Year 9Year 9

CHB

Yr 9 Student AimsYr 9 Student Aims

By the end of the lesson you should be able to:By the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1.1. Describe the three states of matterDescribe the three states of matter2.2. Describe changes of stateDescribe changes of state3.3. Describe the processes of compression and Describe the processes of compression and

diffusiondiffusion4.4. Use common equipment to measure Use common equipment to measure

temperature, volume, weight and time.temperature, volume, weight and time.5.5. Understand and use the SI units and prefixesUnderstand and use the SI units and prefixes6.6. Be able to draw a line graph detailing all main Be able to draw a line graph detailing all main

requirementsrequirements7.7. Design a Fair test.Design a Fair test.

Matter Literacy SheetMatter Literacy Sheet

MatterMatter

• Matter is anything that has mass Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.and occupies space.

• Everything is made up of Everything is made up of solids,liquids and gases.solids,liquids and gases.

• The universe is made up of The universe is made up of matter.matter.

• The three states of matter are The three states of matter are Solids, Liquids and Gases.Solids, Liquids and Gases.

Do now:Do now:

• Matter Cryptogram SheetMatter Cryptogram Sheet

(Cryptogram- type of puzzle which (Cryptogram- type of puzzle which consists of a short piece of coded consists of a short piece of coded text)text)

Matter CryptogramMatter Cryptogram

AnswerAnswer

Everything in the universe is made up of matter. Some Everything in the universe is made up of matter. Some matter you can see; like water or metal. Other matter is matter you can see; like water or metal. Other matter is invisible; like air. There are three states of matter invisible; like air. There are three states of matter solids, liquids and gases. Matter can change from one solids, liquids and gases. Matter can change from one state to another. Like when water freezes into ice.state to another. Like when water freezes into ice.

Three States of MatterThree States of Matter

IdentifyIdentify

TrayTray AnswersAnswers

11

22

33

Tray 3Tray 3

Name the gas:Name the gas:

1.1. That you use to blow up a balloon?That you use to blow up a balloon?

2.2. That you breathe in?That you breathe in?

3.3. That helps you cook food?That helps you cook food?

4.4. That you get when you boil water?That you get when you boil water?

5.5. That combines with oxygen gas to That combines with oxygen gas to make water?make water?

AnswersAnswers

TrayTray AnswersAnswers

11 Lollies, Ruler, Lollies, Ruler, Scissors,Wood,ChalkScissors,Wood,Chalk

22 Glue, Water, Honey, Glue, Water, Honey, Vinegar, JuiceVinegar, Juice

33 Carbon-Carbon-dioxide,Oxygen, LPG, dioxide,Oxygen, LPG,

Steam,HydrogenSteam,Hydrogen

AnswersAnswers

TrayTray AnswersAnswers

11

SolidsSolidsLollies, Ruler, Lollies, Ruler,

Scissors,Wood,ChalkScissors,Wood,Chalk

22

LiquidsLiquidsGlue, Water, Honey, Glue, Water, Honey,

Vinegar, JuiceVinegar, Juice

33

GasesGasesCarbon-dioxide, Carbon-dioxide, Oxygen, LPG, Oxygen, LPG,

Steam,HydrogenSteam,Hydrogen

H.W.- Solids, Liquids and H.W.- Solids, Liquids and Gases- CryptogramGases- Cryptogram

Do now:Do now:

• All matter is made of ________.All matter is made of ________.

• In a solid the particles are packed In a solid the particles are packed _____ together and ______ in place , _____ together and ______ in place , so they cannot move about.so they cannot move about.

• In a liquid the particles are close In a liquid the particles are close together but they can move about together but they can move about _____._____.

• In ____ the particles are far apart and In ____ the particles are far apart and move about quickly.move about quickly.

Do now (Answers):Do now (Answers):

• All matter is made of All matter is made of particlesparticles..

• In a solid the particles are packed In a solid the particles are packed closeclose together and together and fixedfixed in place , so in place , so they cannot move about.they cannot move about.

• In a liquid the particles are close In a liquid the particles are close together but they can move about together but they can move about freelyfreely..

• In In gasgas the particles are far apart and the particles are far apart and move about quickly.move about quickly.

