Jiuahb Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fs; eae;j gFjpfisAk;;> mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;; $wr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fis ,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fis gilg;gjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.

nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.


“,Ug;G” ftpij Mrpupau; jpUkhtstd; gw;wpa tpguk;.

“,Ug;G” ftpij gw;wpa tpsf;fk;:

- FWfpa ePu;g;gug;gpy; thOk; kPd;FQ;rpd; rpiwtho;T - trjpfs; fpilj;Jk;

kfpo;r;rpaw;w Jauepiy.

mUk;gjq;fs;;

kpd; ntspr;rk; - kpd;rhu tpsf;F ntspr;rk;

kpd; #lhf;fp - kpd;rhuj;jpdhy; ntg;gNkw;Wk; rhjdk;

fzfzg;G - ,sQ;#lhf ,Uj;jy;

22

gjdpLjy; - nfl;Lg; Nghfhky; ghJfhj;jy;

cgrupg;G - ftdQ;nrYj;jp Njitfis epiwNtw;Wjy;

nrhFR - cy;yhr epiy

Jau; - Jd;gk;

“J}u;” ftpij Mrpupau; eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhu; gw;wpa tpguk;.

mUk;gjq;fs;;

J}u; - ePUs; kz;ba kz; Kjypa mOf;Ffs;

J}u; thUjy; - Rj;jk; nra;jy;

cw;rtk; - tpoh (kfpo;r;rpfukhd epfo;r;rp)

Kq;f (Kq;Fjy;) - %o;Fjy; (ePupy; mkpo;jy;)

mjprak; - fhzhjit / Kjy;Kjyha; mwpgit

nfhl;lhq;Fr;rp - Njq;fha;r; rpul;il

Nfhyp - fz;zhbf; Fz;Lfs; (tpisahl;Lg; nghUs;)

JU - fws; (,Uk;G gOjiljy; / JUg;gpbj;jy;)uhl;bdk; - E}y; Rw;Wk; rf;fuk;

nts;sp lk;su; - nts;spapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Ftis

fl;il - rpwpa kuj;Jz;L

NrW - rfjp> kz; ePNuhL fye;J $ohd epiy

kdRf;Fs; J}u; vLj;jy; - kdjpYs;s mOf;Ffis mfw;wpr; Rj;jk;

nra;jy;

“J}u;” ftpij kd mOf;Ffs; ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ.


ftpijg; gFjp - ghl E}y;

bikd; jhs;fs;

vOJfUtpfs;


ftpijiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

ftpijapd; ikaf; fUj;J> jiyg;G gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.


ftpijapd; fbd gjq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

ftpijapw; fhzg;gLk; eaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.


23






tpla cs;slf;fk;: jw;fhyf; ftpij:

,. xU fij

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

ftpQu; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

ftpijiaf; fUJ}d;wp thrpg;ghu;.

ftpijapd; ikaf;fUj;J> jiyg;G vd;gd gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

ftpijapd; nkhopeil> fbd gjq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.

ftpijapd; eaq;fis vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.

,J Nghd;w NtW Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.


ftpij Mrpupau; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

khztu;fis> ftpijia thrpj;Jf; fpufpf;fr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp ftpijapd; jiyg;G> ikaf;fUj;J> eak; gw;wpf;

fye;Jiuahb tpsf;Ftjw;F ,lkspj;jy;.

khztu;fis ,J Nghd;w ftpijfisj; Njb thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

nghUj;;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.


ftpQu; fp\;tu; e`Pj; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; :

xU fij ftpij gw;wpa tpsf;fk;:

- Mzhjpf;fk; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUkzk; vDk; rlq;fpd;%yk; kPz;Lk; ngz;iz

Mz; Ml;bg; gilf;fpd;whd;.

mUk;gjq;fs;;

ML Fjpiu - Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; Mlf;$ba kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l

Fjpiu

];guprk; - njhLif czu;T

nkr;rpf; nfhs;Sjy; - ghuhl;bf; nfhs;Sjy;

cUkhWjy; - cUtk; khw;wk; miljy;

v[khd; - Ms;gtd;

24


ftpijg; gFjp - ghl E}y;

bikd; jhs;fs;

vOJfUtpfs;


ftpijiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J Jyq;Fthu;.

ftpijapd; ikaf; fUj;J> jiyg;G gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.


ftpijapd; fbd gjq;fs;> eaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.


