Y7 History

History Revision week 3History Revision week 3

Native Americans

( and with added notes we may not get to on Archaeology)

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First of all question 1 – the one on First of all question 1 – the one on sourcessources

• Remember you do not have to recall the history to answer the question

• But knowing the background will help you understand the context in which the sources occur.

• Over leaf is a sort of flow diagram to show you where it all fits in:

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Henry hoped Becket would be able to control the church courts.

He got a shock!

However, Becket soon began excommunicating all Henry’s supporters!

Four knights heard this, and decided to carry out the King’s wishes. On 29th December 1170, four knights burst into Canterbury Cathedral. They demanded Becket take back the excommunications. Becket calmly refused. The knights tried to drag Becket from the Cathedral. Becket could not be moved. They cut and killed him with repeated sword blows.

Y7 History

3. Native Americans:3. Native Americans:(a) Either the Tlingit or the Lakota: Make sure you know

about their houses, clothes, food and artefacts. Also learn about their society (how they lived) including how the

children were brought up, hierarchy (who was important and who was not), marriage etc. Also what they believed in and how they believed the earth and all things on it should

be treated.

All the PPs can be found on http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+7-4.+Early+Native+Americans Lakota: Y7HiU4B Plains Nat Am PPwk23.ppt and Y7HiU4C Lakotan beliefs

PPwk24.pptFor the Tlingit: Y7HiU4DTlingit PPwk25.ppt

Which ever you choose, you need to check out

the PPs

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We are going to look at just the TlingitWe are going to look at just the Tlingit

• Where do they live?

• What kind of place is it?

• The most important materials for the Lakota came from the bison – what is the Tlingit’s main material?

• What are their homes like? What were they called?

• What was often right by the front entrance?

• What do these tall objects show?

• How did they travel about?

• What was their main food?

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Most of the answersMost of the answers

Cedar tree

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The Cedar tree is used for many thingsThe Cedar tree is used for many things

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The Long housesThe Long houses• The length of these long houses is usually 18–30 m. It

always faced the sea. Why? The wealthy built extraordinarily large longhouses.

• Each long house was divided into sections off the central hallway, each with its own individual fire.

• Usually an extended family occupied one long house, and co-operated in obtaining food, building canoes, and other daily tasks. Long houses had enough room to fit up to 50 people.

• The front is often very elaborately decorated with an integrated mural of numerous drawings of faces and totemic or crest icons of raven, bear, whale, etc.

• A totem pole is always accompanied with a long house, though the style varies greatly, and sometimes is even used as part of the entrance way.

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There were 5 kinds of Totem PolesThere were 5 kinds of Totem Poles

• Indoor House Posts, which support the roof and carry Clan Emblems;

• House frontal Poles, which stand by the entrance of the house;

• Heraldic Poles, which stand in the front of the house and give the family history;

• Burial Poles, which carry a story about the deceased;

• Ridicule Poles, which were sometimes erected to shame debtors or make fun of someone who had done something wrong

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HouseHouse• The basic unit of Tlingit society was the household,

a "house" (in the same sense as the House of David or House of Windsor) that was a home with three resident social classes of nobles, commoners, and slaves.

• Their eldest man was the leader of the household, but his mother and sisters provided the links among all the members.

• Along side lived families of commoners who attached themselves to that house as family or lworkers.

• Beside the oval front door slept slaves, taken in war or the children of such captives, whose lives belonged to their owner, along with all their efforts.

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FamiliesFamilies• A man had to buy his wife from her family. • He would move in with her family, as clanship was passed

down through the women.• There he would contribute to her household, by working for

them. If he was acceptable, then they would marry• If she was a noble’s daughter then he might receive valuable

things like fishing grounds from her parents. • Once married they each had different jobs to do. • The man did the fishing and the hunting. He also did things

like carpentry or making any tools that were needed. • Women collected firewood, gathered fruit and vegetables,

prepared the food for the family to eat and made clothes for everybody.

• During childhood, children learned the things they would need to know when they got older. But it was not the father who taught the children, but their mother’s brother, their uncle.

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Tlingit ClothesTlingit Clothes

• Ceremonial dress includes carved masks, weapons and "Chilikat" blankets.

• Some robes are fringed, fur-trimmed, and multicoloured.

• The designs on clothing depict animals significant to the family and town.

• The Tlinglit use to wear hats made of roots.

