Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans - European...

Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version 2008

Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 371 *

Species no. 62: Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans Distribution: The Yellow-legged Gull inhabits the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions, the Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula and South Western France, the Azores and Madeira. Within this range four subspecies are recognised. Movements: Most of the populations are sedentary, but many birds from the Mediterranean move outside the breeding season northwards to Central Europe and the coasts of the Channel and Southern North Sea. Population size and trends: The European breeding population comprises 310,000 – 580,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Of these 230,000 – 420,000 breed in EU 27 (BirdLife int. 2004A, 2004B). Since 1895, the populations of Yellow-legged Gulls - like many other gull species world-wide - has been increasing rapidly (especially since 1975), mainly through its increased role as urban scavenger, but also as a consequence of greater protection. During 1990-2000 the increase continued (BirdLife 2004A). The subspecies L.c. michahellis comprising the resident population in West and South Europe, the Mediterranean and NW Africa has been estimated at 630,000-768,000 birds with an increasing trend (Delany & Scott 2006). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 2-3 eggs; incubation: 27-31 days; full flight of young birds at 35-40 days; broods: one brood: independence: usually becomes independent soon after fledging.



Movements

Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ few DK UK IE DE Few NL Few BE Few LU Very few HU AT 1 Few 1, 2 1, 2 SI Few FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR 1 1 1, 2 1, 2

1 - Larus michahellis 2 – Larus cachinnans s. str



Definition of period of reproduction

Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans Member

State Period of reproduction

begins with Comments References

FI SE EE LV LT PL Occuption of breeding

sites 3

SK Occupation of breeding sites

14

CZ Occupation of breeding sites

DK UK IE DE Occupation of breeding

sites 4

NL BE LU HU Occupation of breeding

sites

AT Occupation of breeding sites

13

SI FR ES Occupation of breeding

sites 1

PT Occupation of breeding sites

IT Courtship display at breeding sites

MT Occupation of breeding sites

GR CY RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding

sites 5, 6, 13, 15

HR Courtship display at breeding sites

7, 12, 13



Period of reproduction


J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT1 SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR1 HR2

1. Larus michahellis Comments and conclusions

1) The period of reproduction starts with courtship display at breeding sites (i.e. 3 decades before egg laying).

2) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 1st decade of June (SK) to the 3rd decade of September (PL). The full flight of young birds marks the end of the period of reproduction.



Definition of prenuptial migration


Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds?

Member

State YES NO References

FI SE EE LV LT PL X 3 SK Mixing of wintering and migrating

birds 14

CZ Mixing of wintering, migrating and breeding birds

DK 5 UK IE DE X 4 NL BE LU HU Mixing of wintering and breeding

birds during migration; subadults and non-breeding adults are present throughout the year

AT Mixing of non – breeders and immatures from the Adriatic

13

SI FR ES PT Some birds from NW Iberia move

south during the winter but it is extremely difficult to estimate their return chronology

IT MT 5 GR CY RO 3 BG X 5, 6, 15 HR L.c. michahellis partly sedentary

L.c. cachinnans – Difficult to separate local wintering population and returning migrants

13 7, 12



Period of prenuptial migration


J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK DK1 UK IE DE ? NL BE LU HU AT1 SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR1 HR2

1. Larus c. michahellis 2. Larus c. cachinnans Comments and conclusions

1) Most populations are resident, but many birds from the Mediterranean move northwards outside the breeding season.

2) Return movements to the breeding grounds in the Mediterranean occur mostly in December-January (e.g. in Camargue, all breeders are present by February).



Species no. 63: Great Black-Backed Gull Larus marinus Distribution: This gull inhabits marine coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea. In Europe it is breeding in France and from the British Isles to the White Sea. Movements: Partially migratory. The birds of the southern part of his distribution are largely sedentary. Those of the north move in a south-west direction in winter. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 110,000-180,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The total population of the European Union is estimated at 41,000-51,000 breeding pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). In many regions this species has increased during the last decades, and it has colonised some new areas, e.g. in Germany and the Netherlands. Although there was a decline in few countries, e.g. Iceland and Republic of Ireland, the species increased overall in Europe during 1990-2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 2-3 eggs (1-5); incubation: 27-28 days; fledging: at 7-8 weeks; independence: soon after fledging; broods: one brood.



