T.C.GA Z‹ ÜN‹ VER S‹ TE S‹

TÜRK­ÇE­Ö∕­RE­N‹M,­ARA­TIR­MA­ve­UY­GU­LA­MA­MER­KE­Z‹­(TÖ MER)

YABANCILAR İÇİN

TÜRKÇEDİL BİLGİSİ

AN KA RA - 2006

T.C.GA Z‹ ÜN‹ VER S‹ TE S‹

TÜRK­ÇE­Ö∕­RE­N‹M,­ARA­TIR­MA­ve­UY­GU­LA­MA­MER­KE­Z‹­(TÖ­MER)YA­YIN­NO:­4

©­­Her­hak­k›­sak­l›­d›r.G.­Ü.­TÖ­MER’in­ya­z›­l›­iz­ni­ol­ma­dan­ta­ma­men­ve­ya­k›s­men­ik­ti­bas­edi­le­mez,­ço­¤al­t›­la­maz.

All­rights­re­ser­ved.­No­part­of­the­con­tent­of­this­bo­ok­may­be­rep­ro­du­ced­wit­ho­ut­the­writ­ten­per­mis­si­on­of­Ga­zi­Uni­ver­sity­TÖ­MER.

GA­Z‹­ÜN‹­VER­S‹­TE­S‹­TÖ­MERTel:­(0.312)­229­78­00­­•­Faks:­(0.312)­229­88­20

http://www.­tomer.ga­zi.edu.tre-ma­il:to­mer@ga­zi.edu.tr.

ISBN­975­-­507-­093­-­1Ekim­2006­/­AN­KA­RA

2.­Bask›

UYUM AJANSTelefon:­229­39­72­•­229­31­07­(Faks)­•­AN­KA­RA

www.uyu­ma­jans.com.tr

MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK

En­eski­Türkçe­metinlerden­VIII.­yüzy›la­ait­Orhun­Yaz›t›

SUNU

Üçün­cü­bin­y›­la­gi­rer­ken­ül­ke­ler­ve­in­san­lar­ara­s›n­da­ki­ile­ti­i­min­h›­z›­yük­sek­bo­yut­la­ra­eri­mi­tir.­Her­tür­lü­bil­gi­nin­do­la­›­m›­için­di­lin­ya­z›­l›­ve­söz­lü­ile­ti­im­araç­la­r›n­da­kul­la­n›­m›­gi­de­rek­önem­ka­zan­mak­ta­d›r.­Dil,­in­san­la­r›­ve­kül­tür­le­ri­ta­n›­ma­da­et­ki­li­bir­araç­t›r.­Türk­çe,­ i­len­mi­ve­ge­li­mi­bir­ya­z›­di­li­ola­rak­dün­ya­n›n­en­kök­lü­ve­es­ki­dil­le­rin­den­bi­ri­dir.­Türk­di­liy­le­ya­z›l­m›­ilk­kay­nak­lar­mi­lat­tan­son­ra­725­y›­l›­na,­ya­ni­gü­nü­müz­den­1277­y›l­ ön­ce­si­ne­da­yan­mak­ta­d›r.­Türk­çe­nin­ö¤­re­ti­mi­ ile­ il­gi­li­ biz­le­re­ula­an­ ilk­ki­tap­ola­rak­Ka­gar­l›­Mah­mut'un­1074­ta­ri­hin­de­yaz­d›­¤› Di va nü Lü ga ti't Türk­(Türk­Dil­le­ri­nin­Di­va­n›)­ad­l›­ese­ri­ni­gös­te­re­bi­li­riz.­