While you watch the While you watch the Video:Video:States of States of mattermatter

PropertiesProperties

Can be Can be weighedweighed

Occupy Occupy spacespace

Fixed Fixed shapeshape

Fixed Fixed volumevolume

Can be Can be compresscompress

eded

SolidsSolids YY

LiquidsLiquids YY

GasesGases YY

Video on MatterVideo on Matter

AnswersAnswers

States of States of mattermatter

PropertiesProperties

Can be Can be weighedweighed

Occupy Occupy spacespace

Fixed Fixed shapeshape

Fixed Fixed volumevolume

Can be Can be compressecompresse

dd

SolidsSolids YY YY YY YY NN

LiquidsLiquids YY YY NN YY NN

GasesGases YY YY NN NN YY

Solids, Liquids and Gases- Solids, Liquids and Gases- CryptogramCryptogram

AnswerAnswer

All matter is made of paricles. There are three All matter is made of paricles. There are three states of matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases. In states of matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases. In each state of matter the particles are each state of matter the particles are arranged differently. Ina solid the particles are arranged differently. Ina solid the particles are packed close together in neat rows,they are packed close together in neat rows,they are fixed in place so cannot move about. In liquids fixed in place so cannot move about. In liquids the particles are close together and touch the particles are close together and touch each other but they can move about freely. In each other but they can move about freely. In gases the particles are far apart, they have gases the particles are far apart, they have lots of energy and move about quickly, they lots of energy and move about quickly, they bounce off the walls of the container that the bounce off the walls of the container that the gas is in.gas is in.

Particle Theory of MatterParticle Theory of Matter

• All matter is made up of extremely tiny All matter is made up of extremely tiny particlesparticles. .

• Each substance has its own kind of particle, Each substance has its own kind of particle, differentdifferent from the particles of other substances. from the particles of other substances.

• Particles Particles attractattract each other and are always each other and are always movingmoving..

• Particles at a Particles at a higher temperaturehigher temperature move move fasterfaster than particles at a lower temperature.than particles at a lower temperature.

Forces between particles in:Forces between particles in:

Solids- Attractive forces hold position and shape of solid.

Liquids-Attractive forces between particles hold the volume but allow fluidity.

Gases-Almost no attractive forces between particles of a gas.

Do now:Do now:

Name the process involved:Name the process involved:

• Solid state Solid state Gas state Gas state

• Liquid state Liquid state Solid state Solid state

• Liquid state Liquid state Gas state Gas state

• Solid state Solid state Liquid state Liquid state

• Gas state Gas state Liquid state Liquid state

Changing states of Changing states of mattermatter

TermsTerms What they mean?What they mean?

MeltingMelting Change of state from a solid to a Change of state from a solid to a liquid. The temperture at which the liquid. The temperture at which the

solid substance melts is called melting solid substance melts is called melting point. The melting point of ice is 0 point. The melting point of ice is 0

degree celsius.degree celsius.

Freezing or Freezing or SolidificationSolidification

Change of state form a liquid to a Change of state form a liquid to a solid. The temperature at which a solid. The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid is called its liquid becomes a solid is called its

freezing point. Freezing point of water freezing point. Freezing point of water is 0 degree celsius.is 0 degree celsius.

CondensationCondensation When gas particles come in contact When gas particles come in contact with a cool object, they change back with a cool object, they change back

to a liquid state. This is called to a liquid state. This is called condensation. condensation.

BoilingBoiling Rapid change from a liquid to a gas Rapid change from a liquid to a gas state & occurs at a fixed temp- the state & occurs at a fixed temp- the

boiling point. Water boils at 100 boiling point. Water boils at 100 degree celsius to produce steam.degree celsius to produce steam.

TermsTerms What they mean?What they mean?

EvaporationEvaporation Liquids slowly change to a gas state if left Liquids slowly change to a gas state if left open to the air. This process at everyday open to the air. This process at everyday temp. and higher is called evaporation. temp. and higher is called evaporation. Water eveporates to form water vapour.Water eveporates to form water vapour.

SublimationSublimation Change of state directly from a solid state to Change of state directly from a solid state to a gas state.a gas state.

Name the process involved:Name the process involved:

Melting

Freezing

Ice Water

Condensation

Boiling Evaporation

Do Now:Do Now:

• Draw the triangle of changing states Draw the triangle of changing states of matterof matter

Changing states of Changing states of mattermatter

SublimationSublimation

Change of state directly from a solid state to a gas state.Change of state directly from a solid state to a gas state.