Movements

Great Black-Backed Gull Larus marinus

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering

FI SE EE LV Very few LT PL SK Rare CZ Rare Rare DK UK IE DE Few NL Few BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG Very few Very few HR





Member State

Period of reproduction begins with

Comments References

FI Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 SE Occupation breeding sites 1, 2, 23 EE Occupation breeding sites LV 5 LT PL SK CZ DK Occupation of breeding sites UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 4, 5, 6 DE Occupation of breeding sites 4 NL Very rare breeder BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY HR

Comments and conclusions

1) Migrant breeder in FI and SE, resident in north-western maritime countries. 2) The period of reproduction starts with courtship display at breeding sites (i.e. 3

decades before egg laying). 3) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of July (FI, EE,

DK, LV) to the 3rd decade of August (UK, DE). The full flight of young birds marks the end of the period of reproduction.



Prenuptial migration


Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds? Member State YES NO References

FI Partial migrant. Over-winters in sea-areas and coastal cities.

1, 2, 3, 4

SE X 1, 18 EE Mixing of wintering and migrating birds LV LT PL 3 SK CZ DK X UK Mixed populations of residents &

migrants in north and west of UK 1

IE X 1 DE X 4, 10 NL No data BE No sufficient data LU HU AT SI FR ES PT Very small wintering numbers IT MT GR CY RO BG Very small numbers of birds 5, 6, 15 HR Few. Difficult to separate local wintering

population and returning migrants 7, 10, 11, 14





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? HR

Comments and conclusions

1) From completely migratory north of the Arctic Circle to merely dispersive in southern parts of breeding range.

2) The beginning of the prenuptial migration period ranges from the 1st (FI, BE, PL, HR) to the 3rd decade of February (IE, DE).



Species no. 64: Rock Dove Columba livia Apart from its natural range, the Rock Dove has developed feral populations, through human intervention. All the natural populations have to some extend hybridised with feral pigeons in such a way that it is nearly impossible today to get an idea of the real situation of this species. This difficulty is increased by the fact that only few studies have been conducted of the Rock Dove. Distribution: The species naturally inhabits coastal and inland cliffs in southern and Western Europe, Africa - north of the Equator - and a major part of southern Asia. Movements: Free-ranging populations are resident or even totally sedentary. Population size and trends (Rock Dove-Feral Pigeon): The European population amounts to 9.3 - 15.0 million breeding pairs, Russia excluded (BirdLife 2004A). The total population of the European Union can be estimated at 4.2-6.3 million breeding pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). Trends are poorly known but the populations seem to be stable or increasing. Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 2 eggs (1); incubation: 16-19 days; full-flight of young birds: 35-37 days; independence: young become independent at or soon after fledging; broods: probably up to 5 broods.



Movements

Rock Dove Columba livia

Member State

RESIDENT Wild

populations = Rock Dove

RESIDENT Feral

populations = Feral Pigeon

FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE ? NL BE LU HU AT ? SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR




Rock Dove Columba livia

Member

State Period of reproduction begins with

Comments References

FI Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3, 4, 5SE Occupation of breeding sites 2 EE Construction of the nest LV 1 LT Only feral birds 7 PL Only feral birds 1 SK Only feral birds CZ Only feral birds DK Only feral birds 5 UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest Feral birds outnumber wild 1, 2, 3, 6DE Nuptial parade 4 NL Only feral birds BE Only feral birds LU Only feral birds HU AT Construction of the nest SI FR Construction of the nest 5 ES PT Construction of the nest Large majority of feral IT Construction of the nest 27 MT GR CY RO BG Occupation of breeding sites

Construction of nests Large majority of feral 8, 9, 13

HR Construction of the nest Data are given for wild populations, feral birds breed almost year round

16




Rock Dove Columba livia J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E C

FISE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR

Comments and conclusions 1) Feral pigeons may breed all year round (CZ, HR). 2) The period of reproduction starts with the construction of the nest in most

countries and ends with the full flight of young birds. 3) There is very little information available on chronology of reproduction for the Rock

Dove but the beginning of the reproduction period seems to range from early March to mid April and the end from late August to early October.