Türk­çe­ XX.­ yüzy›l›n­ ba­la­r›­na­ ka­dar­ dün­ya­da­ki­ önem­li­ ile­ti­im­ dil­le­rin­den­ bi­riy­di.­ Bu­gün­ 230­mil­yon­luk­ bü­yük­ bir­ kit­le­ ta­ra­f›n­dan­Türk­çe­ ve­ leh­çe­le­ri,­ Bal­kan­lar­dan­As­ya'n›n­iç­le­ri­ne­ka­dar­ge­ni­bir­alan­da­ko­nu­ul­mak­ta­d›r.­1990'l›­y›l­la­r›n­ba­›n­da­Sov­yet­ler­Bir­li­¤i'nin­y›­k›­l›­›n­dan­son­ra­Türk­çe­ko­nu­an­be­ye­ni­Türk­Cum­hu­ri­ye­ti­or­ta­ya­ç›k­m›­t›r.­Azer­bay­can,­Ka­za­kis­tan,­K›r­g›­zis­tan,­Öz­be­kis­tan­ve­Türk­me­nis­tan,­XX.­yüzy›­l›n­so­nun­da­dün­ya­n›n­si­ya­si,­eko­no­mik­ve­kül­tü­rel­ha­ri­ta­s›n­da­yer­le­ri­ni­al­m›­lar­d›r.­Önü­müz­de­ki­yüz­y›l­da­Türk­çe,­po­tan­si­yel­ile­ti­im­dil­le­rin­den­bi­ri­si­ol­cak­t›r.­Ay­r›­ca,­Tür­ki­ye'nin­sos­yal,­eko­no­mik­ve­si­ya­si­alan­da­ki­ge­li­i­mi,­Türk­çe­ö¤­ren­me­ye­olan­ta­le­bi­de­ar­t›r­m›­t›r.­

Ga­zi­Üni­ver­si­te­si­Türk­çe­Ö¤­re­nim,­Ara­t›r­ma­ve­Uy­gu­la­ma­Mer­ke­zi­(TÖ­MER),­dil­ö¤­re­ti­mi­ni­ ti­ca­ri­ amaç­tan­uzak,­aka­de­mik­en­di­e­ler­le­ve­ça¤­da­yön­tem­ler­le­uy­gu­la­ma­gay­re­ti­ için­de­ olan­ genç­ bir­ ku­rum­dur.­Tür­ki­ye'de­ ö¤­re­nim­gör­mek­ is­te­yen­ ö¤­ren­ci­ler­ile­ti­ca­ret,­kül­tür,­sa­nat­ve­de­¤i­ik­i­ko­lun­da­ça­l›­an­di­¤er­ya­ban­c›­la­r›n­ih­ti­yaç­la­r›­n›­göz­önün­de­bu­lun­du­ra­rak­ha­z›r­la­d›­¤›­m›z­bu­ eser­ler,­Ya ban c› lar ‹çin Türk çe 1, Ya ban c›­lar ‹çin Türk çe 2, Ya ban c› lar ‹çin Türk çe Dil Bil gi si ve Yabancılar İçin TCS-YÖS Türkçe Deneme Sınavları ol­mak­ üze­re­ dört­ ay­r›­ ki­tap­ hâ­lin­de­dir.­Ya ban c› lar ‹çin Türk çe I­ve­Ya ban c› lar ‹çin Türk çe II ad­l›­ki­tap­larda,­dil­bilgisi,­ya­z›­l›­an­la­t›m,­söz­lü­an­la­t›m,­dinleme­ve­an­la­ma­bö­lüm­le­ri­bu­lun­mak­ta­d›r.­Ya ban c› lar ‹çin Türk çe Dil Bil­gi si adlı­ kitabımız,­ ay­r›­ bir­ ki­tap­ola­rak­ ta­sar­la­n›p­ka­le­me­al›n­m›­t›r.­Yabancılar İçin TCS-YÖS Türkçe Deneme Sınavları adlı­ kitabımız­ ise­ öğrencileri­ Türkçe­ yeterlik­sınavlarına­hazırlamak­amacıyla­yazılmıştır.­Sö­z­konusu­ki­tap­la­r›­m›z,­balang›çtan­ileri­Türkçeye­kadar­her­seviyede­Türk­dilini­ö¤renmek­isteyenlere­yö­ne­lik­ha­z›r­lan­m›­t›r.­Bu­ki­tap­la­r›­m›­z›­di­¤er­ya­y›m­la­r›­m›z­ta­kip­ede­cek­tir.­