25

%d;whe;; ; jtiz

,y. Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl gf;.

kl;lk; Ntis

01. 4.0 4.1 ciueilg; gFjp - ngUkukhfpg; NghdnjhU 05 26

(fl;Liu) tho;T

02. 3.0 4.2 nra;Al;; gFjp - nky;ypirg; ghly;:

m. X...tz;bf;fhuh... 04 28

M. mofhd xU

Nrhbf;fz;fs;

03. 2.0 3.1 ciueilg; gFjp - etPd ehlfk;: 10 32

(ehlfk;) tQ;rpau; fhz;lk;

nkhj;jk; 19

26

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;fpa mDgtj;jpd; %yk; tho;it Nkk;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : ,yf;fpaq;fspD}lhf ntspg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gFj;J

Nehf;Fthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: fl;Liu: “ngUkukhfpg; NghdnjhU tho;T”ghlNtis : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

fl;Liuapid thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.

fUj;Jf;fisj; njspthf mwpe;J $Wthu;.

fl;Liuapy; thrpj;j tplaq;fis tpku;rpj;J> fUj;Jf;fisj; njspthf vOJthu;.

gilg;ghspfs; gw;wpAk; mtu;fsJ gilg;Gfs; gw;wpAk; jfty;fisj; Njbj; njhFg;ghu;.

gilg;ghspfs; gw;wpAk; mtu;fsJ gilg;Gfs; gw;wpAk; tpku;rpj;J vOJthu;.

jiyg;Gf;Fk; cs;slf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpid tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.


khztu;fs; ghu;j;J ,urpj;j jpiug;glg; ghly;fs; gw;wp Nfl;Lf; fye;Jiuahly;.

jkpo;j; jpiug;gl xspg;gjpthsu;fs;> ,af;Feu;fs;> ,iraikg;ghsu;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;Jiuahly;.

,af;Feu; ghYkNfe;jpuh gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisf; $wp tpgupj;jy;.

fl;Liuiaf; FO epiyapy; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;J tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

fl;Liuiaj; jdpj;jdpahf thrpj;J> Fwpg;Gfs; vLf;fr; nra;jy;.

vLj;j Fwpg;Gff;fisf; FO epiyapy; njhFj;J Kd;itj;jy;.

fbd gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jy;.



jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;.

jpiug;gl ,ir> xspg;gjpT> ,af;fk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.

ghYkNfe;jpuh gw;wpa tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs;.

- kl;lf;fsg;igg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;.

- nrd;id> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpahit trpg;gplkhf nfhz;ltu;.

- gpwg;G - 20.05.1939 ,wg;G - 13.02.2013

- NtW ngau;fs;: kNfe;jpuh> ghY

- rpwe;j xspg;gjpthsu;;; ,af;Feu;.- jkpo;> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; Kjyhd nkhopfspy; jpiug;glq;fis ,af;fpAs;shu;.

- xspg;gjpT> ,af;fk; vd;gtw;wpy; ajhu;j;j Nehf;fpidAilatuhjypd; etPd

cj;jpfisf; ifahz;ltu;.

- rpwe;j rpdpkhg; glq;fSf;F ,e;jpa muR toq;Fk; Njrpa tpUJfisg; gyKiw

ngw;wtu;.

fiyg; gilg;G: tPL> re;jpahuhfk;

FNuhNrth - [g;ghdpa nkhopj; jpiug;gl ,af;Feu;.

fhye;NjhWk; jkpo; rpdpkh fl;likj;J te;j kuGfisf; fl;ltpo;f;f Kide;jtu;.

,Jtiu fhyKk; nraw;if xspapy; gpbf;fg;gl;l glq;fspypUe;J khWgl;L> ,aw;if

xspapypUe;J xspaikg;Gr; nra;jtu;.

ghj;jpu thu;g;G> ,Wjpf;fl;lk; - nksd epiy.

27


fl;Liu - “ngUkukhfpg; NghdnjhU tho;T” vOJ jhs;> vOJ fUtpfs;

gpd;dpizg;G - 1


fl;Liuapd; ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

fl;Liuapd; Jizf;fUj;ij njhFj;J vOJthu;.

jpiug;glj; Jiw gw;wp tpku;rpj;J vOJthu;.

jhk; mwpe;J nfhz;l tplaq;fs; gw;wp tpgupj;J> Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.

fl;Liuapd; nkhopeil gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

fl;Liuapd; jiyg;Gg; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid tpgupg;ghu;.

,e;jpaj; jpiug;glj; Jiwapy; vk; ehl;ltupd; gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wp vOJthu;.

gpd;dpizg;G - 1

(20.05.1939 - 13.02.2014)

rpwe;j xspg;gjpthsuhf mwpKfkhd ghY kNfe;jpuh> fkuhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

jkpo;r; rpdpkhj; Jiwapy; czuitj;jtu;.