Dry ice (Solid Carbon-dioxide) is at – 78 degree celsius

Solid carbon dioxide Gaseous Carbon dioxide

Dry Ice ActivitiesDry Ice Activities

Precautions while using Dry Precautions while using Dry IceIce

• Due to its extremely cold temperature, dry ice Due to its extremely cold temperature, dry ice can cause damage to the skin (frost bite). can cause damage to the skin (frost bite). Do Do not hold it in your hand for longer than a not hold it in your hand for longer than a second.second. Use tongs/gloves while handling dry ice. Use tongs/gloves while handling dry ice.

• Wear safety glasses. Wear safety glasses.

• NeverNever eat or swallow dry ice – VERY eat or swallow dry ice – VERY DANGEROUS.DANGEROUS.

• Avoid inhaling carbon dioxide gas.Avoid inhaling carbon dioxide gas.

Dry Ice and CandleDry Ice and Candle

Dry Ice vapour

Dry Ice in a BalloonDry Ice in a Balloon

With Dry Ice in itW

ith Dry Ice

in the bottle

Dry Ice in Hot/Warm Dry Ice in Hot/Warm WaterWater

• This white fog is not the COThis white fog is not the CO22 gas, but rather it is condensed gas, but rather it is condensed water vapour, mixed in with the invisible COwater vapour, mixed in with the invisible CO22. The extreme . The extreme

cold causes the water vapour to condense into clouds. cold causes the water vapour to condense into clouds.

Dry Ice with Universal Dry Ice with Universal IndicatorIndicator

Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form acid Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form acid which changes the colour of indicator. which changes the colour of indicator.

Base Acid

Dry Ice with Soap WaterDry Ice with Soap Water

• Instead of the dry ice just bubbling in the water to Instead of the dry ice just bubbling in the water to make a cloud, the soap in the water traps the carbon make a cloud, the soap in the water traps the carbon dioxide and water vapour in the form of a bubble. dioxide and water vapour in the form of a bubble.

Make a Spoon Sing!Make a Spoon Sing!

• As soon as the warm spoon touches the dry ice, the dry ice As soon as the warm spoon touches the dry ice, the dry ice sublimates and carbon dioxide is produced which tries to sublimates and carbon dioxide is produced which tries to escape but the spoon will try and prevent this from escape but the spoon will try and prevent this from happening. happening.

• In this process, when the spoon is pressed against dry ice, it In this process, when the spoon is pressed against dry ice, it is forced away slightly because of the large amount of gas is forced away slightly because of the large amount of gas that is produced. But because of the pressure that you are that is produced. But because of the pressure that you are applying on the spoon, the spoon will fall back. applying on the spoon, the spoon will fall back.

• This vibration of the spoon causes a loud singing like sound This vibration of the spoon causes a loud singing like sound which people standing around the table can distinctly hear. which people standing around the table can distinctly hear.

Do Now:Do Now:• Change of state directly from a solid state to a Change of state directly from a solid state to a

gas state is called ________.gas state is called ________.

• Temperature of dry ice is ______.Temperature of dry ice is ______.

• Dry ice sublimates to form ______ -________ gas.Dry ice sublimates to form ______ -________ gas.

• Dry ice is also called fire extinguisher because Dry ice is also called fire extinguisher because it does not support _______.it does not support _______.

• Fog produced by dry ice in warm water is Fog produced by dry ice in warm water is condensed _____ _______ mixed with carbon- condensed _____ _______ mixed with carbon- dioxide.dioxide.

Do Now(answers):Do Now(answers):• Change of state directly from a solid state to a gas Change of state directly from a solid state to a gas

state is called state is called sublimationsublimation..

• Temperature of dry ice is Temperature of dry ice is -78 degree celsius-78 degree celsius..

• Dry ice sublimates to form Dry ice sublimates to form carboncarbon - - dioxidedioxide gas. gas.

• Dry ice is also called fire extinguisher because it Dry ice is also called fire extinguisher because it does not support does not support burningburning..

• Fog produced by dry ice in warm water is Fog produced by dry ice in warm water is condensed condensed water vapourwater vapour mixed with carbon dioxide. mixed with carbon dioxide.