TÖ­MER­ ö¤­re­tim­ ele­man­la­r›n­ca­ ti­tiz­lik­le­ ha­z›r­la­nan­ ve­ Tür­ki­ye­ Türk­çe­si­ ö¤­re­nen­ya­ban­c›­la­r›n­ya­ra­r›­na­sun­du­¤u­muz­ki­tap­la­r›­m›­z›n­bü­yük­bir­bo­lu­¤u­dol­du­ra­ca­¤›­na­ina­n›­yo­ruz.­Ki­tap­ha­z›r­la­n›r­ken­aza­mi­dik­kat­ve­ça­ba­gös­te­ril­mi­tir.­Bu­na­ra¤­men­bir­k›­s›m­ek­sik­lik­ve­ha­ta­la­r›­m›z­ola­bi­lir.­Ho­gö­rüy­le­kar­›­la­na­ca­¤›­n›­ümit­et­ti­¤i­miz­bu­ku­sur­la­r›­m›z­için­sa­mi­mi­ele­ti­ri­ler,­di­¤er­bas­k›­lar­da­ve­ça­l›­ma­lar­da­bi­ze­››k­tu­ta­cak­t›r.

Prof. Dr. ‹sa ÖzkanGazi­Üniversitesi­TÖMER­Bakan›

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‹Ç‹N DE K‹ LER

B‹ R‹N C‹ BÖ LÜMSES B‹L G‹ S‹

1­­AL­FA­BE­...........................................................................................................19

2­­SES,­HARF,­HE­CE­..........................................................................................20

3­­BÜ­YÜK­ÜN­LÜ­UYU­MU­................................................................................22

4­­ÜN­SÜZ­UYU­MU­.............................................................................................24

5­­ÜN­SÜZ­YU­MU­A­MA­SI­.................................................................................26

‹K‹N C‹ BÖ LÜMKE L‹ ME (SÖZ CÜK)

1­­AD­(İSİM)­........................................................................................................31

­ 1.­Adlar­.............................................................................................................31

­ ­­­­I.­Kullanılışına­Göre­Adlar­...........................................................................31

­ ­ 1­­Cins­Adı­...............................................................................................31

­ ­ 2­­Özel­Ad­................................................................................................31

­ ­ 3­­Yansıma­Adları­....................................................................................33

­ ­­­­II.­Anlamlarına­Göre­Adlar­..........................................................................32

­ ­ 1.­Somut­Adlar­.........................................................................................32

­ ­ 2.­Soyut­Adlar­..........................................................................................33

­ ­­­­III.­Varlıkların­Sayılarına­Göre­Adlar­..........................................................33

­ ­ 1.­Tekil­Ad­...............................................................................................33

­ ­ 2.­Çoğul­Ad­..............................................................................................33

­ ­ 3.­Topluluk­Adı­........................................................................................34

­ 2.­‹ye­lik­Ek­le­ri­..................................................................................................34

­ ­ *­Ün­lü­Dü­me­si­........................................................................................36

­ 3.­Hâl­(Durum)­Ek­le­ri­.......................................................................................37

­ ­ a­­Ya­l›n­Hâl­..............................................................................................37

­ ­ b­­Bu­lun­ma­Hâ­li­.......................................................................................38

­ ­ c­­Ay­r›l­ma­Hâ­li­........................................................................................39

­ ­ ç­­Yö­nel­me­Hâ­li­.......................................................................................41

­ ­ ­­­­­*Yar­d›m­c›­Ün­süz­ler­............................................................................42

8

­ ­ d­­Be­lirt­me­(Yük­le­me)­Hâ­li­.....................................................................44

­ ­ ­­­­*Saat­Kaç­.............................................................................................47

­ ­ e­­‹l­gi­Hâ­li­­...............................................................................................48

­ 4.­‹sim­Tam­la­ma­s›­.............................................................................................49

­ ­ a­­Be­lir­ti­li­‹sim­Tam­la­ma­s›­......................................................................50

­ ­ b­­Be­lir­ti­siz­‹sim­Tam­la­ma­s›­....................................................................51

2.­EK­F‹­‹L­­(I)­.......................................................................................................54

­ Ek­Fi­ilin­Ge­ni­Za­ma­n›­.....................................................................................54

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­......................................................................................54

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­...................................................................................56

3.­ZA­M‹R­(ADIL)­.................................................................................................58

­ 1.­Kişi­(Şahıs)­Za­mir­le­ri­...................................................................................58

­ 2.­Dö­nü­lü­lük­Za­mi­ri­........................................................................................59

­ 3.­‹a­ret­Za­mir­le­ri­.............................................................................................60

­ ­ *­ile­...........................................................................................................61­