‘%d;whk; gpiw’, ‘mopahj Nfhyq;fs;’, ‘tPL’, ‘re;jpah uhfk;’, ‘kWgbAk;’, rjp yPyhtjp’vd jkpo; rpdpkh urpfu;fshy; kwf;f Kbahj glq;fis ,af;fpatu; ghY kNfe;jpuh.

jdJ glq;fSf;F xspg;gjpT nra;jJ kl;Lkd;wp> gy;NtW ,af;Feu;fspd; glq;fSf;Fk;

xspg;gjpT nra;jpUf;fpd;whu;. ,af;Fdu; kNfe;jpud; ,af;fpa ‘Ks;Sk; kyUk;’ glj;jpd;xspg;gjpthsu; ghY kNfe;jpuhjhd;.

rpwe;j xspg;gjpT kw;Wk; rpwe;j glk; vd Ie;J Kiw Njrpa tpUJ ntd;wtu; ghY

kNfe;jpuh. Njrpa tpUJ kl;Lkd;wp> Nfush kw;Wk; fu;ehlf khepy muRfspd;

tpUJfisAk; ntd;wpUf;fpd;whu;. ,af;Feu; ghyh> uhk;> ntw;wpkhwd; cs;spl;l gy

Kd;dzp ,af;Feu;fs; ,tuplk; cjtp ,af;Feu;fshfg; gzpahw;wpatu;fs; vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

28


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : ,yf;fpaq;fs; eilKiw tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;GWkhw;wpid

tpsf;Fthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: nky;ypirg; ghly;:

m. “ X..tz;bf;fhuh.....”

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:


ghliy eae;J thrpg;ghu;.

ghlypd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.

ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

ghliy Xir eaj;Jld; ghLthu;.

(fpuhkpa ,irg;ghly; nkl;by;)

ghliyf; fpufpj;J> thrpg;gJld; jhKk; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.


ghliy ,irAld; ghbf;fhl;Ljy; my;yJ xypg;gjpTf; fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

ftpQu; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisf; $wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fp> ghliy thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

mUQ;nrhw;fisj; njhFj;J mtw;wpd; nghUis mwpe;J $wr; nra;jy;.

ghlypd; nghUis tpsf;Fjy;.

jdpj;jdpahf ghliy eae;J thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

ghliy Xireaj;Jld; ghlr; nra;jy;.



ftpQu; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; - ftpQu; ePyhtzd; (1937 - 1967)

- ,aw;ngau; - Nf. rpd;dj;Jiu

fpof;fpyq;if - ngupa ePyhtiziar; Nru;e;jtu;.

Ntjhe;jp> nfhOTJwl;b> mk;khr;rp MWKfk;> ePy rpd;dj;Jiu Kjypa

Gidngau;fspy; vOjpatu;.

top> Ntshz;ik> xj;jpif Kjypa E}y;fspd; Mrpupau;.

ghLk;kPd; ,yf;fpa rQ;rpifapd; Mrpupauhf tpsq;fpatu;.

29

mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUs;

fh - Nrhiyfodp - tay;gpzp - Neha;> Jd;gk;


ghl E}y; fhfpjhjpfs;


ghlypd; nghUis tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

ghlypd; ikaf; fUj;ijf; $Wthu;.

ftpQupd; kdTzu;it tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlypy; eae;j gFjpfis tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlypd; nkhopeil gw;wpf; fUj;Jf; $Wthu;.

fw;gidj; jpwDf;F Vw;Gilajhf> Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

30


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : ,yf;fpaq;fs; eilKiw tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;GWkhw;wpid

tpsf;Fthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: nky;ypirg; ghly;:

M. “mofhd xU Nrhbf; fz;fs;”

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:


ghliy njspthd cr;rupg;GlDk; eae;Jk; thrpg;ghu;.

ghliy Xireaj;Jld; thrpg;ghu; / ghLthu;. ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;J vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

ghlypd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.

ghliyf; fpufpj;J thrpj;J jhKk; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.


ghliyj; njspthd cr;rupg;Gld; thrpj;Jf;fhl;ly;.

xypg;gjpTf; fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,irg;ghlyhf gjpTngw;Ws;sikia Kd;itj;jy;.

ftpQu; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpagpd; FOr;nraw;ghl;Lf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;.

khztu; ,dq;fz;l mUQ;nrhw;fSf;F mfuhjp thapyhfg; nghUswpaj; J}z;Ljy;.

ghlypd; nghUs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; / vOJtpj;jy;.

ghliyj; jdpahf eae;J thrpf;f ,lkspj;jy;.



ftpQu; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

- ghtyu; g]Py; fhupag;gu;.