• Men and women wore ear and nose rings.

• Some had tattoos and disks pierced through their lower lip

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ReligionReligion

• The Native Americans’ survival depended on there being plentiful food so hunting and fishing were very important.

• These Native Americans believed the animals lived to provide food for them.

• But each animal had a spirit and the Native Americans had to keep in with these spirits.

• So they would often make sacrifices and perform religious acts to thank the spirits.

• When they caught their first salmon they celebrated with speeches thanking the salmon!

• All the bones of the fish they ate were returned to the sea because they believed that if they fed them to their dogs then the spirits would be offended and the fish wouldn’t return next year.

• Native Americans only killed animals for food – never for pleasure like some white men.

• Native Americans believed that there were spirits everywhere – in the sea, in the trees, in the sky – and all had to be praised to keep them happy.

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ShamansShamans

• The Native Americans also placed great importance on the shaman.

• These were what we sometimes call witch doctors but were men or women who they believed had special powers.

• They could make contact with the spirits and help heal the sick.

• Some of their methods seem far-fetched like singing and dancing to drive away evil spirits but they were also good at making potions – medicines from plants etc – which did sometimes work.

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They passed on their beliefs by telling They passed on their beliefs by telling storiesstories

• At the end of Y7HiU4DTlingit PPwk25.ppt is the story of why the raven is black.

Y7 History

Differences between Native Differences between Native Americans and white settlersAmericans and white settlers

(b) Be able to answer these questions: what did the settlers think about the Native

Americans? What did the Native Americans think about the settlers?

All the PPs on http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+7-4.+Early+Native+Americans

have something to say on this – but pick out about 3 different ideas

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Here are someHere are some• The Native Americans

• They thought the whites were unkind to their children as they beat them.

• They thought that if a marriage was not working, it was best to end it in a civilised way.

• They thought horse stealing was more of a sport and not wrong.

• They thought no-one owned land and all living things should respected.

• The white settlers

• They thought the Native Americans were too soft on their children as they never really punished them.

• The settlers thought marriage was for life and breaking it was wicked

• They thought any theft was a sin

• They thought all and what lived on it was there for man to take as he wanted

Y7 History

Differences between Native Differences between Native Americans and white settlersAmericans and white settlers

(b) Know how Little Big Horn happened and who was involved. Know about 2 other battles on the Plains, one which the Native American

won and one which the settlers won.

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Massacre of Sand Creek Massacre of Sand Creek • Gold was discovered in the Rocky Mountains (1859), on land that had been

given to the Native Americans as a result of a treaty called the Laramie Treaty.• There were many disputes between settlers and Natives. Some native

Americans were prepared to negotiate, while others, known as dog soldiers, were not.

• Some of those prepared to talk went to Sand Creek.• Colonel Chivington with 800 troops marched to their campsite in order to attack

the Indians. On the morning of November 29, 1864, the army attacked the village and massacred most of its inhabitants.

• Chivington proclaimed before the attack "Kill and scalp all, big and little; nits make lice."

• Between 150 and 184 Cheyennes were reported dead, and some were reportedly mutilated, and most were women, children, and elderly men.

• Chivington and his men later displayed scalp and other body parts, in the Apollo Theatre and saloons in Denver.

• After this event, many more Indian men joined the Dog Soldiers, and massacred settlers throughout the area, killing as many as 200 civilians.

• The attack was initially reported in the press as a victory against a brave opponent.

• Within weeks, witnesses came forward with a different story. Several investigations were conducted; two by the military, and one by the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. While the colonel was widely condemned ,he was never punished.

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Massacre of Sand Creek Massacre of Sand Creek

• In summary, Colonel Chivington set out in 1859 to kill the Native American who were preparing to discuss the problems, because he thought that all Native Americans were trouble. He killed several hundreds, including women, children and old people, as he had said he would do before he set out.

• At first this was seen as a victory by the settlers, but afterwards, once it was understood who had been killed, Chivington was condemned for it.

• The other unfortunate result was that those who escaped went on to help kill many white settlers, as they felt let down, having been prepared to sort it all out.

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The Fetterman MassacreThe Fetterman Massacre• In 1866, there were more negotiations. The settlers wanted a road

through Native American land.• However before agreement had been reached, soldiers started to

build a military road through, and this annoyed one chief, Red Cloud, who walked out, promising resistance to any whites who sought to use the trail .