­ ­ 4.­Be­lir­siz­lik­Za­mir­le­ri­......................................................................................61

­ 5.­So­ru­Za­mir­le­ri­...............................................................................................62

­ ­ *­Ait­lik­Eki­(­ki)­.......................................................................................63

4.­F‹­‹L­(EY­LEM)­­.................................................................................................66

BA­S‹T­K‹P­LE­R­....................................................................................................66

­ 1.­im­di­ki­Za­man­..............................................................................................66

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­......................................................................................66

­ ­ *­Ün­lü­Da­ral­ma­s›­.....................................................................................67

­ ­ *­­mak­ta/­mek­te­.......................................................................................69

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­...................................................................................69

­ ­ c­­Olum­lu­So­ru­Çekimi­............................................................................70

­ ­ ç­­Olum­suz­So­ru­Çekimi­..........................................................................71

­ 2.­Ge­ni­Za­man­.................................................................................................73

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­......................................................................................73

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­...................................................................................77

­ ­ c­­Olum­lu­So­ru­Çekim­.............................................................................78

­ ­ ç­­Olum­suz­So­ru­Çekim­...........................................................................79

9

­ 3.­Gö­rü­len­Geç­mi­Za­man­................................................................................81

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­......................................................................................81

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­...................................................................................82

­ ­ c­­Olum­lu­So­ru­Çekimi­............................................................................84

­ ­ ç­­Olum­suz­So­ru­Çekimi­..........................................................................85

­ 4­­Ö¤­re­ni­len­Geç­mi­Za­man­.............................................................................86

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­......................................................................................86

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­...................................................................................88­

­ ­ ­ c­­Olum­lu­So­ru­Çekimi­............................................................................89

­ ­ ç­­Olum­suz­So­ru­Çekimi­..........................................................................90

­ 5­­Ge­le­cek­Za­man­.............................................................................................92

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­......................................................................................92

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­...................................................................................94

­ ­ c­­Olum­lu­So­ru­Çekimi­............................................................................96

­ ­ ç­­Olum­suz­So­ru­Çekimi­..........................................................................97

­ ­ *­­Ye­ter­li­lik­Fi­ili­"bilmek"­.......................................................................99

­ ­ ­­­­a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­...............................................................................100

­ ­ ­­­­b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­.............................................................................100

­ 6­­Ge­rek­li­lik­Ki­pi­............................................................................................102

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­....................................................................................103

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­.................................................................................105

­ ­ c­­Olum­lu­So­ru­Çekimi­..........................................................................106

­ ­ ç­­Olum­suz­So­ru­Çekimi­........................................................................108

­ 7­­Emir­Ki­pi­....................................................................................................110

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­....................................................................................110

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­.................................................................................112

­ ­ c­­Olum­lu­So­ru­Çekimi­..........................................................................114

­ ­ ç­­Olum­suz­So­ru­Çekimi­........................................................................114

­ 8­­‹s­tek­Ki­pi­....................................................................................................116

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­....................................................................................116

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­.................................................................................117

­ ­ c­­Olum­lu­So­ru­Çekimi­..........................................................................118

­ ­ ç­­Olum­suz­So­ru­Çekimi­........................................................................119

10

­ 9­­art­Ki­pi­­....................................................................................................120

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­....................................................................................120

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­.................................................................................122

­ ­ c­­Olum­lu­So­ru­Çekimi­..........................................................................123

­ ­ ç­­Olum­suz­So­ru­Çekimi­........................................................................123

5.­EK­F‹­‹L­VE­ÇE­K‹­M‹­(II)­...............................................................................125

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Çekim­....................................................................................125

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Çekim­.................................................................................127

­ ­ c­­Olumlu­Soru­Çekimi­..........................................................................127

­ ­ ç­­Olumsuz­Soru­Çekimi­........................................................................128

6.­SI­FAT­(ÖN­AD)­.............................................................................................130

­ 1.­Ni­te­le­me­S›­fat­la­r›­........................................................................................130

­ 2.­Be­lirt­me­S›­fat­la­r›­.........................................................................................133

­ ­ a­­‹a­ret­S›­fat­la­r›­.....................................................................................133

­ ­ b­­Sa­y›­S›­fat­la­r›­......................................................................................134