- gpwg;G - rk;khe;Jiw

- tho;T - (jpUkzj;jpd; gpd;) fy;Kid.

- ftpijj; njhFjp : ‘Mj;khtpd; miyfs;’

31


ghlE}y;

mfuhjp vOJjhs;> vOJfUtpfs;

xypehlh my;yJ ,Wtl;L


ghlypd; nghUis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;J vd;gtw;iwf; $Wthu;.

ftpQupd; kdTzu;Tfis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

ghlypd; eae;j gFjpia tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlypd; nkhopeil gw;wpf; fUj;Jf; $Wthu;.

ghliy tpku;rpj;J vOJthu;.

ghly; / ftpij xd;iw vOJthu;.

32



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf;fis Mu;tj;Jld; thrpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: ehlfk; :

“tQ;rpau; fhz;lk;”ghlNtis : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

gy;NtW gilg;Gfis thrpg;gjD}lhf> mtw;wpid ,dq;fz;L> $Wthu;.

ehlfg; gpujp xd;wpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

ghj;jpug; gz;Gfs;> Fzr;rpwg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fz ,ay;GfSf;F mikthf ntspg;gLk; czu;Tfis ebg;gpD}lhf

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghly;fis ,irAld; ghLthu;.

ehlfk; czu;j;Jk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

ehlf Mrpupaupd; fw;gisahw;wiyAk; gilg;ghw;wy; jpwidAk; tpku;rduPjpahf

kjpg;gpLthu;.


rpyg;gjpfhu Mrpupau; gw;wpAk; tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; gw;wpAk; mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

ehlfj;ij xt;nthU khztUk; jdpj;jdpahf thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jjy;.

thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;j tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; FOf; fye;Jiuahlypy; <Lglr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;fy;.

fl;Liuapy; jug;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fis thrpf;fr; nra;tJld;> mtw;iw ,urpf;fr;

nra;jy;.

,t;thwhd ftpijfis khztu;fs; FOf;fshfTk; jdpahfTk; vOj topg;gLj;jy;.

FOf;fs; fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;du;> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebf;f ,lkspj;jy;.

ehlfk; Vw;gLj;Jk; czu;T epiyapypUe;J> rpWfij xd;iwg; gilg;gJ njhlu;ghf

fye;Jiuahly;.

khztu;fs; ,e;j ehlfg; gpujpapy; cs;s mUk;gjq;fisj; njhFj;J> mfuhjp -

apypUe;J nghUs;fz;L> $Wjy;.



tQ;rpf; fhz;lk;: Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; jk;gpahd ,sq;Nfhtbfshy; vOjg;gl;l rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ,Wjpg;gFjpNa tQ;rpf;fhz;lk;.

ehlf Mrpupau; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:gpusad; (rz;KfRe;juk; re;jpuNrufd;) ,e;jpahtpy; nrd;id (jkpofj;jpy;)trpf;fpwhu;.

33

etPd ehlfg; gapw;rp ngw;W> ehlff; FOf;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;J gpujpahf;fk; nra;tJld;njhlu;e;J ehlfq;fis ,af;fp NkilNaw;wp tUfpwhu;.

ghup - fgpyu; ciwAk; gwk;G kiy tuyhw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l“ghup gLfsk;” ehlfk; ngUk; tuNtw;igg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.

,tuJ “cgfij” vd;w ehlfk;> Guhz - ,jpfhr ghj;jpuq;fis kWthrpg;Gnra;Ak; tifapy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


ghlE}y;

mfuhjp

vOJjhs;


gilg;ghsp> ngz; tpLjiy Fwpj;J ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;Jf;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L fl;Liu vOJthu;.

ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; Fzg; gz;;GfisAk; $Wthu;.

ehlfj;jpd; nkhopeil gw;wp vOJthu;.

ghj;jpuj;jpd; ,ay;G ntspg;gLk; tifapy; nkhopf; ifahSif vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ

vd;gijf; $Wthu;.

ehlfk; Vw;gLj;jpa czu;T / mwpT jhf;fk; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

,yf;fpaj; juk; tha;e;j Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

ez;gu;fSld; ,ize;J ebg;ghu;.

,yff; pa eak; - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t11tim157.pdf,yff; pa eak; Mrpupau ;; topfhlb; juk ; 11...

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Transcript of ,yff; pa eak; - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t11tim157.pdf,yff; pa eak; Mrpupau ;; topfhlb; juk ; 11...