Species no. 65: Stock Dove Columba oenas Distribution: This dove inhabits Mediterranean, temperate and boreal regions of Europe and western Asia, eastwards to Mongolia and western China. It is breeding in tree holes of old deciduous (mostly Fagus) and coniferous (mostly Pinus) forests, but it feeds largely in open areas. In some regions it is well adapted to urban habitats. Movements: The birds of Western Europe and the Mediterranean regions are sedentary, while those of northern and central Europe winter in the Mediterranean regions. Population size and trends: The European population is estimated at 520,000 – 730,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A) and of these 485,000 – 650,000 breed in EU 27 (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). Overall, the European population increased during 1990-2000, in particular in France, Germany, the Netherlands and United Kingdom although the population decreased in Northern Scandinavia, Ireland and Eastern Europe (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is usually 2 eggs, occasionally 1, 3 or 4; incubation: 16-18 days; fledging period: 20-30 days; independence: at or shortly after fledging; broods: 2-4 (1-5).



Movements

Stock Dove Columba oenas


FI SE EE Occasional LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK Irregular IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT Scarce but

widespread

IT MT Few GR CY RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 SE Occupation of breeding sites 8, 11 EE Occupation of breeding sites LV 3 LT Occupation of breeding sites 7 PL Occupation of breeding sites 1 SK Occupation of breeding sites CZ Occupation of breeding sites DK Occupation of breeding sites UK Construction of of the nest 2 IE Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3 DE Occupation of breeding sites Nuptial parade may occur

before occupation of breeding sites

4

NL Occupation of breeding sites 16 BE Occupation of breeding sites

and nuptial parade First singing may occur in January -mild winters - in the West of the country.

1, 2, 3, 4

LU Occupation of breeding sites 1 HU Occupation of breeding sites AT Occupation of breeding sites 2, 9 SI FR Construction of the nest Since it breeds in rock

cavities, the transport of nesting materials into cavities and nuptial parades are a good indication. First singing may occur in February

5, 6

ES PT Occupation of breeding sites Not enough data on

reproduction period

IT Occupation of breeding sites Rare breeding; few data available

MT GR CY RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding sites 9, 23 HR Occupation of breeding sites 23




Stock Dove Columba oenas J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR FR - territorial behaviour may begin in February or March according to the weather conditions; the main period of reproduction ranges from 10 March to 20 August. Fledging of young birds may be noticed in September. Comments and conclusions 1) Occupation of the breeding sites, together with courtship display, indicates the

beginning of the period of reproduction. 2) End of the reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of July (EE) to the 3rd

decade of October (NL, UK). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the reproduction period.





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds?

Member State YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X EE X LV 3 LT X 5,7 PL X 1 SK X CZ Overlap with wintering birds DK X UK Mixing of residents & migrants 1 IE DE X 4 NL 21 BE Mixed pop. resident/migrants 1, 2, 3, 4 LU X 1 HU X AT Overlap with wintering birds SI X FR No direct observation of birds. Lack of

wintering data and monitoring of dormitories

2, 6

ES Mixed pop. Resident/migrants 1, 5 PT Scarce & difficult to detect, both during

winter and spring

IT MT GR CY X RO 3 BG X X 8, 9, 13, 19HR Mixing of migrating and wintering

populations 16





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR FR, PT - very few data available on migration Comments and conclusions 1) Almost entirely migratory in Fennoscandia and Eastern Europe; less migratory

further south and west; mainly resident in southern Europe. Migrants winter especially in southern half of France and in Iberia, and along northern Mediterranean basin.