­ ­ As›l­Sa­y›­S›­fat­la­r›­..............................................................................134

­ ­ S›­ra­Sa­y›­S›­fat­la­r›­...............................................................................134

­ ­ Üle­tir­me­(Pay­la­t›r­ma)­Sayı­S›­fat­la­r›­...............................................135

­ ­ Ke­sir­Sa­y›­S›­fat­la­r›­............................................................................135

­ ­ c­­Be­lir­siz­lik­S›­fat­la­r›­.............................................................................135

­ ­ ç­­So­ru­S›­fat­la­r›­......................................................................................136

­ 3.­S›­fat­lar­da­Pekiştirme,­De­re­ce­len­dir­me,­Küçültme­.....................................137

­ ­ a­­Sıfatlarda­Pekiştirme­..........................................................................137

­ ­ b­­Sıfatlarda­Derecelendirme­.................................................................138

­ ­ c­­Sıfatlarda­Küçültme­...........................................................................139

­ 4.­S›­fat­Tam­la­ma­s›­..........................................................................................140

­ 5.­Niteleme­Sıfatını­İsim­Yapma­....................................................................141

­ 6.­İşaret­Sıfatını­İşaret­Zamiri­Yapma­............................................................142

­ 7.­Belirsizlik­Sıfatını­Belirsizlik­Zamiri­Yapma­.............................................142

­ 8.­Ki'li­Sıfatları­İşaret­Zamiri­Yapma­.............................................................142

7.­ZARFLAR­(BE­L‹R­TEÇLER)­........................................................................143

­ 1.­Hâl­(Du­rum)­Zarf­la­r›­..................................................................................143

­ 2.­Za­man­­Zarf­la­r›­............................................................................................144

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­ 3.­Yön­Zarf­la­r›­................................................................................................145

­ 4.­Az­l›k­Çok­luk­(Mik­tar)­Zarf­la­r›­...................................................................146

­ 5.­So­ru­Zarf­la­r›­................................................................................................147

8.­F‹­‹L‹M­S‹­LER­(EY­LEM­S‹­LER)­­....................................................................149

­ 1.­‹sim­Fi­il­ler­..................................................................................................149

­ 2.­S›­fat­Fi­il­ler­(Or­taç­lar)­.................................................................................154

­ 3.­Zarf­Fi­il­ler­(Ba¤­Fi­il­ler)­.............................................................................161

9.­B‹R­LE­‹K­K‹P­LER­........................................................................................171

­ 1.­Hi­kâ­ye­Bir­le­ik­Çe­ki­mi­..............................................................................171

­ ­ a­­Gö­rü­len­Geç­mi­Za­ma­n›n­Hi­kâ­ye­si­...................................................171

­ ­ b­­Ö¤­re­ni­len­Geç­mi­Za­ma­n›n­Hi­kâ­ye­si­...............................................172

­ ­ c­­im­di­ki­Za­ma­n›n­Hi­kâ­ye­si­................................................................173

­ ­ ç­­Ge­ni­Za­ma­n›n­Hi­kâ­ye­si­....................................................................175

­ ­ d­­Ge­le­cek­Za­ma­n›n­Hi­kâ­ye­si­................................................................176

­ ­ e­­Ge­rek­li­lik­Ki­pi­nin­Hi­kâ­ye­si­...............................................................177

­ ­ f­­art­Ki­pi­nin­Hi­kâ­ye­si­.........................................................................179

­ ­ g­­‹s­tek­Ki­pi­nin­Hi­kâ­ye­si­.......................................................................180

­ 2.­Ri­va­yet­Bir­le­ik­Çe­ki­mi­.............................................................................182

­ ­ a­­Ö¤­re­ni­len­Geç­mi­Za­ma­n›n­Ri­va­ye­ti­................................................182

­ ­ b­­im­di­ki­Za­ma­n›n­Ri­va­ye­ti­.................................................................183

­ ­ c­­Ge­ni­Za­ma­n›n­Ri­va­ye­ti­....................................................................185

­ ­ ç­­Ge­le­cek­Za­ma­n›n­Ri­va­ye­ti­.................................................................186

­ ­ d­­Ge­rek­li­lik­Ki­pi­nin­Ri­va­ye­ti­...............................................................187