H.W.-Match the following terms with their H.W.-Match the following terms with their meanings:meanings:

Matter a)substance which has no fixed shape and fills containers

States of matter

b) temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid

Solid c) temperature at which a solid melts

Liquid d) temperature at which a liquid boils into a gas

Gas e) substance which has fixed volume & takes shape of container

Melting point f) how hot or cold an object is

Freezing point g) what substances and objects are made of

Boiling point h) states in which matter exists, e.g. solid, liquid, gas

Temperature i) substance which has fixed shape and volume

AnswerAnswer

Matter g) what substances and objects are made of

States of matter

h) states in which matter exists, e.g. solid, liquid, gas

Solid i) substance which has fixed shape and volume

Liquid e) substance which has fixed volume & takes shape of container

Gas a) substance which has no fixed shape and fills containers

Melting point c) temperature at which a solid melts

Freezing point b) temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid

Boiling point d) temperature at which a liquid boils into a gas

Temperature f) how hot or cold an object is

WaterWater

Solid

Gas

Liquid

Where is water?

• In Water Cycle, water changes state between soild, In Water Cycle, water changes state between soild, liquid and _____. liquid and _____.

• When water from the ocean is heated by the sun, it When water from the ocean is heated by the sun, it changes into water-vapour. This is called ________.changes into water-vapour. This is called ________.

• Water vapour evaporates from the plants by a process Water vapour evaporates from the plants by a process called __________.called __________.

• Water-vapour in the atmosphere cools to form _______. Water-vapour in the atmosphere cools to form _______. This is called condensation.This is called condensation.

• Water from clouds comes down to the ground in the Water from clouds comes down to the ground in the form of rain or snow. This is called _________.form of rain or snow. This is called _________.

Do Now:Do Now:Water CycleWater Cycle

Do Now (answers):Do Now (answers):Water CycleWater Cycle

• In Water Cycle, water changes state between soild, In Water Cycle, water changes state between soild, liquid and liquid and gasgas. .

• When water from the ocean is heated by the sun, it When water from the ocean is heated by the sun, it changes into water-vapour. This is called changes into water-vapour. This is called evaporationevaporation..

• Water vapour evaporates from the plants by a process Water vapour evaporates from the plants by a process called called transpiration.transpiration.

• Water-vapour in the atmosphere cools to form Water-vapour in the atmosphere cools to form cloudsclouds. . This is called condensation.This is called condensation.

• Water from clouds comes down to the ground in the Water from clouds comes down to the ground in the form of rain or snow. This is called form of rain or snow. This is called precipitationprecipitation..

Do Now:Do Now:• Water can exist in three forms- ______, liquid Water can exist in three forms- ______, liquid

and _____.and _____.

• Water is found almost everywhere- in rivers, Water is found almost everywhere- in rivers, ______, streams, lakes,etc.______, streams, lakes,etc.

• Water is also found in our ______. It regulates Water is also found in our ______. It regulates the __________ of our body.the __________ of our body.

• Clouds are formed by cooling of _____ -Clouds are formed by cooling of _____ -________.________.

Do Now(answers):Do Now(answers):• Water can exist in three forms- Water can exist in three forms- solidsolid, liquid , liquid

and and gasgas..

• Water is found almost everywhere- in rivers, Water is found almost everywhere- in rivers, oceansoceans, streams, lakes,etc., streams, lakes,etc.

• Water is also found in our Water is also found in our bodybody. It regulates . It regulates the the temperaturetemperature of our body. of our body.

• Clouds are formed by cooling of Clouds are formed by cooling of waterwater - - vapourvapour..

Water Cycle

Water Cycle WorksheetWater Cycle Worksheet

Do Now:

Test

Do Now:Do Now:• Water can exist in three forms- ______, liquid and _____.Water can exist in three forms- ______, liquid and _____.

• When water from the ocean is heated by the sun, it When water from the ocean is heated by the sun, it changes into water-vapour. This is called ________.changes into water-vapour. This is called ________.

• Water vapour evaporates from the plants by a process Water vapour evaporates from the plants by a process called __________.called __________.

• Water-vapour in the atmosphere cools to form _______. Water-vapour in the atmosphere cools to form _______. This is called condensation.This is called condensation.

• Water from clouds comes down to the ground in the Water from clouds comes down to the ground in the form of rain or snow. This is called _________.form of rain or snow. This is called _________.

Do Now (answers):Do Now (answers):• Water can exist in three forms- Water can exist in three forms- solidssolids, liquid and , liquid and gasgas..