• A coalition of various bands of Lakota, Northern Cheyennes and Arapahos under the leadership of Red Cloud effectively closed travel on the Bozeman Trail.

• Wood parties, mail carriers, emigrants and traders became the regular targets of Indian resistance.

• Colonel Fetterman arrived and boasted that, given "80 men," he "would ride through the Sioux nation."

• Fetterman and his troops followed a small band of Sioux over a ridge to find 3,000 natives awaiting him.

• When the trap was sprung, there was no avenue of escape and no white survivors.

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Little Big HornLittle Big Horn

• In late 1875, Sioux and Cheyenne Native Americans were angered at the whites travelling into their sacred lands in the Black Hills.

• Gold had seen many miners entering the sacred land.

• The US Government had promised Red Cloud that white settlers would not be allowed to settle here. This was part of the Fort Laramie Treaty.

• But the Lakota gathered with Sitting Bull to fight for their lands.

• So to force the large native army back to the reservations, General Philip Sheridan was sent to defeat the Sioux.

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The plan for Little Big HornThe plan for Little Big Horn

• Gibbon was set to march up the Little Bighorn river, and Lt Colonel George Custer was ordered to march around the Wolf mountains, as part of a two-pronged attack on the Sioux camp.

• However, Lt. Colonel George Custer and the Seventh Cavalry marched his men through (not round) the Wolf mountains, to arrive at the Sioux camp first.

• He covered great distance to be first, and his men were tired out.

• Spotting the Sioux village about fifteen miles away along the Rosebud River, Custer also found a nearby group of about forty warriors.

• Ignoring orders to wait, he decided to attack before these 40 could alert the main party.

• He did not realize that the number of warriors in the village numbered three times his strength.

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What happened at Little Big HornWhat happened at Little Big Horn

• Custer divided his 600 men into three groups. • Custer sent Captain Frederick Benteen scouting, and sent

Major Marcus Reno to attack the Sioux village from the south.

• Custer headed north of the village with 215 men. • The Lakota cut off both Reno and Custer. • Benteen rescued Reno.• Meanwhile, another force, under Crazy Horse's command,

surrounded Custer and his men in a pincer move. They began pouring in gunfire and arrows.

• As the Native Americans closed in, Custer ordered his men to shoot their horses and stack the carcasses to form a wall, but they provided little protection against bullets.

• In less than an hour, Custer and his men were killed in the worst American military disaster ever.

Y7 History

Now this is the part we may not get Now this is the part we may not get to in lessonsto in lessons

(a) The Indus Valley about 2000BCBe able to give evidence that this was a highly developed

society (3 or 4 ideas). Give examples of trades and explain how we know they traded with other nations.

http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+7-5.+People+of+the+Indus+and+Archaeology Y7HiU5A People of the Indus PPwk28.ppt

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The Indus ValleyThe Indus Valley• Not even know of until 1920s, it is a Bronze age civilisation,

much more advanced than the Bronze in NW Europe.• They had cities of several thousands.• They had marked roads and a market.• But one of the most amazing thing is that they had a sewage

system and many houses appeared to have bathroom with drainage in them.

• But something I have found out since, is that they had amazingly accurate methods for weighing things – weights in all the cities were the same and very accurate – they used balances to weigh things out.

• They also had rulers, marked in units too.• All this shows that there must have been some form or

organisation – similar to government – another very advanced idea, compared with what was happening elsewhere.

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Give examples of trades and explain how Give examples of trades and explain how we know they traded with other nations.we know they traded with other nations.

• They had bullock carts ( remember the toy?) which means that had wheels so it became easier to move things around.

• They had a highly developed port at Lothal on the Arabian Sea.

• There were brick makers, and seal makers and figurine designers who all worked in clay.

• Bead makers used dull red carnelian and baked them to turn into brilliant red stones for necklaces and ornaments. Also there was metalwork jewellery makers as well.

• There is evidence of a lot of trading going on, pottery and beads from the Indus were found in Mesopotamia and also the Sumerian city of Ur. But also goods from Southern India and the Arabian peninsular have also been found there.