­ ­ e­­art­Ki­pi­nin­Ri­va­ye­ti­.........................................................................188

­ ­ f­­‹s­tek­Ki­pi­nin­Ri­va­ye­ti­........................................................................189

­ 3.­art­Bir­le­ik­Çe­ki­mi­...................................................................................191

­ ­ a­­Gö­rü­len­Geç­mi­Za­ma­n›n­ar­t›­.........................................................191

­ ­ b­­Ö¤­re­ni­len­Geç­mi­Za­ma­n›n­ar­t›­......................................................193

­ ­ c­­im­di­ki­Za­ma­n›n­ar­t›­.......................................................................194

­ ­ ç­­Ge­ni­Za­ma­n›n­ar­t›­..........................................................................195

­ ­ d­­Ge­le­cek­Za­ma­n›n­ar­t›­......................................................................196

­ ­ e­­Ge­rek­li­lik­Ki­pi­nin­ar­t›­.....................................................................197

12

­ ­ Bir­le­ik­Kip­ler­de­Olum­lu­So­ru­Çe­ki­mi­.................................................199­ ­ Bir­le­ik­Kip­ler­de­Olum­suz­So­ru­Çe­ki­mi­...............................................200

10.­YA­PI­BA­KI­MIN­DAN­KE­L‹­ME­LER­..........................................................202­ Çe­kim­Eki­­......................................................................................................202­

­ ­ ­ *­Kök­......................................................................................................202­ ­ *­Göv­de­..................................................................................................202­ Ya­p›m­Eki­.......................................................................................................202

­ 1.­Ba­sit­Ke­li­me­ler­...........................................................................................203­ ­ Ba­sit­‹sim­ler­...........................................................................................203­ ­ Ba­sit­Fi­il­ler­.............................................................................................203

­ 2.­Tü­re­mi­Ke­li­me­ler­......................................................................................203­ ­ a­­‹sim­den­‹sim­Ya­p›m­Ek­le­ri­................................................................204­ ­ b­­‹sim­den­Fi­il­Ya­p›m­Ek­le­ri­.................................................................215­ ­ c­­Fi­il­den­‹sim­Ya­p›m­Ek­le­ri­.................................................................218­ ­ ç­­Fi­il­den­Fi­il­Ya­p›m­Ek­le­ri­...................................................................222

­ 3.­Bir­le­ik­Ke­li­me­ler­.......................................................................................225­ ­ A­­Bir­le­ik­‹sim­ler­.................................................................................226­ ­ B­­Bir­le­ik­Fi­il­ler­...................................................................................228­ ­ a­­Bir­‹sim­ve­Bir­Yar­d›m­c›­Fi­il­den­Olu­an­Bir­le­ik­Fi­il­ler..................228 Et mek Yar­d›m­c›­Fi­ili­.........................................................................229 Ey le mek Yar­d›m­c›­Fi­ili­.....................................................................229 Ol mak Yar­d›m­c›­Fi­ili­........................................................................230 K›l mak Yar­d›m­c›­Fi­ili­.......................................................................230­ ­ b­­Ku­ral­l›­Bir­le­ik­Fi­iler­.........................................................................231­ ­ ­ Ye­ter­li­lik­Fi­ili­­“­bil mek ”­.................................................................231­ ­ ­ Tez­lik­Fi­ili­­“­ver mek ”­.....................................................................232­ ­ ­ Sü­rek­li­lik­Fi­il­le­ri­­“­dur mak, kal mak, gel mek ”­................................233­ ­ ­ Yak­la­ma­Fi­ili­­“­yaz mak ”­...............................................................233­ ­ c­­An­lam­ca­Kay­na­m›­Bir­le­ik­Fi­il­ler­..................................................234­ ­ ­­­­Birleşik­Kelimelerin­Yazımı­..............................................................237­ ­ ­­­­­­­a­­Bitişik­Yazılan­Birleşik­Kelimeler­.............................................237­ ­ ­­­­­­­b­­Ayrı­Yazılan­Birleşik­Kelimeler­................................................238