• When water from the ocean is heated by the sun, it When water from the ocean is heated by the sun, it changes into water-vapour. This is called changes into water-vapour. This is called evaporationevaporation..

• Water vapour evaporates from the plants by a process Water vapour evaporates from the plants by a process called called transpiration.transpiration.

• Water-vapour in the atmosphere cools to form Water-vapour in the atmosphere cools to form cloudsclouds. . This is called condensation.This is called condensation.

• Water from clouds comes down to the ground in the Water from clouds comes down to the ground in the form of rain or snow. This is called form of rain or snow. This is called precipitationprecipitation..

Water Cycle WorksheetWater Cycle Worksheet

Demonstration (hot and cold Demonstration (hot and cold water)water)

• Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate

• Tea bagTea bag

• Methylene blueMethylene blue

Do now:Do now:Describe what happened:Describe what happened:

• Potassium permanganate inPotassium permanganate in::

Cold water- Cold water-

Hot water- Hot water-

• Tea bag inTea bag in::

Cold water- Cold water-

Hot water- Hot water-

• Methylene blue inMethylene blue in::

Cold water- Cold water-

Hot water-Hot water-

Do now (answers):Do now (answers):Describe what happened:Describe what happened:

• Potassium permanganate inPotassium permanganate in::

Cold water- Purple colour spreads slowly.Cold water- Purple colour spreads slowly.

Hot water- Purple colour spreads fast.Hot water- Purple colour spreads fast.

• Tea bag inTea bag in::

Cold water- Blackish colour appears slowly.Cold water- Blackish colour appears slowly.

Hot water- Blackish colour appears fast.Hot water- Blackish colour appears fast.

• Methylene blue inMethylene blue in::

Cold water- Blue colour spreads slowly.Cold water- Blue colour spreads slowly.

Hot water- Blue colour spreads fast.Hot water- Blue colour spreads fast.

DiffusionDiffusion

Gradual mixing of Gradual mixing of substances is substances is called diffusion.called diffusion.

Perfume BottlePerfume Bottle

If a bottle of perfume If a bottle of perfume is opened in one part is opened in one part of a room you can of a room you can smell it in the other smell it in the other parts of the room.parts of the room.

Potassium Permanganate in Potassium Permanganate in waterwater

• Both crystal of potassium permanganate and Both crystal of potassium permanganate and water are made of particles.water are made of particles.

• Particles leave crystal and move into the Particles leave crystal and move into the spaces among the water particles. This is the spaces among the water particles. This is the process of dissolving.process of dissolving.

• As the particles continue to move they As the particles continue to move they diffuse throughout the water and the purple diffuse throughout the water and the purple colour spreads evenly.colour spreads evenly.

Potassium Permanganate in Potassium Permanganate in waterwater

Brownian MotionBrownian Motion

• Small visible particles Small visible particles move randomly.move randomly.

• The molecules of air are The molecules of air are in constant motion and in constant motion and when they strike dust when they strike dust particles they cause the particles they cause the random motion we see.random motion we see.

CompressionCompression

A A solidsolid has fixed volume and shape and is hard to has fixed volume and shape and is hard to compress than a gas or a liquid.compress than a gas or a liquid.

A A liquidliquid is fairly incompressible and has a fixed is fairly incompressible and has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. It takes the shape of its volume but not a fixed shape. It takes the shape of its container.container.

GasGas is easily compressible. This means that a given is easily compressible. This means that a given quantity of gas will fit into a container of any size and quantity of gas will fit into a container of any size and shape. A gas has neither a definite volume nor a shape. A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape.definite shape.

Do Now:Do Now:

• Gradual mixing of substances is called _______.Gradual mixing of substances is called _______.

• Particles of potassium permanganate diffuse Particles of potassium permanganate diffuse throughout the water and the ______ colour throughout the water and the ______ colour spreads evenly.spreads evenly.

• Small visible particles move randomly. This is Small visible particles move randomly. This is called ________ motion.called ________ motion.

Do Now:Do Now:

• Gradual mixing of substances is called Gradual mixing of substances is called diffusiondiffusion..

• Particles of potassium permanganate diffuse Particles of potassium permanganate diffuse throughout the water and the throughout the water and the purplepurple colour colour spreads evenly.spreads evenly.

• Small visible particles move randomly. This is Small visible particles move randomly. This is called called brownianbrownian motion. motion.