2) Lack of data, low density and absence of direct observation of birds, makes it difficult to identify the beginning of the prenuptial migration.

3) In the MS where it is hunted (GR, ES, FR, PT) birds of different populations are often present (breeding, wintering, passage).

4) Beginning of the prenuptial migration is revealed by the departure of the first migrants, which ranges from the 1st decade of February (SK, CZ, DE, AT, NL, BE, UK, LV, SI) to the 2nd decade of March (LT).



Species no. 66: Woodpigeon Columba palumbus Distribution: This pigeon inhabits the major part of Europe, north to 67°N, and its distribution reaches Kazakhstan and Bangladesh. It is also known to occur in North Africa. The population of the European Union belongs mainly to the nominate race palumbus but on the Azores breeds the race azorica which is a rare endemic to this islands. Originally the Woodpigeon was a bird of forest and densely wooded regions, but it has adapted to agricultural habitats and more recently to urban areas. Movements: The birds of urban areas and of southern and western Europe are mainly sedentary. Those living in forested areas of the north and the north east are migratory, leapfrogging the mainly sedentary West European population to winter mainly on the Iberian Peninsula. Population size and trends: The European population of Woodpigeon is estimated at 9 – 17 million breeding pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population breeding in EU 27 numbers 7.5 – 13 million pairs BirdLife Int. 2004B). Overall this species has undergone a very strong increase and an extension of its distribution since the beginning of the century. In particular the core populations in Germany and United Kingdom increased during 1990-2000 resulting in an overall increase of the European population in this period (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is usually 1-2 eggs; incubation: 17 days; fledging period: variable, 33-34 days for undisturbed birds, but range 20-35 days; independence: at least one week after fledging; broods: 2-3.



Movements

Woodpigeon Columba palumbus


FI SE EE Occasional LV LT PL SK Few CZ Few DK UK IE Varying

numbers, depending on

weather conditions in

Europe DE NL BE LU HU AT Regular wintering

in southern parts SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 SE Occupation of breeding sites 1, 8, 12, 15,

16 EE Occupation of breeding sites LV LT Occupation of breeding sites 7 PL Occupation of breeding sites 1, 3 SK Occupation of breeding sites 2, 4, 5 CZ Occupation of breeding sites DK Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4 UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 DE Occupation of breeding sites 1 NL Construction of the nest 3, 4, 5, 6 BE Occupation of breeding sites

& nuptial parade 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU Occupation of breeding sites 1 HU Occupation of breeding sites AT Occupation of breeding sites 2, 9 SI FR Construction of the nest and

mainly laying of first egg In mild winters, singing and nuptial parade may be noticed from January, but without attempt to breed.

5, 6

ES Construction of the nest 1, 6 PT Occupation of breeding sites IT Construction of the nest MT GR Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 CY Occupation of breeding sites RO 1 BG Occupation of breeding sites 9, 13 HR Occupation of breeding sites 17




Woodpigeon Columba palumbus J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR AT - no woodpigeon populations associated with human settlements. Comments and conclusions 1) Occupation of breeding sites (in Northern countries, where it is mainly migratory),

and construction of the nest (in southern and western countries, where it is mainly resident) identifies the beginning of the period of reproduction.

2) End of reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of July (EE, GR, PL) to the 2nd decade of November (NL). Full flight of young birds should be used to identify the end of the period of reproduction.

3) Most of the breeding success occurs in autumn. The late breeding dates (November and December) normally correspond to populations associated with human settlements.





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds? Member


FI Passage in Eastern Karelia, thought not probably in substantial numbers

X 1, 2, 3, 4

SE X 1, 12 DK Overlap of migratory birds with breeders 1, 2, 3, 4 EE X LV 3 LT X 5,7 PL X 1,3 SK X 2, 4 CZ X UK Small migratory population & large

resident population 1

IE X 1, 2 DE X 1 NL Pre-nuptial migration is the case for

Scandinavian breeding birds, wintering in Spain and France. Their passage through NL in spring is not well studied.