11.­EDATLAR­­....................................................................................................239

13

12.­BA∕­LAÇLAR­..............................................................................................244

13.­ÜN­LEM­LER­.................................................................................................252

14.­F‹­‹L­K‹P­LE­R‹N­DE­AN­LAM­(ZA­MAN)­KAY­MA­SI­.................................255­ 1.­im­di­ki­Za­man­............................................................................................255­ 2.­Ge­ni­Za­man­...............................................................................................256­ 3.­Ge­le­cek­Za­man­...........................................................................................256

15.­AN­LAM­BA­KI­MIN­DAN­KE­L‹­ME­LER­.....................................................258­ 1.­Ger­çek­(Te­mel)­An­lam­l›­Ke­li­me­ler­............................................................258­ 2.­Yan­An­lam­l›­Ke­li­me­ler­...............................................................................259­ 3.­Me­caz­An­lam­l›­Ke­li­me­ler­...........................................................................260­ 4.­De­yim­ler­.....................................................................................................262­ 5.­Te­rim­An­lam­l›­Ke­li­me­ler­...........................................................................265­ 6.­E­An­lam­l›­(An­lam­da)­Ke­li­me­ler­.............................................................266­ 7.­Ya­k›n­An­lam­l›­Ke­li­me­ler­...........................................................................268­ 8.­Kar­›t­(Z›t)­An­lam­l›­Ke­li­me­ler­...................................................................269­ 9.­E­Ses­li­(Ses­te)­Ke­li­me­ler­.........................................................................271

ÜÇÜN CÜ BÖ LÜMCÜM LE

1.­CÜM­LE­N‹N­ÖGE­LE­R‹­.................................................................................275­ 1.­Cüm­le­nin­Te­mel­Öge­le­ri­............................................................................275­ ­ a­­Yük­lem­...............................................................................................275­ ­ b­­Öz­ne­...................................................................................................277­ ­ Öz­ne­Yük­lem­Uy­gun­lu­¤u­......................................................................278

­ 2.­Cüm­le­nin­Yar­d›m­c›­Öge­le­ri­.......................................................................281­ ­ a­­Nes­ne­..................................................................................................281­ ­ b­­Zarf­Tüm­le­ci­......................................................................................282­ ­ c­­Do­lay­l›­Tüm­leç­(Yer­Tamlayıcısı)­.....................................................283

2.­CÜM­LE­ÇE­‹T­LE­R‹­......................................................................................285­ 1.­Yük­le­mi­ne­Gö­re­Cüm­le­ler­..........................................................................285­ ­ a­­‹sim­Cüm­le­si­......................................................................................285­ ­ b­­Fi­il­Cüm­le­si­.......................................................................................285

14

­ 2.­Yük­le­min­Ye­ri­ne­(Öge­le­rin­Di­zi­li­i­ne)­Gö­re­Cüm­le­ler­.............................287

­ ­ a­­Ku­ral­l›­Cüm­le­.....................................................................................287

­ ­ b­­Ku­ral­s›z­(Dev­rik)­Cüm­le­...................................................................287

­ 3.­An­la­m›­na­Gö­re­Cüm­le­ler­............................................................................289

­ ­ a­­Olum­lu­Cüm­le­....................................................................................289

­ ­ b­­Olum­suz­Cüm­le­.................................................................................290

­ ­ c­­So­ru­Cüm­le­si­......................................................................................291

­ 4.­Ya­p›­s›­na­Gö­re­Cüm­le­ler­.............................................................................292

­ ­ a­­Ba­sit­Cüm­le­........................................................................................292

­ ­ b­­Bir­le­ik­Cüm­le­...................................................................................292

­ ­ Fiilimsili­Birleşik­Cümleler­...................................................................292

­ ­ art­l›­Bir­le­ik­Cüm­le­..............................................................................293

­ ­ Ki’li­Bir­le­ik­Cüm­le­...............................................................................293

­ ­ c­­S›­ra­l›­Cüm­leler­...................................................................................294

­ ­ ç­­Ba¤­l›­Cüm­leler­...................................................................................295

3.­F‹­‹L­ÇA­TI­SI­...................................................................................................296

­ 1.­Öz­ne­le­ri­ne­Gö­re­Fi­il­ler­(Özne­Yüklem­İlişkisi)­.........................................296

­ ­ a­­Et­ken­Fi­il­ler­.......................................................................................296

­ ­ b­­Edil­gen­Fi­il­ler­....................................................................................297