Do Now:Do Now:• Write down the name of common Write down the name of common

equipment used to measure :equipment used to measure :

a. Temperaturea. Temperature

b. Volumeb. Volume

c. Massc. Mass

d. Timed. Time

• Write down the unit of measurement for Write down the unit of measurement for a,b,c and d as above.a,b,c and d as above.

Measuring Temperature using Measuring Temperature using ThermometerThermometer

• Unit- degree Unit- degree celsius ( celsius ( 00 C ) C )

How to use a How to use a Thermometer?Thermometer?

• Observe the thermometer to identify the unit it is Observe the thermometer to identify the unit it is measured in.measured in.

• Identify the range of your thermometer.Identify the range of your thermometer.

• Work out what each interval (gap between two Work out what each interval (gap between two smallest marks) measures.smallest marks) measures.

• Find major and minor marks on thermometer.Find major and minor marks on thermometer.

• When you take temperature:When you take temperature:

a. Place the bulb in substance for 2-3 minutes.a. Place the bulb in substance for 2-3 minutes.

b. Locate the nearest major or minor mark below the b. Locate the nearest major or minor mark below the top of liquid.top of liquid.

c. Count the number of intervals upto the top of the c. Count the number of intervals upto the top of the liquid.liquid.

Measuring Volume using Graduated Measuring Volume using Graduated CylinderCylinder

Measuring Volume using Graduated Measuring Volume using Graduated CylinderCylinder

• Unit- milliliter (ml)Unit- milliliter (ml)

• Note the range of the graduated cylinder.Note the range of the graduated cylinder.

• Work out what each interval (gap between two Work out what each interval (gap between two smallest marks) measures.smallest marks) measures.

Measuring Volume using Graduated CylinderMeasuring Volume using Graduated Cylinder

• A characteristic of liquids in glass A characteristic of liquids in glass containers is that they curve at the edges. containers is that they curve at the edges. This curvature is called the meniscus. This curvature is called the meniscus.

• Measure the level at the horizontal center Measure the level at the horizontal center or inside part of the meniscus. With water or inside part of the meniscus. With water in glass, the meniscus will curve up at the in glass, the meniscus will curve up at the edges and down in the center so we read edges and down in the center so we read the bottom of the meniscus.the bottom of the meniscus.

The MeniscusThe Meniscus

Measuring Time using Stop watch

Measuring Time using Stop watch

•Time measured in seconds, minutes and hours.

•Start the stop watch using “Start Button” when you need to.

•Stop the stop watch using “Stop Button” when you have finished.

•Note the time down.

Instructions for experiment:

•Use glassware carefully. Do not break it.

•Use thermometers carefully. Do not break it.

•Use stop watches in the best possible manner.

Measuring Mass using Electronic Balance

Measuring Mass using Electronic Balance

• Switch it ON a little while before you want to use it so that it can stabilise.

• Make sure the pan is clean.

• Place the substance to be weighed on it gently.

• Wait for the reading to be constant and note it down.

NO VIBRATIONS OR JERKY MOVEMENTS AT ANY STAGE.

Measuring mass using Triple Beam Measuring mass using Triple Beam Balance Balance

Triple Beam BalanceTriple Beam Balance

Using Triple Beam BalanceUsing Triple Beam Balance• To find the mass of an object using a triple beam To find the mass of an object using a triple beam

balance, place the object on the measurement tray and balance, place the object on the measurement tray and adjust the positions of the three riders on the rider adjust the positions of the three riders on the rider beams until the pointer lines up with the zero mark. beams until the pointer lines up with the zero mark.

• The mass of the object can then be found by adding the The mass of the object can then be found by adding the values indicated by the three riders. values indicated by the three riders.

• A. The middle beam reads only in 100 g increments.A. The middle beam reads only in 100 g increments.B. The far beam reads only in 10 g increments.B. The far beam reads only in 10 g increments.The weights in each of these must always sit in a The weights in each of these must always sit in a "notch". They cannot be placed at arbitrary points on "notch". They cannot be placed at arbitrary points on the beam.the beam.C. The weight on the front beam can be placed to read C. The weight on the front beam can be placed to read continuously from 0 to 10 grams.continuously from 0 to 10 grams.