Y7 History

Now this is the part we may not get Now this is the part we may not get to in lessonsto in lessons

(b) Archaeologists: Be able to explain how they collect evidence in 2 or 3 ways, how they record information etc and try to use the archaeological words as much as you

can – excavate, a dig, stratum, screening and so on.

http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+7-5.+People+of+the+Indus+and+Archaeology Y7HiU5A People of the Indus PPwk28.ppt

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ArchaeologyArchaeology

• There are many specialism in archaeology –

• Geologists and palaeontologists (rocks and fossils)

• Zoo-archaeologists – animals

• Marine archaeologists – the oceans for example ship wrecks

• Environmental archaeologists – like Eden in the .Canterbury mystery

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What do they do?What do they do?

• Most of them dig in the ground for at least part of their career to find out all manner of things, how they made tools, why they moved around, and what kinds of foods they ate.

• The site an archaeologist works in, suitably, is called a dig. And what they do is excavate.

• How do they decide where to start? It could be that a new road or building development throws up some interesting finds (pieces of evidence). Often, the developer will then give them a few weeks to discover all they can before he carries on. If the finds are very important, then he made be held up for months.

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There can be other reasons to set up a digThere can be other reasons to set up a dig

• Aerial photography (see right)

• An important chance find, like a farmer turning up some Roman coins in a field

• An indication of settlement in old documents – such as Wharram Percy

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What happens at a dig?What happens at a dig?

• Before they start everything is measured very carefully, because when they find something interesting, they need to record exactly where it is.

• This is because if it is interesting it will not be left there, but taken off, cleaned up and subject to tests to see what it is made of and how, to help decide who made it, when and why.

• To do this, they start with a pole from which everything else is measured – a datum point.

• To then locate the other points on the site in relation to the datum point, a theodolite is used. This is an instrument for recording angles, that help determine directions.

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Once the edges of the site have been Once the edges of the site have been plotted…plotted…

• …then the excavation begins.• First the top soil is removed, a layer at a time,

until there is some evidence of interesting items begin to show. Then they excavate (dig) much more slowly, using trowels and even paint brushes when they discover an interesting find. Once uncovered, it position is carefully recorded, its depth from the surface is measured with a plumb line – a heavy weight on a chord that records its depth accurately.

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Why is depth so important?Why is depth so important?

• The oldest items were dropped and then more waste was dropped on top, before newer things were left, while most recent will be on top.

• So as you dig down you go through layers or strata, each strata tells a different story. The first layer might be Norman, and then a Viking strata while below that there could be some Roman pottery. What you never get occurring naturally is Roman pottery on top of Norman finds – unless someone had come along and dug them up!

• This theory is called stratification

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Work out the order here:The answer

is in the notes

beneath this slide – try to work out the oldest first

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Some of the things in the soil are very Some of the things in the soil are very smallsmall

• How can archaeologists be sure not to miss them?• The use giant sieves called screens – there are a series of

them with different size holes.• The first screen will trap the largest objects – any artefacts

can be bagged up and labelled.• To retrieve tiny objects like beads or seed, they pass water

through a very fine screen (called water screening).• All the time measurements and photographs and drawing are

made, to record accurately where the artefacts were and how they were placed in the ground. Finding the evidence is only the first stage of the detective story. Discovery more about the people who live there takes experience and detectives brain!

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Back to Enid in CanterburyBack to Enid in CanterburyAn example of how archaeologist workAn example of how archaeologist work

• The found the pit below a chalk floor. They had found that this was mediaeval, so the pit must be older.

• The pit was rectangular, so it must have been dug on purpose for a reason.

• By the time they had dug down this far, the soil was water logged as it was near a river.

• They were very pleased about this. Why?

• What did they discover there, that otherwise they might not have?

• What else was there?See in notes below for answers

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• So they had 2 pieces of evidence to put the pit in the 11th or 12th century.

• Enter Enid, using methods like water screening, she found in the soil bone, shell, fruit stones and seeds, grains, pollen and bugs.

• She decided fairly quickly what it wasn’t:• “I think I can safely say what the pit wasn’t used for. • There is no skeleton, so it’s not a grave. • If it was someone’s rubbish pit, we would have

found lots of different broken pottery, probably big animal bones from people’s meals, bits of broken tools and things like that. But we didn't, so it isn’t ...”

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Then experience from other digs came inThen experience from other digs came in

• Similar holes, in or near houses, had been found in York and Winchester. One even had a pieces of wood with a bottom sized hole over it!

• So it must have been a toilet.

• What could she find out about the people living there?

• What they ate certainly, which would indicate what could be grown and therefore the kind of weather there had been. She could also tell something about the people, if they were rich or poor or somewhere in the middle