­ ­ c­­Dö­nü­lü­Fi­il­ler­...................................................................................298

­ ­ ç­­‹­te­Fi­il­ler­.........................................................................................299

­ 2.­Nes­ne­le­ri­ne­Gö­re­Fi­il­ler­(Nesne­Yüklem­İlişkisi)­­.....................................301

­ ­ a­­Ge­çi­li­Fi­il­ler­.....................................................................................301

­ ­ b­­Ge­çi­siz­Fi­il­ler­...................................................................................302

­ ­ c­­Et­tir­gen­Fi­il­ler­....................................................................................304

DÖR DÜN CÜ BÖ LÜMAN LA TIM BO ZUK LUK LA RI

­ 1.­An­la­ma­Da­ya­l›­Bo­zuk­luk­lar­.......................................................................307

­ 2.­Ya­p›­ya­Da­ya­l›­(Dil­Bil­gi­si­Ha­ta­la­r›n­dan­Kay­nak­la­nan)­Bo­zuk­luk­lar­........310

KONU­D‹Z‹N‹­....................................................................................................317

as.­sa.­s.­ :­as›l­say›­s›fatlar›

az.­çok.­zr.­ :­azl›k­çokluk­zarflar›

b.li­is.­t.­ :­belirtili­isim­tamlamas›

b.siz­is.­t.­ :­belirtisiz­isim­tamlamas›

ba¤.­ :­ba¤laç

bas.­ :­basit

bel.­s.­ :­belirtme­s›fatlar›

bgl.­ :­ba¤l›

bir.­ :­birleik

blrz.­s.­ :­belirsizlik­s›fatlar›

c.­ :­cümle

ç.­ :­çokluk

dol.­tüm.­ :­dolayl›­tümleç

dön.­ :­dönülü

du.­zr.­ :­durum­zarflar›

ed.­ :­edat

edl.­ :­edilgen

ek­f.­gen.­z.­ :­ek­fiil­geni­zaman

em.­k.­ :­emir­kipi

et.­ :­etken

ett.­ :­ettirgen

f.­f.­y.­e.­ :­fiilden­fiil­yap›m­ekleri

f.­i.­y.­e.­ :­fiilden­isim­yap›m­ekleri

g.li­ :­geçili

g.siz­ :­geçisiz

gel.­z.­­ :­gelecek­zaman

gen.­z..­ :­geni­zaman

ger.­k.­ :­gereklilik­kipi

gör.geç.­z.­ :­görülen­geçmi­zaman

hik.­ :­hikâye

i.­f.­y.­e.­ :­isimden­fiil­yap›m­ekleri

i.­i.­y.­e.­ :­isimden­isim­yap›m­ekleri

i.­f.­ :­isim­­­fiil

ist.­k.­ :­istek­kipi

KI SALT MA LAR

16

i.­s.­ :­iaret­s›fatlar›

it.­ :­ite

kş.­ :­kişi

k.l›­ :­kurall›

k.s›z­ :­kurals›z

kes.­sa.­s.­ :­kesir­say›­s›fatlar›

n.­ :­nesne

nit.­s.­ :­niteleme­s›fat›

o.lu­ :­olumlu

o.suz­ :­olumsuz

ö¤r.­geç.­z.­ :­ö¤renilen­geçmi­zaman

öz.­ :­özne

riv.­ :­rivayet

s.­t.­ :­s›fat­tamlamas›

s.­ :­s›fat

s.­f.­ :­s›fat­fiil

sa.­s.­ :­say›­s›fatlar›

s›.­sa.­s.­ :­s›ra­say›­s›fatlar›

so.­s.­ :­soru­s›fatlar›

so.­zr.­ :­soru­zarflar›

srl.­ :­s›ral›

.­ :­ah›s

a.­k.­ :­art­kipi

a.­ :­art

im.­z.­ :­imdiki­zaman

t.­ :­teklik

ül.­s.­ :­ületirme­s›fatlar›

ünl.­ :­ünlem

yar.­f.­ :­yard›mc›­fiil

yö.­zr.­ :­yön­zarflar›

yü.­ :­yüklem

z.­f.­ :­zarf­fiil

za.­zr.­ :­zaman­zarflar›

zr.­tüm.­ :­zarf­tümleci

zr.­ :­zarf