Using Triple Beam BalanceUsing Triple Beam Balance

http://www.ohaus.com/products/http://www.ohaus.com/products/education/weblab/TBBread.htmleducation/weblab/TBBread.html

Do Now:Do Now:

• A ________ change occurs when there is change in the A ________ change occurs when there is change in the physical property of an object or substance.physical property of an object or substance.

• Examples of physical change- Examples of physical change-

a. melting ice block (solid a. melting ice block (solid _______) _______)

b. boiling water (liquid b. boiling water (liquid _____) _____)

c. dissolving sugar (______ c. dissolving sugar (______ liquid) liquid)

• Physical changes are reversible since no _____ Physical changes are reversible since no _____ substances are formed.substances are formed.

Do Now:Do Now:

• A A physicalphysical change occurs when there is change in the change occurs when there is change in the physical property of an object or substance.physical property of an object or substance.

• Examples of physical change- Examples of physical change-

a. melting ice block (solid a. melting ice block (solid liquidliquid) )

b. boiling water (liquid b. boiling water (liquid gasgas))

c. dissolving sugar (c. dissolving sugar (solidsolid liquid) liquid)

• Physical changes are reversible since no Physical changes are reversible since no newnew substances are formed.substances are formed.

Bunsen BurnerBunsen Burner

Bunsen Burner

Common piece of laboratory equipment that is used for heating, burning and

sterilization.

Bunsen Burner

• If the collar at the bottom of the tube is open fully, air can mix with the gas before combustion. The flame will burn hotter, appearing blue as a result.

• If the holes are closed, the gas will only mix with air at the point of combustion only after it has exited the tube at the top. This reduced mixing produces an incomplete reaction and a cooler but brighter yellow flame called the "safety flame" or "luminous flame".

• The yellow flame is considered "dirty" because it leaves a layer of carbon (soot) on whatever it is heating.

S.I. Units and PrefixesS.I. Units and Prefixes

• S.I.S.I.- also known as International system of units.- also known as International system of units.

• S.I. prefixS.I. prefix- Name or associated symbol that precedes - Name or associated symbol that precedes a basic unit of measure. a basic unit of measure.

Commonly used S.I. units and Commonly used S.I. units and symbolssymbols

Quantity measured Unit Symbol Relationship

Length, width,distance, thickness

millimeter mm 10 mm = 1 cmcentimeter cm 100 cm = 1 m

meter m      kilometer km 1 km = 1000 m

Mass(“weight”)*

milligram mg 1000 mg = 1 ggram g      

kilogram kg 1 kg = 1000 gmetric ton t 1 t = 1000 kg

Time second s      

Temperature degree Celsius °C      

Areasquare meter m²      

hectare ha 1 ha = 10 000 m²square kilometer km² 1 km² = 100 ha

Volume

milliliter mL 1000 mL = 1 Lcubic centimeter cm³ 1 cm³ = 1 mL

liter L 1000 L = 1 m³cubic meter m³      

Speed, velocitymeter per second m/s      kilometer per hour km/h 1 km/h = 0.278 m/s

Densitykilogram per cubic

meterkg/m³      

Force newton N      

Powerwatt W      

kilowatt kW 1 kW = 1000 W

Powerkilojoule kJ      

megajoule MJ 1 MJ = 1000 kJkilowatt hour kW·h 1 kW·h = 3.6 MJ

Electric current ampere A      

Commonly used S.I. prefixesCommonly used S.I. prefixes

Prefix Symbol Factor Numerically Name

giga G 109 1 000 000 000

billion**

mega M 106 1 000 000 million

kilo k 103 1 000 thousand

centi c 10-2 0.01 hundredth

milli m 10-3 0.001 thousandth

micro μ 10-6 0.000 001 millionth

nano n 10-9 0.000 000

001billionth**

Practice questions:Practice questions:

Convert:Convert:

a.a.5000m to km5000m to km

b.b.100m to mm100m to mm

c.c.10 litre to ml10 litre to ml

d.d.10 degree celsius to K10 degree celsius to K

Do Now:Do Now: ____________________ is the process in which the size of a substance is the process in which the size of a substance

is reduced since it is being pressed on.is reduced since it is being pressed on.

A A ____________ has fixed volume and shape and is hard to has fixed volume and shape and is hard to compress than a gas or a liquid.compress than a gas or a liquid.

A A ____________ cannot be compressed to a great extent. It has a cannot be compressed to a great extent. It has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. It takes the shape of fixed volume but not a fixed shape. It takes the shape of its container.its container.