6

BE High wintering numbers Movements due to food resources and weather conditions

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU X 1 HU X AT X 2 SI X FR X 6 ES Mixing of residents and migrants 1, 10, 13, 15 PT X IT MT GR Mixing of resident, migrating and (partly)

wintering populations 1, 2, 3

CY Some difficulty due to overlap of wintering and migrating populations

RO 3 BG X 9, 19, 22 HR Difficult to separate local wintering

population and returning migrants 19





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT ? ? ? IT MT GR CY RO BG HR PT - preliminary results of recent studies seem to indicate that pre-nuptial migration doesn't start before March; to be confirmed and cross-checked with neighbouring countries (ES, FR). Comments and conclusions 1) One part of the Fennoscandian population is migratory and winters mostly in

Iberia, the other is resident to irruptive. It is often difficult to make difference between migratory and dispersive movements during prenuptial migration.

2) Along the flyway (Fennoscandia to Iberia) there is a mixture of resident and migratory birds.

3) Beginning of the prenuptial migration period ranges generally from the 1st decade of February (LV, DK, IE, BE, LU, AT, SI, ES, PT?), with the exception of Hungary where the migration starts in last decade of January, to the 1st decade of March in northern countries (FI, EE, SE, LT, PL).



Species no. 67: Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto Distribution: Since the beginning of last century the Collared Dove, originally a bird of the Indian subcontinent, has colonised Europe via Turkey. It inhabits now most of the continent, reaching 65°N. This dove inhabits mainly suburban areas, small towns and large villages. It is particularly widespread in northern and southern regions and has recently expanded strongly in the south. Movements: Breeding adults are largely resident as are a proportion of young birds. Other immature birds make pronounced dispersal without return movements towards natal area. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 4.7 - 11.0 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The EU 27 population numbers 2.6 – 5.9 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). During 1990-2000 the population were decreasing in the northern range but the key populations increased resulting in an overall population increase during this period (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 2 eggs (1); incubation: 14-18 days; full flight of young birds at 15-19 days; independence: about one week after fledging; broods: 3-6.



Movements

Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto


FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE Few DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ? ? ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR




Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto Member

State Period of reproduction

begins with Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites

Partial migrant (3rd decade of March to 1st decade of May), but mainly resident

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

SE Construction of the nest Mainly resident, but small numbers migrate

8

EE Construction of the nest LV 1 LT Construction of the nest 7 PL Occupation of breeding

sites 1

SK Occupation of breeding sites

2, 4, 5

CZ Construction of the nest DK Construction of the nest Partial migrant (2nd decade of

March to 2nd decade of June), but mainly resident

UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 4, 6 DE Occupation of breeding

sites 4

NL Laying 12, 25 BE Construction of the nest 3, 5 LU HU Construction of the nest AT Construction of the nest 1, 2 SI FR 5 ES PT Construction of the nest No data on breeding chronology IT Construction of the nest MT Occupation of breeding

site 5

GR CY Construction of the nest RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding

sites Construction of the nest

8, 9, 17

HR Construction of the nest 9, 19




Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions

1) Birds associated to human settlements may breed all year round. 2) The period of reproduction starts with the occupation of the breeding sites

where it is mainly migratory and the construction of the nest elsewhere. 3) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of July (EE) to

the 3rd decade of December (MT). The full flight of young birds marks the end of the period of reproduction.





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds? Member


FI Partial migrant (3rd decade of March to 1st decade of May), but mainly resident

X 1, 2, 3, 4

SE Mainly resident, but small numbers migrate

EE Partly migrant X 4 LV LT X 5,7 PL SK Mainly resident but partly migrant 2 CZ DK Partial migrant (2nd decade of March to 2nd

decade of June), but mainly resident

UK IE No information but migrants recorded in

April, May and June

DE NL BE LU HU X AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions 1) Largely resident with return movements recorded in several areas (e.g. 'Point de la

Grave, Gironde' in FR). 2) Prenuptial migration phenology and chronology not well documented.

Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans - European...

Documents

Transcript of Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans - European...