__________ can be easily compressed. This means that a given can be easily compressed. This means that a given quantity of gas will fit into a container of any size and quantity of gas will fit into a container of any size and shape. It does not have either a definite volume or a shape. It does not have either a definite volume or a definite shape.definite shape.

Do Now:Do Now: CompressionCompression is the process in which the size of a is the process in which the size of a

substance is reduced since it is being pressed on.substance is reduced since it is being pressed on.

A A solidsolid has fixed volume and shape and is hard to has fixed volume and shape and is hard to compress than a gas or a liquid.compress than a gas or a liquid.

A A liquidliquid cannot be compressed to a great extent. It has a cannot be compressed to a great extent. It has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. It takes the shape of fixed volume but not a fixed shape. It takes the shape of its container.its container.

GasGas can be easily compressed. This means that a given can be easily compressed. This means that a given quantity of gas will fit into a container of any size and quantity of gas will fit into a container of any size and shape. It does not have either a definite volume or a shape. It does not have either a definite volume or a definite shape.definite shape.

S.I. units & Prefix exerciseS.I. units & Prefix exercise

Do Now:Do Now:

Water Cycle SheetWater Cycle Sheet

S.I. units & Prefix exerciseS.I. units & Prefix exercise

Do Now:Do Now: Solids, Liquids & Gases Solids, Liquids & Gases SheetSheet

How to draw a line graph?How to draw a line graph?How To Construct a Line Graph On Paper

Step What To Do How To Do It

1Identify the

variables

a. Independent Variable - (controlled by the experimentor)

Goes on the X axis (horizontal)

b. Dependent Variable - (changes with the independent variable)

Goes on the Y axis (vertical)

2Determine the variable range.

a. Subtract the lowest data value from the highest data value.

b. Do each variable separately.

3Determine the scale

of the graph.

a. Determine a scale, (the numerical value for each square),that best fits the range of each variable.

b. Spread the graph to use MOST of the available space.

4Number and label

each axis. This tells what data the lines on your graph represent.

5 Plot the data points.a. Plot each data value on the graph with a dot.

b. You can put the data number by the dot, if it does not clutter graph.

6 Draw the graph.a. Draw a curve or a line that best fits the data points.

b. Most graphs of experimental data are not drawn as "connect-the-dots".

7 Title the graph.

a. Your title should clearly tell what the graph is about.

b. If your graph has more than one set of data, provide a "key" to identify the different lines.

Solid

GasLiquid

_________________Heating / cooling

_________________Heating / cooling

________________Heating / cooling

Do Now:Changes of state

1. Complete the diagram by writing the name of the change in each box : use one of these: evaporating, condensing, melting, freezing, subliming, reverse subliming2. Cross out one of the words, cooling or heating, in each box to show what must be done to

change the state.

Line Graph SheetLine Graph Sheet

Do Now:

Solids, Liquids and Gases Sheet

States of matter- Summary

States of Matter- Poem

Check H.W.Check H.W. - - Make a line graph Make a line graph ExerciseExercise

Experiment- Melting Ice to Water

Time (minutes) Temperature (degree celsius)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Time vs. Temperature Graph

Do Now:Do Now:

Draw the triangle of changing states of matter.Draw the triangle of changing states of matter.

The following sheets need to be The following sheets need to be completed:completed:

• Solids, Liquids & Gases SheetSolids, Liquids & Gases Sheet

• Hydrologic cycleHydrologic cycle

• States of matter poemStates of matter poem

• States of matter summaryStates of matter summary

Draw a line graph for the Draw a line graph for the following data:following data:

Time (minutes) Temperature (degree celsius)

1 20

2 25

3 30

4 35

5 40

End of Topic TestEnd of Topic TestInstructions:Instructions:

First 20 minutes for revision.First 20 minutes for revision.

1. To be completed in 30 minutes1. To be completed in 30 minutes

2. The answers to be written on the test paper.2. The answers to be written on the test paper.

3. The test could be cancelled if found helping 3. The test could be cancelled if found helping in any way.in any way.

Do Now:Do Now:Draw a line graph for the Draw a line graph for the following data:following data:

Time (minutes) Temperature (degree celsius)

1 20

2 25

3 30

4 35

5 40

Video- The AtomVideo- The Atom

Water Cycle PosterWater Cycle Poster